How to Think Like a Computer Scientist - Learning with Python, 2008a

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Contents xxiii 8.15 Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 8.16 Strings and lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 8.17 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 9 Tuples 97 9.1 Mutability and tuples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 9.2 Tuple assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 9.3 Tuples as return values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 9.4 Random numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 9.5 List of random numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 9.6 Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 9.7 Many buckets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 9.8 A single-pass solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 9.9 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 10 Dictionaries 107 10.1 Dictionary operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 10.2 Dictionary methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 10.3 Aliasing and copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 10.4 Sparse matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 10.5 Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 10.6 Long integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 10.7 Counting letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 10.8 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 11 Files and exceptions 117 11.1 Text files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 11.2 Writing variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 11.3 Direc<strong>to</strong>ries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
xxiv Contents 11.4 Pickling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 11.5 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 11.6 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 12 Classes and objects 129 12.1 User-defined compound types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 12.2 Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 12.3 Instances as arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 12.4 Sameness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 12.5 Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 12.6 Instances as return values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 12.7 Objects are mutable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 12.8 Copying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 12.9 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 13 Classes and functions 139 13.1 Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 13.2 Pure functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 13.3 Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 13.4 Which is better? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 13.5 Pro<strong>to</strong>type development versus planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 13.6 Generalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 13.7 Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 13.8 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 14 Classes and methods 147 14.1 Object-oriented features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 14.2 printTime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 14.3 Another example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Page 2 and 3: How to Think Like a Computer Scient
Page 4 and 5: How to Think Like a Computer Scient
Page 6 and 7: Foreword By David Beazley As an edu
Page 8 and 9: Preface By Jeff Elkner This book ow
Page 10 and 11: make instant changes whenever someo
Page 12 and 13: call (type) out its name.” Parame
Page 14 and 15: Contributor List To paraphrase the
Page 16 and 17: • Paul Sleigh found an error in C
Page 18 and 19: xvii • Roger Sperberg pointed out
Page 20 and 21: Contents Foreword v Preface vii Con
Page 22 and 23: Contents xxi 4.7 Nested conditional
Page 26 and 27: Contents xxv 14.4 A more complicate
Page 28 and 29: Contents xxvii 19.4 Improved Linked
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 1 The way of the program Th
Page 32 and 33: 1.2 What is a program? 3 $ python P
Page 34 and 35: 1.3 What is debugging? 5 1.3.2 Runt
Page 36 and 37: 1.4 Formal and natural languages 7
Page 38 and 39: 1.6 Glossary 9 source code: A progr
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 2 Variables, expressions an
Page 42 and 43: 2.3 Variable names and keywords 13
Page 44 and 45: 2.4 Statements 15 >>> 76trombones =
Page 46 and 47: 2.6 Operators and operands 17 2.6 O
Page 48 and 49: 2.9 Composition 19 On one hand, thi
Page 50 and 51: 2.11 Glossary 21 state diagram: A g
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 3 Functions 3.1 Function ca
Page 54 and 55: 3.4 Math functions 25 >>> minute =
Page 56 and 57: 3.6 Adding new functions 27 problem
Page 58 and 59: 3.7 Definitions and use 29 3.7 Defi
Page 60 and 61: 3.10 Variables and parameters are l
Page 62 and 63: 3.12 Functions with results 33 The
Page 64 and 65: 3.13 Glossary 35 local variable: A
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 4 Conditionals and recursio
Page 68 and 69: 4.4 Conditional execution 39 In gen
Page 70 and 71: 4.7 Nested conditionals 41 Each con
Page 72 and 73: 4.9 Recursion 43 countdown expects
Page 74 and 75:
4.11 Infinite recursion 45 4.11 Inf
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4.13 Glossary 47 block: A group of
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Chapter 5 Fruitful functions 5.1 Re
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5.2 Program development 51 avoid lo
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5.3 Composition 53 3. Once the prog
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5.5 More recursion 55 But the extra
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5.6 Leap of faith 57 __main__ facto
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5.8 Checking types 59 >>> factorial
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Chapter 6 Iteration 6.1 Multiple as
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6.2 The while statement 63 1. Evalu
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6.3 Tables 65 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.6931471
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6.5 Encapsulation and generalizatio
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6.7 Local variables 69 6.7 Local va
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6.9 Functions 71 the function is ca
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Chapter 7 Strings 7.1 A compound da
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7.3 Traversal and the for loop 75 T
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7.6 Strings are immutable 77 Other
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7.9 The string module 79 As an exer
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7.11 Glossary 81 There are other us
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Chapter 8 Lists A list is an ordere
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8.3 List length 85 If you try to re
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8.6 List operations 87 for VARIABLE
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8.9 List deletion 89 >>> list = [
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8.10 Objects and values 91 8.10 Obj
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8.13 List parameters 93 >>> b[0] =
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8.16 Strings and lists 95 might be
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Chapter 9 Tuples 9.1 Mutability and
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9.3 Tuples as return values 99 9.3
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9.6 Counting 101 >>> randomList(8)
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9.7 Many buckets 103 bucketWidth =
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9.9 Glossary 105 9.9 Glossary Assig
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Chapter 10 Dictionaries The compoun
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10.2 Dictionary methods 109 10.2 Di
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10.5 Hints 111 An alternative is to
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10.6 Long integers 113 Using this v
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10.8 Glossary 115 overflow: A numer
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Chapter 11 Files and exceptions Whi
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11.1 Text files 119 The following f
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11.2 Writing variables 121 the str
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11.3 Directories 123 11.3 Directori
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11.5 Exceptions 125 Or trying to op
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11.6 Glossary 127 format sequence:
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Chapter 12 Classes and objects 12.1
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12.3 Instances as arguments 131 con
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12.5 Rectangles 133 >>> p1 = Point(
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12.8 Copying 135 The variables dwid
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12.9 Glossary 137 12.9 Glossary cla
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Chapter 13 Classes and functions 13
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13.3 Modifiers 141 The output of th
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13.5 Prototype development versus p
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13.8 Glossary 145 Similarly, the te
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Chapter 14 Classes and methods 14.1
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14.3 Another example 149 class Time
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14.5 Optional arguments 151 if done
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14.7 Points revisited 153 >>> curre
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14.9 Polymorphism 155 def __mul__(s
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14.10 Glossary 157 Of course, we in
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Chapter 15 Sets of objects 15.1 Com
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15.3 Class attributes and the str m
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15.5 Decks 163 def __cmp__(self, ot
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15.7 Shuffling the deck 165 >>> dec
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15.9 Glossary 167 class Deck: ... d
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Chapter 16 Inheritance 16.1 Inherit
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16.3 Dealing cards 171 16.3 Dealing
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16.6 OldMaidHand class 173 class Ca
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16.7 OldMaidGame class 175 Hand fra
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16.7 OldMaidGame class 177 class Ol
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16.8 Glossary 179 Hand Allen picked
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Chapter 17 Linked lists 17.1 Embedd
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17.3 Lists as collections 183 node1
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17.5 Infinite lists 185 We invoke t
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17.8 Wrappers and helpers 187 def r
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17.10 Invariants 189 tail = self.ne
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Chapter 18 Stacks 18.1 Abstract dat
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18.4 Pushing and popping 193 def po
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18.7 Evaluating postfix 195 Python
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18.9 Glossary 197 18.9 Glossary abs
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Chapter 19 Queues This chapter pres
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19.3 Performance characteristics 20
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19.5 Priority queue 203 and it is m
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19.6 The Golfer class 205 19.6 The
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Chapter 20 Trees Like linked lists,
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20.2 Traversing trees 209 20.2 Trav
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20.4 Tree traversal 211 def printTr
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20.5 Building an expression tree 21
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20.5 Building an expression tree 21
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20.7 The animal tree 217 Are you th
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20.8 Glossary 219 def yes(ques): fr
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Appendix A Debugging Different kind
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A.2 Runtime errors 223 A.1.1 I can
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A.2 Runtime errors 225 If there is
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A.3 Semantic errors 227 A.3 Semanti
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A.3 Semantic errors 229 return self
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Appendix B Creating a new data type
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B.1 Fraction multiplication 233 >>>
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B.4 Comparing fractions 235 This re
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B.6 Glossary 237 reduce: To change
Page 268 and 269:
Appendix C Recommendations for furt
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C.2 Recommended general computer sc
Page 272 and 273:
Index Make Way for Ducklings, 75 Py
Page 274 and 275:
Index 245 element, 83, 96 embedded
Page 276 and 277:
Index 247 well-formed, 189 list del
Page 278 and 279:
Index 249 redundancy, 7 reference,
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