AZ 1902 FINAL REVISED

475
weaken the safety and security requirements
provided (FIFA, 2018). Thus,
the following criteria should be applied
when determining the max. capacity
that can be provided in a stadium where
adequate safety measures are taken
(FIFA, 2018; DCMS 2008).
3.1. Holding capacity (A)
Holding capacity is determined
by the number of seats available under
min. safety conditions. A two-step
method is applied to calculate the holding
capacity. In the first stage, the seats
that should not be used according to the
safety measures are removed from the
final capacity. These seats are partially
or completely obstructed with such
as structural components, billboards,
fences etc.; damaged, or later added; at
the points that should be kept clear for
emergency evacuation plans and security
staff ’s working areas; that do not provide
the standards in seats, stand rows
etc. dimensions (FIFA, 2018).
In the second stage, the factors P
(physical condition) and S (safety management),
which are the indicators of
the structural and operational layouts of
a stadium, respectively, are determined.
These factors, whose controls and calculations
are in responsibility of the local
football authorities, are determined
by the experts at subjective perspective.
Each factor should be given a numerical
value, which quantified 0.0 to 1.0, and
holding capacity of the seated are can
thus be calculated as follows (DCMS,
2008) (formula 1).
Holding capacity (A)=the number
of useable seats x (P)or(S), whichever
is lower (1)
The following criteria are taken into
consideration in calculating the P factor.
The P factor value depends on criteria
as providing of rows depth and
riser height standards, avoiding of usage
weak stadium cover or grandstand
structure components, and managing
strategies towards restricted spectator
viewing (DCMS, 2008).
The following criteria are taken into
consideration in calculating the S factor.
The S factor value depends on criteria
as; the official ticket sales should
be only for allowed seats according to
P factor, the layout of stands and rows
should be clear to follow for spectators,
the stands should be cleaned/kept
clean before each event, the stewarding
should be deployed in every necessary
point of stands (DCMS, 2008).
3.2. Entry (B) and exit capacity (C)
Entry capacity is calculated with
the number of person who can pass
through the available turnstiles and/or
other controlled ingress points in one
hour for usual situations. The factors
that determine the entry capacity are
number of available turnstiles and other
entry points. Exit capacity is determined
by the number of persons who
can exit a stadium safely in the usual
time. The factors that affect the exit capacity
are number and size of exit gates
(DSMS, 2008; FIFA, 2018).
3.3. Capacity of emergency exits (D)
Emergency exits capacity is calculated
based on the number of persons
who can reach safety zone by passing the
evacuation routes safely, smoothly, and
unimpeded within a time in a case of
emergency. The time limits determined
by FIFA (10 min.) and UEFA (8 min.)
for member federations, it is not allowed
to exceed (FIFA, 2011; UEFA, 2017).
If stadium design allows for exits
to pitch from the stands in emergency
situations, the pitch is accepted as
a safety zone. However, different strategies
should be developed to make
more quickly the playing area exits to
out of the stadium (FIFA, 2018).
As it is specified in Building and
Fire Safety Regulations of Turkey, in
Article 33 (1), Annex-5/A and Annex-5/B
‘number and width of evacuation
routes’, the route elements min.
total widths are calculated by the formula
2 as follows (MPWS, 2007);
Σw(m)=(Gxw)/P (2)
Figures in formula refer to; Σw:min.
total width; G:capacity of sample section;
w:0,5m. (shoulder width, regulation
constant); P:regulation’s constant
(G/minutesXm.). Stairs, vomitories,
doors and any part of concourses
widths are minimum 110 cm. at restrictive
points in a stadium, even if
these elements are also used in usual
Calculating the safe capacity of a stadium: Applying methods for assessment capacity on example
of Konya City Stadium