The Use of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications with Culverts
The Use of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications with Culverts
The Use of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications with Culverts
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“Basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>LRFD</strong> Methodology”<br />
�� ��η i�� iQ i < ��R n<br />
�� i = a statistically based load factor<br />
�� = a statistically based resistance factor<br />
�Q i = force effect<br />
�R n = nominal resistance<br />
n<br />
�ηi = load modifier relating to ductility,<br />
redundancy, y, and operational p importance p