EFFECT OF THE SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) ON ...

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Income ($) 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Correlation between # of household members and income y = 147,05x - 3,9005 R 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = 0,158 N of household members Figure 9. The correlation between the number of household members and income. Typical off-farm work is as construction worker and motor bike taxi driver which are very typical jobs found in many areas of Cambodia. To work off-farm is part of the livelihood strategy “livelihood diversification” which seeks to reduce the risks of stresses or shocks by spreading the income sources of the household (Scoones, 1998). Risks/stress could in this study e.g. relate to severe droughts causing a very low rice yield and outbreaks of pests and diseases. Provided these informations on household income the question arises on which livelihood strategy is the most important for these RPF and many others in a similar situation. Figure 10 illustrates the various income sources for each of the 30 interviewed households. For a majority of the households the income from other sources (off-farm work – mostly selling labour, construction worker, motorbike driver) is a rather important source of income for the households. This livelihood strategy is as mentioned before livelihood diversification. The other livelihood strategy agriculture intensification/extensification provides the rest of the income but most of the production from this strategy is consumed at home. This livelihood strategy can be used in two ways roughly as mentioned by Scoones (1998): • Intensification – the outcome per unit of land is increased through extra input of labour or financial means. • Extensification – produce more output from more land 46
The involved farmers seem to belong to the strategy category of intensification as a majority of them have sustained themselves from the same pieces of land through ages. In order to succeed within this strategy they are therefore very dependant on additional financial income from the diversification strategy in order to be sustainable. It is likely for the involved farmers and many other RPF that if land prices will increase in the future the extensification strategy is left out as land prices will be too expensive and intensification is the only mean of survival. If such a scenario would take place the migration livelihood strategy described by Scoones (1998) might become more important than it is today. Annual income per household (riel) 14000000 12000000 10000000 8000000 6000000 4000000 2000000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 Farmers Figure 10. Annual income per household. The category “Other” covers off-farm work Other Cattle pig Chicken and duck Income Vegetable s Income Rice 9.3. Household assets The average size of conventional grown rice land including the land surrounding the homestead and present vegetable gardens was 16766 m 2 + (-) 8926 and average <strong>SRI</strong> land was 534 m 2 + (-) 558. See Appendix E for all livelihood assets discussed in this and the following chapters. The vegetable production often takes place on the homestead land but production is not large enough to provide households with enough vegetables (CEDAC, 2008a). The possessions of land can be regarded as a wealth indicator. Which is also the case for the domestic animals (Nesbitt & Phaloeun, 1997; SCW, 2006) in times of difficulties especially buffaloes and cattle provide the household with security in terms of illness or sudden expenses (SCW, 2006). Most families have either a few cows or 47
Page 1 and 2: EFFECT OF THE SYSTEM OF RICE INTENS
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The System of Rice Intensi
Page 5 and 6: Preface This report is part of my M
Page 7 and 8: Table of contents Preface..........
Page 9 and 10: 1. Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa
Page 11 and 12: fields will normally result in lowe
Page 13 and 14: materials. These two chapters lead
Page 15 and 16: the process of puddling - which is
Page 17 and 18: Crop residues The use of rice straw
Page 19 and 20: The degree of GHGs emissions will t
Page 21 and 22: are required (app. 150-200 mm) and
Page 23 and 24: • The use of young seedlings tran
Page 25 and 26: Table 1. The major differences betw
Page 27 and 28: Cambodia during modern times. In 19
Page 29 and 30: Rainfed rice in Cambodia is often g
Page 31 and 32: In general there are three types of
Page 33 and 34: 7. Study and experimental implement
Page 35 and 36: growing rice but the Cambodian rain
Page 37 and 38: Figure 6. Map of the two target com
Page 39 and 40: The following main topics were exam
Page 41 and 42: White & Seng (1997) state that not
Page 43 and 44: conditions signifying little or no
Page 45: Riel 3000000 2800000 2600000 240000
Page 49 and 50: The farmers’ composts were often
Page 51 and 52: chemical fertilizers. It is part of
Page 53 and 54: 9.5.2 SRI techniques The different
Page 55 and 56: t/ha 5,5 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1
Page 57 and 58: the farmers are with SRI. Or farmer
Page 59 and 60: forced to sell labour in order to s
Page 61 and 62: households were in average able to
Page 63 and 64: K, only a minor fraction is availab
Page 65 and 66: Table 8. An estimated picture of an
Page 67 and 68: fertilizers which can increase N2O
Page 69 and 70: Table 9. An estimated C budget. It
Page 71 and 72: 10. Conclusion The farmers particip
Page 73 and 74: 11. References Anthofer, J. 2004. T
Page 75 and 76: Moldenhauer, K.A.K. & Gibbons, J. 2
Page 77 and 78: Yue, J., Shi, Y., Liang, W., Wu, J.
Page 79 and 80: APPENDIX B. Soil sampling methodolo
Page 81 and 82: Type How much do you apply to your
Page 83 and 84: APPENDIX E. LIVELIHOOD ASSESTS. Per
Page 85 and 86: 3 2 1 Combination of SRI techniques
Page 87: APPENDIX F. Interview with Ma Veasn

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