How to Think Like a Computer Scientist - Learning with Python, 2008a

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6.5 Encapsulation and generalization 67 The first line initializes a variable named i, which acts as a counter or loop variable. As the loop executes, the value of i increases from 1 to 6. When i is 7, the loop terminates. Each time through the loop, it displays the value of 2*i, followed by three spaces. Again, the comma in the print statement suppresses the newline. After the loop completes, the second print statement starts a new line. The output of the program is: 2 4 6 8 10 12 So far, so good. The next step is to encapsulate and generalize. 6.5 Encapsulation and generalization Encapsulation is the process of wrapping a piece of code in a function, allowing you to take advantage of all the things functions are good for. You have seen two examples of encapsulation: printParity in Section 4.5; and isDivisible in Section 5.4. Generalization means taking something specific, such as printing the multiples of 2, and making it more general, such as printing the multiples of any integer. This function encapsulates the previous loop and generalizes it to print multiples of n: def printMultiples(n): i = 1 while i
68 Iteration By now you can probably guess how to print a multiplication table—by calling printMultiples repeatedly with different arguments. In fact, we can use another loop: i = 1 while i
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How to Think Like a Computer Scient
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How to Think Like a Computer Scient
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Foreword By David Beazley As an edu
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Preface By Jeff Elkner This book ow
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make instant changes whenever someo
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call (type) out its name.” Parame
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Contributor List To paraphrase the
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• Paul Sleigh found an error in C
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xvii • Roger Sperberg pointed out
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Contents Foreword v Preface vii Con
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Contents xxi 4.7 Nested conditional
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Contents xxiii 8.15 Matrices . . .
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Contents xxv 14.4 A more complicate
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Contents xxvii 19.4 Improved Linked
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Chapter 1 The way of the program Th
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1.2 What is a program? 3 $ python P
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1.3 What is debugging? 5 1.3.2 Runt
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1.4 Formal and natural languages 7
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1.6 Glossary 9 source code: A progr
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Chapter 2 Variables, expressions an
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2.3 Variable names and keywords 13
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2.4 Statements 15 >>> 76trombones =
Page 46 and 47: 2.6 Operators and operands 17 2.6 O
Page 48 and 49: 2.9 Composition 19 On one hand, thi
Page 50 and 51: 2.11 Glossary 21 state diagram: A g
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 3 Functions 3.1 Function ca
Page 54 and 55: 3.4 Math functions 25 >>> minute =
Page 56 and 57: 3.6 Adding new functions 27 problem
Page 58 and 59: 3.7 Definitions and use 29 3.7 Defi
Page 60 and 61: 3.10 Variables and parameters are l
Page 62 and 63: 3.12 Functions with results 33 The
Page 64 and 65: 3.13 Glossary 35 local variable: A
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 4 Conditionals and recursio
Page 68 and 69: 4.4 Conditional execution 39 In gen
Page 70 and 71: 4.7 Nested conditionals 41 Each con
Page 72 and 73: 4.9 Recursion 43 countdown expects
Page 74 and 75: 4.11 Infinite recursion 45 4.11 Inf
Page 76 and 77: 4.13 Glossary 47 block: A group of
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 5 Fruitful functions 5.1 Re
Page 80 and 81: 5.2 Program development 51 avoid lo
Page 82 and 83: 5.3 Composition 53 3. Once the prog
Page 84 and 85: 5.5 More recursion 55 But the extra
Page 86 and 87: 5.6 Leap of faith 57 __main__ facto
Page 88 and 89: 5.8 Checking types 59 >>> factorial
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 6 Iteration 6.1 Multiple as
Page 92 and 93: 6.2 The while statement 63 1. Evalu
Page 94 and 95: 6.3 Tables 65 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.6931471
Page 98 and 99: 6.7 Local variables 69 6.7 Local va
Page 100 and 101: 6.9 Functions 71 the function is ca
Page 102 and 103: Chapter 7 Strings 7.1 A compound da
Page 104 and 105: 7.3 Traversal and the for loop 75 T
Page 106 and 107: 7.6 Strings are immutable 77 Other
Page 108 and 109: 7.9 The string module 79 As an exer
Page 110 and 111: 7.11 Glossary 81 There are other us
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 8 Lists A list is an ordere
Page 114 and 115: 8.3 List length 85 If you try to re
Page 116 and 117: 8.6 List operations 87 for VARIABLE
Page 118 and 119: 8.9 List deletion 89 >>> list = [
Page 120 and 121: 8.10 Objects and values 91 8.10 Obj
Page 122 and 123: 8.13 List parameters 93 >>> b[0] =
Page 124 and 125: 8.16 Strings and lists 95 might be
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 9 Tuples 9.1 Mutability and
Page 128 and 129: 9.3 Tuples as return values 99 9.3
Page 130 and 131: 9.6 Counting 101 >>> randomList(8)
Page 132 and 133: 9.7 Many buckets 103 bucketWidth =
Page 134 and 135: 9.9 Glossary 105 9.9 Glossary Assig
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 10 Dictionaries The compoun
Page 138 and 139: 10.2 Dictionary methods 109 10.2 Di
Page 140 and 141: 10.5 Hints 111 An alternative is to
Page 142 and 143: 10.6 Long integers 113 Using this v
Page 144 and 145: 10.8 Glossary 115 overflow: A numer
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Chapter 11 Files and exceptions Whi
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11.1 Text files 119 The following f
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11.2 Writing variables 121 the str
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11.3 Directories 123 11.3 Directori
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11.5 Exceptions 125 Or trying to op
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11.6 Glossary 127 format sequence:
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Chapter 12 Classes and objects 12.1
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12.3 Instances as arguments 131 con
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12.5 Rectangles 133 >>> p1 = Point(
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12.8 Copying 135 The variables dwid
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12.9 Glossary 137 12.9 Glossary cla
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Chapter 13 Classes and functions 13
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13.3 Modifiers 141 The output of th
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13.5 Prototype development versus p
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13.8 Glossary 145 Similarly, the te
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Chapter 14 Classes and methods 14.1
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14.3 Another example 149 class Time
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14.5 Optional arguments 151 if done
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14.7 Points revisited 153 >>> curre
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14.9 Polymorphism 155 def __mul__(s
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14.10 Glossary 157 Of course, we in
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Chapter 15 Sets of objects 15.1 Com
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15.3 Class attributes and the str m
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15.5 Decks 163 def __cmp__(self, ot
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15.7 Shuffling the deck 165 >>> dec
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15.9 Glossary 167 class Deck: ... d
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Chapter 16 Inheritance 16.1 Inherit
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16.3 Dealing cards 171 16.3 Dealing
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16.6 OldMaidHand class 173 class Ca
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16.7 OldMaidGame class 175 Hand fra
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16.7 OldMaidGame class 177 class Ol
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16.8 Glossary 179 Hand Allen picked
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Chapter 17 Linked lists 17.1 Embedd
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17.3 Lists as collections 183 node1
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17.5 Infinite lists 185 We invoke t
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17.8 Wrappers and helpers 187 def r
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17.10 Invariants 189 tail = self.ne
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Chapter 18 Stacks 18.1 Abstract dat
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18.4 Pushing and popping 193 def po
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18.7 Evaluating postfix 195 Python
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18.9 Glossary 197 18.9 Glossary abs
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Chapter 19 Queues This chapter pres
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19.3 Performance characteristics 20
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19.5 Priority queue 203 and it is m
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19.6 The Golfer class 205 19.6 The
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Chapter 20 Trees Like linked lists,
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20.2 Traversing trees 209 20.2 Trav
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20.4 Tree traversal 211 def printTr
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20.5 Building an expression tree 21
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20.5 Building an expression tree 21
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20.7 The animal tree 217 Are you th
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20.8 Glossary 219 def yes(ques): fr
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Appendix A Debugging Different kind
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A.2 Runtime errors 223 A.1.1 I can
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A.2 Runtime errors 225 If there is
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A.3 Semantic errors 227 A.3 Semanti
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A.3 Semantic errors 229 return self
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Appendix B Creating a new data type
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B.1 Fraction multiplication 233 >>>
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B.4 Comparing fractions 235 This re
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B.6 Glossary 237 reduce: To change
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Appendix C Recommendations for furt
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C.2 Recommended general computer sc
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Index Make Way for Ducklings, 75 Py
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Index 245 element, 83, 96 embedded
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Index 247 well-formed, 189 list del
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Index 249 redundancy, 7 reference,
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