Understanding Basic Music Theory, 2013a

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it has four beats in every measure, or does it go by so quickly that you only have time to tap your foot twice
in a measure?
A common exception to this rule of thumb is six eight time, and the other time signatures (for example
nine eight and twelve eight) that are used to write compound meters (Section 1.2.4). A piece in six eight
might have six beats in every measure, with an eighth note getting a beat. But it is more likely that the
conductor (or a tapping foot) will give only two beats per measure, with a dotted quarter (or three eighth
notes) getting one beat. In the same way, three eight may only have one beat per measure; nine eight, three
beats per measure; and twelve eight, four beats per measure. Why the exceptions? Since beats normally get
divided into halves and quarters, this is the easiest way for composers to write beats that are divided into
thirds.
Figure 1.56: In six eight time, a dotted quarter usually gets one beat. This is the easiest way to write
beats that are evenly divided into three rather than two.
1.2.4 Meter 25
1.2.4.1 What is Meter?
The meter of a piece of music is the arrangment of its rhythms in a repetitive pattern of strong and weak
beats. This does not necessarily mean that the rhythms themselves are repetitive, but they do strongly
suggest a repeated pattern of pulses. It is on these pulses, the beat (Section 1.2.3.1: Beats and Measures) of
the music, that you tap your foot, clap your hands, dance, etc.
Some music does not have a meter. Ancient music, such as Gregorian chants; new music, such as some
experimental twentieth-century art music; and Non-Western music, such as some native American ute
music, may not have a strong, repetitive pattern of beats. Other types of music, such as traditional Western
African drumming, may have very complex meters that can be dicult for the beginner to identify.
But most Western (Section 2.8) music has simple, repetitive patterns of beats. This makes meter a very
useful way to organize the music. Common notation (Section 1.1.1), for example, divides the written music
into small groups of beats called measures, or bars (Section 1.2.3.1: Beats and Measures). The lines dividing
each measure from the next help the musician reading the music to keep track of the rhythms (Section 2.1).
A piece (or section of the piece) is assigned a time signature (Section 1.2.3) that tells the performer how
many beats to expect in each measure, and what type of note (Section 1.2.1) should get one beat. (For more
on reading time signatures, please see Time Signature (Section 1.2.3).)
Conducting 26 also depends on the meter of the piece; conductors use dierent conducting patterns for
the dierent meters. These patterns emphasize the dierences between the stronger and weaker beats to
help the performers keep track of where they are in the music.
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26 "Conducting"
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