Sales and Leases - A Problem-based Approach, 2016a

8.3.3.1. Under Alternative A, family members have been held to include parents, spouses,
children (both minor and adult), siblings, mothers-in-law, grandchildren, nieces and nephews
(and this is a non-exclusive list). The family member does not have to reside in the purchaser’s
household.
8.3.3.2. Under Alternative A, examples of household members would include a live-in
nanny, an unmarried couple, and college roommates. This class must reside in the
purchaser’s household (unlike family members).
8.3.3.3. With regard to the protected class of guests under Alternative A, they must be
guests in the home of the purchaser (and not, for example, a guest in the purchaser’s car
or boat). Many courts have required there to be some connection between the visit to the
home and the injury; for example, injury to a guest who is jumping on a trampoline at the
purchaser’s residence (home including not only the building, but the premises
surrounding the home). On the other hand, if a purchaser gives a gift to a friend while the
friend is a guest in the purchaser’s home, and the purchaser leaves and the gift results in
an injury to the friend elsewhere, the friend may not fall in the protected class. Examples
of persons who are not “guests” are paying customers, employees, and tenants.
8.3.3.4. Note that an additional requirement to fall under any of the alternatives is that the
person must be “reasonably expected to use, consume or be affected by the goods.” For
example, if a child is injured while opening a beer bottle, can the bottler argue that it is
not reasonable to expect a minor child to be opening a bottle of beer?
8.3.3.5. As noted at Section 8.3.2, Comment 3 states that Alternative A is “not intended
to enlarge or restrict the developing case law on whether the seller’s warranties, given to
his buyer who resells, extend to other persons in the distributive chain.” (emphasis
added). However, the courts in most jurisdictions have declined to extend horizontal
privity beyond the classes enumerated in Alternative A, believing that if a larger
horizontal class had been intended, the legislature would have adopted one of the other
two alternatives. See, e.g., Teel v. American Steel Foundries, 529 F. Supp. 337 (E.D. Mo.
1981) (declining to extend the Alternative A class members to an employee injured by a
product purchased by his employer).
Problem 8-11. Calvary Baptist Church purchased and installed a walk-in freezer that was
expressly warranted to have a safety door which could always be opened from the inside. Vicky,
a 13-year old member of the congregation, was volunteering in the kitchen, and while inside the
walk-in freezer the door shut behind her. She could not open it, and suffered severe frostbite
before she was discovered. Can Vicky bring a claim for breach of warranty against the freezer
manufacturer under Alternative A? B? C?
Problem 8-12. Landlord Bob installs a water cooler in an apartment which he owns, rented by
Ted. The water cooler leaks, and destroys Ted’s valuable book collection. Can Ted bring a claim
115