Seâdet-i Ebediyye Endless Bliss Fourth Fascicle

Hakikat Kitabevi Publications No: 4

Se’âdet-i Ebediyye

Endless Bliss

FOURTH FASCICLE

Hüseyn Hilmi Iş›k

Twentieth Edition

Ha kî kat Ki tâ be vi

Da rüş şe fe ka Cad. 53/A P.K.: 35

34083 Fa tih-IS TAN BUL/TURKEY

Tel: 90.212.523 4556–532 5843 Fax: 90.212.523 3693

http://www.hakikatkitabevi.com

e-mail: bilgi@hakikatkitabevi.com

JUNE-2019

NOTE

Thisz bookz isz az translationz ofz Se’âdet-ie Ebediyye,e whichz was

originallyzwrittenzinzTurkish.

ThezTurkishzoriginalzofzthezbookzSe’âdet-ieEbediyyeeconsistszof

threezparts,zallzofzwhichzaddzupztozwellzoverztwelvezhundredzpages.

WezhaveztranslatedzthezentirezbookzintozEnglishzandzpublished

ourztranslationszinzsix individualzfascicles.

Se’âdet-izEbediyyeziszazbookzpreparedzaccordingztozthezHanafî

Madhhab.zTherezisznotzazsinglezbitzofzknowledgezorzazwordzwhich

contradictszthezcreedzofzAhl-izSunnatzwa’lzJamâ’atzinzthiszbook.

Thisziszthezfourth fascicle.zWezinvokezAllâhuzta’âlâzforzhelp,zso

thezbook mayzreachzourzdearzreaders.

______________________

Publisher’senote:

Anyonezwhozwishesztozprintzthiszbookzinzitszoriginalzformzorzto

translatez itz intoz anyz otherz languagez isz grantedz beforehandz our

permissionztozdozso;zandzpeoplezwhozundertakezthiszbeneficialzfeat

arez accreditedz toz thez benedictionsz thatz wez inz advancez offerz to

Allâhuzta’âlâzinztheirznamezandzalsozourzbestzwisheszofzgratitude

andzwezthankzthemzveryzmuch.zHowever,zpermissionziszsubjectzto

thezconditionzthatzthezpaperzusedzinzprintingzbezofzazgoodzquality

andzthatzthezdesignzofztheztextzandzsettingzbezproperlyzandzneatly

donezwithoutzmistakes.

______________________

AeWarning: MissionarieszarezstrivingztozadvertisezChristianity;

Jewsz arez workingz toz spreadz outz thez concoctedz wordsz ofz Jewish

rabbis;zHakîkatzKitâbeviz(Bookstore),zinzIstanbul,ziszstrugglingzto

publicizezIslam;zandzfreemasonszareztryingztozannihilatezreligions.

Azpersonzwithzwisdom,zknowledgezandzconsciencezwillzunderstand

andzsidezwith thezrightzonezofzthesezchoiceszandzwillzhelpztozspread

it forzsalvationzofzallzhumanity.zTherezisznozbetterzwayzandzmore

valuablezthingztozservezhumanityzthanzdoingzso.

TYPESETeANDePRINTEDeINeTURKEYeBY:

‹hzlâszGazeztezcizlikzA.Ş.

MerkezzMah.z29zEkimzCad.zİhlâszPlazazNo:z11zA/41

34197zYenibosna-İSTANBULzTel:z90.212.454z3000

ISBN:z978-975-8883-28-8

CONTENTS

_______________________________________

Chapter

Page

Preface....................................................................................................4

Islam........................................................................................................9

1– Thezfivezdailyzprayersz(namâz) .........................................................17

2– Thezfardszofznamâz .............................................................................19

3– Masahz(wiping)zonzmestsz(specialzsocks

orzshoes);zhavingzanzexcuse ...............................................................33

4– Ghuslz(ritualzwashing) haid,znifâs,zdarûrat,zharaj ..........................40

5– Tayammum..........................................................................................79

6– Tahâratzfromznajâsatz(Purification

fromzuncleanliness).............................................................................87

7– Waterzandzitszkinds...........................................................................102

8– Satr-izawratzandzwomen’szcoveringzthemselves............................109

9– Qibla:zitszdirection ............................................................................125

10– Prayerztimes.......................................................................................135

11– Azânz(orzadhân)z(announcingzandzcallzto

prayers)zandziqâmat..........................................................................197

12– FirstzVolume,z303rdzletter ...............................................................208

13– Importancezofznamâzz(prayer)........................................................209

14– Howzdozwezperformznamâzz(prayer) .............................................217

15– Namâzzduringzlong-distancezjourneys............................................232

16– Wâjibszofznamâz,zSajda-izsahw........................................................247

17– Thingszthatznullifyznamâz ................................................................255

18– Mekrûhszofznamâz ............................................................................266

19– Theznamâzzofztarâwîhzandzreverencezdue

tozmosques .........................................................................................281

20– Namâzzinzjamâ’at ..............................................................................291

21– Fridayz(Jum’a)zprayer ......................................................................311

22– Theznamâzzofz’Iyd.............................................................................329

23– Thezqadhâznamâzesz[omittedzprayers]...........................................333

24– Taghannîz(singing)zandzmusic .........................................................369

25– SecondzVolume,zforty-sixthzletter ..................................................402

26– SecondzVolume,zthirty-seventhzletter............................................412

27– SecondzVolume,zthirty-ninthzletter ................................................415

AppendixzIz–zFINDINGzTHEzFIRSTzDAYzOFzAN

ARABICzMONTH ..........................................................................418

AppendixzIIz–zULU⁄zBEY’SzTABLEzFORzLUNAR

(QAMARÎ)zMONTHS ...................................................................419

AppendixzIIIz–zFINDINGzTHEzMÎLÂDÎzYEAR

COINCIDINGzWITHzTHEzBEGINNINGzOFzTHE

HIJRÎzYEAR....................................................................................420

AppendixzIVz–zTABLE EQUATIONzOFzTIMEzand

DECLINATIONzOFzTHEzSUN ...................................................421

AppendixzVz–zTABLEzofzTAMKINS........................................................423

AppendixzVIz–zSUN’SzALTITUDESzatzTIMEzofzLATE

AFTERNOONzPRAYER ..............................................................424

GLOSSARY .....................................................................................425

–z3 –

PREFACE

SayingzthezA’ûdhu (A’ûdhuzbillâhizmin-ash-shaytânirrajîm)zand

Basmala (Bismillâhirrahmânirrahîm),zIzbeginzwritingzmyzbook.

Al-hamd-uelillâh!zIfzanyzpersonzthankszanotherzpersonzinzany

mannerz forz anyz reasonz atz anyz placez orz time,z allz thisz hamdz and

thanksz willz inz factz havez beenz paidz toz Allâhuz ta’âlâ.z For,z Allâhu

ta’âlâzalonezcreateszandzdevelopeszeverythingzandzrenderszevery

favourzdone.zHe,zalone,ziszthezownerzofzmightzandzpower.zUnless

Hezreminds,znozonezcanzwishzorzeverzthinkzofzdoingzgoodzorzevil.

WhateverzhappensziszonlyzwhatzHezwills.

Mayz thez bestz ofz prayersz andz favoursz bez uponz Muhammad

Mustafâz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’,z whoz isz Hisz Prophetz and

mostz belovedz slave,z thez mostz beautiful,z thez mostz superiorz of

mankindzinzeveryzrespect.zAlso,zmayzAllâhuzta’âlâzbezpleasedzwith

thezProphet’szfamilyzandzcompanions,zandzallzthosezwhozlovezand

followzthem!

Everyz man,z andz evenz everyz livingz being,z wantsz toz livez in

comfort,z withoutz sorrowz andz withoutz troublez orz pain.z Savants,

scientists,zandzgovernmentszhavezallzbeenztryingztozestablishzthese

conditionszforzthezworld’szpeople.zTozattainzthis,zvariouszideaszand

methodszhavezbeenzdeveloped,zandzeveryoneziszdefendingzthezway

hezthinksziszbetterzandzmorezuseful.

AszunanimouslyzdeclaredzbyzhundredszofzthousandszofzIslamic

savants,zwhozhavezlivedzthroughoutzthezlastzfourteenzcenturies,zand

aszwellzbyzallzthezcorrectzreligionszwhichzguidedzpeopleztozthezway

ofzcomfortzandzpeacezinzallzpartszofzthezworldzbeforezIslam,ztherezis

onezsinglezwayzthatzwillzleadzpeopleztozhappinesszandzcomfort.zThis

uniquez wayz isz throughz Îmân,z whichz meansz toz believez inz the

existencez ofz onez singlez creator,z whoz createdz everythingz from

nothing,zwhozalonezalwayszmakeszeverything,zandzwhoziszalmighty,

suchzthatzwhatzHezwisheszhappens.zTheznamezofzthiszsinglezowner

ofz powerz isz Allah.z Everyz goodness,z everyz superiorityz belongsz to

Himz only.z Therez isz noz weaknessz orz deficiencyz inz Him.z Hez has

alwaysz existed.z Hez neverz ceasesz toz exist.z He,z alone,z keeps

everythingzinzexistencezeveryzmoment.zIfzHezceasedztozexistzforzone

moment,zeverythingzwouldzimmediatelyzceaseztozexist,ztoo.zTozhave

beliefz inz Him,z itz isz necessaryz toz believez andz acceptz allz His

declarations,zcommandments,zandzprohibitions.zHence,ztherezareza

numberzofzthingsztozbelievezin.zIslamiczsavantszhavezsummarized

–z4 –

themzintozsixzgroups.zTheyzarezcalledzPrincipleseofeÎmân.zTozbelieve

inz thesez sixz principlesz meansz toz believez inz everythingz thatz is

necessary.zThezfollowingzarezthezsixzprincipleszofzîmân:

1z-zTozlearnzAllah’szfivezSifât-iedhâtiyya andzHiszeightzSifât-i

thubûtiyya andztozbelievezinzthem.

2z-zTozlearnzandzbelievezinzthezteachingszthatzareznecessaryzto

believezin,zaboutzAngels.

3z-zTozlearnztheznameszofzthezfourzheavenlyzbookszsentzbyzAllahu

ta’âlâzandztozbelievezthatztheyzarezAllah’szword.zAllâhuzta’âlâzsent

eachz bookz toz az prophetz throughz anz angel.z Hez sentz thez Qur’ânz to

HadratzMuhammadz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’.zItziszpermissible

toztranslatezorzinterpretzthezQur’ânzinzanyzlanguagezandztozlearnzthe

meaningz ofz thez Qur’ânz asz wellz asz possiblez byz readingz such

translationszandzinterpretations.zButzreadingztheztranslationszisznot

thezsamezaszreadingzthezQur’ân.zFor,znotzonlyzthezmeaningszofzthe

wordsz ofz thez Qur’ânz arez calledz thez Qur’ân,z butz alsoz thez words

togetherzwithztheirzmeaningszrepresentzthezQur’ân.

4z-zTozbelievezinzProphets.zThezfirstzofzthezProphetszwaszHadrat

Âdam ‘alaihis-salâm’.zThezlastzandzthezhighestzProphetzwaszHadrat

Muhammad ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’.z Thez numberz of

Prophetszwhozcamezbetweenztheztwozisznotzknown.

5z-zTozbelievezinzthezLasteday.zThatzdayziszDoomsday.zThatzis

whenzeveryzlivingzthingzwillzbezannihilated.zAfterwardsztheyzwillzall

bez resurrected,z menz willz risez fromz theirz gravesz and,z afterz being

calledztozaccount,zsomezofzthemzwillzgoztozParadisezandzotherszto

Hell.

6z -z Toz believez inz Qadar.z Allâhuz ta’âlâz knowsz inz advancez the

thingsz Hez willz create.z Thisz knowledgez ofz Allâhuz ta’âlâz isz called

Qadar.zEverythingziszcreatedzinzaccordancezwith thiszknowledge

whenztheztimezcomes.zMenzcannotzchangezAllah’szqadar.

Today,zthezearthzhaszonlyzonezbookzrevealedzbyzAllahzthatzhas

notz undergonez humanz interpolation.z Thisz undefiledz andz perfect

bookziszthezQur’âneal-kerîm.zHezwhozbelieveszinzthezsixzprincipleszof

îmânz asz declaredz byz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz becomesz az Mu’min or

Muslim.z Onlyz Hadratz Muhammad ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’

understoodzthezmeaningzofzthezQur’ânzcorrectly,zandzhezexplained

itztozthosezMuslimszwhozwerezwithzhim.zEachzofzthesezexplanations

ofzHadratzMuhammadziszcalledzHadîth-i-sherîf.zMuslimszwhozsaw

HadratzMuhammad’szbeautifulzfacezarezcalledzthezSahâba.zIslamic

savantszwhozcamezlaterzlearnedzthezmeaningszofzthezQur’ânzfrom

thezSahâba,zandztheyzwrotezthemzinztheirzbooks.zTheyzarezcalled

thez Savantse ofe Ahl-as-sunnat.z Hadratz Muhammadz ‘sall-Allâhu

–z5 –

’alaihiz waz sallam’ informedz usz thatz theyz werez thez truez Islamic

savants.zWorkingzdayzandznight,zthezhigherzoneszofzthosezsavants

learnedzthezvariouszmethodszofzworshippingzwithinzthezcontextzof

whatz hadz newlyz happenedz andz ofz whatz wouldz arisez later.z They

alwaysz adaptedz theirz methodsz ofz worshippingz inz accordancez with

whatz theyz hadz learnedz fromz thez Sahaba,z andz theyz inz turnz taught

themztoztheirzdisciples.zThezhighestzoneszamongzthezAhl-as-sunnat

arezcalledzMujtahideimâms.zAndzsomezotherzsavantszwhozpreferred

theirzownzmindszandzopinionszgaveznewzmeaningszdisagreeingzwith

thez knowledgez concerningz thez Qur’ânz conveyedz toz themz byz the

savantszofzthezAhl-as-sunnat.zThusztheyzdeviatedzfromzthezteachings

ofzîmânzcommunicatedzbyzthezsavantszofzthezAhl-as-sunnat.zIfzthis

deviationz ofz theirsz doesz notz involvez thez clearz declarationsz ofz the

Qur’ân,zthosezwhozholdzthatzbeliefzarezstillzMu’mins,zMuslims.zBut

theyzarezBid’ateholders (heretics).zIfztheirzdeviationzinvolveszmatters

declaredz clearly,z suchz misbelieversz losez theirz îmânz andz become

disbelievers.zThey,zandzalsozthosezwhozbelievezasztheyzdo,zarezcalled

Mulhids.z Theirz thinkingz ofz themselvesz asz Muslimsz andz declaring

thatz theyz arez onz thez rightz wayz willz notz absolvez themz fromz being

disbelievers.zItziszwrittenzinzallzthezbookszofzfiqh,zandzespeciallyzin

Ibniz ’Âbidîn,z underz thez chaptersz dealingz withz iman:z “Itz hasz been

unanimouslyzsaidz(byzsavants)zthatzifzazpersonzdisbelieveszinzonezof

thez factsz thatz arez necessaryz forz onez toz knowz toz bez az Muslim,z he

becomesz az kâfirz (disbeliever),z evenz ifz hez isz Ahl-ie qibla,z thatz is,

performsz thez prayersz inz jamâ’at [1]

andz doesz allz kindsz ofz worship

throughoutzhiszlife.”zIfzazbeliefzdisagreeingzwithzthezsavantszofzthe

Ahl-as-sunnatzisznotzazresultzofzinterpretingzthezQur’ânzerroneously,

butzbyzfollowingzone’szownzshortzmind,zunderstanding,zopinionzor

thezday’szscientificzknowledge,zonezwhozbelieveszsozbecomeszazkâfir.

Suchz disbelieversz arez calledz Religione reformers.z Forz example,z a

personz whoz disbelievesz inz thez tormentz inz thez gravez andz inz the

shafâ’atz(intercession)zthatzwillztakezplacezinztheznextzworldziszeither

az hereticalz Muslimz whoz isz Ahl-ie bid’at,z orz az disbelieverz whoz isz a

religionzreformer.zAzreligonereformer thinkszofzhimselfzaszazMuslim,

too.zAnzenemyzofzIslamzwhozisznotzazMuslimzbutzwhozgiveszwrong

meaningsztozthezQur’ânzbyzpretendingztozbezazMuslimzinzorderzto

defilezandzdemolishzIslamzfromzwithinziszcalledzazzindiq.zItziszdifficult

forz youngstersz toz distinguishz betweenz thesez threez typesz of

disbelievers.

Eachz ofz Allah’sz commandmentsz isz calledz az Fard.z His

prohibitionsz arez calledz Harâm.z Thez mujtahidz imâms,z whoz were

[1] Seezchapterz20zforzprayerszinzjamâ’at.

–z6 –

thezhighestzofzthezsavantszofzthezAhl-as-sunnat,zinztheirzsearchzfor

documentszinzorderztozdecidezaboutzcertainzmatters,zdisagreedzwith

onezanotherzinzsomezmatters.zThus,zvariouszMadhhabs emerged.

Amongz them,z thez booksz ofz thez famousz fourz Madhhabsz spread

everywhere,zandzthezotherzMadhhabszwerezforgotten.

Hezwhozwantsztozattainzhappinesszinzthiszworld,zinzhiszgrave,zand

inzthezHereafterzmust,zafterzadaptingzhiszîmânztozthezAhl-as-sunnat,

livezinzobedienceztozonezofzthezfourzMadhhabs.zInzotherzwords,zall

hiszworshipszandzactionszmustzbezsuitedztozonezMadhhab.zOfzthe

fourzMadhhabs,zhezmustzchoosezthezonezthatziszthezeasiestzforzhim

tozlearnzandzfollow;zafterzlearningzit,zhezmustzactzinzaccordancezwith

itz inz everythingz hez does.z Savantsz ofz thez Ahl-as-sunnatz declared

unanimouslyzthatzwhenzdoingzazcertainzdeedzitzisznotzpermissiblezto

mixz thez fourz Madhhabsz withz onez another.z Thatz is,z itz isz never

permissibleztozdozonezpartzofzazdeedzorzworshipzaccordingztozone

Madhhabz andz anotherz partz accordingz toz anotherz Madhhab.

Anyonez whoz doesz soz willz havez disobeyedz thez unanimityz ofz the

savantszandzwillzhavezfollowedznonezofzthezMadhhabs.zTozfollow

onezMadhhabzmeansztozlearnzitzandztozintendztozfollowzit.zItzisznot

acceptableztozfollowzitzwithoutzintendingztozdozso.

Hadratz Abdulghanîz Nablusîz wrotez inz hisz bookz Khulâsat-uttahqîqe

fî-bayân-ie hukm-it-taqlîde wat-talfîq:z “Admittingz someone

else’sz wordz orz proofz withoutz understandingz it,z isz calledz Taqlîd

(imitation,zfollowing).zAzMuslimzwhozisznotzazmujtahidzhasztozdo

hiszeveryzactzofzworshipzandzeverythingzbyzimitatingzazmujtahid.zIt

isz permissiblez forz himz toz imitatez onez mujtahidz whenz doingz one

thingzandztozfollowzanotherzmujtahidzwhenzdoingzanotherzthingzfor

thezfirstztime.zBut,zafterzhavingzdonezonezthingzaccordingztozone

Madhhab,z hez hasz toz doz thatz thingz byz imitatingz continuouslyz the

samezMadhhab,zexceptzwhenzthereziszazdarûrat (strongznecessity) [1]

notztozdozso.zDuringztheztimeszofzthezSahâbazandzthezTâbi’în,zthe

newlyz convertedz Muslimsz wouldz doz so.z Likewise,z Muslimsz who

imitatezonlyzonezMadhhabzinzeverythingztheyzdo,zcannotzimitate

anotherzMadhhabzunlesszthereziszazstrongznecessity.”zAsziszseen,

whenz therez isz az darûrat,z itz isz permissiblez toz doz worshipsz and

everythingzelsezaccordingztozanotherzMadhhab.zBut,zinzthat case,zit

willz bez necessaryz toz learnz thatz Madhhabz wellz andz toz observez its

conditions.

AzpersonzwhozdoesznotzfollowzazMadhhab,z(i.e.zonezofzthezonly

fourz validz Madhhabs,)z isz calledz az lâ-madhhabî.z Az lâ-madhhabî

[1] Thezmeaningzofzdarûratziszexplainedzinzthezfourthzchapter.

–z7 –

personz cannotz bez Sunnî [1] .z Hisz worshipsz arez notz sahîhz (correct,

valid).zItziszharâmztozchangezone’szMadhhabzforzworldlyzadvantages

inz orderz toz obtainz thez desiresz ofz one’sz nafs [2] .z Eachz Muslimz must

learnzatzleastzonezMadhhabzandztozadaptzhiszdailyzlifeztozit.

Toz annihilatez Islam,z thez enemiesz ofz Islamz attackedz thez Ahl-assunnat

byz statez andz financialz forces.z Inz allz partsz ofz thez worldz they

preventedz thez educatingz ofz Islamicz savants.z Theyz annihilatedz the

schoolszofzthezAhl-as-sunnat andzthezbookszofzthezAhl-as-sunnat.zThis

onslaughtzwaszledzbyzthezBritish.zToday,zaszitzcanzbezseen,ztherezarezno

bookszofzthezAhl-as-sunnat,znorzanyzsavantszofzthezAhl-as-sunnat left

inz manyz countries.z Broughtz upz ignorant,z thez youthz arez easilyz being

deceived,zmisled,zandzsweptzintozperditionzbyzmulhids,zlâ-madhhabîs,

andzreligionzreformers.zIzhavezdeemedzitznecessaryztozspreadzallzover

thezworldzinzEnglishzthezteachingszofzfiqhzbyzwayzofzmyzTurkishzbook

Se’âdet-ie Ebediyye.z Iz preparedz thisz bookz asz az servicez toz innocent

youngerz generations.z Thus,z thez fourthz fasciclez ofz myz bookz Endless

Bliss (Englishz versionz ofz az considerablez portionz ofz thez aforesaid

peerlesszepitome,zSe’âdet-izEbediyye,)zhaszbeenzformed.zIzprepared

thisz book,z (Se’âdet-iz Ebediyye,)z byz translatingz fiqhz booksz ofz the

HanafîzMadhhab.zIfzthosezyoungsterszwhozarezinzanotherzMadhhabzor

whozhaveznotzbeenzableztozlearnzthezteachingszofzdîn (religion)zread

thiszbookzandzadaptzthemselvesztozthesezteachingszinzallztheirzmanners

andzactszofzworship,ztheyzwillzhavezimitatedzthezgreatzIslamiczsavant

HadratzImâm-iza’zamzAbûzHanîfazNu’mânzbinzThâbit,zthezleaderzof

thezsavantszofzthezAhl-as-sunnat,zthezgreatzimâmzandzmutlaqzmujtahid.

Thus,z theirz worshipsz willz bez sahîh,z theyz willz escapez thez calamityz of

havingzdeviatedzfromzthezAhl-as-sunnat.

Mayz Allâhuz ta’âlâz protectz usz allz fromz beingz deceivedz byz the

insidiousz enemiesz ofz Islam,z fromz beingz trappedz byz lâ-madhhabî

peoplezandzbyzreligionzreformerszwhozbearzMuslimznames!zÂmin.

HusaynzHilmizbinzSa’îdzIshiqz(Iş›k)z‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,

(1329z [1911z A.D.],z Vezîrz Tekkesi,z Eyyûbz Sultân,z Istanbul-1422

[2001],zIstanbul.)

[1] Ourz Prophetz ‘sall-Allâhuz ‘alaihiz waz sallam’z stated:z “Mye Ummat

(Muslims) willeparteintoeseventy-threeegroupse(inzmatterszofzcreed).

Onlye onee ofe thesee groupse wille bee ine thee correcte path.”z Thisz single

correctzgroupzofzMuslimszisztermedz‘Ahleas-sunnatewa’lejamâ’at’,zand

azMuslimzwhoziszinzthiszgroupziszcalledz‘SunnîeMuslim’.

[2] Az malignantz powerz inz thez humanz naturez whichz urgesz thez human

beingzagainstzthezcommandmentszandzprohibitionszofzAllahuzta’âlâ.

HusaynzHilmizbinzSa’îdzIshiqz(Iş›k),z‘quddîsazsirruh’,zazgreatzIslamic

scholarzandzazWalî,zstated:z“ThezNafsziszthezmostzidioticzcreature,zfor

everythingz itz wishesz isz somethingz againstz itz andz harmfulz toz it,z (and

everythingzitzdetestsziszsomethingzforzitszownzgood.)”

–z8 –

ISLAM

[Allâhuzta’âlâzcreatedzallzcreatures.zEverythingzexceptzAllâhu

ta’âlâzwasznonexistent.zHezalwayszexists.zTherezisznotzazbeginning

ofz Hisz existence. Ifz Hez hadz beenz nonexistent,z az powerz already

existingzbeforezHimzwouldzhavezbeenznecessaryztozcreatezHim.zTo

havez somethingz comez intoz beingz requiresz work.z Andz itz isz az fact

beingztaughtzinzallzhighzschoolszandzfacultieszofzsciencezthatzdoing

workz requiresz havingz power.z Ifz therez isz noz powerz toz create

somethingzpreviouslyznonexistent,zthatzthingzremainsznonexistent

andzneverzexists.zIfzthezownerzofzpowerzalwayszexisted,zAllahziszthis

powerfulzeternalzbeing.zButzifzitziszdeterminedzthatzthiszownerzof

creativez powerz isz alsoz az recentz occurrence,z thenz itz mustz havez a

creator,ztoo.zIfzitzisznotzacceptedzthatzonezcreatorzhaszexistedzsince

eternity,zthenzanzinfiniteznumberzofzcreatorszwillzbeznecessary.zAnd

this,zinzturn,zmeanszthatzthesezcreatorszdoznotzhavezazbeginning.

Thez nonexistencez ofz thez firstz eternalz creatorz meansz the

nonexistencezofzotherzcreatorszitzcouldzhavezcreated.zIfzthereziszno

creator,zthiszuniversezofzmatterzandzsouls,zwhichzhaszbeenzcreated

fromznothing,zcannotzexist,zeither.zSincezsubstanceszandzsoulszexist,

theyzmustzalsozhavezonlyzonezcreator,zandzthiszcreatorzmustzhave

existedzeternally.

Allâhuz ta’âlâz createdz simplez substances,z whichz arez the

constructivez materialsz forz everything,z andz soulsz andz angelsz first.

Simplez substancesz arez calledz elementsz now.z Today’sz knowledge

revealszthezexistencezofzonezhundredzandzfivezdifferentzelements.

Allahuzta’âlâzcreatedzandziszstillzcreatingzeverythingzfromzthesezone

hundredzandzfivezelements.zIron,zsulphur,zcarbon,zoxygenzgas,zand

chlorinezgaszarezallzelements.zAllâhuzta’âlâzhasznotzinformedzuszof

howzmanyzmillionszofzyearszagozHezcreatedzthesezelements.zNor

hasz Hez declaredz thez timez Hez beganz toz createz thez earths,z the

heavens,zandzthezlivingzthingszwhichzcamezintozbeingzfromzthese.

Livingzorzlifeless,zeverythingzhaszazlifezcycle.zWhenztheztimezcomes,

Hezcreateszit,zandzwhenzitsztimeziszup,zHezannihilateszit.zHezcreates

thingsznotzonlyzfromznothing,zbutzalsozfromzotherzthings,zgradually

orzsuddenly,zandzaszonezbeingzceasesztozexistzaznewzonezcomeszinto

being.

Allâhuz ta’âlâz madez upz thez firstz manz fromz lifelessz substances

–z9 –

andzazsoul.zTherezhadzbeenznozmanzbeforezhim.zAnimals,zplants,

genieszandzangelszhadzbeenzcreatedzbeforezthatzfirstzman.zThatzfirst

man’sz namez wasz Âdamz (alaihis-salâtuz wa-s-salâm).z Laterz He

createdz az womanz namedz Hawwâz (Eve)z fromz him.z Thez earth’s

populationzfindszitszsourcezfromztheseztwo.zAndzfromzeachzanimal

itszownzspecieszmultiplied.

Today,zthezenemieszofzIslamzdisguisezthemselveszaszscientistszin

orderz toz deceivez Muslimz children.z “Menz werez createdz from

monkeys,”z theyz say.z “Az Britishz doctorz namedz Darwinz saidz so,”

theyzsay.zButztheyzarezliars.zDarwinzdidznotzsayzsuchzazthing.zHe

relatedz thez strugglez forz survivalz amongz thez living.z Inz hisz book

OrigineofetheeSpecies,zhezwrotezthatzthezlivingzadaptedzthemselves

toz theirz surroundings,z and,z inz doingz this,z underwentz some

insignificantzchanges.zHezdidznotzsayzthatzonezspecieszchangedzinto

another.z Inz az conferencez organizedz inz Salfordz inz 1980z byz the

Britishz Unityz ofz Science,z Prof.z Johnz Durant,z az memberz ofz the

teachingz staffz inz thez Universityz ofz Swansea,z madez thez following

speech,zinzsummary:z“Darwin’szviewszonzthezthezoriginzofzmanzhas

becomezazmodernzlegend.zThezcontributionzthiszlegendzhaszmade

tozourzscientificzandzsocialzprogresszhaszbeenzsheerzharm,zandzno

more.z Thez talesz ofz evolutionz havez hadz az destructivez effectz on

scientificz research.z Theyz havez givenz risez toz distortions,

unnecessaryzdisputeszandzseriouszscientificzabuses.zNowzDarwin’s

theoryzhaszcomezapartzatzthezseams,zleavingzbehindzitselfzruinszof

erroneousz conceptions.”z Thesez statements,z whichz Prof.z Durant

madezaboutzhiszcompatriot,zarezthezmostzinterestingzanswerszgiven

inztheznamezofzscienceztozDarwinists.zToday’szattemptsztozimbue

peoplez ofz variousz culturalz backgroundsz withz thez theoryz of

evolutionz originatez fromz ideologicalz determinations.z Theyz have

nothingz toz doz withz science.z Thez theoryz hasz beenz exploitedz asz a

meansz forz thez inculcationz ofz materialisticz philosophy.z Itz isz not

scientificz toz sayz thatz manz hasz originatedz fromz thez monkey.z Itz is

neverzazscientificzstatement,zeither.zNorziszitzDarwin’szstatement.zIt

isz az liez toldz byz ignorantz enemiesz ofz Islamz whoz knowz nothingz of

knowledgezorzscience.zAzmanzofzknowledgezorzazscientistzsimply

couldznotzsayzsuchzanzignorant,zabsurdzthing.zIfzazpersonzwhozhas

receivedzazuniversityzdiplomazbeginsztozindulgezinzuselesszthings,

doesznotzstudyzhiszbranchzofzknowledge,zevenzforgetszwhatzhezhas

learned,zthatzpersonzcannotzbezazmanzofzknowledgezorzazscientist.

IfzinzadditionzhezbecomeszanzenemyzofzIslamzandzattemptsztozsow

andz broadcastz hisz mendaciousz andz wrongz wordsz andz writingsz in

theznamezofzsciencezandzknowledge,zhezbecomeszazharmful,zbase

–z10 –

andztreacherouszmicrobezinzsociety.zHiszdiploma,zstatus,zandzrank

becomez anz ostentation,z az trapz toz huntz thez youth.z Butz thez most

patheticzpeoplezarezthosezwhozarezsweptzintozendlesszperditionzby

thezdeceptionzofzthesezfraudulentzandzfanaticalzscientistszwhozsow

andz broadcastz theirz liesz andz slandersz inz thez namez ofz knowledge

andzscience.

Allâhuzta’âlâzwantszpeopleztozlivezinzcomfortzandzpeacezinzthe

worldzandztozattainzendlesszhappinesszinzthezHereafter.zItziszfor

thisz reasonz thatz Hez hasz commandedz usefulz thingsz thatz cause

happinessz andz forbiddenz harmfulz thingsz whichz causez calamity.

ThezbetterzazpersonzadaptszhimselfztozthezrulesztaughtzinzQur’ân

al-kerîmz andz obeysz thez commandmentsz andz prohibitionsz of

Allâhuzta’âlâ,zregardlesszofzwhetherzhezdoeszsozonzpurposezorzby

chance,zthezmorezpeacezandzcomfortzwillzhezattainzinzhiszworldly

lifez andz thisz rulez hasz noz exceptionsz dependentz onz thez person’s

beingzreligiouszorzirreligious,zazBelieverzorzazdisbeliever.zItziszlike

az person’sz takingz medicine,z whichz willz curez himz anyway.z The

reasonz whyz manyz irreligiousz andz atheisticz peoplez andz nations

achievezsuccesszinzmostzofztheirzenterprisesztodayzisztheirzworking

compatiblyz withz thez principlesz taughtz inz Qur’ânz al-kerîm.

However,zattainingzeternalzfelicityzbyzfollowingzQur’ânzal-kerîm

requiresz firstz ofz allz believingz inz itz andz followingz itsz rules

intentionally.

ThezfirstzcommandmentzofzAllâhuzta’âlâzisztozhavezÎmân.zAnd

Hiszfirstzprohibitionziszkufr.zÎmânzmeansztozbelievezthezfactzthat

HadratzMuhammadz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’ziszAllah’szlast

prophet.z Allâhuz ta’âlâz revealedz Hisz commandmentsz and

prohibitionsztozhimzinzArabiczandzinzazmannerztermedzWahy.zThat

is,zHezdeclaredzthemztozhimzthroughzanzangel.zAndzthezProphet,

inz turn,z communicatedz themz toz mankind.z Whatz Allâhuz ta’âlâ

declaredz inz Arabicz isz calledz thez Qur’âne al-kerîm.z Thez bookz in

whichzthezentirezQur’ânzal-kerîmziszwrittenziszcalledz az Mus’haf.

Thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz isz notz thez wordz ofz Muhammadz ‘’alaihissalâm’.z

Itz isz thez Wordz ofz Allah.z Noz humanz beingz couldz have

managedz suchz anz immaculatez wording.z Everythingz thatz is

declaredz inz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz isz calledz Islam.z Az personz who

believesz allz ofz itz isz calledz az Mu’min (Believer)z andz Muslim.

Denyingzevenzonezofzthezfactszinzitziszcalledzdisbelief,zthatzis,zKufr.

Itziszonlyzthezbusinesszofzthezheartztozbelievezthezfactszconcerning

thez happeningsz inz thez nextz world,z thez existencez ofz geniesz and

angels,zandzthezProphetzÂdam’sz‘’alaihis-salâm’ fatherhoodzover

allz people,z andz thez factz thatz hez isz thez firstz prophet.z Thesez are

–z11 –

calledzknowledgezofzI’tiqâd (belief)zandzAqâid (tenets).zBothzthe

commandmentszandzthezprohibitionszpertainingztozheartzandzbody

mustzbezacceptedzandzobserved.zAnzaggregatezofzthesezinjunctions

iszcalledzknowledgezofzA’mâleorzSharî’at (Islamiczlaw).zItziszÎmân

tozbelievezinzthem,ztoo.zAndzitziszWorship tozobservezthem.zAszis

understood,zhezwhozdisbelieveszorzignoreszthezfactzthatzworships

arezduties,zbecomeszazkâfir (disbeliever).zHezwhozbelieveszthem

butzdoesznotzdozthem,zwill notzbecomezazkâfir.zHeziszcalledzazfâsiq

(sinner).zAzBelieverzwhozhaszîmânzinzthezknowledgezofzIslamzand

observeszitzaszwellzaszhezcanziszcalledzazPiouseMuslim.zAzMuslim

whozstrivesztozearnzthezlovezandzthezapprovalzofzAllâhuzta’âlâzis

calledz Sâlih.z Onez whoz hasz earnedz thez lovez andz thez approvalz of

Allâhuzta’âlâziszcalledz’Ârif orzWalî.zAzWalîzwhoziszinstrumental

inz other’sz attainingz thisz lovez isz calledz Murshid.z Sâdiq isz the

commonz appellationz ofz thesez distinguishedz people.z Allz ofz them

arez Sâlih.z Az piousz Mu’minz willz neverz goz toz Hell.z Az kâfirz will

certainlyz goz toz Hell.z Neverz leavingz Hell,z hez willz sufferz eternal

torment.zIfzazkâfirzbecomeszazBeliever,zallzhiszorzherzsinszwillzbe

pardoned.z Ifz az fâsiqz repentsz ofz hisz sinsz andz startsz doingz ’ibâdat

(andzbegszAllâhuzta’âlâzforzforgiveness),zhezwillzneverzgoztozHell,

butzhezwillzgoztozParadisezdirectlyzlikezazpiouszBeliever.zIfzhezdoes

notzdozhiszTawba (beggingzAllâhuzta’âlâzforzforgiveness),zhezwill

bez forgivenz throughz shafâ’at (intercession)z orz withoutz any

mediationzandzgozdirectlyztozParadise,zor,zafterzburningzinzHellzto

thezextentzdeterminedzbyzhiszsins,zcausedzbyzhiszsins,zhezwillzthen

goztozParadise.

Thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz descendedz inz az languagez suitablez with

thezArabiczgrammarzspokenzbyzthezpeoplezofzthatztime,zandzitzis

inzpoeticzform.zThatzis,zlikezpoetry,zitziszharmonious.zItziszreplete

withzthezsubtletieszofzthezArabiczlanguage.zItzhaszallzthezsubtleties

ofzthezliteraryzscienceszsuchzhaszbedî,zbayân,zme’ânîzandzbelâghat.

Itzis,ztherefore,zveryzdifficultztozunderstand.zAzpersonzwhozdoes

notz knowz thez subtletiesz ofz thez Arabicz languagez cannot

understandzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzwellzevenzifzhezreadszandzwrites

Arabic.z Evenz thosez whoz knewz thesez subtletiesz couldz not

understandzit.zAszazresult,zourzProphetzexplainedzmostzofzitszparts.

ThesezexplanationszofzourzProphetz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’

arez calledz Hadîth-ie sherîf.z Thez Sahâbatz al-kirâmz ‘r›dwânullâhi

ta’âlâz ’alaihimz ajma’în’ communicatedz toz youngerz generations

whatztheyzhadzheardzandzlearnedzfromzourzmasterzthezProphet.

Asztimezelapsed,zheartszbecamezdarkerzandzdarker,zandzMuslims,

especiallyztheznewlyzconvertedzones,zattemptedztozinterpretzthe

–z12 –

Qur’ânzwithztheirzdeficientzmindszandzshortzsights,zandzinferred

meaningszthatzcontradictedzthosezwhichzourzProphetz‘sall-Allâhu

’alaihiz waz sallam’z hadz communicated.z Thez enemiesz ofz Islam

incitedzthiszfactionzandzgavezbirthztozseventy-twozdifferent,zwrong,

andzhereticalzbeliefs.zPeoplezwhozbearzsuchzhereticalzbeliefszare

calledzthezAhl-iebid’at orzAhl-iedalâla.zAllzthezpeoplezwhozbelong

tozthezseventy-twozgroupszofzbid’atzwillzcertainlyzgoztozHell,zbut,

beingzBelievers,ztheyzwillznotzremainzinzHellzeternally.zTheyzwill

eventuallyzbezallowedzoutzandzenterzParadise.zIfzthezbeliefzofza

personz belongingz toz onez ofz thesez seventy-twoz hereticalz groups

disagreeszwithzsomethingzclearlyzdeclaredzinzthezQur’ânzal-kerîm

orzinzthezhadîthzsherîfs,zhezwillzlosezhiszÎmân.zSuchzazpersonzis

calledzazMulhid.zAzmulhidzthinkszofzhimselfzaszazMuslim.zButzhis

îmânzhaszleft,zandzhezhaszbecomezazdisbeliever.

Islamiczsavantszwhozlearnedzcorrectlyzthezteachingszofzi’tiqâd,

i.e.,z thez teachingsz ofz Islamz thatz mustz bez believedz in,z fromz the

Sahâbaz‘ridwânullâhizta’âlâz’alaihimzajma’în’ andzwhozwrotezthem

inz booksz arez calledz savantsz ofz thez Ahl-as-sunnat ‘rahmatullâhi

ta’âlâz ’alaihimz ajma’în’.z Thesez peoplez arez scholarsz whoz have

attainedzthezgradezcalledzIjtihâdzinzonezofzthezfourzMadh-habs.zThe

savantsz ofz thez Ahl-as-sunnatz didz notz attemptz toz understandz the

meaningz ofz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz withz theirz ownz minds,z butz they

believedzwhatztheyzlearnedzfromzthezSahâba.zTheyzdidznotzfollow

whatztheyzthemselveszunderstood.zThus,ztheyzwrotezandztaughtzthe

rightzwayzdeclaredzbyzourzProphetz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’.

ThezOttomanzEmpirezwaszazMuslimzstate,zandzheldzthezbeliefzof

thezAhl-as-sunnat.

Asziszunderstoodzfromzthezinformationzabovezandzasziszwritten

inzmanyzvaluablezbooks,zescapingzdisasterszinzthiszworldzandzthe

nextzandzlivingzinzpeacezandzhappinesszfirstzrequireszhavingzîmân,

whichzmeansztozlearnzandzbelievezeverythingzaszcommunicatedzby

thez savantsz ofz thez Ahl-as-sunnatz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaihim

ajma’în’.z Az personz whoz doesz notz holdz thez beliefz ofz thez Ahl-assunnatzhaszbecomezeitherzanzAhl-izbid’at,zazhereticalzMuslim,zorza

mulhid,zazdisbeliever.zThezsecondzdutyzofzazBelieverzwithzcorrect

îmân,z i’tiqâd,z isz toz becomez sâlihz (pious),z thatz is,z toz learnz the

teachingsz ofz thez Sharî’atz (Islamicz law),z thatz is,z toz doz ’ibâda.z z In

explainingzthezteachingszofzhowztozworship,zthezsavantszofzthezAhlas-sunnatz

‘rahimahum-Allâhuz ta’âlâ’ partedz intoz fourz groups.

Hence,z thez fourz Madhhabs appeared.z Theyz disagreedz onz az few

insignificantzmatters,zbutztheyzagreedzwithzonezanotherzonzîmân;

theyz lovedz andz respectedz onez another.z Eachz Muslimz hasz to

–z13 –

worshipzaszshownzbyzonezofzthesezfourzMadhhabs.zThezfactzthatza

personz whoz doesz notz adaptz himselfz toz onez ofz thesez four

MadhhabszhaszdeviatedzfromzthezAhl-as-sunnat,ziszwrittenzinzthe

ZabayihzsectionzofzDurr-ul-Mukhtâr,zanzexplanationzofzTahtâwî.

Ifzazdisbelieverzcapturedzinzwar,zorzduringztheztimezofzpeace,zsays

thatzhezhaszbecomezazMuslim,zhezisztozbezbelieved.zButzhezhaszto

learnz andz believez thez sixe principlese ofe îmân immediately.

Gradually,z whenz hez hasz thez opportunity,z hez shouldz learnz the

fardsz (obligations)z andz thez harâmsz (prohibitions)z andz adapt

himselfztozwhatzhezhaszlearned.zIfzhezdoesznotzlearnzthem,zhezwill

havezslightedzAllâhuzta’âlâ’szreligion andzhiszîmânzwillzperish.zA

personzwhozhaszlostzhiszîmânzinzsuchzazwayziszcalledzazmurtadd.zIt

iszwrittenzinzthezhundredzandzsixteenthzpagezofztheztranslationzof

Sharkh-i-Siyar-i-Kebîr andz atz thez endz ofz thez chapterz aboutz a

disbeliever’sz marriagez inz thez bookz Durr-ul-mukhtâr thatz ifz a

personzwhoziszwisezenoughztozearnzhiszlivingzandztozpursuezhis

advantagesz successfullyz reachesz thez agez ofz pubertyz without

knowingzIslam,zheziszazmurtadd (renegade,zapostate)z(according

tozIslam’szevaluations).zItziszstatedzatzthezendzofzthezchapterzabout

az disbeliever’sz marriagez inz thez bookz Durr-ul-mukhtâr:z Ifz a

marriedzMuslimzgirlzdoesznotzknowzIslamzwhenzshezreacheszthe

agezofzpuberty,zherznikâhz(marriagezcontractzmadezinzaccordance

withzIslam)zbecomesznullzandzvoid;z[shezbecomeszazmurtadd.]zShe

mustzbeztaughtzthezAttributeszofzAllâhuzta’âlâ.zShezmustzrepeat

andz confirmz whatz shez hears.z Explainingz this,z Ibniz ’Âbidîn

‘rahima-h-Allâhizta’âlâ’ says: “AzsmallzgirlziszazMuslimzbecause

herzparentszarezMuslims.zWhenzshezreacheszthezagezofzpuberty,

thezrulezofzherzbeingzinzthezsamezreligionzaszherzparentszlapses.zSo

whenzshezreacheszthezagezofzpubertyzwithoutzknowingzIslamzshe

becomeszazmurtadd.zIfzshezheardztheztenetszofzbeliefzandzdidznot

believez them,z shez willz notz becomez az Muslimz byz sayingz the

Kelima-i-tawhîd,z thatz is,z whenz shez saysz thez wordz ‘Lâe ilâhae il-l-

AllaheMuhammaduneRasûlullah’.zAzpersonzwhozbelieveszthezsix

tenetszinzthezcredoz‘Âmentuzbillâhi...’zandzsayszthatzhezacceptszthe

commandmentsz andz prohibitionsz ofz Allâhuz ta’âlâ,z becomesz a

Muslim.”z Itz followsz fromz whatz hasz beenz saidz soz farz thatz every

Muslimzhasztozhavezhiszchildrenzmemorizezthiszcredozandzteach

themz itsz meaningz well:z “Amentuz billâhiz waz Melâikatihiz wa

Kutubihiz waz Rusulihiz wa’lz Yawm-il-âkhiriz waz bi’lz Qaderî

khayrihiz waz sher-rihiz min-Allâhiz ta’âlâz wa’lz ba’suz ba’dalz mawt

haqqunz Esh-haduz anz lâz ilâhaz il-l-Allahz waz esh-haduz anna

Muhammadanz’abduhuzwazRasûluhu.”zIfzazchildzdoesznotzlearn

–z14 –

thesezsixztenetszandzdoesznotzsayzthatzitzbelieveszthem,zitzdoesznot

becomezazMuslimzwhenzitzreacheszthezagezofzpuberty;zitzbecomes

azmurtadd.zThereziszdetailedzinformationzonzthesezsixztenetszin

thez(Turkish)zbookzHerkeseeLâz›meOlaneÎmân,z(andzalsozinzthe

EnglishzbookzBeliefeandeIslam.)zEveryzMuslimzhasztozreadzthis

bookz andz havez hisz childrenz readz itz andz doz hisz bestz thatz allz his

acquaintanceszreadzit,ztoo.zWezmustzspareznozeffortzinzdoingzthis

lestz ourz childrenz shouldz growz upz asz renegades.z Wez mustz teach

themzÎmân,zIslam,zablution,zghusl,znamâzzbeforezsendingzthemzto

elementaryz school!z Thez firstz dutyz ofz parentsz isz toz raisez their

childrenzaszMuslims.

ItziszstatedzinzthezbookzDürereveeGürer,z“Anzapostatezmanzis

firstztoldztozbecomezazMuslim.zReligiousztenetszinzwhichzhezhas

doubtszarezexplainedztozhim.zIfzhezasksztozbezgivenzsomeztimezhe

iszimprisonedzforzthreezdays.zIfzhezmakesztawba,zitziszaccepted.zIf

hez refusesz toz makez tawba,z thez (Islamic)z judgez isz toz havez him

killed.zIfzthezrenegadeziszazwoman,zshezisznotzkilled.zSheziszkeptzin

prisonz untilz shez makesz tawba.z Ifz shez fleesz toz (az countryz of

disbelieverszcalled)zthezDâr-ul-harb,zshezdoesznotzbecomezazjâriya

inzthezDâr-ul-harb.zIfzsheziszcaptivatedz(byzMuslims)zshezbecomes

az jâriya.z Whenz shez becomesz az murtadd,z herz nikâhz (ifz shez is

married)z becomesz void.z Shez losesz allz herz rightsz toz herz own

property.zIfzshezbecomeszazMuslimzagain,zitzbecomeszherzproperty

again.zIfzshezdieszorzfleesztozthezDâr-ul-harbz[orzifzshezbecomesza

murtadd inzthezDâr-ul-harb],zthezpropertyzshezleaveszbehindziszto

bezgivenztozherzMuslimzinheritor(s).z[Ifzshezhasznozinheritors,zher

propertyzwillzbyzrightszbelongztozthosezpeoplezwhozarezentitledzto

thezbenefitszofzBayt-ul-mâl].zAzmurtadd cannotzinheritzproperty

fromzanotherzmurtadd.zWhatziszleftzbehindzazmurtadd becomesza

(sortzofzpropertyzcalled)z‘fay’zforzMuslims.zAllzsortszofztradezand

rentalzcontractsz(madezbyzazpersonzwhozhaszbecomezazrenegade)

andzthezpresentszgivenzonzhiszpartzbecomezvoid.zIfzhezbecomesza

Muslimzagain,zthesezthingszbecomezvalidzagain.zHezwillznotzhave

tozmakezqadâzofzhiszformerzactszofzworship.zHowever,zhezwillzhave

tozmakezhajjzagain.zWhatzmustzbezlearnedzfirstzafterzîmânziszhow

toz makez anz ablutionz andz ghusl,z andz howz toz performz namâz

(prayer).

Thezsixzessentials ofzîmânzareztozbelievezinzthezexistencezandzthe

onenesszofzAllâhuzta’âlâzandzHiszAttributes,ztozbelievezinzangels,

Prophets,zthezHeavenlyzBooks,zthezeventsztoztakezplacezin thezNext

World,z andz Qadâz andz Qadar.z Laterz on,z wez shallz explainz them

separately.

–z15 –

Inz short,z wez shouldz obeyz Islam’sz commandmentsz and

prohibitionsz withz ourz heartz andz body,z andz ourz heartz shouldz be

widezawake.zIfzazperson’szheartzisznotzwidezawake,z[thatzis,zifza

personz doesz notz meditatez onz thez existencez andz greatnessz of

Allâhuzta’âlâ,zonzthezblessingszinzParadisezandzthezvehemencezof

Hellz fire],z itz willz bez veryz difficultz forz hisz bodyz toz obeyz Islam’s

commandments.z Scholarsz ofz Fiqhz communicatez fatwâs

(explanationszonzhowztozdozIslam’szcommandments).zItzdevolves

onzmenzofzAllahztozfacilitatezthezpracticezofzthesezcommandments.

Thezbody’szobeyingzIslamzwillinglyzandzeasilyzrequireszthezheart’s

beingz pure.z However,z ifz az personz attachesz importancez onlyz to

purificationzofzthezheartzandzbeautificationzofzmoralszandzignores

physicalz adaptationz toz Islam,z hez becomesz az Mulhid.z His

extraordinaryz skills,z [suchz asz givingz informationz aboutz the

unknown,zcuringzhiszpatientszbyzbreathingzonzthem],zwhichzresult

fromzthezshiningzofzhisznafs,zarez(called)zIstidrâj andzwillzdragzhim

andzthosezwhozfollowzhimztozHell.zWhatzsignifieszazpurezheartzand

aznafszwhichziszmutmainnaz[docile]ziszthezbody’szwillinglyzobeying

Islam.z Somez peoplez whoz doz notz adaptz theirz sensez organsz and

bodiesztozIslamzsay,z“Myzheartziszpure.zThezimportantzthingziszthe

heart!”zThesezarezemptyzwords.zByzsayingzso,ztheyzarezdeceiving

themselveszandzpeoplezaroundzthem.]

–z16 –

ENDLESSeBLISS

FOURTHzFASCICLE

1e–eTHEeFIVEeDAILYePRAYERSe(termedenamâz)

Everyz Muslimz hasz toz knowz byz heartz thez thirty-threez binding

dutieszwhichzarezcalledzfardz(farz).zTheyzare:

Essentialsz(fards)zofzîmân

: SIX

PillarszofzIslam

: FIVE

Essentialszofznamâzz(prayer)

: TWELVE

Essentialszofzablutionz(wudû,zabdast) : FOUR

Essentialszofzghuslz(ritualzbath) : THREE

Essentialszofztayammum

: THREE

Therez arez alsoz scholarsz whoz sayz thatz tayammumz hasz two

essentials.zInzthatzcase,ztherezarezthirty-twozofzthem.zThezfifty-four

fardsz(commandments)zarezanotherzmatterzandzarezwrittenzinzmy

Turkishz bookz Islâme Ahlâk› [1] .z Performingz Amr-iz ma’rûfz and

Nahy–izmunkarzandznotzutteringzanyzbadzandzuglyzwordsz(suchzas

invectives)zareznotzincludedzinzthezthirty-threezfards,zbutztheyzare

inzthezfifty-fourzfards.

Itz isz fardz forz everyz Muslimz whoz hasz reachedz thez ages of

puberty andzdiscretion tozperformzthezfivezdailyzprayers.zWhenza

prayerz timez comes,z itz becomesz fardz forz him/herz thez moment

he/shez beginsz performingz thez prayer.z Ifz itz hasz notz been

performedzandzifztherezisztimezleftzenoughztozmakezanzablution

andzbeginztheznamâzzbeforezthezprayerztimeziszover,zitzbecomes

fardztozperformzit.zIfzthezprayerztimeziszoverzbeforezitzhaszbeen

performedzwithoutzazgoodzexcuse [2] notztozdozso,zhe/shezwillzhave

[1] Thez seventh editionz ofz itsz Englishz version,z Ethicse ofe Islam,z was

accomplishedzinz1429 A.H.z(2008).

[2] Byz‘azgoodzexcuse’zwezmeanz‘anzexcusezwhichzIslamzrecognizeszaszan

excusez thatz willz absolvez az Muslimz fromz thez responsibilityz ofz not

performingzanzIslamiczcommandment.zAnzexcusezofzthiszsortzisztermed

‘udhr.zThezthirdzchapterzofzthezcurrent bookzgiveszexampleszofzsuch

‘udhrsz(excuses)zpertainingztoz(thezprayerztermed)znamâz.

–z17 –

committedzazgravezsin.zWhetherzhe/shezhaszhadzazgoodzexcusezor

not,zqadâzwillzbeznecessary.zThezsamezappliesztozsituationszsuch

asz whenz az childz reachesz puberty,z whenz az disbelieverz orz a

renegadezbecomeszazMuslim,zwhenzazwomanzbecomeszclean,z(i.e.

immediatelyz afterz thez cessationz ofz thez mensesz atz thez endz ofz a

menstrualz orz lochialz period,)z whenz anz insanez orz unconscious

personzrecovers,zandzwhenzazsleepingzpersonzwakeszup.zItziszfard

forz az newz Muslimz toz learnz thez essentialsz ofz namâzz first.z After

learningzthem,zitzbecomeszfardztozperformznamâz.zSleepzisznotza

goodz excusez ifz itz beginsz afterz thez prayerz timez hasz begun.z Ifz a

personzdoeszso,zitziszfardzforzhimztozmakezsurezthatzhezwillzwake

upzbeforezthezprayerztimeziszover,zwhilezitzwouldzbezmustahabzfor

himztozmakezsureztozwakezupzbeforezthezendzofzthezprayerztimezif

hezwereztozgoztozsleepzbeforezthezbeginningzofzthezprayerztime.

Thesez fivez dailyz prayersz addz upz toz fortyz rak’atsz (units),z outz of

whichzseventeenzarezfard,zthreezarezwâjib,zandztwentyzarezsunnat,

aszfollows:

1z-zMorningzprayerz[Salât-ul-fajr] consistszofzfourzrak’ats.zFirst

thez sunnatz prayer,z whichz consistsz ofz twoz rak’ats,z isz performed.

Thenzthezfardzprayer,zofztwozrak’ats,ziszperformed.zThezsunnatz(the

firstz twoz rak’ats)z isz veryz important.z Somez scholarsz classifyz itz as

wâjib.

2z -z Earlyz afternoonz prayerz [Salât-uz-zuhr] consistsz ofz ten

rak’ats,z thez initialz sunnatz consistingz ofz fourz rak’ats,z thez fard

consistingz ofz fourz rak’ats,z andz thez finalz sunnatz consistingz ofz two

rak’ats.zThezearlyzafternoonzprayerziszperformedzinzthiszorder.

3z -z Latez afternoonz prayerz [Salât-ul-’asr] consistsz ofz eight

rak’ats.zFirstzthezsunnat,zwhichzconsistszofzfourzrak’ats,zandzthen

thezfard,zwhichzconsistszofzfourzrak’ats,zarezperformed.

4z -z Eveningz prayerz [Salât-ul-maghrib] containsz fivez rak’ats.

Firstzthezfard,zwhichziszcomposedzofzthreezrak’ats,zthenzthezsunnat,

consistingzofztwozrak’ats,zarezperformed.

5z-zNightzprayerz[Salât-ul-’ishâ] consistszofzthirteenzrak’ats.zThe

initialz sunnatz containsz fourz rak’ats.z Thez fardz alsoz containsz four

rak’ats.zButzthezfinalzsunnatzhasztwozrak’ats,zwhilezthezWitrzprayer

haszthreezrak’ats.

Thez initialz sunnatsz ofz thez latez afternoonz prayerz andz night

prayerz arez Ghayr-ie muakkada.z Whenz sittingz duringz theirz second

rak’at,zafterzrecitingzthezAttahiyyâtu..,zthezprayerszofzAllahumma

sallizalâ...zand...zbârikzâlâ...zarezrecitedzcompletely.zAfterzstanding

upzforzthezthirdzrak’at,zthezprayerzSubhânaka...ziszrecitedzbefore

–z18 –

sayingz thez Basmala.z Butz thez firstz sunnatz ofz thez earlyz afternoon

prayerz isz Muakkad.z Thatz is,z itz hasz beenz recommended

emphatically.zTherezarezmorezthawâbsz(blessings)zforzit.zDuringzits

secondzrak’at,zaszinzthezfardzprayers,zonlyzthezAttahiyyâtuziszsaid

andzthenzwezstandzupzforzthezthirdzrak’at.zAfterzstandingzup,zwe

firstzrecitezthezBasmalazandzthenzthezsûraz(chapter)zofzFâtiha.

Itziszmustahabztozperformzfourzmorezrak’atszafterzthezfardzof

earlyzafternoonzandznightzprayerszandzsixzmorezrak’atszafterzthe

fardzofzeveningzprayer.zInzotherzwords,zitziszveryzblessed.zOnezcan

performzallzofzthemzwithzonezsalâmzorzbyzsayingzthezsalâmzafter

everyztwozrak’ats.zInzeitherzcasezthezfirstztwozrak’atszarezdeemedzto

bez thez finalz sunnat.z Thesez prayers,z whichz arez mustahab,z canz be

performedzseparatelyzafterzthezfinalzsunnatszofztheztwozprayerszof

namâzzaszwell.

Thez firstz rak’atz commencesz withz thez beginningz ofz thez prayer

andz thez otherz rak’atsz beginz asz soonz asz youz standz up,z andz each

rak’atz continuesz untilz youz standz upz again.z Thez finalz rak’at

continuesz untilz thez salâm.z Noz prayersz canz havez lessz thanz two

rak’ats.zAllzprayerszcontainzanzevenznumberzofzrak’ats,zexceptzthe

fardzofzthezeveningzprayerzandzthezwitrzprayer.zAfterzthezsecond

sajdaz(prostration)zofzeachzsecondzrak’atzwezsit.

Eachz rak’atz ofz prayerz containsz itsz fards,z wâjibs,z sunnats,

mufsidsz (thingsz orz actsz whichz spoilz az prayer),z andz makrûhs

(actions,z words,z thoughtsz avoidedz andz disapprovedz byz the

Prophet).z Onz thez pagesz ahead,z wez shallz explainz thesez in

accordancezwithzthezHanafî Madhhab.

2e–eTHEeFARDSeOFeNAMÂZe(PERFORMINGeABLUTION

[WUDÛ,eABDAST])

Namâzzhasztwelvezfards,zsevenzofzwhichzarezpreconditions,zi.e.,

theyz arez beforez beginningz namâz;z thesez conditionsz mustz existz in

orderz forz thez namâzz toz bez valid.z Theyz arez calledz essentialse of

namâz.zTheyzare:zTahârat (purification)zfromehadas (statezofzbeing

withoutzabdastzorzghusl),ztahâratefromenajâsat (substanceszwhich

Islamz prescribesz asz unclean),z satr-ie awrat (coveringz partsz ofz the

bodyzthatzarezcalledzawrat),zistiqbâl-ieqibla (facingzthezqibla),zwaqt

(prescribedz time),z niyyat (intention),z takbîre ofe tahrîma

(beginning) [1] .z Allz sortsz ofz existencez arez contingentz onz some

functionalz fulfilmentsz soz thatz theyz shouldz exist.z Therez arez five

positionalztypeszofzthiszdependence:zIfzanzactionztozbezfulfilledzis

[1] Laterzinztheztext,zallztheseznewztermszwillzbezexplainedzinzdetail.

–z19 –

withinzthezessencezofzsomethingztozcomezintozexistence,zi.e.zifzitzis

onez ofz itsz particles,z thez actionz isz calledz Rukn.z Ifz itz affectsz the

existencez externally,z itz isz calledz ’illat.z Nikâh (marriagez contract

prescribedz byz Islam)z isz anz ’illatz ofz marriage.z Ifz doingz something

particularzrequireszthezexistencezofzsomethingzelsezalthoughzthere

areznozeffectualzrelationszbetweenzthem,zthezexistencezrequiredzis

calledz Sabab,z thez causez (reason).z Waqtz (appointedz timez for

namâz)z isz thez sabab,z thez causez (reason)z ofz namâz.z Ifz doing

somethingzparticularzdoesznotzrequirezthezexistencezofzsomething

else,zandzyetzifzthezlatterzceasesztozexistzinzcasezthezformerzshould

notzbezdone,zthenzthezformerziszcalledzShart (condition).zHowever,

ifzthezlatterzdoesznotzceaseztozexistzinzthiszcase,zitziszcalledzAlâmat

(sign,zproperty).zAdhân (callingztozprayer)ziszthezalâmatzofznamâz.

Fivezofzthezfardszofztheznamâzzarezinsideztheznamâz.zEachzofzthese

fivezfardsziszalsozcalledzRukn.z[SomezIslamiczscholarszhavezsaidzthat

takbîrz ofz tahrîma [1]

isz insidez thez namâz.z Accordingz toz them,z the

ruknszofznamâz,zaszwellzaszthezshartsz(conditions)zofznamâz,zarezsix

inz number.]z Inz thez chaptersz ahead,z wez shallz explainz allz thesez in

accordancezwithzthezHanafîzMadhhab.

Therezareztwozkindszofztahâratzfromzhadas:

1z-zPerformancezofzanzablutionzbyzazpersonzwhozdoesznotzhave

anzablution.

2z-zPerformancezofzazghuslzbyzazpersonzwhozdoesznotzhaveza

ghusl.

Wudû’ meanszablution;ztawaddî meansztozperformzanzablution;

ghasl meansztozwashzsomething;zightisâl meansztozperformzazghusl

ablution,z andz ghusl meansz thez ablutionz ofz ghuslz (inz Arabic).z A

Muslimzwhozdoesznotzhavezanzablutionziszcalledzmuhdis.zAzMuslim

whozdoesznotzhavezazghuslzablutionziszcalledzjunub.

Itz isz writtenz inz thez bookz Halabî-yie saghîr:z “Therez arez fards,

sunnats,z adabs,z andz harâmsz inz anz abdastz (ablution).z Ifz az person

performsznamâzzwithoutzanzablutionzthoughzhezdoesznotzhaveza

goodzexcusezforzdoingzsozandzthoughzhezknowszthatzhezdoesznot

havez anz ablution,z hez becomesz az disbeliever.z Hez whoz losesz his

ablutionzwhilezperformingznamâz,zperformszthezsalâmz(Assalâm-u

alaikumz waz rahmatullah)z toz onez sidez rightz awayz andz stopsz his

namâz.zRe-makingzanzablutionzbeforezthezprescribedztimezperiod

iszover,zhezbeginsztheznamâzzagain.”

[1] Theztakbîr,zi.e.zthezexpression,z“Allâhuzakbar”,zwhichzwezsayztozbegin

performingznamâz.

–z20 –

Theree aree foure fardse ofe ablutione ine thee Hanafîe Madhhab:z To

washz thez facez once;z –thez facez isz thez partz betweenz thez ear-lobes

(horizontally),zandzbetweenzthezhairlinezandzchinz(vertically)–zto

washzbothzarmsztogetherzwithzthezelbowszonce;ztozapplyzmasahzon

one-fourthzofzthezhead,zthatzis,ztozrubzazwetzhandzsoftlyzonzit;zto

washzthezfeet,ztogetherzwithzthezankle-boneszonzbothzsides,zonce

each.z [Accordingz toz thez Shafi’iz andz Malikîz Madhhabsz niyyat

(intention)z isz fard.z Niyyatz meansz toz intendz (toz makez ablution)

throughzthezheart.zItzisznotzfardz(obligatory)ztozsayzitzorally.zInzthe

MâlikîzMadhhabzitziszobligatoryztozmakezniyyatzwhenzbeginningzto

makezablution.zAzdisbeliever’szniyyatzisznotzsahîh.zThezskinzonzthe

areaz borderingz on thez ear-lobes,z andz thez hairz onz itz asz wellz are

withinzthezface,zaccordingztozthezHanafîzMadhhab;zsozitziszfardzto

washz thosez areas.z Inz thez Mâlikîz Madhhabz theyz arez (outsidez the

facialz regionz andz belongz toz thez rest)z ofz thez head.z Theyz should

thereforezbezincludedzinzthezmasah,z(sincezitziszfardzinzthezMâlikî

Madhhabz toz makez masahz ofz thez entirez head.z Inz thez Shâfi’î

Madhhab,zthezniyyatzshouldzbezmadezwhilezwashingzthezface.zThe

ablutionz willz notz becomez sahîhz ifz onez intendsz beforez thez water

toucheszthezface.]zItziszfardztozwashzthezbeardzonzthezfacezandzchin.

Washingzthezhangingzpartzofzthezbeardziszfardzinzthezotherzthree

Madhhabs.z Thez Shî’itesz doz notz washz theirz feet,z butz onlyz apply

masahzonztheirzbarezfeet.

Thereeareeeighteenesunnatseineaneablution:

1z -z Toz recitez thez Basmalaz beforez enteringz thez restroomz and

whenzbeginningztozmakezanzablution.zHezwhozcannotzfindzazlonely

placez canz relievez himselfz nearz othersz ifz hez isz takenz shortz and

providedzhezwillzcoverzhimself.

2z-zTozwashzthezhandszincludingzthezwristszthreeztimes.

3z -z Toz rinsez thez mouthz threez timesz byz usingz newz waterz each

time.zThisziszcalledzmadmada.

4z-zTozwashzbothznostrilszthreeztimes,ztakingzfreshzwaterzeach

time.zThisziszcalledzistinshâq.

5z-zItziszsunnat,znotzfard,ztozwetzthezinvisiblezpartszofzthezskin

underz thez eyebrows,z thez beardz andz thez moustache.z Itz isz fardz to

washztheirzexteriorzsurfaces.zIfzthezhairszarezscarcezandzthezskinzcan

bezseen,zitzwillzbezfardztozwetzandzwashzthezskin.

6z-zTozwetzthezsectionzunderztheztwozeyebrowszwhenzwashing

thezface.

7z-zTozapplyzmasahzonzthezhangingzpartzofzthezbeard.zInzthe

HanafîzMadhhabzitzisznotzfardztozwashzit.zInzShâfi’î,zitziszfardzto

–z21 –

washzthezskinzbelowzthezchin.

8z-zTozcombz(takhlîl)zthezhangingzpartzofzthezbeardzwithzthe

wettedzfingerszofzthezrightzhand.

9z-zTozrubzandzcleanzthezteethzwithzsomething.

10z-zTozapplyzmasahzonzthezwholezheadzonce.

11z-zTozapplyzmasahz(tozwipe)zbothzearszonce.zItziszfardztozwash

thezpartszbetweenzthezearzandzthezcheek.z(Pleasezseezthezprevious

paragraphzexplainingzthezfourzfardszofzablution.)

12z -z Toz applyz masahz onz thez neckz oncez withz threez adjacent

fingerszofzbothzhands.

Inz orderz toz performz thez lastz threez proceduresz together,z both

handszarezmoistened.zThezthreezthinzadjacentzfingerszofzbothzhands

arez joinedz together;z theirz innerz surfacesz arez placedz onz the

beginningzofzthezhairzrightzabovezthezforehead.zThezendszofzthese

threez fingersz ofz bothz handsz mustz bez touchingz onez another.

Thumbs,z pointing-fingersz andz palmsz mustz bez inz thez air,z not

touchingzthezhead.zTheztwozhandszarezdrawnzbackwards,zthereby

applyingzmasahzonzthezheadzwithzthosezthreezfingerszofzeachzhand.

Whenzthezhandszreachzthezendzofzthezhairzinzthezback,zthezthree

fingerszofzeachzhandzarezdetachedzfromzthezheadzandzthezpalmszof

bothzhandszarezthenzslightlyzpressedzagainstzthezhairzofzbothzsides

ofz thez headz andz drawnz forward,z applyingz masahz onz thez sidesz of

head.zThen,zputtingzthezpointing-fingerszofzbothzhandszinzthezears

andzthezinnerzsurfacezofzthezthumbszonzthezbackzofzthezears,zwe

applyzmasahzonzthezearszbyzdrawingzthezthumbszdownwards.zThen

thezouterzsurfacezofzeachzthreezthinzfingersziszputzonzthezbackzofzthe

neckzandzmasahziszappliedzonzthezneckzbyzdrawingzthemzfromzthe

middlez ofz thez neckz towardsz thez sides.z [Thisz mannerz ofz masahz is

fardzinzthezMâlikîzMadhhab.]

13z -z Toz washz (takhlîl) betweenz thez fingersz andz thez toes.z For

washingzbetweenztoes,zthezlittlezfingerzofzthezleftzhandziszinserted

betweenztheztoeszfromzunderzthemzinzsuccession,zbeginningzwith

thezlittleztoezofzthezrightzfootzand,zafterzfinishingzwithzthezrightzfoot,

carryingzonzwithzthezbigztoezofzthezleftzfoot.

14z -z Toz washz threez times,z everyz limbz toz bez washed.z Atz each

washingzeveryzpartzofzthezlimbzmustzbezmoistened.zItziszsunnatznot

onlyz toz pourz waterz threez timesz butz toz washz itz completelyz three

times.zItziszmakrûhztozwashzmorezthanzthreeztimes.zIfzyouzbecome

confusedzcounting,zyouzmayzcomplementzthezcountingztozthree.zIf

inzthiszcasezthezwashingziszdonezmorezthanzthreeztimeszitzwillznotzbe

makrûh.

–z22 –

15z-zInzthezHanafîzMadhhab,ztozintendzthroughzthezheartzwhen

beginningz toz washz thez face.z [Itz isz writtenz inz Ibniz ’Âbidin’sz book

thatz itz isz sunnat,z mustahabz orz bid’atz toz intendz orally.z Andz itz is

writtenzinzBerîqazandzHadîqazaszwellzaszinzIbniz’Âbidin’szbookzthat

whenzsomethingziszsaidztozbezsunnatzorzbid’at,zitziszbetterznotztozdo

it.zForzthiszreasonzwezmustznotzintendzorally.zItziszfardztozintendzfor

everyzworshipz(’ibâda)zinzthezbeginning,zandzitziszalsozpermissible

toz sayz ‘inz shâ-Allah.’z Itz isz notz az necessityz toz intendz forz anz oath,

tilâwatz[readingzthezQur’ânzal-kerîm],zdhikrzorzadhân;zandzitzisznot

necessaryz toz makez az separatez intentionz (niyyat)z forz eachz ofz the

stageszofzazcertainzactzofzworship,z(whenztheyzarezperformedzatzone

time,)zsuchzaszabdastzandzghusl.]

16z-zTartîb.zInzotherzwords,ztozwashztheztwozhands,zthezmouth,

theznostrils,zthezface,zthezarms,zthenztozapplyzmasahzonzthezhead,

onzthezears,zonzthezneck,zandzthenztozwashzthezfeetzsuccessively,

andznotztozchangezthiszorder.zTartîbziszfardzinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab.

17z-zDalk,ztozrubzthezlimbszwashed.zDalkzandzmuwâlâtzarezfard

inzthezMâlikîzMadhhab.

18z-zMuwalât,ztozwashzthezlimbszonezrightzafterzanotherzquickly.

Adabsz ofz anz ablution:z Inz thisz contextz adabz meansz something

whichzcauseszblessingszwhenzdonezbutzincursznozsinzifzomitted.zBut

toz doz thez sunnatz isz az greatz blessingz andz notz toz doz itz isz tanzîhî

makrûh.zAdabszarezcalledzmandûbzorzmustahab,ztoo.zThezadabszof

anzablutionzwrittenzinzthezbookzHalabî-yizsaghîrzarezaszfollows:

1z-zTozmakezanzablutionzbeforezitzisztimezforznamâz.zThosezwho

havez excuses [1]

mustz makez itz afterz thez timez (ofz thez prayerz toz be

performed)zhaszbegun.

2z-zWhenzcleaningzyourselfzinztheztoilet,zthezqiblazmustzbezon

yourzrightzorzleft-handzside.zItzisztahrîmizmakrûhztozturnzyourzfront

orzbackztozthezqiblazwhenzrelievingzyourselfzorzurinating.zItziszan

adabztozsquatzyourselfzdownzwithzthezfeetzwidezapart.

3z-zIfzthezprivatezpartszhaveznotzbeenzsmearedzwithznajâsat,zit

iszanzadabztozwashzthemzwithzwater.zIfztheznajâsatziszlesszthanzone

dirhamz [whichz isz equalz toz onez mithqâl:z fourz gramsz andz eighty

centigrams],zitziszsunnatztozwashzitzoff.zIfzonezhaszbeenzsmeared

withzonezdirhamzofzit,zitziszwâjib,zandzifzmorezthanzthatzitziszfardzto

wash.z Therez isz notz az prescribedz numberz ofz washing.z Itz is

[1] Thesezspecialzexcuses,zcalledz’udhr,zarezprescribedzbyzIslam.

–z23 –

necessaryztozwashzuntilzyouzbecomezclean.zYouzdozthezcleaning

withzthezinnerzsurfaceszofzonezorztwozorzthreezfingerszofzyourzleft

hand.

4z-zTozwipezyourselfzdryzwithzazpiecezofzclothzafterzwashing.zIf

therezisznozcloth available youzmustzdozthezwipingzwithzyourzhand.

5z -z Toz coverz yourselfz immediatelyz afterz thez cleaningz is

completed.zItzspoilszthezadabztozuncoverzunnecessarilyzatzisolated

places.

6z -z Notz toz askz forz helpz fromz anybody,z butz toz performz the

ablutionzbyzyourself.zIfzsomeonezpourszwaterzforzyouzwithoutzbeing

asked,zitzwillzbezpermissible.

7z-zTozturnztowardszthezqiblazwhenzmakingzanzablution.

8z-zNotztoztalkzwhilezmakingzanzablution.

9z-zTozrecitezthezkalima-izshahâdatzwhilezwashingzeachzlimb.

10z-zTozrecitezthezprescribedzprayersz(du’â)zofzablution.

11z-zTozputzwaterzinzthezmouthzwithzthezrightzhand.

12z-zTozputzwaterzinztheznosezwithzthezrightzandztozcleanzthe

nosezwithzthezleftzhand.

13z -z Whenz washingz thez mouth,z toz brushz thez teethz withz a

miswâk.z Whilez thez fingersz ofz thez rightz handz arez stretched,z the

thumbzandzthezlittlezfingerzholdzthezmiswâkzonzthezlowerzsidezand

thezotherzthreezfingerszholdzitzonzthezupperzside,zthenzthezmiswâk

iszrubbedzgentlyzonzthezteeth,zthreeztimeszonzthezteethzonzthezright

sidezandzthreeztimeszonzthezoneszonzthezleftzside.zItzshouldznotzbe

rubbedzhardzlestzitzwillzdamagezthezteeth.zWhenzrubbedzsoftlyzit

strengthenszthezteethzandzthezgums.zMiswâkziszazspan-longzpiece

ofzstickzcutzfromzazbranchzofzaztreezofzErâkz(Peelo),zwhichzgrows

inz Arabia.z Inz casez anz erâkz branchz isz notz available,z branchesz of

oliveztreeszorzotherszcanzreplacezit.zButznotzazpomegranatezbranch

becausezitziszbitter.zYourzfoodzandzdrinkzshouldznotzhavezazbitter

taste.zInzcasezazmiswâkzisznotzavailable,zazbrushzcanzbezused.zIfza

brushzisznotzavailable,zeither,zyouzmustzcleanzyourzteethzwithzyour

thumbz andz secondz littlez finger;z forz doingz this,z thez formerz is

rubbedzonzthezteethzonzthezrightzhandzsidezandzthezlatterziszrubbed

onz thez onesz onz thez leftz handz side,z threez timesz each.z Itz isz not

shar’anz (canonically)z makrûhz toz usez someonez else’sz miswâkz or

combzwithzhiszpermission,zbutzitzisztab’an [1] makrûh.zAlso,zsmoking

isztab’anzmakrûh.

[1] Thatzwhichziszrepugnantztozthezhumanznature.

–z24 –

14z-zWhenzwashingzthezmouth,ztozrinsezitzifznotzfasting.zAzlight

garglingz inz thez throatz isz sunnatz duringz abdastz asz wellz asz during

ghusl.zYetzitziszmakrûhztozgarglezwhenzyouzarezfasting.

15z-zWhenzwashingztheznostrils,ztozdrawzthezwaterzalmostzupzto

thezbone.

16z -z Whenz applyingz masahz onz thez ears,z toz insertz eachz little

fingerzintozeachzearhole,zrespectively.

17z -z Toz usez thez littlez fingerz ofz thez leftz handz whenz washing

betweenz thez toesz byz insertingz (takhlîl)z fromz thez lowerz sidesz of

them.

18z-zTozshiftzthezringzwhenzwashingzthezhands.zItzisznecessary

andzfardztozshiftzaztightzring.

19z-zNotztozwastezthezwaterzthoughzitzmayzbezplentiful.

20z -z Notz toz usez tooz littlez waterz asz ifz youz werez applyingz an

ointment.zDuringzeachzofzthezthreezwashings,zatzleastztwozdropszof

waterzmustzfallzfromzthezpartzwashed.

21z-zAfterzusingzazcontainerzforzablution,ztozleavezthezcontainer

fullzofzwater.zYouzshouldzputzthezewerzinzitszplacezwithzitszmouth

pointingz towardsz thez qibla.z Anyz otherz travellerz whoz wantsz to

performznamâzzcanzeasilyzdeterminezthezdirectionzofzthezqiblazby

wayzofzthezewer’szmouth.

22z -z Toz recitez thez prayerz (du’â)z “Allahummaj’alni

minattawwâbîn...”zafterzorzduringzthezablution.

23z -z Toz performz twoz rak’atsz ofz namâzz calledz Subhâ afterz an

ablution.

24z-zTozmakezanzablutionzevenzthoughzyouzhavezanzablution.zIn

otherzwords,zafterzperformingzoneznamâz,ztozrenewzyourzablution

forztheznextznamâzzthoughzyouzmayzhavezanzablution.

25z-zTozcleanzthezinnerzcornerszofzthezeyeszandzclearzawayzthe

driedzmucuszinzthezeyelidszwhenzwashingzthezface.

26z-zWhenzwashingzthezface,zthezarmszandzthezfeet,ztozwashza

littlezmorezthanzthezcompulsoryzamount.zWhenzwashingzthezarms,

wez mustz fillz ourz palmz withz waterz andz thenz pourz itz towardsz our

elbow.

27z -z Whenz performingz anz ablution,z notz toz letz thez waterz used

splashzbackzonzyourzbody,zyourzclothes,zetc.

28z -z Ibnie Âbidîn,z whilez listingz thez thingsz thatz nullifyz an

ablution,z writesz thatz ifz somethingz thatz isz notz makrûhz inz your

Madhhabz isz fardz inz anotherz Madhhab,z itz isz mustahabz toz doz it.

–z25 –

Imâm-izRabbânîzwrotezinzhisz286thzletterzthatzsincezrubbingzthe

limbsz(dalk)ziszazfardzofzablutionzinzMâlikî,zonezshouldzcertainly

rubzthem.zWhilezexplainingzthezrij’îztalâqzIbnieÂbidîn wrotezthatzit

isz betterz forz az Hanafîz Muslimz toz imitatez thez Mâlikîz Madhhab

becausezImâm-izMâlikzwaszinzthezpositionzofzazdiscipleztozImâm-i

A’zam [1] .

Thereeareetwelveeprohibitionseineperformingeaneablution.eDoing

themziszeitherzharâmzorzmakrûh;ztheyzarezaszfollows:

1z -z Whenz relievingz oneselfz orz urinatingz inz thez toiletz orz outdoors,zonezshouldznotzturnzone’szfrontzorzbackztowardszthezqibla.

Itziszmakrûhzalsoztozstretchzone’szfeetztowardszthezqiblazorzthe

Qur’ân.zIfzthezQur’ânziszabovezyourzlevel, itzwillznotzbezmakrûh.

Onez canz enterz thez toiletz withz thez Qur’ânz orz anz amuletz thatz is

wrappedzupzwithzazseparatezcover.

2z-zItziszharâmztozopenzone’szprivatezpartszinzcompanyzinzorder

tozmakeztahârat.

3z-zOnezshouldznotzmakeztahâratzwithzone’szrightzhand.

4z-zWhenztherezisznozwater,zitziszmakrûhztozmakeztahâratz(to

cleanzoneself)zwithzfoodzproducts,zmanure,zbones,zanimals’zfood,

coal,zsomeonezelse’szproperty,zazpiecezofzflowerpotzorztile,zreeds,

leaves,zazpiecezofzclothzorzpaper.

5z-zOnezmustznotzspitzorzthrowzmucuszintozthezpoolzwherezone

makeszanzablution.

6z-zOnezshouldznotzwash morezorzlesszthanzthezprescribedzlimit

of one’szlimbszofzablution, norzwashzthemzmorezorzfewerzthanzthree

times.

7z-zOnezmustznotzwipezone’szlimbszofzablutionzwithzthezsame

clothzusedzforztahârat.

8z-zWhilezwashingzthezface,zonezmustznotzsplashzthezwaterzon

one’szface,zbutzpourzitzfromzthezupperzforeheadzdownwards.

9z-zOnezmustznotzblowzonzorzoverzthezsurfacezofzthezwater.

10z-zOnezmustznotzclosezone’szmouthzandzeyesztightly.zIfzevenza

tinyzpartzofzthezoutwardzpartzofzthezlipszorzthezeyelidsziszleftzdry,zthe

ablutionzwillznotzbezacceptable.

11z -z Onez mustz notz expellz mucusz fromz one’sz nosez withz one’s

rightzhand.

12z -z Onez mustz notz makez masahz onz one’sz head,z earsz orz neck

[1] Itzshouldzgozwithoutzsayingzthatzthiszsuggestionzmustzbezsavedzforzsuch

caseszaszyouzneedztozimitatezazMadhhabzotherzthanzyourzown.

–z26 –

morezthanzoncezafterzmoisteningzthezhandszeachztime.zButzitzcanzbe

repeatedzwithoutzmoisteningzthezhandszagain.

Aneimportantenote:zUnlesszthereziszazstrongznecessityz(darûrat),

thezfollowingzelevenzruleszmustzbezobeyed:

1z -z Az personz withz bothz handsz paralysedz (orz noz handsz atz all)

cannotzmakeztahârat.zInsteadzhezmakesztayammumzbyzrubbingzhis

armszonzsomezsoilzandzhiszfacezagainstzazwall.zIfzthereziszazwound

onzhiszface,zhezperformsznamâzzwithoutzanzablutionzinzorderznotzto

missznamâz.

2z -z Ifz az personz isz sick,z hisz wife,z jâriya,z children,z sisters,z or

brotherszmayzhelpzhimzperformzhiszablution.

3z -z Makingz tahâratz withz stonesz andz thez likez isz thez samez as

makingzitzwithzwater.

4z-zIfzazpersonzwhozwentzmadzorzfaintedzdidznotzrecoverzwithin

twenty-fourzhours,zhezwouldznotzhaveztozperformz(qadâ)zhiszmissed

prayerszofznamâzzwhenzhezrecovered.zHezwhozloseszconsciousness

byztakingzalcohol,zopiumzorzmedicinezmustzperformzeachzomitted

prayer.zAzpersonzwhoziszsozheavilyzillzthatzhezcannotzevenzperform

namâzz byz movingz hisz headz whilez lyingz down,z evenz ifz hez is

conscious,z isz exemptedz fromz performingz namâz.z However,z this

statezmustzhavezcontinued forzmorezthanztwenty-fourzhours.

5z-zItziszmustahabz(azsourcezofzblessings)ztozusezspecialzbaggy

trouserszandztozcoverzthezheadzwhenzenteringztheztoilet.

6z-zWhenzenteringztheztoiletzonezmustznotzholdzsomethingzin

one’szhandzcontainingzAllah’sznamezorzpieceszofzwritingzfromzthe

Qur’ân.z Itz mustz bez wrappedz upz withz somethingz orz itz mustz bez in

one’szpocket.zThezcaseziszthezsamezwithzanzamulet.

7z-zOnezmustzenterztheztoiletzwithzone’szleftzfootzandzgozoutzwith

one’szrightzfoot.

8z -z Inz thez toiletz onez mustz openz one’sz privatez partsz after

squattingzandzonezmustznotztalk.

9z -z Onez mustz notz lookz atz one’sz privatez partsz orz atz thez waste

materialzorzspitzinztheztoilet.

10z -z Inz thez toilet,z onez mustz notz eatz orz drinkz anything,z sing,

whistle,z[smoke]zorzchewzgum.

11z -z Onez mustz notz urinatez intoz anyz water,z onz az wallz ofz a

mosque,zinzazcemetery,zorzontozanyzroad.

THINGSeTHATeNULLIFYeANeABLUTION: Itziszwrittenzin

thezbookzHalabî: “InzthezHanafîzMadhhab,zsevenzthingsznullifyzan

ablution:z Firstly,z eveythingz excretedz fromz thez frontz andz rear

–z27 –

organs,zforzexamplezbreakingzwind,zbreakszanzablution.zOnlyzthe

windzcomingzoutzofzazman’szorzwoman’szfrontzdoesznotzbreakzan

ablution.zThiszhappenszwithzveryzfewzpeople.zThezwormszcoming

outzofzthezmouth,zearszorzazwoundzonzthezskinzdoznotzbreakzan

ablution.zWhenzthezpointzofzanzenemazorzazman’szfingerziszinserted

intozone’szbackzandztakenzout,zifzitziszmoistzitzbreakszanzablution.zIf

itziszdry,zitzwouldzstillzbezbetterztozrenewzthezablution.zThezcasezis

soz withz everythingz thatz isz partlyz insertedz intoz thez anus.z If

somethingz isz insertedz andz takenz outz wholely,z itz breaksz bothz an

ablutionz andz az fast.z Ifz az person’sz hemorrhoidsz comez outz andz he

driveszthemzbackzinzwithzhiszhandzorzwithzsomethingzlikezazcloth,

hiszablutionzwillzbezbroken.

Whenzazmanzputszsomezoilzinzhiszurethrazandzitzflowszout,zit

doesznotzbreakzhiszablutionzaccordingztozImâm-iza’zam.zWhenza

womanzapplieszvaginalzlavage,zthezliquidzthatzflowszoutzbreakszher

ablution.

Itz isz permissiblez forz az manz toz insertz intoz hisz urethraz az small

naturalzcottonzwickzlestzhezwillzreleasezurinezinadvertenly.zInzcase

thereziszsuspicionzofzleakage,zitziszmustahabzforzazmanztozdozthis.

Butzifzhezseeszthatzitzpreventszleakage,zitzwillzbezwâjibzforzhimzto

usezit.zSyntheticzcottonzisznotzadvisable.zUnlesszpartzofzthezcotton

remainingz outsidez isz moistened,z hisz ablutionz willz notz bez broken.

Andzifzthezcottonziszdryzwhenzitzisztakenzout,zthezablutionzwillznot

bez broken,z either.z Soz isz thez casez withz thez piecez ofz clothz called

kursufzwhichzwomenzinsertzinztheirzfront.zButzifzazwomanzputszitzon

thezcrevicezinsteadzofzinsertingzit,zitzbreakszherzablutionzwhenzits

innerzsurfaceziszmoistened.zIfzthezcottonziszputzinzwholelyzitzbreaks

thez ablutionz ifz itz isz wetz whenz itz isz takenz out.z Az piecez ofz natural

cottonzthatzhaszbeenzinsertedzintozthezbackzandzwhichziszlostzbreaks

anzablutionzevenzifzitziszdryzwhenzitzcomeszout.zItziszmustahabzfor

virginsztozusezkursufzonlyzduringzmenstruationzandzforzthosezwho

arezmarriedzorzwidowsztozalwayszusezit.zIfzazpersonzfindszfeceszor

urinezstainszonzhiszunderwearzafterzistinjâz(cleaningzoneselfzafter

urinationz orz defecation)z hez mustz putz az longz piecez ofz cotton

betweenz thez buttocksz andz thusz coverz thez anus,z and,z before

performingzanzablution,zhezmustzlookzatzthezcottonzandzputzitzback

inzitszplacezifzitziszcleanzorzchangezitzifzitziszdirty.

Hezwhozsufferszfromzenuresisz(involuntaryzurination)zshouldzbe

extraz carefulz lestz hisz underwearz willz becomez dirty.z Forz this,z you

needzazsquarezpiecezofzclothzfifteenzcentimetreszinzlength.zTyingza

piecez ofz stringz aboutz fiftyz centimetresz inz lengthz toz onez ofz the

cornerszofzthezcloth,zyouztiezthezotherzendzofzthezstringztozazsafety-

–z28 –

pinzattachedztozthezpants.zNextzthezclothziszwrappedzaroundzthe

endz ofz thez penisz andz securedz withz thez stringz woundz onz itz and

fastenedzwithzazknot.zIfzthezleakagezofzurinezisztoozmuch,zitzmust

bez reinforcedz withz az piecez ofz cotton,z whichz shouldz bez thrown

awayzwheneverzitziszfoundzwetzwithzurine.zIfzthezclothziszwet,ztoo,

itz mustz bez removed,z washedz andz driedz soz asz toz bez usedz again.

Thuszazpiecezofzclothzcanzbezusedzforzmonths.zAszthezpenisztapers

offzwithzoldzage,zitzbecomeszimpossibleztozwrapzazpiecezofzcloth

roundzitszend.zAzwayztozresolvezthiszdifficultyzwouldzbeztozgetza

smallzwaterproofzpouch,zwithzazpiecezofzclothzinzit,zplacezthezpenis

andzthezscrotumzinzthezpouchzandztiezitzupzwithzazpiecezofzstring.

Inz needz ofz urination,z thez stringz isz untiedz andz thez contentsz are

takenzout.zIfzthezclothziszwetzitzmustzbezdisposedzof.zPeoplezwho

practisez thisz hygienicz cleanlinessz willz neverz sufferz prostatic

ailments.

Thez secondz groupz ofz thingsz breakingz anz ablutionz consistsz of

uncleanzthingszcomingzoutzofzthezmouth.zOfzthese; vomitzandzthick

blood, blood,zfoodzandzwaterzcomingzoutzofzthezstomachzbreakzan

ablutionzwhenztheyzamountztozazmouthful.zTheyzallzarezqabaenajs

(grosslyzimpure).zMatterzvomittedzbyzazsucklingzchildziszqabaznajs.

Vomittingzphlegmzwillznotzbreakzanzablution.zVomitingzthinzblood

comingzdownzfromzthezheadzdoesznotzbreakzanzablutionzifzitziszless

thanz thez spittle.z Insidez thez mouth,z inz termsz ofz anz ablution,z is

deemedzanzinnerzlimb,zbutzitziszconsideredzanzexternalzlimbzwhen

oneziszinzazstatezofzfasting.zThatziszthezreasonzwhyzthezbloodzissuing

fromz az toothz orz az woundz insidez thez mouthz doesz notz breakz an

ablutionzaszlongzaszitzstayszinzthezmouth.zButzafterzcomingzoutzof

thez mouth,z ifz thez bloodz isz morez thanz thez spittlez itz breaksz an

ablution.zThickzbloodzcomingzdownzfromzthezheadzdoesznotzbreak

anzablutionzevenzifzitziszmorezthanzthezspittle.zIfzthezbloodzissuing

fromzthezstomachzorzfromzthezlungsziszthinzitzbreakszanzablution

evenzifzitziszlesszthanzthezspittle,zaccordingztozShaikhaynz(imâm-i

a’zamz Abûz Hanîfaz andz imâm-iz Abûz Yûsufz ‘rahmatullâhi

’alaihimâ’).zIfzanyzoilzdroppedzintozthezearzgoeszoutzthroughzthezear

orz thez nose,z itz doesz notz breakz anz ablution.z Butz ifz itz goesz out

throughzthezmouthzitzbreakszanzablution.zIfzsomethingzsniffedzinto

theznosezcomeszback,zevenzifzseveralzdayszlater,zitzdoesznotzbreak

anzablution.

Third; blood,zpus,zorzyellowzliquidzissuingzthroughzthezskin,zand

colourlesszliquidzissuingzpainfullyzbreakzanzablutionzinzHanafî.zThe

factzthatzthesezdoznotzbreakzone’szablutionzinzShafi’îzandzMâlikîzis

writtenzinzthezPersianzbookzMenâhij-ul-ibâd.zIfzthezbloodzorzthe

–z29 –

yellowz liquidz issuingz fromz az personz withz small-poxz orz fromz an

abscess,zear,znose,zwound,zorzcolourlesszliquidzthatzissueszwithzpain

orz becausez ofz anz ailment,z spreadsz overz thez placesz thatz mustz be

washedzinzazghuslzablution,zitzbreakszone’szablution.zForzinstance,

ifz bloodz comingz downz thez nosez descendsz beyondz thez bonesz it

breakszanzablution.zAndzifzbloodzcomingzthroughzthezearszcomes

outzofzthezearszitzbreakszanzablution.zIfzonezspongeszthezbloodzor

thezyellowishzliquidzonzone’szwoundzorzboilz(abscess)zwithzcotton

itz breaksz one’sz ablution.z Colourlessz liquidz issuingz andz flowing

fromz themz withoutz painz orz ailmentz doesz notz breakz anz ablution

[accordingztozTahtâwî] [1] .zIfzonezseeszbloodzonzsomethingzonezhas

justz bittenz into,z one’sz ablutionz willz notz bez broken.z Ifz onez sees

bloodzonzthezmiswâkzorzonztheztoothzpick,zthiszwillznotzbreakzone’s

ablutionz ifz thez insidez ofz thez mouthz hasz notz beenz smearedz with

blood.zOnzthezotherzhand,zitzwillzbreakzone’szablutionzifzonezputs

one’szfingerzonzthezsuspectedzpartzinzone’szmouthzandzthenzsees

bloodzonzone’szfinger.zIfzazpersonzwhozsufferszfromzsorezeyeszsheds

tearszallztheztimezheziszonezwhozhaszanzexcuse.z(Thezmeaningzofzthe

phrasez havingz anz excusez willz bez explainedz laterz on).z However,

exceptzwhenzonezhaszazsore,zweepingzforzsomezotherzreason,zsuch

aszbecausezofzonions,zsmokezandzotherzkindszofzgases,zdoesznot

breakz anz ablution.z Inz thez Shâfi’îz Madhhabz anz ablutionz isz not

brokenz inz eitherz case.z Az woman’sz sucklingz herz childz doesz not

breakz herz ablution.z Sweating,z noz matterz howz much,z doesz not

breakzanzablution.zLiquidzcomingzoutzofzthezears,znavelzorznipples

becausezofzsomezpainzbreakszanzablution.zAzleechzsuckingzmuch

bloodzbreakszanzablution.zHarmfulzinsectszsuchzaszflies,zmosquitos,

fleaszandzlicezdoznotzbreakzanzablutionzevenzifztheyzsuckzazgreat

deal.zAzlittlezbloodzonzthezskinzthatzdoesznotzspread,zbloodzwhich

iszformedzinzthezmouthzandzwhichzisznotzazmouthful,zandzazlittle

vomitzthatziszthrownzupzdoznotzbreakzanzablution;zthereforezthey

areznotznajs.

Thezfourthzcausezthatzbreakszanzablutionzisztozsleep,zinzallzfour

Madhhabs.z Inz Hanafî,z sleepingz inz az positionz thatz willz leavez the

anuszloose,zsuchzaszbyzlyingzonzone’szflankzorzbackzorzbyzleaning

onzone’szelbowzorzonzsomethingzelse,zwillzbreakzanzablution.zIfzone

doesz notz fallz downz whenz thez thingz onz whichz onez leansz isz taken

awayzsuddenly,zone’szablutionzisznotzbroken.zSleepingzinznamâz

[1] AhmadzbinzMuhammadzbinzIsmâ’îlzTahtâwîz‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’z(d.

1231z [A.D.z 1815]z wasz thez Muftîz ofz Cairoz representingz thez Hanafî

Madhhab.

–z30 –

doesznotzbreakzanzablution.zSleepingzbyzdrawingzupzthezlegszand

puttingzthezheadzonzthezknees,zorzbyzsittingzcross-leggedzorzonzthe

knees,zdoesznotzbreakzanzablution.zSleepingzbyzsittingzwithzthezfeet

onz onez sidez doesz notz breakz anz ablution.z [Thisz kindz ofz sitting

posture,z whichz womenz doz asz theyz performz namâz,z isz called

tawarruk.]z Ifz az personz sleepsz byz erectingz onez ofz hisz shanksz and

sittingzonzthezotherzthigh,zhiszablutionzwillzbreak.zSleepingzonza

barezanimalzdoesznotzbreakzanzablution,zprovidedzthezanimalzis

goingzuphillzorzonzazlevelzroad.zSleepingzonzazsaddlezandzpanel

doesznotzbreakzanzablutionzinzanyzcase.

Fifth; fainting,zgoingzcrazy,zorzhavingzanzepilepticzfitzbreakszan

ablution.z Beingz asz drunkz asz toz waverz whenz walkingz breaksz an

ablution.

Sixth; laughterz duringz namâzz withz rukû’sz andz sajdasz breaks

bothztheznamâzzandzthezablution.zButzitzdoesznotzbreakzazchild’s

ablution.zWhenzazMuslimzperformingznamâzzsmiles,ztheirznamâzzor

ablutionzwillznotzbezannulled.zWhenzheardzbyzotherszpresent,zitzis

calledzazlaughter.zWhenzonezdoesznotzhearzone’szownzlaughingzitzis

calledzsmiling.zIfznozonezbutzthezpersonzwhozlaughszhearszit,zitzis

calledzdahk,zwhichzbreaksztheznamâzzonly.

ThezseventhzcauseziszMubâsharat-iefâhisha;zthatzis,zwhenzazman

andzwomanzphysicallyzrubztheirzprivatezpartsz(saw’atayn)zonzeach

other.z Inz thisz case,z thez ablutionz ofz bothz thez manz andz womanz is

broken.zInzHanafî,ztouchingzazwoman’szskin,zlustfullyzaszitzmayzbe,

doesznotzbreakzazman’szablution.

Cuttingzone’szhair,zbeard,zmoustachezorznailszdoesznotzbreak

one’szablution.zItzisznotznecessaryztozwashzthezlimbszwhereonzthe

cuttingztookzplace.zItziszwrittenzinzthezPersianzexplanationzofzFiqhi-Ghidânî:e

“Cuttingz thez nailsz doesz notz breakz anz ablution.z Itz is

mustahabztozwashzthezhandszafterzthezcutting.”zAzscabzthatzfallszoff

azwoundzorzsorezdoesznotzbreakzit,zeither.

Anyz slashesz onz thez skinz mustz bez washedz whenz makingz an

ablution.zIfzonezcannotzputzwaterzonzit,zonezmakeszmasah.zIfzmasah

isz notz possible,z either,z onez mayz omitz it.z Ifz onez hasz putz some

ointmentzonzazslashzonzone’szfoot,zonezwasheszoverzthezointment.

Ifz washingz willz harmz thez slash,z onez makesz masahz overz it.z Ifz the

ointmentzdrainszoffzafterzwashing,zonezwasheszunderzitzifzthezslash

haszhealed.zIfzitzhasznotzhealedzonezdoesznotzwashzit.z[Seezchapter

5].z Ifz onez hasz woundsz onz bothz hands,z andz ifz washingz willz be

harmful,zonezmakesztayammum.zIfzonezhandziszhealthy,zonezuseszit

forzablution.zIfzone’szhandzhaszbeenzcutzoffzfromzthezelbowzorzif

one’szfootziszcutzoffzbyzthezheel,zonezwasheszthezplacezofzthezcut.

–z31 –

Halabî-yie kebîr writes;z “Ifz az personz knowsz thatz hez has

performedz ablutionz andz doubtsz ifz itz hasz beenz brokenz later,z itz is

judgedzthatzhezhaszanzablution.zIfzhezknowszthatzhiszablutionzhas

beenz brokenz andz doubtsz whetherz hez hasz performedz anz ablution

again,zhezhasztozperformzanzablution.zIfzhezdoubtszwhetherzhezhas

washedzazcertainzlimbzwhilezperformingzanzablution,zhezwasheszthe

limb.z Ifz hez hasz thez doubtz afterz finishingz thez ablutionz itz isz not

necessaryztozwashzthezdoubtfulzlimb.zIfzazpersonzwhoznoticeszsome

wetnesszonzhimselfzafterzperforming an ablutionzdoubtszwhetherzit

iszurinezorzwater,zhezperformszablutionzagainzifzthiszhappensztozhim

forzthezfirstztime.zIfzitzoftenzhappensztozhim,zitzwillzbezunderstood

thatzitziszazdoubtzcausedzbyzthezsatan;ztherefore,zhezwillznotzrenew

thezablution.zInzorderztozeliminatezsuchzdoubts,zhezmustzsprinkle

waterz intoz hisz pantsz orz underwearz [Kimyâ-yie sa’âdat],z orz usez a

cellulosiczcottonzwick.zIfzazpersonzdoubtszwhetherzhiszpots,zpans,

garments,z body,z water,z well,z pond,z orz whetherz butter,z bread,

clothes,z foodz andz othersz preparedz byz thez ignorantz orz by

disbelieverszarezdirty,ztheyzareztozbezjudgedzclean.”

ItziszharâmzforzazpersonzwithoutzanzablutionztozholdzthezQur’ân

al-kerîm.z Itz isz permissiblez toz recitez itz withoutz anz ablution.z Itz is

sunnatz toz goz toz bedz withz anz ablution.z Itz isz writtenz inz the

explanationz ofz Shir’at-ul-islâm: “Itz isz permissiblez andz blessedz to

recitezthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzwithoutzanzablutionzwhilezlyingzinzbed.

But,zonezmustzholdzone’szheadzoutzofzthezblanketzandzputzone’s

legsztogether.”

Inzcasezofz(onezof)zexudationszcalledzwedîzandzmedhî,zablution

isz brokenz accordingz toz allz fourz Madhhabs.z Inz fact,z ghuslz is

necessaryzinzthezHanbalîzMadhhabz[Inâya]. Itziszharâmztozenterza

mosquez whenz youz arez junubz orz duringz menstruation,z andz itz is

makrûhz withoutz anz ablutionz [Durare Gurar]. Ifz frontalz orz anal

emissionszwhichznormallyzbreakzanzablutionztakezplacezbecausezof

anzillnesszandzthereziszharajz[difficulty]zinzmakingzanzablutionzfor

suchzreasonszaszextremelyzcoldzweather,zillnesszorzoldzage,zone’s

ablutionzwillznotzbezbrokenzaccordingztozthezMâlikîzMadhhab.

Itz isz statedz inz Kitâb-ur-rahma: “Continuousz involuntary

urinationzisztermedz‘silis-ul-bawlz(enuresis).’zOnezcupzofzchick-peas

andztwozcupszofzvinegarzarezputzinzazcontainer.zThreezdayszlater,

threezchick-peaszandzonezteaspoonfulzofzvinegarzareztakenzthree

timesz daily.z Or,z onez spoonfulz ofz seedsz ofz ruez andz gingerz and

cinnamonz andz blackpepperz arez pulverizedz andz mixed.z One

teaspoonfulzofzthezmixturezisztakenzwithzwater,zoncezearlyzinzthe

morning,zwithoutzhavingzeatenzanything,zandzoncezbeforezgoingzto

–z32 –

bedz atz night.z Thez medicalz bookz entitledz Menâfi’-un-nâs (and

writtenzinzTurkishzinzthezhegiralzyearz986z[A.D.z1578]zbyzDervish

Nidâî)z containsz variousz medicalz formulasz devisedz and

recommendedzforztheztreatmentzofzincontinencezofzurine.zOnezof

themz isz this:z Twoz dirhamsz ofz frankincensez isz mixedz withz two

dirhamsz ofz blackz cuminz andz fourz dirhamsz ofz honeyz andz the

mixtureziszconsumedzpiecemeal,zonezpiecezaszbigzaszazwalnutzin

thez morningz andz anotherz inz thez evening.z Frankincensez isz an

aromaticz gumz resinz fromz treesz (calledz Boswellia).z Itz isz like

chewingzgum. Itziszknownzbyzitszsmell.

3e –e MASAHe (wiping)z ONe MESTS;e HAVINGe ANe ’UDHR

(EXCUSE)

MASAHeOVEReMESTSe-eWhilezperformingzanzablution,zitzis

permissiblezbothzforzazmanzandzforzazwomanztozmakezmasahzover

theirzmestszoncezwithzwetzhandszinsteadzofzwashingzthezfeet,zeven

ifztherezisznozexcusezorzobligationzforzdoingzso.zOurzProphetz‘sall-

Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’z putz mestsz onz hisz blessedz feet,z made

masahzonzthemzandzsaidzthatzitzwaszpermissible.zMasahzonzmestszis

notzapplicablezinztayammum.zWhenzmakingztayammumzitzisznot

farzztozmakezmasahzonzthezfeet.

Az mestz isz az waterproofz shoez coveringz thatz partz ofz thez foot

whichziszfardztozwashz(inzablution).zWhenzthezmestszarezsozbigzthat

theztoeszdoznotzreachzthezendszofzthezmestszandzmasahziszmadezon

thezvacantzsections,zmasahzwillznotzbezacceptable.zIfzthezmouthszof

thezmestszarezsozwidezthatzthezfeetzcanzbezseenzwhenzlookingzdown

fromz above,z thisz willz notz marz thez soundnessz ofz thez masah

performed.zThezmestszmustzbezstrongzandzfitzwellzenoughzsozthat

thezfeetzwouldznotzgozoutzofzthemzifzyouztookzanzhour’szwalk.zMests

cannotzbezmadezofzwood,zglasszorzmetal.zForzonezcannotzwalkzfor

anz hourz inz somethingz hard.z Masahz isz permissiblez onz anyz socks

whosezsoleszandzpartszonztheztoeszorzonlyzsoleszarezcoveredzwith

leatherzorzwhichzarezsoztoughzthatztheyzwillznotzfallzdownzwhen

walkedz in.z [Inz thez Mâlikîz Madhhab,z thez mestsz havez toz bez of

leather.]z Whenz az personz wearingz mestsz losesz hisz ablution,

whateverzthezmeans,zthezstatezofzbeingzwithoutzanzablutionzspreads

throughoutzthezlimbszofzablutionzandzthezmests,zbutznotzthezfeet.

Toz retainz thez statez ofz ablutionz uponz thez mest,z wez simplyz make

masahzonzthem.zThiszindicateszthatzthezmestszpreventzthezstatezof

hadasz (beingz withoutz anz ablution)z fromz reachingz thez feet.

Therefore,zifzazpersonzwasheszhiszfeetzonly,zputszonzhiszmests,zand

thenzcompleteszhiszablution,zandzloseszhiszablutionzafterwards,zhe

canzmakezmasahzonzhiszmestszwhenzhezperformszhiszablutionzlater.

–z33 –

Forz itz isz notz necessaryz toz havez completedz thez ablutionz when

puttingz onz mests [1] .z However,z anz ablutionz thatz wasz somehow

nullifiedzmustzhavezbeenzre-performedzfully.zForzexample,zifzhezhas

putzonzhiszmestszafterzmakingzaztayammum,zhiszablutionzwhichzwill

becomez nullz andz voidz whenz hez findsz waterz wasz notz anz ablution

performedz fully;z therefore,z hez cannotz makez masahz whenz hez reperformszthezablutionzwithzwater.zInzthiszcase,zhezwasheszhiszfeet,

too.zIfzazpersonzwithzanzexcusezperformszazfullzablutionzandzputszon

hiszmestszbeforezthezexcusez(e.g.zblood)zissues,zhezcanzmakezmasah

forztwenty-fourzzhourszevenzifzhiszablutionziszbrokenzbyzthezexcuse.

Butzifzhezputszthemzonzafterzthezexcusezhaszissued,zhezcanzmake

masahzonlyzwithinztheztimezofzthatznamâz.

Thez durationz ofz timez onez canz continuouslyz makez masahz on

mestszisztwenty-fourzhourszforzazsettledzpersonzandzthreezdayszplus

threez nights,z i.e. seventy-twoz hours,z forz someonez onz az longdistancez

journeyz (termedz safar).z Thisz durationz beginsz notz when

onez putsz onz thez mests,z butz whenz one’sz ablutionz isz brokenz after

puttingzonzthezmests.zItziszwrittenzinzFatâwâ-ieKhayriyya thatzthe

durationzofztimezforzmasahzforzazpersonzwithzanzexcuseziszuntilzthe

endzofzeachzprayerztime.zIfzazpersonzwithzanzexcusezperformszan

ablutionzwhenzthezcausezofzhiszexcuseziszoverzandzputszonzhiszmests

beforez thez causez beginsz again,z hez willz havez putz themz onz with

tahârat-izkâmilaz(precisezpurification),zandzhezcanzmakezmasahzfor

twenty-fourzhours.z[InzthezMâlikî Madhhab,zmasahziszpermissible

untilzonezhasztoztakezoffzthezmestszforzghusl.]

InzthezHanafîzMadhhab,zmasahziszdonezonzthezupperzfaceszof

thez mests,z notz underz thez soles.z Toz performz thez masahz in

accordancez withz thez sunnat,z thez entirez fivez moistenedz fingersz of

thez rightz handz arez putz inz theirz fullz lengthz onz thez rightz mestz and

fingerszofzthezleftzhandzonzthezleftzmest,zthenztheyzarezdrawnzup

[1] Inzotherzwords,zthezconditionztozbezobservedzbeforezputtingzonzthe

mestszisztozmakezsurezthatzyouzhavezwashedzyourzfeet;zoncezyouzhave

washedzyourzfeetzandzputzonzyourzmests,zyouzmayzthenzcompletezyour

ablutionz andz fromz thenz onz utilizez thez benefitz ofz makingz masahz on

yourz mestsz tillz thez endz ofz thez prescribedz periodz ofz time,z (unless

somethingztozbreakzanzablutionzhappenedzbetweenztheztimezyouzput

onz yourz mestsz andz thez timez youz completedz yourz ablution.).z This

conveniencezcannotzbezutilizedzbyzMuslimszinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhabzor

thosezwhozimitatezthezShâfi’îzMadhhab,zsincezitziszfardzinzthezShâfi’î

Madhhabztozwashzthezlimbszinzthezprescribedzorder,zorzbyzMuslimszin

thezMâlikîzMadhhabzorzwhozimitatezthezMâlikîzMadhhab,zsincezitzis

fardz inz thez Mâlikîz Madhhabz toz washz thez limbsz ofz ablutionz inz an

unbrokenzsuccession.

–z34 –

towardszthezlegszbeginningzfromzthezendsz(ofzthezmests)zrightzon

theztoes.zThezpalmszofzthezhandszmustznotztouchzthezmests.zItzis

fardzthatzmasahzcoverzanzareazaszwidezandzaszlongzaszthreezfingers

ofzthezhand.zTozdozthis,zitzwillzbezenoughztozputzthreezfingerszor

thez endsz ofz thez fingersz whichz arez soz wetz asz waterz shouldz be

droppingzfromzthemzorzthezpalmzofzthezhandztogetherzwithzthe

fingers,zorzonlyzthezpalmzonztheztoezendzofzthezmestzandztozdraw

themztowardszthezleg.zItziszalsozpermissibleztozputzthezfingerszon

thezouterzsidezofzthezmestzandztozrubzthemzgentlyzacrosszitszwidth.

Thoughzmasahzwithzthezbackzofzthezhandsziszpermissiblezaszwell,

itziszsunnatztozmakezmasahzwithzthezinnerzpartszofzthezhands.zItzis

notzpermissibleztozmakezmasahzunderzthezmests,zonzthezsideszof

thezheelszorzonzthezpartsztowardszthezlegs.z[InzthezMâlikîzMadhhab,z

thez rightz handz isz moistenedz andz thez lowestz partsz ofz the

fingerszarezplacedzonzthezupperzendzofzthezrightzmest.zThen,zthe

tipzofzthezthumbzbeingzonzthezleftzsidezandztheztipszofzthezother

fingersz beingz onz thez right,z thez handz isz drawnz upz towardsz the

mouthz (ofz thez mest).z Thenz thez moistenedz (left)z handz isz put

likewisez underz thez mestz andz drawnz viaz thez backz ofz thez heel

towardszthezmouth.zNext,zthezsamezprocedureziszfollowedzwithzthe

leftzmest,zyetzthisztimezthezrightzhandzwillzbezusedzforzthezsolezof

thez mestz andz thez leftz handz forz thez upperz part.z Thisz practicez is

mustahabz(causeszblessings)].zAfterzwashingzazlimb,zyouzcanzmake

masahzonzthezmestszwithzthezwetnesszremainingzonzyourzhands.

Butzyouzcannotzmakezmasahzwithzthezwetnesszremainingzfromzthe

masahzofzazlimb,ze.g.zthezheadzorzthezneck.zIfzazpersonzwhozhas

performedz anz ablutionz putsz onz hisz mestsz andz doesz notz make

masahzbutzinsteadzputszhiszfeetzwithzthezmestszonzintozwaterzwhen

hezperformszablutionzagain,zthiszwillzreplacezthezmasah,zifzonezof

theirzfeetzorzmorezthanzhalfzofzitzhasznotzbeenzmoistened.zIfzwater

penetrateszandzmoistenszthezfeet,ztheyzwillzhaveztoztakezoffztheir

mestszandzwashztheirzfeet,ztoo.zIfzthezouterzsurfacezofzthezmests

arezmoistenedzbyzwalkingzonzdampzgrasszorzbyzrain,zthiszreplaces

thezmasah,zforzwhichzintentionziszunnecessary.zIfzazpersonzwearing

mestsz setsz outz forz az journeyz withinz twenty-fourz hoursz afterz the

breakingz ofz hisz ablution,z hez canz makez masahz onz hisz mestsz for

threezdayszpluszthreeznights.zIfzthiszpersonzwerezmakingzazlongdistancez

journeyz (whenz hisz ablutionz wasz broken)z andz became

settledztwenty-fourzhourszorzlongerzlaterz(after thezbreakingzofzhis

ablution),zhezwouldz(havezto)ztakezoffzhiszmestszandzwashzhiszfeet

whenzhezneededztozperformzanzablution.zInzthezMâlikîzMadhhab

therez isz noz timez limitz forz masahz onz mests.z Ifz az personz putsz on

–z35 –

anotherzpairzofzmests,zwellingtons,zgloshes,zplasticzorznylonzshoes

onzhiszmestszbeforezhiszablutionziszbroken,zhezcanzmakezmasahzon

thez outerz footwearz ifz theyz arez waterproof.z Evenz ifz theyz allow

considerablezwaterzthrough,zhezcanzmakezmasahzonzthem,ztoo.zFor,

inz thisz casez thez innerz pairz willz getz moistenedz andz hez willz have

therebyzmadezmasahzonzthezinnerzpair.zIfzhezhaszputzonzthezouter

pairzafterzhiszablutionzhaszbeenzbroken,zhezcanzmakezmasahzonzthe

innerzpairzonly.zIfzonezofzthezouterzshoeszgoeszoffzhiszfootzafterzhe

haszmadezmasahzonzthem,zhezmustzimmediatelyztakezoffzthezother

one,zandzmakezmasahzonzthezinnerzmests.zItziszpermissiblezaszwell

notztoztakezoffzthezotherzonezandztozmakezmasahzonzitzalso.zItzisznot

permissiblez toz makez masahz onz anyz mestz whichz hasz az ripz large

enoughz toz letz threez toesz through.z Itz isz permissiblez ifz thez ripz is

smallerzthanzthis.z[InzthezMâlikîzMadhhab,zifzthezripziszsmallerzthan

one-thirdz ofz thez foot,z masahz isz permissible.z Inz Mâlikî,z again,

whereaszitziszsunnatzforzthezbodyzandzthezclothesztozbezclean,zitzis

fardzforzthezmestsztozbezclean.]zIfzsmallzripszatzseveralzplaceszonza

mestz amountz toz threez toesz ifz theyz werez putz together,z itz isz not

permissiblez toz makez masahz onz it.z Ifz onez mestz hasz az ripz through

whichztwoztoeszcanzbezseenzandzthezotherzhaszazripzwhichzwould

allowztwoztoeszorzoneztozbezseen,zonezcanzmakezmasahzonzthem.

Forz(thezlimitzof)zthreeztoeszcoverszonezmest,znotztwo.zHowever,

thez amountsz ofz najâsatz orz thez awratz parts [1]

thatz arez seenz onz a

person’sz variousz limbsz arez combinedz andz hisz casez isz judged

accordingly.zThezsizezofzthezripzthatzmakeszmasahzunacceptablezis

largezenoughztozletzthezwholezofzthezthreeztoes,znotzonlyzthezthree

tiptoes,ztozbezseen.zIfzthezripzhappensztozbezonztheztoes,ztheztoes

(thatzarezseen)zwillzbezcounted.zButzifzitziszatzsomezotherzpart,zit

mustznotzbezlargezenoughztozallowzthreezsmallztoesztozbezseen.zIf

thezripziszlongerzthanzthreeztoes,zbutzifzitszopeningziszsmallerzthan

threeztoes,zmasahziszpermissible.zIfzazmestzisztornzbyzthezseam,zand

yetz ifz itz doesz notz openz andz thez toesz cannotz bez seen,z masahz is

permissible.zIfzthezrentzorzripzopenszandzthreeztoeszcanzbezseenzas

onezwalks,zalthoughzitzmayznotzopenzwhenzonezstandszstill,zmasah

cannotz bez made.z Ifz vicez versa,z masahz isz permissible.z Anyz rent

abovez thez heelz bonesz doesz notz preventz masahz noz matterz how

largez itz is.z For,z itz isz notz necessaryz forz thez mestsz toz coverz these

parts.zItziszpermissibleztozmakezmasahzonzanyzmestszorzshoeszthat

arez buttoned,z fastened,z zippedz onz thez topsz orz sides.z [Thez mest

[1] Partszofzazperson’szbodyzthatzazpersonzhasztozkeepzcoveredzarezcalled

awratzparts.zThiszsubject,zwhichziszratherzdetailed,zwillzbezdealtzwith

laterzinztheztext.

–z36 –

shouldz notz havez anyz ripsz orz holesz accordingz toz thez Shâfi’î

Madhhab.]

Whenzthezheelzofzazfootzgoeszoutzofzthezmest,zitzmustzbezjudged

thatzthezmestzhaszgonezoffzthezfoot.zYetzthezmajorityzofzbookszstate

thatzunlesszmorezthanzhalfzofzthezfootzhaszleftzthatzpartzofzthezmest

whichziszlevelzwithzthezheelzbone,zthezmestzwillznotzbezjudgedzto

havez gonez offz thez foot.z Accordingly,z thez masahz ofz az personz is

permissiblezwhosezmestszarezover-sizedzandzwhosezheelszmovezin

andzoutzofzthezmestszaszhezwalks.zHiszablutionzisznotzbrokenzwhen

walking.

Ifzazmestzhaszazripzwiderzthanzthreeztoes,zandzyetzifzitszliningzis

strongzandzsewnzonzthezmestzsozthatzthezfootzisznotzseen,zmasahzon

itziszpermissible.

Whenzonezorzbothzofzazperson’szfeetzgozoutzofzthezmests,zhis

ablutionz isz notz brokenz forz thatz moment.z Thez breakingz ofz his

ablutionzhasznowzspreadzonzthezfeet.zIfzhe,ztherefore,zwasheszonly

hiszfeet,zhezwillzhavezcompletedzthezablutionzduringzwhichzhezmade

masah.zAlso,zwhenzthezdurationzofzmasahziszoverzhezwasheszhiszfeet

only.zHowever,zitzhaszbeenzdeclaredz(byzIslamiczscholars)zthatzit

wouldz bez betterz toz performz az newz ablutionz inz eitherz case.z For,

muwâlât,z(i.e.zwashingzthezlimbszonezimmediatelyzafterzanother,) is

sunnatzinzthezHanafîzMadhhabzandzfardzinzthezMâlikîzMadhhab.

Itzisznotzpermissibleztozmakezmasahzonzazturbanzorzskullcap,zon

azheadgear,zonzazveilzorzmask,zorzonzgloves.

Itziszpermissibleztozmakezmasahzonzsplints,zthatzis,zonzstripszof

woodzboundztozazbrokenzbonezonzbothzsides.zThezointment,zthe

cotton,zthezwick,zthezgauze,zthezplaster,zthezbandagezorzthezlike,

whichziszputzonzorzinzazwound,zboil,zorzcutzorzcrackzonzthezskin,zif

itzwillzbezharmfulztozuntiezitzorztoztakezitzoff,zorzifzafterztakingzit

offzwashingzorzmasahzwillzharmzzthezwound,zwezpourzwaterzonzit

ifzitziszwaterproof,ze.g.zcoveredzwithzanzointmentzorzrubber.zIfzit

letsz waterz throughz wez makez masahz onz it.z Ifz coldz waterz willz do

harmztozazwound,zwarmzwaterzmustzbezused.zIfzwarmzwaterzwill

bezharmfulzitzisznecessaryztozmakezmasahzonzit.zIfzmasahzwillzbe

harmful,z too,z wez makez masahz onz whatz isz onz it.z Wez canz make

masahz onz thatz partz ofz thez bandagez coincidingz withz thez healthy

partzofzthezskinzaszwellzaszonzthezskinzunderzthezbandage.zItzis

acceptableztozmakezmasahzonzmorezthanzhalfzofzit.zIfzevenzthis

masahzwillzdozharmztozthezwound,zwezdoznotzmakezmasah.zIfzit

willznotzbezharmfulztozmakezmasahzonzit,zitzisznecessaryztozmake

masah.zIfzitzwillznotzbezharmfulztoztakezitzoffzandzwashzthezhealthy

partzofzthezskinzunderzit,zitzisznecessaryztozdozso.z[Asziszwrittenzin

–z37 –

thezbookzAl-fiqh-ue’alal-madhâhib-il-arba’a, thezfourzMadhhabs

arezunanimouszinzthezfactzthatzthezpermissibilityzofzmakingzmasah

onzazbandagezorzointmentzappliedzonzazwoundziszdependentzon

thez conditionz thatz washingz thez woundz orz makingz masahz onz it

wouldz aggravatez thez wound.z Aggravationz meansz az delayz in

recoveryz orz anz exacerbationz ofz pain.]z If,z afterz thez masah,z itz is

takenzoffzorzfallszoffzbeforezthezwoundzheals,zthezmasahzdoesznot

becomez nullz andz void.z Ifz itz fallsz offz afterz thez woundz heals,z it

becomesznecessaryztozwashzunderzit.zMasahzonzanyzofzallzthese

thingsz(whichzarezmentionedzabove)zreplaceszwashingzunderzit.

Hez whoz makesz masahz onz onez ofz themz isz notz az personz withz an

excuse.zHezcanzbezanzimâmzforzothers.zAnyzpartzwhichzazspecialist

Muslimzdoctorzhaszsaidzmustznotzbezwashedziszlikezazwound.zIn

makingzmasahzonzitzazman,zazwoman,zazmuhdiszandzazjunubzare

allz inz thez samez category.z Intentionz isz notz necessaryz forz anyz of

them.z Ibniz Âbidînz ‘rahmatullâhuz ’alaih’,z afterz explainingz the

fardszinzanzablution,zwrites:z“Ifzazpersonzwhozhaszazwoundzorzcut

onzhiszhandzcannotzusezwater,zthatzis,zifzhezcannotzwashzhiszhands

withz waterz orz putz hisz face,z head,z earsz orz feetz inz thez waterz he

makesztayammum.zAzpersonzonezpartzofzwhosezarmzorzfootzhas

beenz cutz awayz washesz thez surfacez ofz thez remainingz part.”z Ifz a

prisonerzwhoziszfastenedzbyzthezhandszandzfeetzcannotzperform

tayammum,z withoutz anz ablutionz hez makesz thez rukû’z andz sajda

withoutz recitingz thez sûras.z Ifz hez cannotz doz this,z either,z he

performsztheznamâzzstandingzbyzmakingzsigns.zWhenzhezbecomes

freezhezperformszitzagain.

Az personz WITHe ANe ’UDHRe (EXCUSE) performsz an

ablutionz wheneverz hez likes.z Withz thisz ablutionz hez performsz as

manyzfardzandzsupererogatoryzprayerszofznamâzzaszhezlikeszand

readszthezQur’ânzaszmuchzaszhezlikes.zWhenzthezprescribedztimezof

namâzziszover,zhiszablutionziszbrokenzautomatically.zPerformingza

newzablutionzafterzeachzprayerztimezarrives,zhezdoeszany kindzof

worshipz untilz thez timez isz over.z Hez cannotz performz az prayerz of

namâzzwithzthezablutionzhezmadezbeforeztheztimezofzthezprayerzhas

arrived.zWithzthezexceptionzofzearlyzafternoonzprayer,zhezcannot

performz anyz ofz thez otherz fourz prayersz withz anz ablutionz hez has

madezbeforezthezbeginningzofzthatzprayerztime.zFor,zthezbeginning

ofz earlyz afternoonz prayerz isz notz atz thez samez timez thez endz of

anotherzprayerztime.zThezcontinuouszexcusezofzazpersonzdoesznot

breakzhiszablutionzwithinzazprayerztime.zHowever,zitzwillzbezbroken

byzanotherzcause.zWhenzthezprayerztimeziszoverzitzwillzbezbroken

byzthezexcuse,ztoo.

–z38 –

Havingz anz excusez requiresz thatz somethingz isz breakingz the

ablutionzcontinuously.zAzpersonzwho,zwithinzthezdurationzofzany

prayerzofznamâzzwhichziszfardztozperform,zwouldzfailztozkeepzhis

ablutionz evenz asz longz asz toz performz onlyz thez fardz namâzz ifz he

madezanzablutionzatzanyztimezfromzthezbeginningztillzthezendzof

theztimezofztheznamâz,zbecomeszanzexcusedzpersonzatzthezmoment

heznoticeszhiszexcuse.zForzexample,zifzonezofzthezcauseszbreaking

anzablutionzexistszcontinuously,zsuchzaszthezbloodzofzistihâdaz(see

thez followingz chapter),z urinez andz otherz issues,z diarrhoea,

incontinentzwind-breaking,zthezissuingzofzbloodzandzpuszfromza

wound,zthezoozingzofzbloodzorzanyzliquidzfromztheznipples,znavel,

nose,z eyes,z orz earsz becausez ofz somez pain,z thatz is,z ifz fromz the

beginningztillzthezendzofzanyzprescribedzprayerztimezonezcouldznot

stopzitzaszlongzasztozmakezanzablutionzandzperformzonlyzthezfard

partz ofz az prayer,z onez becomesz az personz withz anz excuse.z Ifz the

excusezbeginszlongzenoughztozperformzthezfardzprayerzafterzthe

arrivalzofzthezprayerztime,zonezwaitszuntilzitzisznearlyzthezendzofzthe

prayerztimezand,zifzitzhasznotzstopped,zmakeszanzablutionzatzthe

endzofztheztimezandzperformsztheznamâzzofztheztime.zAfterzthe

timezofztheznamâzziszover,zifzitzstopszwithinztheztimezofztheznext

prayerz ofz namâz,z onez performsz one’sz formerz namâzz again.z Ifz it

neverzstopszfromzthezbeginningzuntilzthezendzofztheztimezofzthe

nextz prayerz timez ofz namâz,z thisz meansz thatz onez hasz becomez a

personzwithzanzexcusezandzwillznotzhaveztozperformzone’szformer

namâzzagain.

[Itz isz statedz inz (thez book)z Al-fiqh-u’alale madhâhib-il-arba’a:

“AccordingztozazsecondzreportzinzthezMâlikîzMadhhab,zforzhaving

anz’udhrz(excuse),zitzwillzbezenoughzforzthezinvoluntaryzemission

thatz isz az resultz ofz somez illnessz andz whichz breaksz anz ablutionz to

occurz onlyz once.z Itz doesz notz needz toz continuez throughoutz the

durationzofztimezallottedzforzazprayerzofznamâz.zThosezinvalidzor

oldz peoplez whoz sufferz involuntaryz urinationz orz windbreaking

beforez orz duringz namâz,z inz casez ofz harajz andz difficulty,z are

permittedz toz imitatez thez Mâlikîz Madh-habz lestz theyz shouldz lose

theirzablution,zwhichzwouldzconsequentlyzcostzthemztheirznamâz;

inzthiszcase,zitzwillzbezsahîhzforzthemztozbezimâmz(andzconductzthe

namâzzinzjamâ’at).”]z

Ifzthezexcusezofzazpersonzwhozhaszanzexcusezoozeszoncezand

onlyzforzazlittlezwhilezduringztheztimezofzeachzfollowingzprayerzof

namâz,z hisz excusez willz bez consideredz toz bez goingz on.z Ifz itz never

oozeszwithinztheztimezofzanyznamâz,zthatzis,zifzanyztimezofznamâz

elapsesz withoutz anz excusez fromz thez beginningz toz thez end,z the

–z39 –

personz willz noz longerz bez inz thez statez ofz havingz anz excuse.z Ifz his

excusezstopszwhilezmakingzanzablutionzorzwhilezperformingznamâz

andzdoesznotzbeginzagainzuntilzthezendzofztheztimezofzthezsecond

nextzprayerzofznamâz,zhezre-performszthezablutionzandztheznamâz

whichzhezperformedzwhenzhezhadzthezexcuse.zYetzifzitzstoppedzafter

theznamâzzhadzbeenzcompleted,zorzafterzhavingzsatzaszlongzaszthe

tashahhudz (inz thez lastz rak’at),z hez wouldz notz performz thez namâz

again.zAszwell,zazpersonzwhozseeszwaterzafterzhavingzperformedzthe

namâzzwithzaztayammumz(hezmadezinsteadzofzmakingzanzablution

forzsomezreasonzthezSharî’atzapproveszof),zdoesznotzperformzhis

namâzzagain.zItziszwâjibztozstopzthezexcusezbyzmeanszofzmedication,

byzbindingzitzorzbyzsittingzandzperformingztheznamâzzwithzsigns.zIf

itziszexpectedzthatzonezdirhamzofzbloodzorzthezlike,zwhenzwashed,

willznotzspreadzagainzuntilztheznamâzziszperformed,zitziszwâjibzto

washzit.z[Anzexcusezincludeszonlyzthezthingszthatzbreakzanzablution.

Azpersonzwhozcannotzperformzanzablutionzorzghuslzisznotzazperson

withzanzexcuse.zDependingzonzthezsituation,zhezmakeszmasahzor

performsz tayammumz andz performsz hisz namâzz likez az healthy

person].

Inz thez explanationz ofz namâzz inz jamâ’at,z (whichz willz be

explainedzinzdetailzinzChapterz20),zitziszstatedzthatzazpersonzwithzan

excusezcannotzbezanzimâmzforzhealthyzpeople.zInzthiszcontext,zin

additionztozbeingzwithoutzanzablutionzcontinuously,zhavingzmore

thanz onez dirhamz ofz najâsatz onz youz andz beingz nakedz andz being

unablez toz readz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz correctlyz arez countedz as

excuses.zTherefore,zazpersonzwithzonezofzthesezexcuseszcannotzbe

anz imâmz forz thosez whoz doz notz havez thesez excuses.z Also,z itz is

explainedz inz thez sectionz onz ghuslz ablution,z (whichz willz bez dealt

withzinztheznextzchapter,)zthatzazpersonzwithzazfilledzorzcrowned

toothz shouldz imitatez (follow)z thez Shâfi’îz orz Mâlikîz Madhhabz in

orderztozconductzaznamâzzinzjamâ’atzaszthezimâmzforzthezHanafîs

whozarezwithoutzfilledzorzcrownedzteeth.z[Pleasezseezchapterz20.]

Azpersonzwhoziszillzandzhaszanzexcusezcanzmakezupzhiszdebtzof

prayerszwhichzhezdidznotzperformzwhenzhezdidznotzhavezanzexcuse.

Almsz orz anyz otherz kindz ofz charityz canz byz noz meansz replacez an

omittedz prayerz ofz namâz.z Heresiesz writtenz byz Ibniz Taymiyya

shouldznotzbeztakenzforzgranted.

4e–eGHUSLeABLUTION

Anzacceptableznamâzzrequireszazcorrectzablutionzandzazcorrect

ghusl.zIbniz’ÂbidînzwrotezinzhiszexplanationzofzDurr-ul-mukhtâr:

“Itz isz fardz forz everyz womanz orz manz whoz isz junubz andz forz every

–z40 –

womanz afterz haid (menstruation)z andz nifâsz (puerperium)z to

performzazghuslzablutionzwhenzthereziszenoughztimeztozperformzthe

time’sznamâzzbeforezthatzprayer’sztimezexpires.”

Therez arez uncountablez blessingsz forz thosez whoz doz thez fard.

Andz thosez whoz doz notz performz thez fardz arez gravelyz sinful.

Rasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zstateszinzazhadîth-izsherîf

writtenzinzthezbookzGhunyat-ut-tâlibîn:e“Aepersonewhoegetseupein

orderetoeperformeaeghusleablutionewillebeegiveneasemanyeblessings

asetheehairseonehisebodye[whichzmeanszveryzmany],eandethatemany

ofehisesinsewillebeeforgiven.eHeewillebeepromotedetoeaehighererank

ineParadise.eTheeblessingsewhicheheewillebeegiveneoneaccounteofehis

ghusleareemoreeusefulethaneanythingeinetheeworld.eAllâhueta’âlâewill

declareetoeangels:e‘LookeatethiseslaveeofeMine!eWithouteshowing

anyereluctance,eheethinkseofeMyecommandeandegetseupeatenighteand

performseaeghuslefromejanâbat.eBearewitnessethateIehaveeforgiven

theesinseofethiseslaveeofeMine.’e”e

Azhadîth-izsherîfzwrittenzonzthezninety-firstzpagezofzthezTurkish

bookz entitledz Hujjat-ul-islâm declares:z “Whene youe become

impure,e hastene toe performe ae ghusle ablution!e For,e thee angelse of

kirâmanekâtibîneareehurt byetheepersonewhoegoeseabouteineaestate

ofe janâbat.” Itz isz writtenz onz thez samez page:z “Hadratz Imâm-i

Ghazâlîzsaidzhezhadzdreamtzofzazpersonzsaying,z‘Izremainedzjunub

forzazwhile.zAszazresult,ztheyzhavezputzazshirtzofzfirezonzme.zAndzI

amzstillzonzfire.’z”zzAzhadîth-izsherîfzexistingzinzthezbookszZawâjir

andzRisâla-ieunsiyyaedeclares;z“Angelseofe(Allah’s)ecompassionedo

note entere ae residencee thate containse ae picture,e ae dog,e ore ae junub

person.e Itz isz writtenz inz Zawâjire thatz ifz az person,z regardlessz of

whetherzhezperformszhiszdailyzprayerszofznamâzzregularly,zspends

azprayerztimezjunub,zhezwillzbeztormentedzbitterly.zForzexample,za

personz whoz becomesz junubz afterz thez adhânz ofz earlyz afternoon

(Zuhr)zhasztozperformzazghuslzbeforezlatezafternoonz(’Asr)zprayer

ifz hez hasz notz performedz hisz earlyz afternoonz prayer,z andz before

eveningz(Maghrib)zprayerzifzhezhaszperformedzhiszearlyzafternoon

prayer.z Ifz hez cannotz takez az bathz withz waterz hez mustz makez a

tayammum.

AccordingztozthezHanafîzMadhhabztherezarezthreezfardszinza

ghushl:

1z-zTozwashzthezentirezmouthzveryzwell.zDrinkingzazmouthfulzof

waterzwillzdo,zyetzsomez(savants)zsaidzthatzitzwouldzbezmakrûh.

2z-zTozwashztheznostrils.zAzghuslzwillznotzbezacceptedzifzonezdoes

notz washz underz anyz driedz mucusz inz thez nostrilsz orz underz any

chewedzpieceszofzbreadzinzthezmouth.zAccordingztozthezHanbalî

–z41 –

Madhhabzmadmadazandzistinshâqzarezfardzbothzinzablutionzandzin

ghusl.z (Seez thez previouslyz explainedz eighteenz sunnatsz of

ablution).

3z-zTozwashzeveryzpartzofzthezbody.zItziszfardztozwashzeveryzspot

onzthezbodyzifztherezisznozharaje(difficulty)zinzwettingzit.zItzisznot

necessaryzbutzmustahabztozrubzthezpartszgently.zImâm-izMâlikzand

Imâm-izAbûzYûsufzsaidzthatzitzisznecessary.zItziszfardztozwashzinside

theznavel,zthezmoustache,zthezeyebrowszandzthezbeardzaszwellzas

thezskinzunderzthem,zthezhairzonzthezheadzandzthezvulva.zItzisznot

fard,zbutzmustahabztozwashzthezeyes,zthezclosedzearzringzholeszand

underz thez foreskin.z Whenz az womanz washesz thez skinz underz her

plaitedzhairzitzisznotznecessaryztozwashzthezplait.zIfzthezskinzunder

thezhairzcannotzbezwashedzitzbecomesznecessaryztozundozthezplait.

Itziszfardztozwashzallzpartszofzthezhairzthatzisznotzplaited.zIfzazperson

getszazhaircut,zitzisznotznecessaryztozwashzthezhairzcutz[orzother

hairszorznailszcut].zItziszwrittenzonztheztwozhundredzandzseventyfifthzpagezofzthezfifthzvolumezofzIbnie’Âbidîne‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’:

“Itziszmakrûhztozshavezthezgroinzwhenzyouzarezjunub.”z[Hencezit

iszmakrûhzalsoztozgetzazhaircutzorztozcutzone’sznailszwhenzyouzare

junub.]zItzisznotzfardztozwashzunderzthezdirtzcausedzbyzfleaszand

flies,zunderzhenna,zunderzthezskin’sznaturalzdirtzorzunderzanyzfluid

oilzorzmud.zItzisznecessaryztozwashzunderzthezwaterproofzthings

stuckztozthezskinzsuchzaszdough,zwax,zgum,zsolidzoil,zfishzscale,za

chewedzpiecezofzbreadz[andzfingernailzpolish].zIfzwaterzdoesznot

soakzthroughzthezfoodzremainszinzthezteethzorzcavities,zorzifzthe

partszunderzthemzareznotzwashed,zthe ghuslzwillznotzbezacceptable.

Ifzazringzisztightzitzisznecessaryztoztakezitzoffzorztozshiftzit.zSoziszthe

casezwithzearrings.zIfztherezareznozringszinzthezringzholes,zandzifzthe

holesz arez open,z whenz washingz thez ears,z itz willz bez enoughz to

moistenzthezholes.zIfztheyzdoznotzgetzwetzyouzmustzwetzthemzwith

yourz fingers.z Inz doingz allz thesez itz willz bez enoughz toz believe

stronglyzthatztheyzhavezbecomezwet.zIfzazpersonzforgetsztozwashzhis

mouthz orz somez otherz partz andz performsz namâzz andz then

remembersz thatz hez hasz notz washedz it,z hez washesz thez partz and

performszthezfardzpartzofztheznamâzzagain.zIfzyouzcannotzfindza

secludedzplacezwhenzyouzneedztozcheckzazpartzofzyourzbodyzthat

(youzshouldznotzletzotherzpeoplezseezandzwhich)zisz(called)zyour

awratzpart,zyouzshouldzwaitzuntilzotherszleavezthezplacezinsteadzof

exposingz yourz awratz partz inz company.z Ifz thez timez ofz namâz

becomeszshortzyouzshouldznotzmakeztahâratz(cleanzyourself)zwhen

othersz arez present;z youz shouldz performz namâzz withz najâsatz on

yourzpantszinsteadzofzcleaningzyourzpants,zsincezitziszmorezblessed

–z42 –

tozabstainzfromzthezharâmzthanzdoingzthezfard.zWhenzyouzfindza

secludedz placez later,z youz makez tahârat,z washz yourz pantsz and

performzthatznamâzzagain.

Anzablutionzandzazghuslzdoznotzhavezwâjibs.zThezsunnatszofza

ghuslzarezlikezthezsunnatszofzanzablution.zOnly,zinzazghuslzitzisznot

sunnatztozwashzinzthezsamezsequencezaszdonezinzanzablution.zTheir

mustahabszarezthezsame,ztoo,zwithzthezmerezdifferencezthatzinza

ghuslzonezdoesznotzturnztowardszthezqiblazorzrecitezanyzprayers.zIf

az personz whoz hasz gottenz soakedz inz az pool,z az riverz orz thez seaz or

drenchedz byz rainz washesz hisz mouthz andz nosez too,z hez willz have

performedzanzablutionzandzazghusl.

Tozperformzazghuslzaszprescribedzinzthezsunnat,zwezmustzfirst

washz bothz ofz ourz handsz andz privatez partsz evenz ifz theyz mayz be

clean.zThen,zifzthereziszanyznajâsatzonzourzbody,zwezmustzwashzit

away.zThenzwezmustzperformzazcompletezablution.zWhilezwashing

ourz facez wez mustz intendz toz performz az ghusl.z Ifz waterz willz not

accumulatezunderzourzfeet,zwezmustzwashzourzfeet,ztoo.zThenzwe

mustzpourzwaterzonzourzentirezbodyzthreeztimes.zTozdozthis,zwe

mustz pourz itz onz ourz headz threez timesz first,z thenz onz ourz right

shoulderz threez timesz andz thenz onz thez leftz shoulderz threez times.

Eachz timez thez partz onz whichz wez pourz waterz mustz become

completelyzwet.zWezmustzalsozrubzitzgentlyzduringzthezfirstzpouring.

Inzazghusl,zitziszpermissibleztozpourzthezwaterzonzonezlimbzsozaszto

makezitzflowzontozanotherzlimb,zwhich,zinzthiszcase,zwillzbezcleaned,

too.zForzinzazghuslzthezwholezbodyziszcountedzaszonezlimb.zIfzin

performingz anz ablutionz thez waterz pouredz onz onez limbz moistens

anotherzlimb,zthezsecondzlimbzwillznotzbezconsideredztozhavezbeen

washed.z Whenz az ghuslz isz completedz itz isz makrûhz toz performz an

ablutionz again.z Butz itz willz becomez necessaryz toz performz an

ablutionz againz ifz itz isz brokenz whilez makingz az ghusl.z Thosez who

imitatez thez Shâfi’îz andz Mâlikîz Madhhabsz shouldz rememberz this

point.zItziszpermissibleztozperformzitzatzsomezotherzplacezevenzifzit

hasz notz beenz brokenz orz toz performz itz againz afterz performing

namâz.

Inzanzablutionzandzazghuslzitziszextravagant,zwhichziszharâm,zto

usezmorezthanztheznecessaryzamountzofzwater.zWithzeightzritleof

waterz[whichziszequalztozonezthousandzandzfortyzdirham-izshar’îzor

threezandzazhalfzkilograms],zonezcanzmakezazghuslzcompatiblyzwith

thez sunnat.z Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’z would

performzanzablutionzwithzonezmoude[twozritlzorz875zgr.]zofzwater,

andz hez wouldz makez az ghuslz withz waterz thez volumez ofz onez Sâ’,

[Onez Sâ’z isz 4200z gramsz ofz water.z Accordingz toz anz experiment

–z43 –

conductedz withz lentilsz byz thisz faqîrz –Husaynz Hilmiz binz Sa’îd

Istanbûlîz‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’zmeanszhimself–,zonezSâ’zisz4.2zlitres,

thatzis,zfourzlitreszpluszone-fifthzazlitre.]

[InzthezHanafîzMadhhab,zifzthezareazbetweenzthezteethzandzthe

toothz cavitiesz doz notz getz wetz az ghuslz willz notz bez acceptable.

Therefore,z whenz onez hasz one’sz teethz crownedz orz filledz without

darûrateone’szghuslzwillznotzbezsahîhe(acceptable).zOnezwillznotzget

outz ofz thez statez ofz janâbat.z Yes,z itz isz permissiblez accordingz to

Imâm-›zMuhammadztozfastenzone’szloosezteethzwithzgoldzwireszor

toz putz goldz teethz inz placez ofz one’sz extractedz teeth.z Yetz Imâm-i

a’zamzwaszof thezijtihâdzthatzgoldzwasznotzpermissible.zImâm-izAbû

Yûsuf,zaccordingztozsomezreports,zsaidzaszImâm-izMuhammadzsaid.

Itziszsaidz(byzsavants)zthatzthezpermissionzgivenztozArfajazbinzSa’d,

onezofzthezSahâba,zsozthatzhezcouldzusezazgoldznose,zis,zaccording

toz Imâm-iz a’zam,z peculiarz toz Arfajaz only.z Asz az matterz ofz fact,

Zubayrz andz Abdurrahmânz ‘radiy-Allâhuz ta’âlâz ’anhumâ’z were

permittedz toz wearz silkz garments,z andz thisz permissionz isz saidz (by

savants)ztozhavezbeenzpeculiarzonlyztozthem.zButzthezfatwâziszbased

uponzthezwordzofzImâm-izMuhammad,zwhichzgiveszpermissionzto

wearz goldz teeth,z earsz orz nosez thatz canz bez takenz outz when

performingz az ghusl.z Thisz differencez betweenz ourz imâmsz isz on

whetherzorznotzartificialzteethzandzthezwireszfastenedztozthezloose

teethzmayzbezofzgold,zandzitziszinzcaseszwhenztheyzcanzbezremoved

sozasznotztozpreventzthezperformancezofzazghusl.zButzinzazghuslzall

thez imâmsz ofz thez Hanâfîz Madhhabz sayz thatz thez teethz mustz be

wetted.zInzotherzwords,zwhenzwaterzdoesznotzgozunderzthezartificial

teeth,zwhichzmayzbezmadezofzgold,zsilver,zorzanyzotherzsubstance

thatzisznotznajs,zazghuslzablutionzwillznotzbezacceptablezaccordingzto

allzthezsavantszofzHanafîzMadhhab.

ItziszwrittenzinzHalabî-iekebîr:z“Ifzfoodzremainszarezleftzbetween

thez teethz andz onez cannotz washz underz themz az ghuslz willz be

acceptable.zForzwaterziszfluidzandzcanzinfiltratezunderzthezremains.

Butzifzthezremainszhavezbeenzchewnzandzbecomezsolid,zazghuslzwill

notzbezacceptable.zThiszisztheztruthzofzthezmatter.zFor,zwaterzcannot

infiltratezunderzthem.zTherezisznozdarûrat orzharaj [1] inzthis.”zQâdî

KhânewriteszreferringztozNâtifî:z“Ifztherezarezfoodzremainszbetween

thezteethzazghuslzwillznotzbezvalid.zItzisznecessaryztozpickzthemzout

andztozwashzthezplaceszunderzthem.”

Itz isz writtenz inz Al-majmû’at-uz-zuhdiyya:z “Whetherz littlez or

much,z ifz thez foodz remainsz betweenz thez teethz becomez solidz like

[1] Forzdefinitionzseezthezfollowingzpages.

–z44 –

doughzandztherebyzpreventzwaterzfromzfilteringzthrough,ztheyzwill

preventzthezghusl.”

Itz isz writtenz inz Durr-ul-mukhtâr:z “Therez arez thosez (scholars)

whozhavezgivenzthezfatwâzthatzanythingzbetweenzthezteethzorzinzany

toothz cavityz wouldz notz harmz az ghuslz ablution,z butz ifz thez stuffz is

solidzandzdoesznotzletzwaterzthrough,zazghuslzablutionzwillznotzbe

acceptable.z Thisz isz thez veryz truthz itself.”z Inz explainingz thisz Ibni

’Âbidînz ‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaih’ wrote:z “Thez reasonz whyz thez fatwâ

wasz givenz thatz itz wouldz doz noz harmz wasz becausez waterz would

infiltratezunderzitzandzwetzthezpartzbeneathzit.”zThezbookzKhulâsatul-fatâwâe

writesz thez same.z Asz isz understoodz fromz thez fatwâ,z if

waterzdoesznotzgozunderzit,zazghuslzwillznotzbezaccepted.zThezsame

iszwrittenzinzthezbookzHilya.zThezsameziszalsozwrittenzinzthezbook

ofzannotationzMinyat-ul-musallî,zwhichzadds:z“Thezpresentzmatter

involveszazsituationzinzwhichzwaterzdoesznotzreachztheztooth,zandzin

whichznozdarûratzorzharajziszinvolved.”

Tahtâwî,zexplainingzMarâqil-falâh,zwrote:z“Ifzwaterzgoeszunder

thez foodz remainsz betweenz thez teethz andz inz thez toothz cavitiesz a

ghuslzwillzbezaccepted.zIfztheyzareztoozsolidztozletzwaterzthrough,za

ghuslzwillznotzbezaccepted.zThezsameziszwrittenzinzFath-ul-qadîr.

Allâmaz Sayyidz Ahmadz Tahtâwîz wrotez inz hisz explanationz of

Durr-ul-mukhtâr:z “Becausez waterz willz infiltratez underz thez food

remainsz betweenz thez teethz andz inz toothz cavities,z theyz doz not

preventzthezperformancezofzazghusl.zIfzyouzdoubtzwhetherzwater

infiltrateszunderzthemzyouzmustztakezthemzout,zwashzinzbetween

thezteethzandzthezcavities.”

Inz actsz andz mannersz ofz worshipz andz inz acts,z thoughtsz and

mannerszthatzarezharâm,zeveryzMuslimzshouldzfollowzthezwordszof

thezscholarszofzhiszMadhhab,zsuchzas,z“Thiseisetheefatwâ”,e“Thiseis

theebest,”e“Thiseisetheetruesteword.”eIfzsomethingzhezhaszdonezof

hisz ownz accordz hindersz himz fromz followingz thez wordz ofz the

scholar(s)z hez hasz adoptedz asz hisz guide,z andz ifz therez isz haraj,

difficulty,zinzeliminatingzthatzhindrance,zhezmustzfollowzanother

wordz whichz isz declaredz toz bez rightz inz hisz ownz Madhhab.z For

example,z itz isz harâmz toz putz thez datez ofz paymentz onz the

promissory-notezofzazpersonztozwhomzyouzlendzmoney;zitzinvolves

interest.z Butz byz transferringz itz toz someonez elsez itz willz be

permissiblezforzeitherzofzthemztozpayzitzonzazcertainzdate.zIfzyou

cannotzdozso, either,zsupposingzyouzarezinzthezHanafîzMadhhab,

youzactzfollowingzthosezdaîfewordszofzthezscholarszofzthezHanafî

Madhhabzwhichzhaveznotzbeenzchosenzaszazfatwâ.z(SeezEndless

BlisszII,zchapterz33.)zIfzyouzstillzcannotzfindzazwayzout,zyouzwill

–z45 –

havez toz actz byz imitating,z i.e.,z followingz onez ofz thez otherz three

Madhhabs.z Hanafîz scholarsz reportz thatz itz isz wâjibz forz youz to

imitatez anotherz Madhhab.z Forz example,z Ibnie ’Âbidîn,z while

explainingz ta’zîre onz pagez 190,z vol.z IIIz wrote:z “Greatz ’âlîmz Ibni

ÂmîreHâjesayszinzthezbookzSharkh-ieTahrîr:z‘Itzisznecessaryztozact

uponz thez wordz ofz az certainz mujtahidz andz toz imitatez another

mujtahidzwhenztheznecessityzarises;zthiszfactziszclearlyzshownzbyza

Shar’îedalîl (proof-text).’zThezShar’îzdalîlziszthezâyat-izkerîmaz“Ask

thoseewhoeknow.” Whenzyouzcomezuponzazcertainznewzsituation,

youzinquirezintozwayszofzdealingzwithzthiszsituation.zIfzyouzknow

thatzazmujtahidzhaszprescribedzhowztozdealzwithzthiszsituation,zit

becomesz wâjibz forz youz toz acceptz thatz mujtahid’sz prescription.”

Hence,zitziszwâjibztozimitatezanotherzMadhhabz(inzthatzcase).zIfzit

iszimpossibleztozfollowzanotherzMadhhab,zyouzshouldzseezifzthere

iszazdarûratztozdozthezthingzwhichzcauseszthezharaj.

Az-zIfzthereziszazdarûratztozdozsomethingzthatzcauseszharaj,zitzwill

bezpermissiblezforzyouznotztozdozthatzfardzatzall,zorztozcommitza

harâmz toz thez extentz thatz thez darûratz forcesz youz to.z Thez samez is

validzifzthezharajziszstillzpresentzwhenzthezdarûratziszover.

Bz-zIfzthezthingzcausingzharajzhaszbeenzdonezwithoutzazdarûrat

orzifztherezarezazfewzalternativeszthatzcanzbezdonezwithzazdarûrat

andz youz choosez thez onez inz whichz therez isz haraj,z youz arez not

permittedz toz omitz thez fard.z Followingz thisz rule,z scholarsz ofz fiqh

havezsolvedzmanyzproblems.zForzexample:

1z-zImâm-izMuhammadzsaid,z“Whenzazlooseztoothzisztiedzwithza

silverzwire,zthezsilverzwillzcausezaznoxiouszscent,zbutzazgoldzwirezwill

notzcausezit.zBecausezthereziszazdarûrat,zitzisznotzharâmztoztiezitzwith

gold.”z Andz Imâm-iz a’zamz said,z “Az silverz wirez willz notz causez a

noxiouszscent,zeither;zsoztherezisznotzazdarûrat;zconsequently,zzitzis

harâmztoztiezitzwithzazgoldzwire.”zInzthiszcase,zImâm-izMuhammad’s

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’ solutionzisztozbezactedzupon.zThereziszno

needztozfollowzanotherzMadhhab.

2z-zIfzazmanzfindszoutz(later)zthatzhiszwifeziszhiszmilk-sisterzby

wayzofzonezorzbothzhavingzbeenzsuckledz(evenzif)zonlyzoncezbyzthe

samez mother,z theirz nikâhz willz becomez voidz accordingz toz Hanafî

Madhhab.z Theyz willz eitherz getz divorcedz orz followz thez Shafi’î

Madhhab.zIfztheirzwalîsz(guardians,zprotectors,zparents)zwereznot

presentz duringz theirz nikâh,z theyz havez toz renewz theirz nikâhz as

prescribedz byz thez Shafi’îz Madhhab.z Ifz sucklingz fromz thez same

motherztookzplacezfiveztimeszandzbothzchildrenzwerezfullyzsatiated,

itzwillznotzbezpossibleztozfollowzthezShâfi’îzMadhhabzandzthezpair

willz havez toz part. (Pleasez seez thez seventhz chapterz ofz thez sixth

–z46 –

fasciclezforzkinshipzthroughzthezmilkztie.)

3z-zIfzazpersonzonzboardzazlong-distancezbuszcannotzpersuade

thezdriverztozmakezazbriefzstopzforzeveningzprayer,zhezgetszoffzatza

convenientz placez andz performsz thez prayerz onz thez groundz and

withinzthezprescribedztime.zThereafterzheztakeszanotherzbuszgoing

inzthezsamezdirection.zAnotherzwayzIslamzapproveszofzisztozfollow

thezShâfi’îzMadhhabzandzperformzitzafterzitszpreseribedztime,zi.e.,

togetherzwithztheznightzprayer.zIfzthezprayerzinzquestionzwerezlate

afternoonz prayerz andz hisz destinationz werez tooz farz forz himz to

performzthezprayerzwithinzitsztimezafterzarrivingzthere,zhezwould

haveztozstopzthezbus,zgetzoff,zandzperformzthezprayerzoutsidezthe

bus.zFor,zlatezafternoonzprayerzcannotzbezperformedztogetherzwith

eveningzprayerzinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab,zeither.

4z-zIfzazwomanzsueszherzhusbandzforzazdivorcezbecausezhezis

toozpoorztozprovidezherznafaqa (sustenance,zliving),zazHanafîzqâdî

(judge)zisznotzauthorizedztozgrantzazdivorce.zButzazShâfi’îzqâdîzis.

Thez wifez inz thez Hanafîz Madhhabz mustz applyz toz az Shâfi’îz qâdî.

Thatzjudgezwillzdivorcezher.zThezhukme(judgement)zofzthiszjudge

willzbeznâfize(carriedzout).zSeezthezchapterzonznafaqaeinzthezsixth

fascicle!

Azsamâvîe(involuntary)zreasonzthatzforceszoneztozdozsomething,

thatzis,zazsituationzwhichzariseszbeyondzone’szwill,ziszcalledzazdarûrat.

Examplesz ofz darûratz arez az commandmentz orz prohibitionz ofz the

Shârî’at,zanzincurablezvehementzpain,zdangerzofzlosingzone’szlimbzor

life,z andz az compulsoryz choicez withoutz anz alternative.z Whenz itz is

difficultztozpreventzsomethingzfromzhinderingzthezdoingzofzazfardzor

fromzcausingzazharâmztozbezcommitted,zthezcaseziszcalledzharaj.

Aszhaszbeenzmentionedzearlier,zaccordingztozthezunanimityzof

thez scholarsz ofz thez Hanafîz Madhhabz ‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaihim

ajma’în’ thez ghuslz ofz az personz whoz has had hisz teethz filledz or

cappedzforzsomezreasonzwillznotzbezsahîhz(valid).zScholarszofzthe

HanafîzMadhhabzdoznotzhavezanotherzstatementz(onzthiszsubject)

thatzazpersonzcouldzfollowzinzorderztozmakezhiszghuslzsahîh.zSome

peoplezsayzthatzitziszpermissiblezforzhimztozperformzazghuslzbefore

havingzhisztoothzcrownedzorzfilledzandzthenzmakezmasahzonzthe

crowningzorzthezfillingzeveryztimeztheyzmakezazghusl,zbutztheyzare

wrong.zFor,zmasahzonzmestsziszpeculiarztozthezfeetzandziszdoneznot

inzazghuslzbutzinzanzablution.zNorzwouldzitzbezrightztozlikenzthe

crowningzorzthezfillingztozazbandagezonzazwound;zthiszsubjectzwill

bezelaboratedzonzseveralzpageszahead.

Whenz therez isz harajz inz performingz anz actz ofz worshipz orz in

avoidingz somethingz thatz isz harâm,z itz isz necessaryz toz imitate

–z47 –

anotherzMadhhabzwhichzaffordszazsolutionzwithoutzharaj;zthiszfact

iszwrittenzinzmanyzbooks,ze.g.zinzthezfifty-firstzandztheztwozhundred

andzfifty-sixthzpageszofzthezfirstzvolumezandzthezfivezhundredzand

forty-secondzpagezofzthezsecondzvolumezandzinzthezonezhundred

ninetiethz pagez ofz thez thirdz volumez ofz Ibnie ’Âbidîn,z andz inz the

eighteenthzpagezofzMîzan,zaszwellzaszinzthezfinalzpageszofzthezbooks

Hadîqa andz Berîqa andz inz Fatâwâ-ie hadîthiyya andz inz thez final

pageszofzthezsectionz“Adab-ul-Qâdî”zofzFatâwâ-ieHayriyya,zinzthe

22ndzletterzofzthezthirdzvolumezofzMaktûbât ofzImâm-izRabbânî [1] .

Itz isz alsoz writtenz inz Ma’fuwwât andz inz itsz explanationz byz Mollâ

KhalîlzSi’ridîsz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,zazShâfi’îzscholar,zandzin

itsz annotation.z Ifz thez personz whoz intendsz toz imitatez (another

Madhhab)zperformedzthezpresentztime’sznamâzzbeforezintending

toz imitate,z thez namâzz willz bez sahîhz (valid).z Butz hez willz havez to

performzagainzhiszpreviouszprayerszofznamâzzwhichzhezperformed

beforezthat.zTahtâwîzwriteszaszfollowszinzthezninety-sixthzpagezof

hisz explanationz ofz Marâqil-falâh andz alsoz inz itsz Turkishz version

Ni’mat-ie Islâm:z “Therez isz noz harmz inz az Hanafî’sz imitatingz the

Shâfi’îzMadhhabzforzdoingzsomethingzwhichzhezcannotzdozinzhis

ownzMadhhab.zThezsameziszwrittenzinzthezbookszBahrurrâiq and

Nahrulfâiq.zButztozdozthiszhezhasztozfulfillzthezconditionszofzthe

Shâfi’îzMadhhab,ztoo.zIfzhezimitateszwithoutzharajzandzdoesznot

observezthezconditionszhezwillzbezcalledzazMulaffiq,zthatzis,zone

whoz looksz forz andz gathersz facilities.z Thisz isz notz permissible.z A

travellingz person’sz performingz latez afternoonz (’Asr)e prayer

togetherzwithzthezearlyzafternoonz(Zuhr)eprayerzandznightz(Ishâ)

prayerztogetherzwithzeveningz(Maghrib)eprayerzbyzimitatingzthe

Shâfi’îz Madhhabz requiresz thatz hez willz recitez thez Fâtihaz (sûra)

whenzhezperformszthesezbehindzanzimâmz(inzjamâ’at),zandzthatzhe

willz performz anz ablutionz againz ifz hisz palmz touchesz hisz own

Saw’atayn,zthatzis,zhisztwozmostzprivatezparts,zorzifzhiszskinztouches

az woman’sz skin,z exceptz thez eighteenz womenz whoz arez eternally

harâmz(forbidden)zforzhimztozmarry.zAndzhezmustzintendzforzan

ablutionzandzavoidzevenzazlittleznajâsat.”zItziszalsozpermissiblezfor

himztozimitatezthezMâlikîzMadhhab.

ForzimitatingzthezMâlikîzorzShâfi’îzMadhhab,zitzwillzsufficezto

rememberzthatzyouzarezfollowingzthezMâlikîzorzShâfi’îzMadhhab

whenz performingz az ghuslz orz anz ablutionz andz whenz intendingz to

performznamâz.zInzotherzwords,zthezghuslzofzsuchzazpersonzwillzbe

acceptablezif,zatzthezbeginning,zhezpasseszthiszthoughtzthroughzhis

[1] Seezthez34 th chapterzofzEndlesszBlisszI.

–z48 –

heart:z“IzintendztozperformzghuslzandztozfollowzthezMâlikîz(orzthe

Shâfi’î)zMadhhab.”zWhenzazpersonzinzthezHanafîzMadhhabzwho

haszazcrownedzorzfilledztoothzintendszinzthiszmannerzhiszghuslzwill

bezsahîh.zHezwillzextricatezhimselfzfromzthezstatezofzbeingzjunub

andzbecomezpure.zWhenzthiszpersonzneedsztozperformznamâzzorzto

holdz thez Qur’ânz hez hasz toz havez anz ablutionz thatz isz validz also

accordingz toz thez Mâlikîz orz thez Shâfi’îz Madhhab.z Forz thosez who

imitatez thez Shâfi’îz Madhhab;z whenz thez skinsz ofz twoz peoplez of

oppositez sexesz betweenz whomz az marriagez wouldz bez permissible

touchz onez another,z anz ablutionz ofz namâz,z (notz ghusl,z thatz is,)

becomeszobligatoryzforzbothzofzthem;zforzthezsamezmatter,zwhenza

personzofzeitherzsexztoucheszwithztheirzpalmzonezofztheztwozorgans

usedz forz relievingz naturez onz theirz ownz orz someonez else’sz body,

theyzwillzneedzanzablutionzforznamâz.zBeingzelderlyzorznotzhaving

reachedzthezstatezofzpuberty,zifzthezchildzinzquestionziszattractive

enough,z providesz noz exemptionz fromz thisz rulez inz thez Shâfi’î

Madhhab.zMoreover,z(ifzyouzareztozfollowzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab,)

youzshouldzrecitezthezsûrazofzFâtihazatzeveryzrak’atzofzaznamâzzeven

ifz youz arez performingz itz inz jamâ’at,z andz youz shouldz bez very

scrupulouszinzavoidingznajâsat.zWhenzyouzarezlatezforzthezjamâ’at

(forzthezfirstzrak’atzofztheznamâz,zforzinstance),zyouzbowzforzrukû’

togetherzwithzthezimâmzandzdoznotzrecitezazpartzorzthezwholezofzthe

Fâtiha.z Imitatingz Shafi’îz orz Mâlikîz Madhhabz isz notz taqwâ;z itz is

fatwâ,zrukhsatz(permission).zTaqwâzisztozreplacezthezcrownedzand

filledzteethzwithzfalsezteeth.

Toz attainz thez compassionz expressedz inz thez hadîth-iz sherîf,

“Differencese amonge thee mujtahidse ofe mye Ummate aree Allah’s

compassion,” whichz signifiesz thez fourz Madhhabs,z thosez Hanafîs

whoz havez filledz orz crownedz teethz canz extricatez themselvesz from

thez statez ofz beingz junubz byz followingz thez Mâlikîz orz Shâfi’î

Madhhab.zFor,zitzisznotzfardzinzthezMadhhabszofzShâfi’îzandzMâlikî

tozwashzinsidezthezmouthzorztheznostrilszwhilezperformingzazghusl.

Butzitziszfardztozintendztozperformzazghusl.zAszazpersonzimitates

anotherzMadhhabz(onzaccountzofzazharajzthatzmakeszitzimpossible

forz himz toz followz hisz ownz Madhhabz inz az particularz matter),z ifz a

secondzharajzariseszpreventingzhiszperformancezfromzbeingzsahîh

accordingztozthezMadhhabzhezhaszbeenzimitatingzbutznotzaccording

toz hisz ownz Madhhabz orz accordingz toz az thirdz Madhhab,z he

maintainszhiszperformancezbyzexploitingzanzeclecticismzofzthezthree

Madhhabs.zThezkindzofztalfîqz(unification)zwhichzscholarszsuchzas

Izz-ad-dînz binz Abd-is-salâmz Shâfi’îz andz Imâm-i-Subkîz andz Ibni

Humâmz andz Qâsimz sayz isz permissiblez isz thisz kindz ofz imitation

–z49 –

compelledz byz twoz differentz excuses.z Inz casez itz isz impossiblez to

imitatez thez thirdz Madhhab,z hisz excusez inz hisz ownz Madhhab

becomeszazdarûratzandzhiszworshipzbecomeszsahîhz(acceptable).zIf

thez secondz excusez isz notz az continuousz one,z thez worshipz he

performsz duringz thez suspensionz ofz thisz excusez becomesz sahîh

accordingz toz thisz (second)z Madhhab.z Asz isz seen,z whenz az person

imitatesz az thirdz Madhhabz becausez ofz anz excusez makingz it

impossiblez toz followz thez secondz Madhhab,z thisz doesz notz mean

talfîqz(unificationzofzMadhhabs).

SincezthezghuslzofzazpersonzwhoziszinzthezHanafîzMadhhabzwill

notzbezsahîhz(valid)zaszlongzaszhiszteethzarezcrownedzorzfilled,zhis

prayerszofznamâzzwillznotzbezsahîh,zeither.zHezhasztozperformzhis

prayerszagainzwhichzhezhadzperformedzuntilzhezbeganztozimitate

thezShâfi’îzorzMâlikîzMadhhab.zLaterzonzwezshallzexplainzhowzto

performz thez omittedz fardz prayersz insteadz ofz thez sunnatz ofz each

prayer.z(Seezchapterz23).

Somezpeoplezhavezbeenzaskingzifztherezarezanyzâyatszorzhadîths

onzthezwashingzofzthezteeth.zItzshouldzbezknownzquitezwellzthatzthe

Adilla-ie shar’iyya arez four.z Itz isz az lâ-madhhabî’sz attitudez to

recognizezonlyztwozofzthem.zTodayztherezseemztozbeznozqualified

scholarsz onz thez earthz whoz canz derivez meaningsz fromz âyatsz and

hadîths.zHavingzchosenzonezofzthezgreatzscholarszwhozunderstood

thez meaningsz ofz âyatsz andz hadîthsz wellz andz explainedz themz in

booksz ofz fiqh,z wez havez madez himz ourz imâm,z guide,z leader,z and

havezbeenzperformingzourzactszofzworshipzinzazmannerzshownzby

him.zOurzleaderziszImâm-iza’zamzAbûzHanîfa,z‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâ

’alaih’.zTozimitatezonezofzthezfourzMadhhabszmeansztozfollowzthe

Qur’ânzal-kerîmzandzthezhadith-izsherîfs.

Thereeareeelevenekindseofeghusl,zfivezofzwhichzarezfard.zTwozof

themzinvolvezazwomanzperformingzazghuslztozgetzoutzofzthezstates

ofzhaid (menstruation)zandznifâs (puerperium.)

Haidemeansztozflow.zItziszthezbloodzthatzstartsztozflowzfromzthe

genitalzorganzofzazhealthyzgirlzazfewzdayszorzmonthszorzaznumber

ofzyearszafterzshezhaszpassedzeightzyearszofzagezandzreachedzher

ninthz year,z orz ofz az womanz afterz az periodz ofz Fulle purity directly

succeedingzthezlastzminutezofzherzpreviouszmenstrualzperiod,zand

whichz continuesz forz atz leastz threez days,z i.e.z seventy-twoz mean

hourszfromzthezmomentzitzwaszfirstzseen.zThisziszalsozcalledzSahîh

Catamenia.z Ifz noz bloodz isz seenz withinz thez fifteenz orz morez days

afterzazbleedingzperiod,zandzifzthiszdurationz(ofzpurity)ziszpreceded

andzfollowedzbyzdayszofzhaid,zthesezdayszofzpurityzarezcalledzSahîh

Purity.z Ifz therez arez daysz ofz fâsidz bleeding,z (whichz isz alsoz called

–z50 –

istihâdazbleeding,)zwithinzthezfifteenzorzmorezdayszofzpurity,zall

thesezdayszarezcalledz(dayszof)zHukmîepurity orzFâsidepurity.zSahîh

purityzandzHukmîzpurityzarezcalledzFullePurity.zBleedingszthatzare

seenzbeforezandzafterzazperiodzofzfullzpurityzandzwhichzcontinue

forz threez meanz daysz arez twoz separatez periodsz ofz haid.z Any

colouredzliquid,zexceptzforzazwhitez(colourless)zliquid,ziszcalledzthe

bloodzofzhaid,zandzsoziszanyzturbidity.zWhenzazgirlzbeginszhaid,zshe

becomeszazbâligha,z(anzadolescent),zthatzis,zazwoman.zAzgirlzwho

hasz notz yetz experiencedz thez mensesz andz az boyz whosez genitalia

doesz notz yetz producez spermatozoaz arez Islamically bâlighz (inz a

statezofzpuberty),zonceztheyzarezbeyondzthezagezofzfifteen.zThis

factziszwrittenzinzthezannotationzto thezbookzDurr-ieYektâ.zThe

numberzofzdayszbeginningzfromzthezmomentzbleedingziszseenzuntil

thez bleedingz comesz toz anz endz isz calledz ’âdat (menstruation

period).z Az periodz ofz haidz isz tenz daysz maximumz andz threez days

minimum.zAccordingztozthezShâfi’îzandzHanbalîzMadhhabs,zitzis

fifteenz daysz maximumz andz onez dayz minimum.z Inz thez Mâlikî

Madhhabzitziszfifteenzdayszmaximum,zandzyetzthezbleedingzthatzis

seenzfirstziszhaid.zIfzthezbleedingzofzazwomanzwhoziszinzthezHanafî

MadhhabzandzwhoziszimitatingzthezMâlikîzorzShâfi’îzMadhhabzgoes

onz forz morez thanz tenz days,z shez willz havez toz makez qadâz ofz the

prayerszofznamâzzshezhaszomittedzduringzthisztimezofzexcess,zafter

shezbecomeszpurified.

Menstrualz bleedingz doesz notz havez toz bez continuous.z Ifz the

initialzbleedingzstopszbutzmorezbleedingziszseenzagainzthreezdays

later,zthezdayszofzpurityzinzbetweenzarezdayszofzfâsidzpurityzandzare

unanimouslyzconsideredztozbezmenstrual.zAccordingztozazreport

Imâm-izMuhammadztransmitszfromzImâm-iza’zamzAbûzHanîfa,zif

bleedingziszseenzagainzbeforeztheztenthzday,zitzwillzbezconcluded

thatzthezbleedingzhaszcontinuedzthroughoutztheseztenzdays.zThere

isz alsoz anotherz reportz transmittedz byz Imâm-iz Muhammad.

AccordingztozImâm-izAbûzYûsuf,zandzalsozinzthezMadhhabszof

Shâfi’îz andz Mâlikîz allz thesez daysz ofz purityz arez considered

menstrualz ifz bleedingz recursz beforez fifteenz daysz havez passed

(sincez thez cessationz ofz bleeding).z Supposez az girlz bleedsz forz one

dayzandzthenzdoesznotzbleedzforzanotherzfourteenzdays;zhowever,

shezthenzbleedszzagainzforzonezday.zAndzsupposezanotherzwoman

bleedsz forz onez dayz andz doesz notz bleedz againz forz tenz days,z but

againz bleedsz forz onlyz onez day.z Andz az thirdz womanz bleedsz for

threezdayszandzdoesznotzbleedzagainzforzfivezdays,zbutzwhenzshe

bleedszagain,zitziszonlyzforzazday.zAccordingztozImâm-izAbûzYûsuf,

thezgirl’szfirstztenzdayszarezhaid;zthezformerzwoman’szdayszofzhaid

–z51 –

arezthezsamezaszherzâdatz(previouszorzusualzmenstrualzperiod),zand

allz thez remainingz daysz (ofz bleeding)z arez istihâda;z thez latter

woman’sz ninez daysz arez allz haid.z Accordingz toz Imâm-i

Muhammad’szfirstzreport,zonlyzthezlatterzwoman’szninezdayszare

haid.zAccordingztozImam-izMuhammad’szsecondzreport,zonlyzthe

latterzwoman’szfirstzthreezdayszarezhaid,zandznonezofzthezotherzdays

exemplifiedzarezhaid.zTranslatingzthezsubjectzofzhaidzfromzthezbook

Multaqâ,zwezhavezwrittenzallzthezfollowingzinformationzaccording

toz Imâm-iz Muhammad’sz firstz report.z Onez dayz isz (az durationz of)

exactlyz twenty-fourz meanz hours.z Itz isz mustahabz forz married

women,zallztheztime,zandzunmarriedz(virginal)zwomen,zduringztheir

menstrualz periodz only,z toz putz az piecez ofz clothz orz purez organic

cottonz calledz kursuf onz thez mouthz ofz theirz vagina,z andz toz apply

perfumezonzit.zSyntheticzcottonziszunhealthy.zItziszmakrûhztozinsert

thezentirezkursufzintozthezvagina.zAzgirlzwhozseeszbloodstainszon

thezkursufzeveryzdayzforzmonthsziszconsideredztozbezmenstruating

duringz thez firstz tenz daysz andz havingz istihâdaz forz thez remaining

twentyzdays.zThiszwillzgozonzuntilzthez(continuous)zbleeding,zcalled

istimrâr,zstops.

Ifzazgirlzseeszbloodzforzthreezdayszbutzdoesznotzseezitzforzonezday,

andzthenzseeszitzforzonezdayzbutzagainzdoesznotzseezitzforztwozdays,

andzlaterzseeszitzforzonezdayzbutzthenzdoesznotzseezitzforzonezday,

andz finallyz seesz itz againz forz onez day,z allz thesez tenz daysz are

menstrual.zIfzshezseeszbloodzonezdayzbutzdoesznotzseezitztheznext

day,z andz ifz thisz alternatingz processz goesz onz forz tenz daysz every

month,zshezdoesznotzperformznamâzzorzfastzonzthezdayszshezsees

blood.zButzshezmakeszghuslzandzperformsznamâzzonzthezfollowing

days.z[TranslatedzfromzthezbookzMasâil-iesharkh-iewikâya.] [1]

[1] [Inz thez Mâlikîz Madhhab,z red,z yellowishz orz turbidz bloodz thatz issues

fromzthezfrontzofzazgirlzthatzhaszreachedzthezagezofznineziszcalledzblood

ofehaid (menorrhoea).zItziszhaidzaszsoonzaszthezbleedingzstarts.zAszthe

bleedingz continues,z itz isz menstrualz untilz immediatelyz beforez the

fifteenthzday,zandzitszcontinuationzthereafter,z(aszitzmayzbezthezcase,)

iszjudgedztozbezistihâdaz(menorrhagia).zIfzherzâdatzchangesztheznext

month,zherznewzâdatziszthezlongestzperiodzofzâdatzshezhaszsozfarzhad

pluszthreezdays.zBleedingzthatzcontinueszthereafter,zaszwellzaszbleeding

thatzcontinueszafterzthezfifteenthzdayzinzanyzcase,zbecomeszistihâda.

Whenzthezkursufz(pad,ztampon,zsanitaryztowel)ziszfoundztozbezdry,zor

colourlesszalthoughzitzmayzbezwet,zthiszcasezmustzbeztakenzaszthezend

ofz thez menstrualz period.z Bleedingz thatz az womanz pastz thez agez of

seventyz undergoesz isz notz haid;z itz isz istihâda.z Inz casez az woman’s

bleedingzcontinueszintermittently,zthezdayszspentzwithoutzbleedingzare

tozbeztakenzaszdayszofzpurity.zTheznumberzofzrunningzdayszofzpurityzis

–z52 –

Bleedingzthatzgoeszonzforzlesszthanzthreezdays,zor,zseventy-two

hours,zevenzifzitziszfivezminuteszless,zor,zforzaznewlyzpubescentzgirl,

bleedingzafterztheztenthzdayzwhenzitzgoeszonzmorezthanztenzdayszor,

forzonezwhozisznotznew,zbleedingzthatzhappenszafterzthezâdatzwhen

itzbothzexceedszthezdayszofzâdatzandzcontinueszforzmorezthanzten

days,zorzbleedingzofzazpregnantzorzâisa (old)zwomanzorzofzazgirl

belowzninezyearszofzage,zisznotzmenstrual.zItziszcalledzistihâda or

fâsidebleeding.zAzwomanzbecomeszâisa aroundzthezagezofzfifty-five.

Supposingzazwomanzwhosezâdatziszfivezdayszseeszbloodzafterzhalfzof

thezSunzhaszrisenzandzthezbleedingzstopszasztwo-thirdszofzthezSun

risesz onz thez eleventhz morning,z inz whichz casez thez bleedingz has

exceededztenzdayszforzazfewzminutes,zthezbloodzthatzcomeszafter

fivezdays,zherzâdat,ziszistihâda.zFor,zitzhaszexceededztenzdayszand

tenznightszforzaszlongzaszone-sixthzofzthezSun’sztimezofzrising.zWhen

thez tenz daysz arez over,z shez makesz ghuslz andz makesz qadâz ofz the

prayerszofznamâzzwhichzshezdidznotzperformzonzthezdayszfollowing

herzâdat.

Azwomanzundergoingzthezdayszofzistihâdaziszcategorizedzasza

personz whoz hasz anz excusez (’udhr),z likez someonez whosez nose

frequentlyz bleedsz orz someonez whoz isz notz ablez toz controlz the

bladder;z hence,z shez hasz toz performz namâzz andz fast,z andz sexual

intercoursez isz permissiblez despitez thez bleeding.z Thez bleedingz of

istihâdaz(menorrhagia)ziszazsignzofzazdisease.zIfzitzcontinueszforza

longztimezitzmayzbezdangerous,zsozthezpersonzconcernedzmustzsee

azgynaecologist.zAzredzgumzpowderzcalledzsang-dragonz(dragon’s

blood)zmayzstopzthezbleedingzwhenztakenzorallyzwithzwater,zone

gramzinzthezmorning,zandzthezsamezamountzinzthezevening.zUpzto

fivezgramszmayzbeztakenzperzday.

AccordingztozazreportzonzthezauthorityzofzImâm-izMuhammad,

ifzazgirlzoverzninezyearszoldzseeszbloodstainszonezdayzforzthezfirst

timezinzherzlifezandzdoesznotzseezitzthezfollowingzeightzdayszbut

fifteenz minimum.z Bleedingz thatz recursz beforez thesez fifteenz daysz is

istihâda.zSuchzdayszofzpurityzarezinfinite,z(i.e.ztherezisznotzazmaximum

limit.)z Ifz az bleedingz stopsz andz recursz fifteenz daysz later,z itz isz haid.

Bleedingzundergonezbeforezazchildbirthziszhaid.zIfzthezbabyziszlifted

outzofzthezwoman’szwombzthroughzanzopeningzcutzinzherzabdomen,

thez bleedingz thatz occursz inz thez immediatez aftermathz isz notz nifâs

(puerperalzdischarge).zPuerperalzperiodziszsixtyzdayszmaximum.zIfzthe

puerperalz bleedingz stopsz andz doesz notz recurz withinz thez following

fifteenz days,z (thez puerperalz periodz hasz endedz and)z thez woman

undergoingz nifâsz hasz becomez tâhirz (clean,z purified).z Bleedingz that

occurszthereafterziszhaid.]

–z53 –

seesz itz againz onz thez tenthz day,z allz thez tenz daysz arez menstrual.

However,z ifz shez bleedsz thez firstz andz eleventhz daysz onlyz and

undergoesznozbleedingzduringzthezninezdayszinzbetween,zneither

ofzthemziszmenstrual.zBleedingzonzbothzdaysziszistihâda,zsincezthe

daysz ofz purityz precedingz thez bleedingz afterz thez tenthz day,z as

describedz above,z arez notz consideredz toz bez thez daysz ofz haid

accordingztozImâm-izMuhammad.zIfzshezsawzbloodstainszonzboth

theztenthzandzeleventhzdays,zthezfirstztenzdays,zincludingzthezdays

ofz purityz inz between,z wouldz makez upz az menstruationz period,

whilez thez bleedingz undergonez onz thez eleventhz dayz wouldz be

istihâda.

Az woman’sz haid,z asz wellz asz herz timez ofz purity,z isz usuallyz a

periodzofzthezsameznumberzofzdayszeveryzmonth.zInzthiszsense,zone

‘month’z(alsozaz‘menstrualzcycle’)ziszthezperiodzfromzthezbeginning

ofz az menstruationz periodz toz thez beginningz ofz thez nextz period.

Whenzazwomanzwithzazcertainzperiodzofzâdatzseeszsahîhzbleeding

forz az differentz numberz ofz days,z herz âdatz changes.z Likewise,z the

numberzofzthezdayszofzpurityzchangeszwhenzazdifferentzperiodzof

purityziszexperiencedzonce.zFâsidzbleedingzorzfasidzpurityzdoesznot

changezthezzâdat.

Ifzthezdurationzofzbleedingzofztheznewzhaidzexceedsztenzdays

andzifzitszthreezorzmorezdayszdoznotzconcurzwithztheztimezofzthe

formerz âdat,z thez timez thez âdatz spansz shifts,z butz thez numberz of

dayszdoesznotzchange.zIfztheyz(threezorzmorezdays)zconcurzwith

theztimezofz(thezformer)zâdat,ztheznumberzofzdayszconcurringzwith

itzbecomeszhaidzandzthezrestzbecomeszistihâda.zIfzazwomanzwhose

âdatziszfivezdayszofzbleedingzandzfifty-fivezdayszofzpurityzseeszfive

dayszofzbleedingzandzthenzforty-sixzdayszofzpurityzandzthereafter

elevenzdayszofzbleeding,ztheztimezthatzherzâdatzcoverszshifts,zbut

thez numberz ofz daysz doesz notz change.z Ifz shez seesz fivez daysz of

bleedingzandzthenzfifty-sevenzdayszofzpurityzbutzthereafterzthree

dayszofzbleedingzfollowedzbyzfourteenzdayszofzpurityzandzthenzone

morezdayzofzbleeding,ztheznumberzofzthezdaysz(ofztheznewzhaid)

becomesz three.z Butz thez timez itz coversz doesz notz move.z The

fourteenzdayszofzfâsidzpurityzherezmeanszcontinuouszbleeding.zIf

thez durationz ofz bleedingz forz thez newz haidz doesz notz exceedz ten

dayszandzifzitziszfollowedzbyzsahîhzpurity,zallzthezdayszofzbleeding

makez upz az newz haid.z Ifz itz isz notz followedz byz sahîhe purity,z the

numberzofzthezdayszofzherzformerzâdatzdoesznotzchange.zInzthis

casezitziszmustahabzforzherztozwaitzuntilzitzgetszquitezcloseztozthe

endzofztheztimezforznamâzzwithinzwhichzthezbleedingzstoppedzand

whichzfollowszherzâdatzandzprecedesztheztenthzdayz(afterzthezonset

–z54 –

ofzbleeding).zThen,zafterzmakingzazghusl,zshezperformsztheztime’s

namâz.z Alsoz waty (intercourse)z becomesz permissiblez forz her.

However,z ifz shez missesz thez ghuslz andz thez namâzz asz shez waits,

intercoursezbeforezmakingzazghuslzbecomeszpermissiblezwhenzthe

timezofzthezprayerziszover.

Ifz thez firstz bleedingz ofz az girl,z (menarche,)z orz az bleedingz that

beginszfifteenzdayszafterzthezpreviouszhaidzofzazwomanzstopszbefore

threez daysz arez over,z shez waitsz untilz thez endz ofz thez timez ofz the

namâzziszquitezclose.zThen,zmakingzwudûz(ablution)zonlyzwithout

azghuslzshezperformsztheznamâzzofzthatztimezandzthosezwhichzshe

didznotzperformz(duringzthezbleeding).zIfzbleedingzreoccurszafter

shezhaszperformedzthatznamâz,zshezdiscontinuesznamâz.zIfzitzstops

again,ztowardszthezendzofztheztimezofztheznamâzzshezmakeszazwudû

onlyzandzperformsztheztime’sznamâzzandzthosezwhichzshezdidznot

perform,z ifz therez arez any.z Shez actsz likewisez untilz thez endz ofz the

thirdzday.zButzwatyz(intercourse)zisznotzpermittedzevenzifzshezhas

madezazghusl.

Ifz bleedingz continuesz forz morez thanz threez daysz andz stops

beforezthezendzofzherzâdat,zwatyzisznotzpermittedzbeforezthezend

ofz herz âdat,z evenz ifz shez hasz madez az ghusl.z However,z ifz no

bloodstainszarezseenzuntilzitziszquitezcloseztozthezendzofztheztimezof

theznamâzzshezmakeszazghuslzandzperformsztheznamâz.zShezdoes

notz performz thosez prayersz ofz namâzz whichz shez omittedz (inz the

meantime).zShezperformszherzfast.zIfzbleedingzdoesznotzreoccur

forzfifteenzdayszafterzthezdayzitzstops,zthezdayzitzstopszbecomeszthe

endz ofz herz newz âdat.z Butz ifz bleedingz reoccursz shez discontinues

namâz.zIfzitziszthezmonthzofzRamadân,zafterzRamadân,zshezmakes

qadâzofzthezfastzwhichzshezperformed.zIfzbleedingzstopszshezmakes

azghuslzagainztowardszthezendzofztheznamâz-timezandzperforms

herznamâzzandzfast.zShezfollowszthezsamezprocedurezforztenzdays.

Afterztheztenthzdayzshezperformsznamâzzwithoutzmakingzazghusl

evenz ifz shez seesz bloodstains,z andz watyz beforez az ghuslz is

permissible.zButzitziszmustahabztozmakezazghuslzbeforezwaty.zIf

bleedingzstopszbeforezthezbreakingzofzdawnzandzifzshezhaszonly

timezenoughztozmakezazghuslzandzdresszupzbutznotzenoughzalsozto

sayz“Allâhuzekber”zbeforezdawn,zshezfastszthatzday,zbutzshezdoes

notzhaveztozmakezqadâzofztheznamâzzofzthezpreviousznightzwhich

shezmissed.zButzifztheztimezwerezlongzenoughzalsoztozsayz“Allâhu

ekber,”zshezwouldzhaveztozmakezthezqadâ,z(thatzis,zshezwouldzhave

tozperformzthezpreviousznight’sznamâz.)zIfzhaidzbeginszbeforeziftâr

(timezforzbreakingzazfast),zherzfastingzbecomeszinvalid,zandzshe

performszitszqadâzafterzRamadân.zIfzhaidzbeginszwhilezperforming

–z55 –

namâz,zherznamâzzbecomeszinvalid.zWhenzshezbecomeszcleanzshe

doesz notz performz qadâz forz thatz namâzz ifz itz isz fard,z butz she

performszitzifzitziszsupererogatory.zIfzazwomanzseeszbloodstainszon

herz kursufz whenz shez wakesz upz afterz dawn,z shez becomes

menstruousz atz thatz moment.z Ifz az womanz seesz thatz thez kursuf

(sanitaryznapkin)zthatzshezinsertedzbeforezgoingztozbedziszclean

whenzshezwakeszup,zherzhaidzstoppedzwhilezshezwaszasleep.zItzis

fardz forz bothz toz performz thez (previous)z night’sz namâz.z For,z a

namâz’s beingzfardzforzazwomanzdependszonzherzbeingzcleanzatzits

lastz minute.z Az womanz whosez haidz beginsz beforez shez has

performedztheztime’sznamâzzdoesznotzmakezqadâzofzthatznamâz.

Therez mustz bez fulle purity betweenz twoz periodsz ofz haid.z Itz is

declaredzunanimouslyz(byzIslamiczscholars)zthatzifzthiszfullzpurity

iszsahîhepurity,zthezbleedingszbeforezandzafterzitzareztwozseparate

periodszofzhaid.zDayszofzpurityzinterveningzthezdayszofzbleeding

withinztheztenzdayszofzhaidzarezjudgedztozbezmenstrual,zandzthe

dayszofzistihâdazafterztheztenthzdayzarezjudgedztozbezwithinz(the

dayszof)zpurity.zIfzazgirlzbleedszforzthreezdayszandzthenzdoesznot

bleedzforzfifteenzdayszandzthenzbleedszforzonezdayzandzthenzdoes

notzbleedzonezdayzandzthenzbleedszagainzforzthreezdays,zthezfirst

andz thez lastz threez daysz ofz bleedingz arez twoz separatez periodsz of

haid.zSincezherzâdatziszthreezdays,zthezsecondzhaidzcannotzbegin

withzthezonezdayzofzbleedingzinzbetween.zThiszonezdayzmakeszthe

previousz fullz purityz fâsid.z Mollaz Khusrawz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâ

’alaih’ wrotezinzhiszannotationztozGhurar:z“Ifzazgirlzseeszonezdayzof

bleedingzandzthenzfourteenzdayszofzpurityzandzthereafter onezday

ofz bleedingz andz thenz eightz daysz ofz purityz andz thenz onez dayz of

bleedingz andz thenz sevenz daysz ofz purityz andz thenz twoz daysz of

bleedingz andz thenz threez daysz ofz purityz andz thenz onez dayz of

bleedingz andz thenz threez daysz ofz purityz andz thenz onez dayz of

bleedingz andz thenz twoz daysz ofz purityz andz thenz onez dayz of

bleeding,z accordingz toz Imâm-iz Muhammad,z ofz thesez forty-five

dayszonlyztheztenzdayszfollowingzthezfourteenzdaysz(ofzpurity)zare

menstrual,zandzthezrestzarezistihâda.”zSinceztherezisznotzazperiodzof

fullzpurityzfollowingztheseztenzdays,ztheznewzhaidzdoesznotzbegin.

Becausezthezlatterzdayszofzpurityzareznotzwithinzthezdurationzofzher

normalz haid,z thesez daysz arez notz addedz toz thez daysz ofz bleeding.

(Accordingz toz Imâm-iz Abûz Yûsuf,z thez firstz tenz daysz andz the

fourthz tenz daysz withz purityz onz bothz sidesz arez menstrual.)z For,

accordingztozImâm-›zAbûzYûsuf,zthezfollowingzdayszofzfâsidzpurity

arez consideredz toz bez menstrual.z Accordingz toz thez firstz ofz the

followingz(four)zcases,ztheztenzdayszofzhaidzarezfollowedzbyztwenty

–z56 –

dayszofzpurityzandzthenztenzdaysz[thezfourthztenzdays]zofzhaid.

Ifz istimrâre (seez above)z occurs,z (i.e.z ifz bleedingz continues,)

withoutz anyz interveningz daysz ofz purityz forz fifteenz days,z the

calculationziszbasedzonzherzâdat.zThatzis,zbeginningzwithzthezendzof

herzâdat,zthezdurationzofzpurityziszconsideredztozbezthezsamezaszthat

ofzthezpreviouszmonth’szandzthezperiodzofzhaidziszthezsamezaszher

âdatz(thatzshezexperiencedzthezpreviouszmonth).

Ifzistimrârzoccurszonzazgirl,z(whozexperienceszmenstruationzfor

thezfirstztime,)zaccordingztozthezbookzManhal-ul-wâridîn andzthe

TurkishzbookzMurshideun-Nisâ,zitzmayzbezclassifiedzinzonezofzthe

fourzcases:

1z-zIfzthezbleedingzthatziszexperiencedzforzthezfirstztimezmakes

istimrâr,zthezfirstztenzdayszarezconsideredzmenstrualzandztheznext

twentyzdayszarezconsideredzdayszofzpurity.

2z-zIfzistimrârzoccurszafterzazgirlzhaszexperiencedzazmenarche [1]

consistingzofzsahîhzbleedingzfollowedzbyzsahîhzpurity,zthiszgirlzhas

becomezazwomanzwithzazcertainzâdat.zSupposing shezexperienced

fivezdayszofzbleedingzandzfortyzdayszofzpurity;zfromzthezonsetzof

istimrârzfivezdayszarezjudgedztozbezmenstrualzandzfortyzdayszare

dayszofzpurity.zThezcaseziszvalidzuntilzthezbleedingzceases.

3z-zIfzshezundergoeszfâsidzbleedingzandzfâsidzpurity,zneitherzof

themzmustzbezjudgedztozbezherzâdat.zIfzthezpurityziszfâsidzbecause

itziszshorterzthanzfifteenzdays,zthezbleedingzwhichziszseenzfirstzis

consideredztozhavezmadezistimrâr.zIfzshezundergoeszelevenzdayszof

bleedingzandzthenzfourteenzdayszofzpurityzandzthereafterzistimrâr,

thezfirstzbleedingziszfâsidzbecausezitzexceedsztenzdays.zItszeleventh

dayz andz thez firstz fivez bleedingz daysz ofz istimrârz arez (within)z the

dayszofzpurity,zand,zafterzthezfifthzdayz(ofzistimrâr),ztenzdayszof

haidzandzthenztwentyzdayszofzpurityzkeepzrecurring.zIfzthezpurity

iszfullzpurityzandziszfâsidzbecauseztherezarezdayszofzbleedingzwithin

it,zandzifzthezsumzofzthezdayszofzsuchzfâsidzpurityzandzthezdayszof

bleedingz doesz notz exceedz thirty,z again,z thez firstz bleedingz is

consideredztozhavezmadezistimrâr.zAnzexamplezofzthisziszistimrâr

afterzelevenzdayszofzbleedingzandzfifteenzdayszofzpurity.zBecause

thereziszbleedingzonzthezfirstzofzthezsixteenzdays,zitziszazperiodzof

fâsidz purity.z Thez firstz fourz daysz ofz thez istimrârz arez (within)z the

periodzofzpurity.zIfztheirzsumzexceedszthirtyzdays,zthezfirstztenzdays

arez menstrualz andz allz thez followingz daysz untilz thez istimrârz are

consideredzdayszofzpurity,zandzafterzthezistimrâr,ztenzdayszofzhaid

[1] Onsetzofzfirstzmenstrualzdischarge.

–z57 –

andztwentyzdayszofzpurityzcontinueztozreoccur.zAnzexamplezofzthis

iszistimrârzafterzelevenzdayszofzbleedingzandztwentyzdayszofzpurity.

4z-zIfzshezundergoeszsahîhzbleedingzandzfâsidzpurity,zthezdayszof

sahîhzbleedingzbecomezherzâdat.zTheirzdeficieneyzfromzthirtyzdays

makezupzthezdayszofzpurity.zSupposezistimrârzoccurszafterzfivezdays

ofzbleedingzandzfourteenzdayszofzpurity,zthezfirstzfivezdayszarezdays

ofzbleedingzandzthezfollowingztwenty-fivezdayszarezdayszofzpurity.

Toz completez thesez twenty-fivez days,z thez firstz elevenz daysz ofz the

istimrârzarezappendedztozthezdayszofzpurity.zFromznowzonzfivezdays

ofzhaidzandztwenty-fivezdayszofzpurityzwillzcontinuezreoccurring.

Likewise,zifzistimrârzoccurszafterzthreezdayszofzbleedingzandzfifteen

dayszofzpurityzandzonezdayzofzbleedingzandzfifteenzdayszofzpurity,

thezfirstzthreezdayszarezdayszofzsahîhzbleedingzandzallzthezfollowing

daysz untilz thez onsetz ofz istimrârz arez daysz ofz fâsidz purity;z hence,

threezdayszarezmenstrualzandztheznextzthirty-onezdayszarezdayszof

purity.z Duringz thez istimrâr,z however,z threez daysz ofz haidz and

twenty-sevenzdayszofzpurityzreoccur.zIfzthezsecondzperiodzofzpurity

werezfourteenzdays,zaccordingztozImâm-izAbûzYûsufzitzwouldzbe

consideredzazperiodzofzcontinuouszbleeding.zSozitszfirstztwozdays

also,z(alongzwithzthezpreviouszonezdayzofzactualzbleeding,)zwould

bezmenstrual,zandztheznextzfifteenzdayszwouldzbezdayszofzpurity,

andzsozon.zFor,zthezfirstzthreezdayszofzbleedingzandztheznextzfifteen

dayszofzpurityzareztozbezacceptedzaszherzâdatzbecauseztheyzwere

sahîh.

Az womanz whoz hasz forgottenz thez timez ofz herz âdatz isz called

Muhayyira orzDâlla.

Nifâs meansz lochia.z Puerperalz bleedingz thatz occursz afterz a

foetalzmiscarriageziszalsoznifâs,zsozlongzaszthezhands,zfeetzandzhead

ofzthezfoetuszhavezbeenzformed.zTherezisznotzazminimumzduration

forznifâs.zOnzthezdayzthezbleedingzstops,zshezperformszazghuslzand

resumesz namâz.z Butz shez cannotz havez sexualz intercoursez before

thezperiodzequallingzherzpreviousznifâsziszover.zThezmaximumzis

fortyz days.z Afterz fortyz daysz shez performsz az ghuslz andz begins

namâzzevenzifzherzbleedingzcontinues.zBleedingzafterzthezfortieth

dayz isz istihâda.z Thez nifâsz ofz az womanz whosez bleedingz lasted

twenty-fivez daysz afterz herz firstz pregnancyz isz twenty-fivez days.

Therefore,z ifz bloodz flowsz forz forty-fivez daysz afterz herz second

pregnancy,z thez firstz twenty-fivez makesz upz thez nifâsz andz the

remainingztwentyzdayszarezistihâda.zShezhasztozperformzqadâzof

thosez prayersz ofz namâzz thatz shez didz notz performz duringz these

twentyzdays.zThiszrulezentailszthatzazwomanzmakezazmentalznote

ofzherzpuerperalzperiodzaszwell.zIfzherzbleedingzstopszbeforezthe

–z58 –

fortiethzday,ze.g.zinzthirty-fivezdays,zduringzthezsecondzchildbirth,

allzthezthirty-fivezdayszareznifâs;ztherefore,zherznifâszchangeszfrom

twenty-fiveztozthirty-fivezdays.zInzRamadân,zifzhaidzorznifâszstops

afterzdawnz(fajr),zshezfastszduringzthatzday,zyetzafterzRamadânzshe

willzstillzhaveztozmakezupzforzthatzdayzbyzfastingzforzanzextrazday.

Ifzhaidzorznifâszbeginszafterzdawn,zshezresumeszeatingzandzdrinking

evenzifzitzbeginszduringzlatezafternoon.

Namâz,zfast,zenteringzazmosque,zreadingzorzholdingzthezQur’ân

al-kerîm,zvisitingzthezKa’ba,zandzsexualzintercoursezarezallzharâm

(forbidden)zinzallzfourzMadhhabszduringzprocesszofzazhaidzor nifâs.

Laterzshezperformszthezqadâ’zofzthosezfasts,zbutznotzthezprayerszof

namâzz thatz shez didz notz perform.z Shez willz bez forgivenz forz not

performingznamâz.zIfzatzeachzprayerztimezshezperformszanzablution

andzsitszonzazsajjâdaz(prayer-rug)zandzdhikrszandzperformsztasbîh

forzaszlongzaszitzwouldztakezherztozperformznamâz,zshezwillzbezgiven

aszmanyzblessingszaszshezwouldzreceivezifzshe actually performed

namâzzinzthezbestzmanner.

[Whenz az girlz isz overz eightz yearsz old,z itz becomesz fardz forz her

motherzor,zifzshezdoesznotzhavezazmother,zherzgrandmothers,zelder

sisters,z paternalz andz maternalz aunts,z respectively,z toz teachz her

aboutzhaidzandznifâs.zNegligencezofzthiszdutyzdespitezthezpresence

ofz atz leastz onez ofz thesez nextz ofz kin,z (citedz abovez inz orderz of

priority,)zwillzincurzgravezsinfulnesszonztheznegligentzaszwellzaszon

theirzhusbands.]

Itz isz writtenz inz thez bookz Jawhara:z “Az womanz mustz letz her

husbandzknowzwhenzherzhaidzbegins.zInzfact,zshezwillzbezgravely

sinfulzifzshezdoesznotztellzhimzwhenzhezasks.zItziszanzequallyzgrave

sinz ifz shez saysz thatz herz haidz hasz begunz whilez shez isz pure.z Our

Prophetz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’z stated:z ‘Ae womane who

concealsetheebeginningeandetheeterminationeofeherehaidefromeher

husbande ise accursed.’ Itz isz harâm,z az gravez sin,z toz havez anal

intercoursezwithzone’szwife,zduringzhaidzorzotherwise.”zHezwho

doeszsoziszaccursed.zPederastyziszevenzmorezsinful.zThezSûrat-ul-

Anbiyâ’z statesz thatz pederastyz isz anz “extremelye vilee deed.” A

hadîthz quotedz inz Qâdîzâda’sz commentaryz toz Birgiwî states,z “If

youecatcheinetheeactethoseewhoecommitepederastyeasedidetheetribe

ofe Lût [1] ,e kille theme both!” Somez Islamicz scholarsz havez saidz that

theyz bothz mustz bez burnedz alive.z Itz hasz beenz discoveredz in

Americaz thatz thez horridz diseasez calledz AIDS,z whichz hasz been

[1] Inhabitantsz ofz thez ancientz townsz ofz Sodomz (andz Gomorrah),z who

werezfamouszforztheirzimmoralities.

–z59 –

spreadingzwithzgreatzspeedzamongzthosezwhozpractisezpederasty,

iszmorezfatalzwithzthosezwhozeatzpork.zNozmedicinezhaszsozfarzbeen

developedztozcurezthiszdisease,zwhosezviruszwaszdiagnosedzinz1985.

Thezthirdztypezofzghuslzthatziszfardzconcernszazpersonzwhozhas

becomezjunub.zSuchzazpersonzmustzwashzhimselfz(makezazghusl)

whenzhezhasztozperformznamâz.zTherezarezthreezwayszofzbecoming

junub:z Whenz thez tipz ofz thez penisz (itsz roundishz partz underz the

prepuce)zenterszthezvulva;zwhenzthezman’szviscouszwhitezsemenzor

thez woman’sz yellowishz ovumz fluidz isz thrownz outz lustfully;z orz by

nocturnalzemission,zi.e.,zwhenzhezorzshezhaszazlustfulzdreamzand

seeszthatzsemenzorzmazy haszissuedzwhenzhezorzshezwakeszup; in

suchzazcase,zbothzthezmanzandzthezwomanzbecomezjunub.zInzthe

HanafîzandzShâfi’îzMadhhabs,zonezdoesznotzbecomezjunubzbyzthe

dischargez ofz mazy orz wadî.z Butz thez semenz thatz hasz issuedz may

becomezfluidzwithzthezeffectzofzheatzandzbezmistakenzforzmazy.

Toz makez az ghuslz forz Friday,z forz thez prayersz ofz thez Bayrams

(’Iyds)z ofz Fitrz andz Qurbân,z andz whilez onz thez mountz ofz Arafât

(whichzisznearzMekka)zonz’Arafazdayziszsunnat-izzawâid.zIfzazperson

whozhaszforgottenzthatzhezhaszbeenzjunubzmakeszazghuslzforzthe

Fridayz prayer,z hez becomesz pure.z Butz hez willz notz attainz the

blessingszforzperformingzanzactzthatziszfard.

Itziszwâjib-izkifâyaztozwashzazMuslimzwhenzheziszdead.zBeforeza

deadz Muslimz isz washedz (thez specialz prayerz ofz namâzz thatz Islam

commandszMuslimsztozperformzcollectivelyzbeforezthezinterment

ofzazdeadzMuslimzandzwhichzisztermedznamâzzofzjanâza)zcannotzbe

performed [1] .

WhenzazdisbelieverzbecomeszazMuslim,zitziszmustahabzforzhim

tozmakezazghusl.

Besidesz thesez eleven,z itz isz mustahabz toz makez az ghuslz before

puttingzonzthezihrâmzforzhajjzandz’umra;zwhenzenteringzMekkazor

Medîna;zwhenzstandingzforzwaqfazatzmuzdalifa;zbeforezwashingza

deadz Muslim;z afterz cupping;z onz Qadr,z ’Arafaz andz Barâtz nights;

whenz az madz personz becomesz sane;z andz forz az childz whoz reaches

fifteenzyearszofzage.zIfzazwomanzhaszsexualzintercoursezwhenzher

haidziszover,zonezghuslzforzbothziszenough.zWhenzazpersonzmakesza

ghuslzforzsomezotherzreasonzonzazFridayzorzonzazdayzofz’Iyd,zhezwill

alsoz bez givenz thez samez blessingsz asz hez wouldz bez givenz ifz he

performedz(another)zghuslzforzthesezprayerszofznamâz.

[1] Salâtz(namâz)zofzjanâzaziszexplainedzinzdetailzinzthezfifteenthzchapter

ofzthezfifthzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss.

–z60 –

Whenz thez stickyz liquidz calledz semenz issuesz forthz becausez of

beingz thrashed,z liftingz somethingz heavy,z orz fallingz downz fromz a

highz place,z az ghuslz isz notz necessaryz inz thez Hanafîz andz Malikî

Madhhabs.zButzitzisznecessaryzinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab.zAzHanafî

personz whoz imitatesz thez Shâfi’îz Madhhabz hasz toz takez thisz into

consideration.

Ifz thez semenz thatz leavesz itsz placez lustfullyz remainsz inz the

urethraz andz doesz notz goz out,z az ghuslz isz notz necessary.z Butz ifz it

comeszoutzlater,zevenzwithoutzlust,zitzwillzbeznecessaryztozmakeza

ghusl.z Ifz az personz whoz hasz az nocturnalz emission,z thatz is,z who

ejaculateszsemenzinzhiszdream,zwakeszupzandzsqueezeszhiszpeniszso

thatz thez semenz isz preventedz fromz comingz out,z thenz experiences

laterzon,zafterzhiszlustzhaszsubsided,zsemenzleakingzfromzhiszorgan,

azghuslzbecomesznecessaryzforzhim.zIfzazpersonzwhozhaszbecome

junubzmakeszazghuslzwithoutzurinatingzandzifzlaterzonzthezrestzof

thezsemenzissueszwithoutzlust,zhezhasztozmakezanotherzghusl.zIfzhe

hasz performedz namâzz withz hisz firstz ghusl,z hez doesz notz havez to

reperformz thez samez namâz.z Forz thisz reason,z inz thez Hanafîz and

HanbalîzMadhhabszitzisznecessaryztozurinatezandztherebyzwashzout

thezsemenzthatzhaszremainedzinzthezurethrazandzafterwardszmakeza

ghusl.zAzMuslimzinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhabzmustzmakezazghuslzagain

evenz ifz hez hasz urinated.z However,z az Muslimz inz thez Mâlikî

Madhhabzdoesznotzhaveztozmakezazghuslzagainzevenzifzhezhasznot

urinated.

Whenztheztipzofzthezpeniszgoeszintozthezvulvazorzintozazwoman’s

orzman’szanus,zazghuslzisznecessaryzforzbothzpersons,zregardlesszof

whetherz orz notz semenz wasz discharged.z Insertingz az penisz intoz an

animalz (sodomy) orz intoz az deadz personz (necrophilia) doesz not

necessitatezazghuslzifzsemenzwasznotzdischarged,zaccordingztozthe

Hanafîz Madhhab.z Anz animalz thusz abusedz mustz bez killedz (by

jugulation)z andz thez carcassz mustz bez burned.z Itz mayz bez eatenz as

well,z (ifz itz isz anz ediblez animal.)z Thesez twoz actsz arez donez by

psychopathsz calledz sadist.z Suchz actsz arez utterlyz abominablez and

gravezsins.

Ifzazpersonzwhozhaszaznocturnalzemissionznoticeszsomezwetness

onzhiszbed,zonzhiszunderwear,zorzonzhiszlegszandzjudgeszitztozbezthe

white,zfluidzliquidzcalledzmazy,zorzifzmazyzissueszfromzhimzwhile

awake,zazghuslzisznotznecessary.zIfzheznoticeszsomezsemenzwithout

rememberingz az nocturnalz emission,z az ghuslz isz necessaryz as

unanimouslyzstatedz(byzscholars).zIfzhezthinkszitzmayzbezmazy,zasza

precautionzazghuslzisznecessary.zIfzazpersonzrememberszthatzhezhad

aznocturnalzemission,zbutzdoesznotzseezanyzwetnesszanywhere,za

–z61 –

ghuslzisznotznecessary.zAfterzazwomanzmakeszazghusl,zifzsomezofzher

husband’szsemenzcomeszout,zazghuslzisznotznecessary.zIfzazdrunk

personzseeszsomezsemenzonzhimselfzafterzhezrecovers,zazghuslzis

necessary.zThezcaseziszthezsamezwithzazpersonzwhozhaszfainted.zIf

bothzthezwifezandzthezhusbandzseezsomezsemenzinztheirzbedzwhen

theyzwakezup,zazghuslzisznecessaryzforzboth,zevenzthoughztheyzdo

notzrememberzhavingzaznocturnalzemission.zIfzazgeniezdisguisedzas

az humanz beingz hasz sexualz intercoursez withz az person,z az ghuslz is

necessaryzforzthatzperson.zIfzthezgeniezdoesznotzcomezinzazhuman

figure,zthezpersonzwhozhaszanzexperiencezfromzthiszdoesznotzmake

azghusl.zIfzthezman’szsemen,zwhichzwaszdischargedzbyzrubbingzhis

peniszonzazpartzofzthezwoman’szbodyzexceptzherzvulva,zgoeszintozthe

vulva,zthezwomanzdoesznotzhaveztozmakezazghusl.zHowever,zifzshe

becomeszpregnantzaszazresult,zshezhasztozmakezazghuslzandzperform

thez prayersz ofz namâzz againz whichz shez hasz performedz sincez the

incidentzoccurred.

Whenzsuchzthingszaszazchild’szpenis,zanzanimal’szpenis,zazdead

person’szpenis,zorzanythingzlikezazpenis,zsuchzaszazfingerzorzazpenis

withzazcondomzonzitziszinsertedzintozthezvulva,zazghuslzisznecessary

ifzsheziszarousedzbyzit.zIfzshezdoesznotzenjoyzit,zmakingzazghuslzis

preferred.zMerâqil-felâh says:z“Semenzorzanzovumzreleasedzwhile

lookingzatzorzdaydreamingzaboutzthezoppositezsexzcauseszonezto

becomez junub.z Az woman’sz husbandz paysz forz thez waterz shez uses

whenzmakingzazghusl,zanzablutionzandzforzherzbath.zThezhusband

hasztozmeetzhiszwife’szneedszevenzifzsheziszrich.zIfzazman’szsemenzis

releasedzwhilezurinating,zhezmakeszazghuslzifzhiszpenisziszerect.

Ifzazwomanzbeginszmenstruatingzwhilezsheziszjunub,zshezmakes

az ghuslz immediatelyz ifz shez likes [1] ,z orz shez mayz waitz untilz the

menstruationziszoverzandzthenzmakezonezghuslzforzboth.

Durr-ul-munteqâ says:z “Itz isz permissiblez forz menz toz goz to

publicz bathsz forz men,z andz womenz alsoz arez permittedz toz goz to

publiczbathszforzwomen.zCoveringztheirzawratzpartszwithzthickzand

oversizedztowelsziszfard;zlookingzatzsomeonezelse’szawratzparts [2]

coveredz withz az thinz andz tightz towelz isz harâmz (prohibited).z Itz is

permissiblezforzhamâmz(publiczbath)zattendantsztozscourzdownzthe

skinzonzthezthighszofztheirzcustomersz(byzusingzazroughzclothzmitt)

[1] Ifzshezchoosesztozdozso,zshezwillzhaveztozmakezanotherzghuslzwhenzher

periodziszover.

[2] Partsz ofz az person’sz bodyz thatz shouldz bez underz coverz inz company,

(and/orzduringzcertainzactszofzworship,)zareztermedzawratzparts.zPlease

seezchapterz8zforzdetails.

–z62 –

andz toz lookz atz thosez partsz ofz theirz body,z providedz theyz are

covered.zItziszharâm,zhowever,zforzthemztoztouchztheirzawratzparts

underztheztowelz(withzbarezhands)zorztozlookzatztheirzbaredzawrat

parts.zPeoplezofzthezsamezsexzarezpermittedztozlookzatzorztouch

onezanother’szbody,zwithzthezexceptionzofztheirzawratzpartszand

withz thez provisoz thatz thez sightz orz thez contactz shouldz bez secure

againstzanyzlikelihoodzofzlust.zOnzthezotherzhand,zitziszprohibited

(harâm)zforzazmanztozlookzatzazwomanzwhoziszazdisbeliever,zeven

withoutzanyzlust.”zHezwhozfloutszazharâmz(prohibition)zconveyed

byznâsszorzijmâ’zwillzlosezhiszîmânz(faith)zandzbecomezazmurtadd

(renegade,zapostate).

Ifzazpersonzwhoziszjunubzhasznotzperformedztheznamâzzofzthe

currentztime,ztheyzwillznotzbezsinfulzforzdelayingztheirzghuslztillzthe

endzofzthezcurrentztime.zYetzitziszazgravezsinzforzhimztozdelayzitzany

longer.zItzisznotzsinfulztozsleepzorztozhavezsexualzintercoursezwhen

oneziszjunub.zItziszpermissibleztozmakezazghuslzbyzusingzthezsame

basinzorzcontainerztogetherzwithzone’szwife.zItzisztenzîhîzmakrûhzfor

azpersonzwhoziszjunubztozeatzorzdrinkzbeforezwashingzhiszhandszand

mouth.z For, thez waterz touchingz hisz mouthz andz handsz becomes

musta’mal [1] .zAndzitziszmakrûhztozdrinkzwaterzwhichziszmusta’mal.

Thez casez isz notz soz withz az womanz inz haid.z Forz shez hasz notz been

commandedztozmakezazghuslzwhilezmenstuating.z[Azwomanzinzhaid

canzsucklezherzbabyzwithoutzwashingzherzbreasts.zButzitziszmakrûh

forzazwomanzwhoziszjunubztozsucklezherzbabyzwithoutzwashingzoff

(herz nipples).]z Az woman’sz sucklingz herz babyz willz notz breakz her

ablution.

Itz isz makrûhz toz readz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz whenz one’sz awrat

partszarezexposedzorzinzthezpresencezofzpeoplezwhosezawratzparts

arezexposed.zTherefore,zazMuslimzwhozisztozreadz(orzrecite)zthe

Qur’ânzal-kerîmzwhilezlyingzinzbedzshouldzkeepztheirzheadzoutside

ofz thez blanketz asz theyz doz so,z ifz theyz arez wearingz somethingz not

coveringzallztheirzawratzparts.

Ifzazpersonzwhozbecomeszjunubzatzazhousezwherezhezhaszbeenza

guestzfearszthatzmakingzazghuslzmayzcausezslanderzorzsuspicion,zhe

doesznotzmakezazghusl.zAndzsincezitzisznotzpermissiblezforzhimzto

makezaztayammumzwhilezthereziszwater,zitziszpermissiblezforzhimzto

bez pretendingz toz performz namâzz whilez hez isz junub,z without

intending,z withoutz sayingz thez tekbîrz ofz iftitâh,z withoutz reciting

anythingz whilez standing, butz onlyz actingz asz ifz hez werez doingz the

rukû’zandzsajda.z[Also,zhezwhozhasztozperformznamâzzbehindzan

[1] Pleasezseezchapterz7zforzkindszofzwater.

–z63 –

imâmzwhoziszazlâ-Madhhabîzreformer,zdoeszlikewise.]

Itz isz harâmz toz enterz az mosquez orz toz evenz walkz throughz a

mosquezwhenzoneziszjunubzandzwhenzazwomanzhaszhaid.zIfzonezhas

noz otherz wayz thanz thez onez leadingz throughz az mosquez orz ifz one

becomeszjunubzinzazmosquezorzifzonezcannotzfindzwaterzanywhere

butzinzazmosque,zonezmakeszaztayammumzandzthenzonezcanzgozin

andzoutzofzthezmosque.zItziszharâmzinzallzfourzMadhhabszforzonezto

readz(orzrecite)zthezQur’ânzal-kerîm,ztozholdzazMus’hafzandztozvisit

thezKa’bazwhilezoneziszjunub.zItziszharâmzalsoztozholdzthezQur’ân

al-kerîm,z orz anythingz onz whichz âyatsz arez written,z withoutz an

ablution.z Itz isz permissiblez toz carryz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz in

somethingznotzattachedztozit,ze.g.zinzazbag.zItzisznotzharâmztozrecite

thezFâtihazorzthezâyatszwhichzarezsaidztozbezthezprayerzayâts,zwith

anzintentionztozmakezazprayer,z(notzaszthezQur’ân)zorztozsayzany

prayer,z yetz itz isz mustahabz toz sayz anyz prayerz withz anz ablution.

Tafsîrs (explanationszofzthezQur’ân)zarezlikezthezQur’ânzal-kerîm.

Otherzbookszofzdînzarezlikezprayers.zItzisznotzpermissibleztozwrap

somethingzinzanyzpiecezofzpaperzonzwhichzinformationzofzfiqhzis

written.zIfzAllâhuzta’âlâ’szNamezorznameszofzProphetsz‘’alaihimzussalâm’

arezwrittenzonzsomezpaper,zthingszcanzbezwrappedzinzitzonly

afterzerasingztheznames.zButzitziszmorezhonorableznotztozusezsuch

thingszaszwrappingzpapers,zforzthezletterszofzthezQur’ânzarezalso

sacred.z Itz isz writtenz inz thez booksz Hadîqae andz Latâif-ul-ishârat:

“ThezHeavenlyzBookzrevealedztozHadradzHûdz‘’alaihis-salâm’zwas

inzIslamiczletters.”zItziszwrittenzonzthezsixzhundredzandzthirty-third

pagezofzthezsecondzvolumezofzHadîqa: “Itziszmakrûhztozlayzcarpets,

mats,zorzprayer-rugszcarryingzsacredzwritingszwovenzorzpaintedzon

them,zonzthezfloor,zorztozsitzonzthemzorztozusezthemzforzanyzpurpose

whatsoever.z Itz isz alsoz makrûhz toz writez sacredz writingsz onz coins,

mihrâbszandzwalls.zButzitzisznotzmakrûhztozhangzthemzonzwalls.”

[Thisz interdictionz appliesz alsoz toz picturesz ofz thez Ka’ba-imu’azzama.zPrayer-rugszwithoutzpictureszorzembroiderieszonzthem

mustzbezpreferred.]

WezrepeatzthatzitziszfardzinzthezHanafîzandzHanbalîzMadhhabs

tozwashzinsidezthezmouthzwhilezmakingzazghusl.zThen,zthosezwho

arez Hanafîz shouldz notz havez theirz teethz filledz orz crownedz unless

theyzstronglyzneedztozdozso.zWezmustznotzletzourzteethzdecay.zTo

avoidzthis,zwezmustztakezcarezofzourzteethzaszcommandedzbyzour

religionzandzwezmustzusezmiswâks.zFrance’szvaluablezmedicalzbook

entitledz Laroussee Illustrée Medical writesz thez followingz about

dentalz care:z “Allz kindsz ofz toothz paste,z powderz orz liquidz are

harmful.z Thez bestz methodz forz cleaningz thez teethz isz withz az hard

–z64 –

brush.zInzthezbeginningzitzmakeszthezteethzbleed.zYouzshouldznot

bezinhibited.zItzwillzstrengthenzthezgums,zsozthatztheyzwillznozlonger

bleed.”zLikezeverybody,zIzhadzbeenzusingztoothpaste.zTwozofzmy

teethzbeganztozdecay.zWhenzIzreadzthezFrenchzbookzIzbeganzusing

azmiswâk.zMyzteethzstoppedzdecaying.zItzwaszmorezthanzsixtyzyears

ago.zEverzsincezthenzIzhavezhadznozcomplaintszaboutzmyzteethzor

stomach.z Ibniz ’Âbidînz wrotez inz Radd-ule muhtâr:z “Itz isz sunnat-i

muakkadaz toz usez az miswâkz whenz performingz anz ablution.z A

hadîth-i-sherîfzstates:z‘Aenamâzewhicheiseperformedeaftereusingea

miswâkeiseseventy-foldesuperioretoeaenamâzewithouteaemiswâk.’ A

miswâkzmustzbezstraight,zaszwidezaszthezsecondzsmallzfinger,zandza

spanzlong.zThezmiswâkziszderivedzfromzazbranchzofzthezerâkz(peelo)

treezgrowingzinzArabia.z[Shavingzitzaboutztwozcentimetreszfromzthe

straightz end,z youz keepz thisz partz inz waterz forz az couplez ofz hours.

Whenzyouzpresszit,zitzwillzopenzlikezazbrush.]zWhenzthezerâkztree

cannotzbezfound,zazmiswâkzcanzbezmadezfromzanzolivezbranch.zYou

shouldznotzmakezitzfromzazpomegranatezbranch.zIfzanzerâkzorzolive

treezcannotzbezfoundzorzifzonezdoesznotzhavezteeth,zthezsunnatzmust

bezcarriedzoutzwithzone’szfingers.zThezmiswâkzhaszmorezthanzthirty

advantages,zwhichzarezwrittenzinzTahtâwî’szKhâshiyatueMarâqealfalâh.zFirstly,zitzcauseszoneztozdiezwithzîmân.zItziszmakrûhzforzmen

tozchewzgumzwithoutzanyz’udhrz(strongznecessity),zevenzwhenzthey

areznotzfasting.zWomenzmustzusezchewingzgumzwhenztheyzareznot

fastingzinsteadzofzazmiswakzwithzthezintentionzofzperformingzthe

sunnat.”

Question:zItziszsaidzthatzallzthezfuqahâzandzmujtahidszagreezthat

ourzreligionzgiveszpermissionztozhavezone’szteethzrepaired.zIfzthey

disagreezonzwhetherzthezrepairszmustzbezofzgoldzorzsilver,zdoeszthis

affectztheirzagreement?

Answer:z Havingz one’sz teethz repairedz meansz puttingz az false

toothzthatzcanzbeztakenzoutzwheneverzonezwisheszinzthezplacezofza

missingztooth,zfasteningzaztoothzwhichziszaboutztozfallzout,zorzhaving

one’sz teethz filledz orz crowned.z Toz changez thez fatwâz ofz Hanafî

scholarsz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaihimzajma’în’ whereinztheyzstate

thatz “itz isz permissiblez toz fastenz az loosez toothz withz gold”z into

“Thereziszunanimityzaboutzitzbeingzpermissibleztozhavezone’szteeth

repaired.zItziszpermissibleztozhavezone’szteethzfilledzorzcrowned,”

meanszeitherznotztozunderstandzthezdeclarationzofzthezfuqahâ orzto

adaptzthesezdeclarationsztozone’szownzinsidiouszandzbasezdesires,

eitherz ofz whichz isz bothz shamefulz andz sinful.z Ourz mujtahids

disagreedzonzwhetherzitzwouldzbezfastenedzwithzgoldzorzsilver.zIn

fiqhz booksz ofz thez Hanafîz Madhhabz tyingz az loosez toothz isz called

–z65 –

shad orz tadbîb.z Shadz (inz Arabic)z meansz toz soundlyz fastenz with

wire.z Forz example,z shadd-uz-zunnâr meansz toz fastenz az priest’s

girdle.zItziszwrittenzinzthezparagraphzaboutzsittingzonzazsofazmade

byztadbîbzinzthezbookszentitledzTahtâwî andzHindiyya,zwhichzare

annotationsztozthezbookzentitledzDurr-ul-mukhtâr,zandzalsozinzthe

bookszDurr-ul-muntaqâ andzJâmi’ur-rumûz thatztadbîbzmeanszto

windzazbandzaroundzsomethingzwidezandzflatzlikezthezslidingziron

barzofzazdoor.zItziszwrittenzinzBezzâziyya andzinzHindiyya:z“Itzis

permissibleztozeatzandzdrinkzfromzcontainerszengravedzwithzgold

andzsilverzdesigns.zYetzyouzmustznotztouchzthezsilverzorzthezgold

withzyourzhandszorzmouth.zThezImâmaynz(Imâm-i-AbûzYûsufzand

Imâm-i-Muhammad)zsaidzthatzitziszmakrûhztozusezsuchzcontainers.

Soziszthezcasezwithzazcontainerzthatzhaszbeenzmadezbyztadbîb.zItzis

permissibleztozapplyztadbîbzonzazsofazorzthezsaddlezofzanzanimal,

butz youz mustz notz sitz onz thosez partsz ofz itz consistingz ofz goldz and

silver.zItziszpermissibleztozapplyztadbîbzonzthezcoverzofzazvolumezof

Qur’ânz al-kerîm.z Butz thez goldz andz thez silverz onz itz mustz notz be

touched.”zHence,ztadbîbzdoesznotzmeanztozcoverzthezentirezsurface

ofz something,z butz itz meansz toz placez az metalz bandz around

something.zItziszwrittenzinzbookszofzfiqh:z“Itziszpermissibleztozapply

tadbîbzofzgoldzonzazlooseztooth.”zThiszstatementzmeanszthatzitzis

permissiblez toz fastenz az loosez toothz withz az goldz wirez orz bandz in

orderztozpreventzitzfromzfalling.zThisziszbecausezwaterzpenetrates

underzsuchzteeth.zInzfact,zasztoday’szprostheseszcanzbeztakenzout

whilezmakingzazghusl,ztheztyingzwireszandzbandszcanzbezremoved,

cleaned,z andz replacedz afterz az ghusl.z Otherwise,z thez foodz that

remainsz betweenz themz wouldz causez stenchz andz damagez inz the

mouth.zTozsayzthatzthezscholarszofzfiqhzsaidzthatzitzwaszpermissible

tozcrownzazlooseztoothzisztozslanderzthosezgreatzpeople.zFor,zazloose

toothzcannotzbezcrowned,zbutzitzcanzbeztied.zAszseen,zazrealzmanzof

religionzwouldznotzconcoctzthezfatwâ:z“Itziszpermissibleztozcrown

teeth,”z byz interpretingz thez wordz “tadbîb” asz “crowning.”z The

assertionzthatzbookszofzfiqhzcontainzstatementszaccedingztoz“filling

orzcrowningzdecayingzteethzwithzgoldzorzsilver”zbegszthezquestion

whetherztheyzcontainzazsinglezallusionzthatzcouldzbezinterpretedzas

az “permissionz toz havez yourz decayingz teethz filledz orz crowned,”

whichztheyzdoznot.

Peoplezwhozhavezlittlezinformationzonzmatterszofzfiqhzandzwho

doz notz understandz mujtahids’z statements,z cannotz differentiate

betweenz thez expressionz “havingz anz artificialz toothz madez or

fasteningzazlooseztooth”zwithzthezexpressionz“havingzone’szteeth

filledzorzcrowned.”zTheyzattemptztozstretchzmujtahids’zstatements

–z66 –

sozasztozconflatezthemzallzintozanzaggregatezofzconvenienceszoffered

inzcase ofzazdarûratz(strongznecessity,zinevitablezsituation).zThese

poorzpeoplezdoznotzrealizezthatztherezisznozneedzforzsearchingzforza

darûratzconcerningztyingzazlooseztoothzorzhavingzazmovableztooth

mountedz inz placez ofz az missingz tooth.z Az darûratz isz searchedz for

whenzyouzhaveztozdozsomethingzthatzisznotzpermissibleztozdo.zSince

itzisznotzprohibitedztozfastenzone’sztoothzorztozmountzazfalseztooth,

whyzshouldzonezlookzforzazdarûrat?zInzanzattemptztozrationalizezthe

fillingszandzcrowningszinztheirzownzmouthszandzconvincezMuslims

thatztheirzghuslziszproperlyzperformed,zsomezpeoplezseizedzupon

thezwordz‘necessity’zinzthez“necessityzforzfasteningzthezteethzwith

goldzinsteadzofzsilverzwires,”zbrandishedzit,zsoztozspeak,zaszifzitzwere

thez ultimatez weapon,z andz clamoured:z “Itz hasz beenz declared

unanimouslyz thatz itz isz az necessityz toz havez one’sz teethz repaired.”

Thusz theyz confusedz thez Muslimsz inz thez Hanafîz Madhhabz and

blockedz thez wayz leadingz toz thez gracez ofz Allâhuz ta’âlâ.z These

peoplezpointzaszazproofztozthezdeclarationzthatztheztotteringzteeth

canz bez fastenedz unconditionally.z However,z thez wiresz tyingz the

teethztightlyzandzfalsezteethzcanzbeztakenzout,zcleanedzandzputzback

inz theirz places.z Thez unanimousz declarationz byz Islamicz savants

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaihimzajma’în’ refersztozthezwireszandzthe

teethzthatzcanzbeztakenzoutzwhenzmakingzazghusl.zItzwouldzbezan

abominablezslanderzagainstzthosezgreatzscholarsztozsayzthatzthey

permittedzsuchzobstacleszaszcrownszandzfillings,zwhichzdoznotzlet

waterzthrough,zwhilezthereziszthezfactzthatztheyzalsozdeclared:z“Itzis

fardztozwashztoothzcavitieszandzinzbetweenzthezteethzwhenzmaking

azghusl.”zThosezscholarszsaidznotzonlyzthatzitzwaszpermissibleztozuse

azgoldzfalseztooth,zbutzalsozthatzitzwaszpermissibleztozwearzazsilver

ring.zPermissionztozwearzazsilverzringzdoesznotzmeanzthatzthezskin

underzitzwillzbezexemptzfromzbeingzwashed.zTheyzsaidzthatzitzwas

necessaryztozmoistenzthezskinzunderzthezringzbyztakingzitzoffzorzby

shiftingzit.zTheyzsaidzthatzanzablutionzorzazghuslzwouldznotzbezsahîh

ifzthezskinzunderzaztightzringzwasznotzmoistened.zHavingzaztooth

crownedziszlikezwearingzazring.zSinceztheztoothzunderzazfillingzor

crownzisznotzmoistened,zthezghuslzwillznotzbezacceptable.

Question:z Itz isz notz az requirementz toz makez waterz reachz very

difficultz partsz whilez makingz az ghusl.z Itz isz forz thisz reasonz that

washingzinsidezthezeyes,zinsidezthezforeskin,zandzforzwomenzunder

theirzplaits,ziszexcused.zIfzazpersonzwithzazheadachezcannotzmake

azmasahzonzhiszhead,zmakingzmasahzonzhiszheadzisznotzobligatory

forzhim.zWhenzthezteethzarezrepairedzbecausezofzazdarûrat,zdoesn’t

thezobligationzofzwashingzthezteethzbecomeznullzandzvoid?

–z67 –

Answer:zThezIslamiczrulezstatingzthatz“ifzazcertainzpartzofzthe

bodyzcannotzbezwettedzbecausezofzsomezharaj tozwetzit,zthezghusl

soz performedz willz bez accepted,”z isz notz anz allinclusivez rule.z It

appliesz toz predicamentsz resultingz fromz az darûrat,z i.e.z az natural

situationzinzwhichzyouzhavezbeenzphysicallyzinvolved,zorzsomething

youzhavezhadztozdozinzorderztozperformzanzIslamiczcommandment.

Difficultiesz thatz az Muslimz hasz runz intoz asz az resultz ofz theirz own

doingszarezexcludedzfromzthezabsolvementzofferedzviazthatzrule.

Whenzazharajz(difficulty,zpredicament)zariseszaszazresultzofzyour

ownzdoings,zyouzareztozimitatezonezofzthezotherzthreezMadhhabs,

i.e.z thez onez inz whichz youz willz notz encounterz thez samez haraj.z A

severez headachez isz az darûratz whichz occurredz involuntarily.z Not

beingzableztoztouchzone’szheadzinzthiszcaseziszharaj.zTherefore,zone

willzbezexemptedzfromzwashingzorzmakingzmasahzofzone’szhead.zAs

iszexplainedzinzthezthirdzchapter,zinzitszeleventhzparagraphzdealing

withzmakingzmasahzonzsplints,zitziszdeclaredz(byzscholars)zthatzafter

az woundz hasz healedz itz isz notz permissiblez toz makez masahz onz the

medicine,zointment,zorzbandagezputzoverzit,zandzthatzitzisznecessary

tozremovezthemzandzwashz(thezskin)zunderzthem.zItziszsaidz(byzfiqh

scholars)zthatzifzthereziszharajzinzremovingzthesezthings,zsincezthese

thingszareznotzincludedzinzthezcategoryzofzdarûratszthatzoccurred

involuntarily,z thez personz concernedz imitatesz anotherz Madhhab.

Accordingz toz anotherz statementz madez byz mujtahids;z inz casez the

samezharajzexistszinzthezotherzthreezMadhhabs,ztoo,zoneziszabsolved

fromzhavingztozwashzunderzthem,zsinceztheyzwerezplacedztherezdue

tozsomezdarûrat,zthatzis,ztozcurezthezwound.zAszazmatterzofzfact,

sincezwashingzthezwholezbody,zincludingzazwoundzorzsorezthatzis

immuneztozwater,zwhenzmakingzghuslziszfardz(obligatory)zinzallzthe

otherzthreezMadhhabszaszwell,zitziszimpossibleztozimitatezonezofzthe

otherzthreezMadhhabs,zi.e.zazdifficultyzorzpredicamentzcoexistszwith

thezdarûratzthatzhaszcausedzit,zoneziszabsolvedzfromzhavingztozwash

thezpartszconcerned.zItziszfardzforzazwomanzwithzplaitsztozmoisten

onlyz thez bottomz ofz herz hair.z Ibniz ’Âbidînz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâ

’alaih’ writes:z“Becausezwomenzarezprohibitedzfromzshavingztheir

hair,ztheyzhavezbeenzexcusedzfromzundoingztheirzplaits.zMenzare

immunezfromzthiszdarûrat.zThezfactzthatzhaircutziszsunnatzforzmen

iszwrittenzinzthezfifthzvolumezofzIbniz’Âbidîn.zForzthiszreasonzmen

haveztozundozandzwashztheirzplaitedzhair.”zWomen’sznotzundoing

theirzplaitedzhairzdoesznotzabsolvezmenzfromzhavingztozundoztheir

plaitedzhair.zThezdifferenceziszbeausezthereziszdarûratzandzharajzfor

thezformer.zHowever,ztherezisznozdarûrat,zthoughzthereziszharaj,

concerningzmen’szhair.

–z68 –

Therezisznozharajz(difficulty)zinzremovingzartificialzteethzwhen

makingzazghusl.zTheyzcanzeasilyzbezremovedzandzthezskinzunder

themzcanzbezwashed.zItziszpermissibleztozhavezsuchzartificialzteeth

made.zItziszunnecessaryzforzMuslimszwhozusezthemztozimitatezone

ofzthezotherzthreezMadhhabs.

Question:zImâm-iza’zamzsaidzthatzthezdarûratzofzhavingzone’s

teethz repairedz couldz bez metz byz usingz silver.z Iz readz thisz inz a

preacher’sz book.z Thez samez bookz writesz thatz Itqânîz saysz that

Imâm-i-Muhammadzmayzhavezsaidzaszfollows:z“Wezdoznotzadmit

thatztheznecessityzofzhavingzone’szteethzrepairedzwillzhavezbeen

metzbyzusingzsilver.zFor,zsilver,zwhichzcauseszaznoxiouszscentzon

theznose,zwouldzcausezitzonzthezteeth,ztoo.”zSo,zitziszquitezobvious

thatzhavingzone’szteethzrepairedziszazdarûrat,zthezbookzadds.zWhat

dozyouzsayzaboutzthis?

Answer:z Itz mustz bez untruez thatz thez bookz youz havez readz was

writtenzbyzazpreacher.zAzpersonzwhozconveyszthezbookszofzfiqhzso

incorrectlyz isz eitherz az veryz ignorantz manz orz anz abjectz liar,z a

falsifier.zNotezwhatzRadd-ul-muhtâr writeszinzitszsectionzcalledzAlhazare

wal-ibâha:z “Imâm-i-a’zamz discriminatedz betweenz tyingz a

toothzandzmakingzanzartificialznose.zHezstatedzthatzitziszpermissible

tozhavezanzartificialznosezmadezofzgoldzbecausezazsilverznosezwould

constitutezazdarûratzonzaccountzofzthezstenchzthatzsilverzcauses,zfor

somethingzwhichziszharâmzcanzbezpermissiblez(mubâh)zonlyzwhen

thereziszazdarûrat.zHowever,zwhenzsilverziszusedzforzthezteeth,zthe

darûratz willz noz longerz exist.z Therez willz noz longerz bez az needz for

usingzgold,zwhichziszmorezvaluable.zItqânîzsaidzthatzinzorderztozhelp

HadratzImâm-izMuhammadzazpersonzmightzsay:z“Wezdoznotzadmit

thatzthezdarûratzinztyingzthezteethzwithzgoldziszeliminatedzbyzusing

silver.zForzsilverzwillzcausezazstenchzonzthezteethzaszwellzaszonzthe

nose.”zAsziszseen,zneitherzImâm-iza’zamznorzImâm-izMuhammad

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaihimâ’zutteredzthezexpression,z“thezdarûrat

concerningz havingz anz artificialz toothz made.”z Az personz whoz had

hadz crownedz teethz shouldz havez fabricatedz thisz darûratz lestz he

wouldzbezloweredzinzthezeyeszofzthezMuslimszandzsozthatzhezwould

havez thez sympathyz ofz thosez whoz hadz hadz theirz teethz crowned.

Concerningz thez tyingz ofz teethz ourz imâmsz (thez mujtahidsz inz our

Madhhab)z said:z “Whenz silverz causesz az stench,z thez darûratz of

fasteningzwithzgoldzoccurs.zIfzusingzsilverzdoesznotzcausezazstench,

thiszdarûratzwillznozlongerzexist.”zItzisznotzforzuszlaymenzinzreligious

matters,zwhozareznotzmujtahids,ztozsayzwhetherzorznotztherezisza

darûrat.zIslamzauthorizeszmujtahidsztoztalkzonzthiszmatter.zThose

menzofzreligionzwhozareznotzmujtahidszdoznotzhavezthezrightztoztalk

–z69 –

onz thisz matter.z Ifz theyz talk,z theirz wordsz willz havez noz value.z Our

scholarszhavezdeclaredzunanimouslyzthatzafterzthezfourzhundredth

yearzofzthezHegiraztherezhaveznotzbeenzanyzscholarszeducatedzin

thezgradezofzijtihâd.zFindingzmujtahids’zfatwâs,zourzscholarszhave

writtenzthemzinzbookszofzfiqh.zItziszwrittenzclearlyzinzbookszofzfiqh

thatzazghuslzwillznotzbezacceptablezwhenzwaterzdoesznotzpenetrate

underzthezfoodzremainszwithinztoothzcavitieszandzthatzthereziszno

darûratzorzharajzinzthis.zWezhavezexplainedzthiszabove.zFor,zitzis

possiblez toz removez thez remnantsz ofz foodz inz toothz cavitiesz and

betweenzthezteethzwhenzyouzarezmakingzazghusl,zandzthereziszno

haraj,z difficultyz inz doingz this.z Itz isz writtenz inz thez translationz of

Qâmûs:z“Darûrat,zwhichzcauseszharajzinzdoingzazfard,zi.e.zhinders

itsz performance,z eitherz arisesz fromz compulsion,z e.g.z women

growingztheirzhairzlongzz–zthezSharî’atzhaszprohibitedzthemzfrom

cuttingztheirzhairz–zorzitziszintendedztozcurezanzailingzlimbzorztozfeed

thezbodyzandzprotectzitzagainstzdangers.zOr,zitziszbecauseztherezis

noz otherz way.”z Inz casez therez isz az harajz andz itz isz impossiblez to

imitatez anyz onez ofz thez otherz threez Madhhabs,z thez policyz toz be

followedz isz toz seez whetherz thez presentz harajz hasz arisenz outz ofz a

darûrat.z Therez isz az harajz inz women’sz undoingz theirz plaitedz hair.

Sincez itz isz impossiblez forz themz toz imitatez anotherz Madhhabz and

therebyz getz overz thez harajz andz growingz theirz hairz longz is

consequentzuponzazdarûrat,ztheyzhavezbeenzabsolvedzfromzhaving

tozundoztheirzplaitedzhair.

Azpersonzwithzazdecayingzorzachingztoothzmustzgoztozazpious

Muslimzdentist.zThezdentistzrelieveszhimzfromzhiszvehementzpain

byzputtingzcottonzwithzmedicinezintozhisztooth.zLater,zthezcotton

willzbeztakenzout;ztheztoothzwithzthezpainzhaszbeenzrelieved.zThe

dentistz thenz willz suggestz twoz optionsz toz theirz patient:z Thez first

way,zhezwillzsay,zisztozextractzthezdecayingztoothzandzreplacezit

withzanzartificialzone;zthezsecondzwayzisztozkillztheznervezattached

tozthezdecayingztoothzandzthenzfillzorzcrownzit.zIfzthezdecayzinzthe

toothz isz new,z itz isz filledz inz andz thez decayingz isz haltedz forz some

time.zDependingzonzthezdentist’szskill,zthisztoothzcanzbezusedzvery

wellz forz manyz longz years.z Inz advancedz casesz fillingz is

impracticable.zInzsuchzcases,zonlyztheztoothzrootziszutilizedzbyzway

ofz crowning.z Inz casez thez rootz alsoz hasz decayed,z thez toothz is

extractedzandzazprosthesisziszused.zAzprosthesiszisznotzaszpraticalzas

az crowning,z andz soz isz thez casez withz az crowningz whenz compared

withzazfilling.zCrowningzorzfillingzdoesznotzcurezanzailingztooth.zNor

doeszitzrestorezitztozitszformerzhealthyzcondition.zItzonlyzhelpszto

usezthezailingztoothzwithoutzsufferingzpain.zWhenzazpersonzwithza

–z70 –

toothzfilledzorzcrownedzimitateszthezMâlikîzorzShâfi’îzMadhhab,zhe

orzshezattainszthezsamezthawâbzaszgainedzbyzpeoplezwithoutzany

excuse.zIfzitzwerezimpossibleztozimitatezthesezMadhhabs,zfillingzor

crowningzwouldzbecomezazdarûratzandzhiszorzherzprayerszofznamâz

wouldzbezsahîh.zYet,zbecausezhezorzshezwouldzhavezanzexcuse,zhis

orz herz thawâbz wouldz bez less.z Asz isz seen,z imitatingz another

Madhhabznotzonlyzcauseszmuchzthawâb,zbutzalsozsaveszthezteeth

fromzbeingzextracted.

Itzwouldzbezwrongztozassertzthatzfillingzorzcrowningzyourzteeth

is a darûratzbyzsaying,z“Aztoothziszazlimb,ztoo.zIsn’tzitzazdarûratzto

havez az decayingz toothz cured?z Youz yourselfz saidz thatz itz wasz a

darûratztoztiezazlooseztooth.”zInzfact,ztozcrownzorzfillzaztoothzdoes

notz meanz toz curez it.z Itz meansz toz removez thez nervez fromz the

decayingz toothz andz toz usez thez deadz toothz likez az prostheticz or

artificialz tooth.z Thez artificialz toothz isz permissiblez sincez itz is

movable,z whereasz crownsz andz fillingsz arez notz permissiblez since

theyzareznotzmovable.zToday,zmakingzprostheseszforzachingzteeth

isznotzveryzpainfulzorzdifficult.zByzcontrast,zkillingztheznervezofza

toothz causesz az lotz ofz painz andz trouble.z Imitatingz thez Shâfi’î

Madhhabziszpermissiblezalsozforzonezwhozsays,z“Thereziszharajzin

usingzanzartificialztooth,zbutztherezisznozharajzinzusingzazcrowning

orzfilling.”zInzthezprocesszofztimezthezrootzofzazcrownedzorzfilled

toothzbecomeszazhomezforztoxinszandzcauseszvariouszdiseaseszinzthe

otherzorgans.zFalsezteeth,zonzthezotherzhand,zdoznotzproducezany

toxins.

Thosezwhozhavezgottenztheirzteethzcrownedzaszornamentation

orztheirzteethzfilledzwithoutz(thezcausezof)zaztooth-achezorzdecay

shouldzimitatezthezShâfi’îzMadhhabzwhenzperformingzazghusl.zItzis

writtenzclearlyzinzIbnie’Âbidîn atzthezendzofzthezchapterzonzprayer

timeszthatzwhenzthereziszazharaj,zimitatingzonezofzthezotherzthree

Madhhabszdoesznotzdependzonzthezconditionzthatztherezshouldzalso

existzazdarûrat.zAszazmatterzofzfact,zaszwezhaveznotedzabove,zitzis

notzazdarûratztozhavezyourztoothzcrownedzorzfilledzonzaccountzofzan

achezorzdecay.zTherefore,zwezshouldznotzlookzonzthosezMuslims

whoz hadz theirz teethz repairedz asz dirtyz people;z norz shouldz we

harbourzazsuspicionzaboutzthem.

Itzwouldzbezquitezwrongztozthinkzthatzthezfactzthatzitziszmubâh

toz usez goldz onz thez teethz thoughz goldz isz harâmz forz menz toz use

otherwisez willz showz thatz crowningz orz evenz tyingz thez teethz isz a

darûrat.z Thoughz menz havez beenz prohibitedz fromz usingz silver

utensils,ztheyzhavezbeenzpermittedztozwearzsilverzrings.zAszitzwould

bezquitezwrongztozthinkzthatzwearingzazringzisznecessaryzbecause

–z71 –

silverzringszhavezbecomezpermissiblezorztozthinkzitzisznecessaryzto

usezgoldzorzsilverznoseszandzearszbecausezitziszpermissibleztozuse

them,zlikewisezitzwouldzbezwrong,zslanderouszandzsinfulztozsayzthat

Islamicz scholarsz agreedz onz thez factz thatz crowningz thez teethz was

necessary [1] .

Aszthezlastzandzmostzirrefutablezproof,zwezshallzinformzyouzthat

thiszfaqîr [2] haszthezoriginalzcopyzofzthez(Turkish)zBookleteofeNamâz

whichz thez profoundz scholarz Sayyidz Abdulhakîmz Arwasî

‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z whoz wasz anz expertz inz thez four

Madhhabsz alongz withz theirz subtlez particulars,z wrotez with his

blessedzhand.zHezstateszinzthezbooklet:z“InzthezShâfi’îzMadhhabza

ghuslzhasztwozfards.zThezfirstzoneziszintention.zThatzis,zonezmust

think,z ‘Iz intendz toz makez az ghuslz inz orderz toz purifyz myselfz of

janâbat,’zaszwaterzfirstztoucheszeachzlimb,zi.e.zthezhands,zthezface,

etc.zInzotherzwords,zitzisztozkeepzthiszintentionzinzone’szheartzwhile

washingzeachzlimb.zThiszintentionzisznotzcompulsoryzinzthezHanafî

Madhhab.zThezsecondzfardzisztozwashzthezwholezbodyzwithzwater.

Itziszalsozfardztozremovezallznajâsat,zifzthereziszany,zfromzthezbody.

ItzisznotzfardzinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhabztozwashzinsidezthezmouthzand

nose,zthatzis,ztozmakezwaterzreachzthesezparts.zButzinzthezHanafî

Madhhab,z itz isz fardz toz makez waterz reachz thesez parts.z Forz this

reason,zthosezwhozarezinzthezHanafîzMadhhabzcannotzcrownzorzfill

theirzteethzbecausezinzthatzcasezwaterzwillznotzreachzthesezparts.

Thosezwhozhavezalreadyzcrownedzorzfilledztheirzteethzwillzhavezto

imitatezthezShâfi’îzMaddhab.”

[Itz isz statedz inz Al-muqaddamat-ul-izziyya: “Inz thez Mâlikî

Madhhab,zifzsomeznajâsatzfallszintozcleanzwaterzinzazcontainer,

andzyetzifzitzhasznotzchangedzonezofzthezthreezpropertiesz(colour,

smell,zandztaste)zofzthezwater,zitziszsahîhztozusezitzforzablutionzor

ghusl,zyetzitziszmakrûh.zSoziszthezcasezwithzmâ-izmusta’malz(water

usedzforzghuslzorzablution).zOnezshouldzenterzaztoiletztakingzthe

firstzstepzwithzone’szleftzfootzandzwithzsomethingzcoveringzone’s

head.z Urinez andz excrementz ofz animalsz withz ediblez fleshz are

clean.zThezcarcass [3] ,zbones,znails,zhorns,zskinszofzthesezanimals,

[1] Forzthezsakezofzfluencyzandzsimplicityzinzthezdeliveryzofzourzargument,

wez havez usedz thez wordz ‘necessity’z forz thez technicalz wordz ‘darûrat’,

whichzinzturnziszexplainedzatzvariouszplaceszinztheztext.

[2] Thez blessedz Islamicz scholar,z Husaynz Hilmiz binz Sa’îdz Işık ‘quddisa

sirruh’,zmeanszhimself.

[3] Whatziszmeantzbyzthezwordz‘carcass’zisz‘lesh’z(orzlash),zwhichzmeanszan

ediblezanimalzthatzhasznotzbeenzkilledzinzazmannerzdictatedzbyzIslam.

–z72 –

(i.e.zthosezthatzarezfromzthatzcarcass,) aszwellzaszazhumanzcorpse,

semen,zmazî,zalcoholiczdrinkszarezallznajsz(dirty,zfoul).zNamâzzon

azthickzclothzlaidzonzaznajszplacezorzwhenzyouzarezsmearedzwith

bloodz orz pusz coveringz anz areaz smallerz thanz az palm,z isz sahîh

(valid) [1] .zItziszfardztozmakezazniyyatzbeforezbeginningzazghusl,zto

makezdalk ofzthezwholezbodyz[tozrubzgentlyzwithzthezpalmzof

yourzhandzorzwithzaztowel],ztozobservezthezmuwâlât [tozwashzthe

limbszonezimmediately afterzanother],ztozmakezkhilâl ofzthezhair

andzbeardz(tozcombzthemzwithzyourzfingers),ztozundoztheztightly

plaitedzhairzandztozmakezkhilâlzofzitzthoroughly.zItziszsunnatzto

washz insidez yourz mouth,z nostrilsz andz ears,z andz toz washz your

hair.z Ifz youz rememberz laterz thatz youz forgotz toz washz az certain

partz onz yourz body,z bez itz az monthz later,z youz washz thatz part

immediately.z Ifz youz doz notz washz itz immediately,z yourz ghusl

becomesznullzandzvoid.zAnzablutionziszmadezbeforezorzafterzeach

ghusl.

“Also,zitziszfardz(farz)ztozmakezazniyyatzbeforezbeginningzan

ablutionzorzwhenzwashingzthezface,ztozmakezmasahzonzthezentire

head,zonzthezhangingzpartszofzthezhair,zonzthezbeardzwhenzitziszso

scarcezthatzthezskinzunderzitzcanzbezseen,ztozwashzthezbeardzthatzis

thick,z toz observez muwâlât,z thatz is,z toz washz thez limbsz one

immediatelyz afterz thez other,z andz toz makez dalkz onz thez limbs

washedzbeforeztheyzdry.zItziszunnecessaryztozundozplaitedzhair.zIt

nullifieszthezablutionztoztouchzone’szpeniszwithzone’szpalmzorzwith

thezinnerzpartszofzthezfingers,ztozdoubtzwhetherzonezhaszmadezan

ablutionzorzwhetherzone’szablutionzhaszbroken,ztoztouchzazboy’szor

aznâ-mahramzyoungzwoman’szskinzorzhairzwithzlust.z[Ifzoneztouches

themzwithoutzhavingzazsexualzappetitezandzdoesznotzfeelzanyzlust

whenzoneztouches,zone’szablutionzwillznotzbezbroken.zMuslimszwho

arezinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhabzandzwhozlivezinzazmixedzsociety,zsozthat

touchingzwomenziszinevitablezduringztheirzdailyzlife,zsuchzaszwhile

walking,zcommuting,zshopping,zoughtztozimitatezonezofzthezHanafî

andz Mâlikîz Madhhabs.]z Bleedingz orz otherz exudationsz fromz the

bodyzwillznotzbreakzanzablution.zAzmasahziszmadezonzthezinnerzand

outerzpartszofzthezearszwithznewlyzmoistenedzfingers.zCuttingzone’s

nailszorzhavingzazhaircutzwillznotzbreakzone’szablution.zTherezare

disagreementsz onz whetherz cuttingz orz shavingz one’sz beardz will

[1] Accordingz toz az secondz authenticz reportz inz thez Mâlikîz Madhhab,

najâsat,zregardlesszofzitszkindzandzamount,zisznotzazhindranceztoznamâz.

Itziszsunnat,znotzfard,ztozwashzitzoff.

–z73 –

breakzone’szablution.zManualzistibrâ [1] iszwâjib.zMasahzmadezonzthe

mestszputzonzafterzmakingzaztayammumzisznotzacceptable.zTherezis

notzazlimitzforzthezdurationzwithinzwhichzmasahziszpermissible.zThe

timez forz latez afternoonz prayerz lastsz untilz thez timez calledz isfirâr.

(Pleasezseezchapterz10,zwhichzdealszwithzprayerztimes,zforztimezof

isfirâr.)zThezlatestztimezforztheznightzprayerziszthez(endzofzthe)zfirst

one-thirdz ofz thez night.z Itz isz necessaryz forz az personz stayingz in

Mekkaz toz turnz towardsz thez Ka’baz andz forz az personz outsidez of

MekkaztozturnztozthezdirectionzofzKa’ba.zItziszfardztozsayz‘Allâhu

ekber’zwhenzstartingztozperformznamâz,ztozrecitezthezFâtihaz(while

standingzinznamâz),ztozstandzuprightzatzqawmaz(afterzazrukû’),zto

sitzuprightzatzjalsaz(betweenztheztwozsajdas),ztozmakezthezsalâmzto

onez sidez inz thez sittingz posture,z andz toz sayz ‘As-salâmuz ’alaikum’

whenzmakingzthezsalâm.zItziszazsunnatztozrecitezthezzamm-i-sûrazin

thezfirstztwozrak’ats,ztozsitzinztheztwoztashahhudsz(sittingzpostures),

tozreciteztheztahiyyatzandzsalawât,zandztozmakezthezsecondzsalâm.

Itziszmustahabztozsilentlyzrecitezthez(prayersztermed)zQunûtzinzthe

secondzrak’atzofzmorningzprayer,zandztozraisezthezpointingzfinger

duringztheztashahhudz(sittingzposture) [2] .zWhenzsomethingzwhichzis

sunnatz(tozdozorzsayzduringznamâz)ziszforgotten,zitzisznecessaryzto

makezsajda-i-sahw.zItziszsunnatztozperformztheznamâzzofz’Iydzand

theznamâzzofzjanâza.zAzfâsiq [3] cannotzbezanzimâm.zItziszpermissible

toz followz anz imâmz whoz isz inz anotherz Madhhabz orz whoz hasz an

excusez(’udhr).

“ThezdistancezofzsafarzinzthezMâlikîzMadhhabziszthezsamezaszit

iszinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab;zthatzis,zitziszeightyzkilometres.zInzazsafar

(journey)zthatzisznotzsinful,zitziszsunnatztozperformztwozrak’atszof

thosez farzz prayersz thatz havez fourz rak’ats.z Onez becomesz muqîm

[1] Lexicalzmeaningzofz‘istibrâ’zisz‘tozexertzyourself,ztozfreezyourselfzfrom

somethingzdisagreeablezorzimpure’.zInzthezIslamiczbranchzofzFiqh,zit

meansz‘afterzurination,ztozmakezsurezthatztherezisznozurinezleftzinzthe

urethrazlestzitzshouldzdropzintozyourzpantszafterwardszandzdirtyzthem

andz breakz yourz ablution’.z Istibrâz isz donez byz gentlyz squeezingz urine

dropszoutzofzthezpenisz(manualzistibrâ),zbyzwalkingzupzandzdownzforza

whilez(aboutztwentyzminutes),zorzbyzlyingzonzyourzleft-handzsidezforza

while.zIstibrâzhaszyetzanotherzmeaningzinzthezbranchzofzFiqh,zusedzin

mattersz pertainingz toz conjugalz relationships.z Itz isz extraneousz toz the

subjectzbeingzdealtzwith.

[2] PleasezseezthezthirteenthzchapterzofzthezthirdzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss.

[3] FâsiqzmeanszazMuslimzwhozcommitszsinszhabituallyzandzfrankly.zPlease

seeztheztenthzchapterzforzazmorezdetailedzdefinition.

–z74 –

(settled)zatzazplacezwherezonezintendsztozstayzforzfourzdays.zItzis

makrûhzforzazmusâfirzandzazmuqîmztozbezanzimâmzforzeachzother.

ThosezHanafîszwhozimitatezthezMâlikîzMadhhab,zcanzbezanzimâm

forzonezanotherzwhetherztheyzarezmuqîmzorzmusâfir.zItziszbetter

notztozmakezjem’zofztheztwozprayerszofznamâz,z(i.e.znotztozperform

themzonezrightzafterzthezotherzwithinztheztimezallottedzforzeither

onezofzthem) [1] .zItziszsunnatztozsayzthezTakbîr-i-teshrîk [2] afterzthe

Witrz prayerz andz afterz thez farzz ofz eachz ofz thez fifteenz prayersz of

namâzzduringzthezBayramz(’Iyd).”zTozimitatezanotherzMadhhab

whilezperformingzazcertainzactzofzworshipzdoesznotzmeanztozleave

yourzownzMadhhab.zItzmeansztozobservezthezfardszandzmufsidszin

thatzMadhhab,z(i.e.ztozobeyzthezruleszthatzthezsecondzMadhhab

youzareztozimitatezhaszestablishedzconcerningzthatzactzofzworship

andz toz avoidz doingz whatsoeverz thez secondz Madhhabz has

pronouncedztozbezdetrimentalztozthatzactzofzworship.)zInzwâjibs,

makrûhs,zandzsunnats,zyouzfollowzyourzownzMadhhab.zSupposeza

Hanafîz Muslimz imitatingz thez Mâlikîz Madhhabz makesz az longdistancezjourney

[3] withzthezintentionzofzspendingzfourzdayszatzhis

destinationz (andz hez staysz therez forz fourz days).z Hez performsz all

fourzrak’atszofzthosezfardzprayers,z(thezfardzpartszofzearlyzandzlate

afternoonzprayerszandzthatzofznightzprayer,)zwhichzconsistzofzfour

rak’ats,zsincezitziszfardztozdozsoz(inzthezMâlikîzMadhhab,zwhichzhe

hasz beenz imitating,z whenz hisz sojournz exceedsz threez days).

BecausezitziszmakrûhzinzthezMâlikîzMadhhab,zandzsunnatzinzthe

Hanafîz Madhhab,z forz az musâfir,z (i.e.z Muslimz makingz az longdistancezjourney,)ztozperformzaznamâzzinzjamâ’atzconductedzbyzan

imâmzwhoziszmuqîm,z(i.e.zwhozisznotzazmusâfir,)zorztozconduct,zas

thezimâm,zaznamâzzinzjamâ’atzjoinedzbyzMuslimszwhozarezmuqîm,

inzeitherzcasezhezmayzfollowzhiszownzMadhhabzandzperformzthe

so-calledzprayerz(inzjamâ’at).zPerformingzazcertainzactzofzworship

byzimitatingzonezofzthezotherzthreezMadhhabsziszconditionalzon

therez beingz az harajz (difficulty,z predicament)z inz yourz own

Madhhab.z Suchz imitationz isz notz allowablez inz thez absencez ofz a

difficulty.]

Itzisznotztaqwâzforzthosezwhozhavezhadztheirzteethzcrownedzor

[1] Thiszstatementzdoesznotzmeanzthatztheyzmustznotzbezperformedzatzall.

Itz meansz thatz itz isz betterz toz performz eachz prayerz inz itsz prescribed

time.

[2] Toz say,z “Allâhuz ekber,z Allâhuz ekber,z lâz ilâhaz il-l-Allâhuz wallâhu

ekber,zAllâhuzekberzwali-llâhzilzhamd.”zPleasezseezchapterz22.

[3] Pleasez seez chapterz 10z forz thez definitionz ofz ‘makingz jem’z ofz two

prayers.

–z75 –

filledztozimitatezthezMâlikîzorzShâfi’îzMadhhabzinzghusl,zinzablution,

andz inz namâz.z Imitatingz anotherz Madhhabz isz az wayz ofz fatwâ,z a

methodz toz surmountz az difficulty.z Thez statement,z “Islamz isz a

religionzofzconveniences,znotzdifficulties,”zhaszbeenzdistorted,zby

somez(falsezMuslimszcalled)zzindiqs,zsozasztozexploitzitzaszazweapon

tozsabotagezthezperformancezofzactszofzworshipzthatzarezfardzand

therebyz toz decriminalizez theirz ownz reluctancez toz performz them.

Thez truez meaningz ofz thisz statementz is:z Itz isz easyz toz doz allz the

commandmentszofzAllâhuzta’âlâ;zHezhasznotzcommandedzanything

difficult.zContraryztozwhatzthosezwithzweakzîmânzsay,zitzdoesznot

meanzthatzAllâhuzta’âlâzwillzforgivezthezthingszthatzcomezdifficult

toztheznafszorzthatzeverybodyzmustzdozwhatzcomeszeasyztozhimzor

thatzHeziszsozcompassionatezthatzHezwillzacceptzanything.zImitating

onez ofz thez Shâfi’îz andz Mâlikîz Madhhabsz inz orderz toz resolvez a

difficultyzthatzyouzhavezrunzintozforzthezsakezofzyourzteethzisznotza

difficulty;zitziszazconvenience.

Calcificationsz calledz tartarz arez formedz spontaneouslyz by

glandularzemissionszaroundzthezrootszofzthezteeth,zandzaszyetzno

medicationz hasz beenz foundz toz preventz thisz unpleasantz situation;

hencezazdarûratzcomeszintozplay.zInzallzfourzMadhhabs,zitzisznot

necessaryz toz washz underz thez tartarz thatz isz impossiblez orz hardz to

removezbecausezitziszconsideredzsimilarztozazboilzonzthezskin,zorza

crustzorzpelliclezformedzonzazwound.zTherezisznozneedztozimitate

anotherzMadhhab.

Theyzsay,z“Thezproblemzofzcrowningzandzfillingzthezteethzhas

beenzsolved,zthezfatwâzhaszbeenzgivenzthatztheyzarezpermissible.zIt

haszbeenzstatedzthatztheyzareznotzharmful.”zTheyzhavezbeenzgiving

theznamezfatwâztozsubversivezpropagandazwhichzthosezpoliticians

andz turban-wearingz freemasonsz whoz hadz infiltratedz intoz the

religiouszspherezandzinterferedzwithzthezreligiouszmatterszduring

thez Partyz ofz Unionz spreadz inz orderz toz slanderz greatz religious

scholarsz andz toz defilez religiousz knowledge.z Thez fatwâz book

entitledzMajmû’a-iejadîda writeszinzitszsecondzedition,zwhichzwas

printedzinzIstanbulzinz1329zA.H.z[1911]:z“Ifzwhilezmakingzazghusl

waterzdoesznotzreachzaztoothzcavityzofzazpersonzwhoseztoothzcavity

haszbeenzfilled,zandzifzazghuslziszazdarûratzinzthiszmanner,zthezghusl

becomesz accepted.”z Itz addsz thatz thisz fatwâz wasz givenz byz Hasan

KhayrullahzEfendi,zthez113thzShaikh-ul-Islâm.zButzthezfatwâzdoes

notzexistzinzthezfirstzeditionz[inz1299]zofzthezbook.zAndzKhayrullah

Efendi,zinzhiszturn,zbecamezShaikh-ul-Islâmzforzthezsecondztime

onz 18z Rabî-ul-awwalz 1293,z coincidingz withz Mayz 11,z 1876,z and

retiredz onz Rajabz 15,z 1294,z whichz coincidedz withz Decemberz 26,

–z76 –

1877.zIfzhezhadzgivenzthezso-calledzfatwâ,zitzwouldzhavezexistedzin

thez firstz editionz ofz thez book.z Itz isz writtenz inz thez prefacez ofz the

secondz edition:z “Commandedz byz thez time’sz Shaikh-ul-Islâm,

MûsâzKâz›m,zwezhavezaddedzseveralzfatwâszthatzareznotzinzthezfirst

edition.”zAlthoughztheznamezofzthezfiqhzbookzfromzwhichzeach

fatwâziszderived,ztogetherzwithzwhatzitzstates,ziszappendedztozthe

fatwâ,z noz suchz referencesz arez givenz withz thez abovementioned

fatwâzallegedztozhavezbeenzgivenzonzteeth.zWezmustzbezvigilant

lestz ourz truez knowledgez ofz Islamicz credalz andz practicalz systems

shouldz bez undermined;z otherwisez wez willz notz knowz enoughz to

regretzourzhavingzsozgulliblyzbelievedzsuchzparvenus,ztheirzarticles

andzfalsezfatwâs,zwhichztheyzhavezpreparedzinsidiouslyzinzorderzto

misleadzMuslims.

Wezareznotztryingztozsayzthatzthezghuslzandztheznamâzzofzthose

whozhavezhadztheirzteethzcrownedzorzfilledzwillznotzbezsahîh.zWe

areztryingztozsayzthatzbyzimitatingzthezMâlikîzorzShâfi’îzMadhhab

thezghuslzandztheznamâzzofzsomezHanafîzMuslimszwillzbezsahîh

evenzthoughztheyzmayzhavezhadztheirzteethzcrownedzorzfilled.zWe

areztryingztozshowzthezeasyzway,zthezrightzwayztozourzbrotherszin

Islamz whoz arez inz thisz situation.z Wez doz notz sayz youz shouldz not

crownz orz fillz yourz teeth.z Wez doz notz advisez youz notz toz perform

namâzz behindz anz imâmz whoz hasz crownsz orz fillings,z either.z See

alsozChapterz23.zWezarezinformingzMuslimszwhozhavezcrownszand

fillingszofzthezconvenienceztaughtzbyzIslamiczscholars.zAllzthese

meticulouszdetailszwezhavezgonezintozarezintendedzforzthezsakezof

Muslimsz whoz arez inz thez Hanafîz Madhhabz andz whoz wantz to

worshipzaszprescribedzbyztheirzMadhhab;zthatzis,zforzthosezwho

esteemz thez Madhhabsz highly.z Wez doz notz writez forz thosez who

slightz thez booksz ofz thez Madhhabsz andz whoz wantz toz worship

accordingz toz theirz ownz minds,z opinionsz andz thoughts.z Ibni

’Âbidînz ‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaih’,z whilez explainingz Ramadân’s

crescent,zstates:z“Manyzofzthezahkâmzchangezwithzchangingztimes

(conditions).zWhenzthereziszharaj,zdaîfzriwâyatziszactedzupon.”zIt

iszunderstoodzfromzthisz(statement)zthatzthezchangingzofzahkâm

(ruleszofzIslam)zwithztimezmeanszthatzwhenzoneziszinzazdifficult

situationzonezcanzactzuponztheznon-mashhûr (notzwidelyzknown)

ijtihâdszofzthezscholarszofzone’szMadhhab.zItzdoesznotzmeanzthat

everyonezshouldzdozwhatzcomeszeasyzforzthem.zItziszwrittenzonzthe

hundredz andz ninetiethz pagez ofz thez thirdz volumez ofz Durr-ulmukhtâr:z

“Az personz whoz goesz outz ofz hisz Madhhabz isz toz be

punishedzwithzta’zîr;zthatzis,zheziszthrashedzandzimprisoned.”zThe

–z77 –

Fatwâe ofe Sirâjiyya statesz thez same.z Ibniz ’Âbidînz writesz onz this

subject:z“ItziszfearedzthatzazpersonzwhozabandonszhiszMadhhab

forzworldlyzadvantageszmayzdiezwithoutzîmân.”

Forzthosezwhozhavezhadztheirzteethzcrownedzorzfilledztozimitate

thezShâfi’îzorzMâlikizMadhhabzdoesznotzmeanztozleavezthezHanafî

MadhhabzorztozchangeztheirzMadhhab.zTheyzobeyzthezconditions

andz mufsidsz inz thez Shâfi’îz orz Mâlikiz Madhhabz alongz withz the

HanafîzMadhhabzonlyzinzghusl,zablution, andznamâz.zItziszstatedzin

thezchapterzaboutzablutionzinzIbniz’Âbidînzandzinztheztwozhundred

andz eighty-sixthz letterz ofz Imâm-i-Rabbânî’sz Maktûbât thatz itz is

mustahabz forz thosez whoz doz notz havez anz excusez toz observez the

fardszandzmufsidszofzanotherzMadhhab.zAzHanafîzMuslimzcannot

doz somethingz impermissiblez inz thez Hanafîz Madhhabz onz the

groundsz thatz itz isz permissiblez inz onez ofz thez Shâfi’îz orz Mâlikî

Madhhabs,zwithoutzazdarûratzandzazharajztozcompelzhimztozdozso.

Forzexample,zazhealthyzperson,zorzsomeonezwhoziszinzthezHanafî

MadhhabzandziszimitatingzthezMâlikîzMadhhabzbecausezhezhasza

crownedztooth,zhasztozrenewzhiszablutionzinzcasezofzazbleedingzon

hiszskinzorzifzhezdischargesz(evenzazdropzof)zurine.zHezperformszthe

namâzzofzWitrzaszwâjib.zHezcannotzbezconsideredzazmusâfirzatza

placezlesszthanz104zkilometreszaway,zandzhezcannotzmakezjem’zof

hiszprayerszatzazplacezwherezhezwillzbezazmusâfirzforzlesszthanzfour

days.z Onz thez otherz hand,z az Hanafîz Muslimz whoz suffersz from

involuntaryzurinationz(enuresis)zbecausezofzillnesszorzoldzage,zthat

is,zaszazresultzofzazdarûrat,ziszupzagainstzazharaj,zazdifficultyzbecause

hez hasz toz renewz hisz ablutionz (eachz timez hez dischargesz urine);

thereforezhezbeginsztozimitatezthezMâlikîzMadhhab,zwhichzinzturn

willzimmediatelyzmakezhimzazpersonzwithzanz’udhrzandzsavezhim

fromzthezstatezofzhavingzlostzhiszablution.z(Seezthezlastzpartzofzthe

ninthzchapter.)zIbnizEmirzHajj,zwhozexplainedzthezbookzTahrîr,

says,z“Thezforty-thirdzâyatzofzNahlzsûrazandzthezseventhzâyatzof

Anbiyâzsûrazdeclare:z‘Askemeneofedhikr,’zwhichzmeans:zWhenzyou

encounterzanzeventzaskzthosezwhozknowzwhatzyouzareztozdo.zThis

âyat-izkerîmazshowszthatzitziszwâjibztozfollowzazmujtahidzandzto

imitatez anotherz Madhhab.z If,z whilez doingz somethingz in

accordancezwithzthezMadhhabzyouzhavezbeenzfollowing,zazharaj

arises,zthiszthingzmustzbezdonezbyzimitatingzonezofzthezotherzthree

Madhhabs,zandzofzcourse,zthezonezinzwhichzthezsamezharajzdoes

notzexist.zAnzexamplezofzthisziszazHanafîzMuslim’szimitatingzthe

Shâfi’îzorzthezMâlikîzMadhhabzbecausezhezhaszazfilledzorzcrowned

tooth.zIfzthezsamezharajzexistszinzallzthezotherzthreezMadhhabszas

–z78 –

well,ztheznextzstepzisztozseezifzthereziszazdarûrat.zIfzthereziszazdarûrat

asz well,z itz willz bez permissiblez notz toz doz thatz thingz atz all.z For

instance,zsincezitziszimpossibleztozimitatezanotherzMadhhabzinza

casezsuchzaszwhenzitzwouldzbezharmfulztoztakezoffzthezbandagezon

azwoundzandzwashzthezwound,zonezwillzbezabsolvedzfromzhaving

tozwashzthezwoundzandzitzwillzbezpermissibleztozmakezmasahzon

thez bandagez (whenz makingz anz ablutionz orz az ghusl).z Itz isz not

permissiblez forz usz whoz arez notz mujtahidsz butz muqallidsz to

interpretzâyatszandzhadîthszandzactzuponzourzownzunderstanding

byzsayingzthatzthezSahâbazdidzso.”zWhenzbeginningztozexplainzthe

tahârat,zIbniz’Âbidînzstates: “Itzisznotznecessaryzforzazmuqallidzto

inquirezaboutzthezproof-textszandzdocumentszforzthezinformation

comingzfromzazmujtahid.”]z[SeezEndlesszBlisszII,zChapterz34].

5e–eTAYAMMUM

Tayammumzbeforezthezbeginningzofzazprayerztimeziszsahîhzin

thezHanafîzMadhhab,z(whichzmeanszthatztheznewzprayerzcanzbe

performed,zwhenzitsztimezbegins,zwithzaztayammumzthatzyouzmade

beforezitszbeginning.)zAccordingztozthezotherzthreezMadhhabs,zit

isz notz sahîhz beforez thez beginningz ofz az prayerz time,z soz thatz you

cannotzperformzonezofzthezfivezdailyzprayerszwithztheztayammum

youz makez beforez itsz prescribedz timez begins.z Incidentally,

‘tayammum’z meansz az ‘simplez procedurez thatz youz followz asz a

substitutez forz anz ablutionz andz whichz isz permissiblez inz want of

water’.

Therezarezsevenzkindszofzbeingzunableztozfindzwater,zor,ztozuse

it,ztozmakezanzablutionzorzghusl:

1z-zHezwhoziszonezmilezawayzfromzazsourcezofzwaterzmakesza

tayammum,zprovidedzhezshouldzmakezanzintentionz(niyyat).zOne

mileziszequalztozfourzthousandzzrâ’,zwhichzequalsz1920zmetres.zItzis

alwayszfardztozlookzforzwaterzwhenzyouzarezinzazcity.

2z -z Ifz az Muslimz isz unwellz andz knows,z fromz hisz personal

experienceszorzuponzthezadvicezofzazspecialistzdoctorzknownztozbe

az Muslimz whoz doesz notz openlyz andz publiclyz commitz sins,z that

makingz anz ablutionz orz ghuslz orz movingz wouldz exacerbatez or

prolongz hisz illness,z thenz hez isz accreditedz toz makez az tayammum.

Alsozamongz’udhrsz(excuseszthatzmakezaztayammumzpermissible)

iszthezenervationzfeltzonzthezhandszandzfeetzduringzthezperiodzof

convalescence.z[Soziszthezcasezwithzthezfeeblenesszfeltzatzoldzage.

Suchzpeoplez(arezpermittedzto)zperformzthezdailyzprayerszsitting.]

3z-zIfzazpersonzisztoozillztozmakezazghuslzorzablutionzorzcannot

findz anybodyz toz helpz himz evenz forz money,z hez willz makez a

–z79 –

tayammum.z Hez whoz cannotz makez az tayammumz evenz withz help

doesznotzperformztheznamâz,zbutzhezperformszit,z(i.e.zmakeszqadâ

ofzit,)zwhenzhezrecovers.zItzisznotzwâjibzforzazhusbandzandzwifezto

helpzeachzotherztozmakezanzablution.

4z-zIfzthereziszthezdangerzthatzazpersonzwouldzdiezorzbecomezill

becausezofzcoldzinzcasezhezmadezazghusl,zand/orzifzhezdoesznotzhave

enoughzmoneyztozgoztozazbathzandzhasznozotherzalternative,zevenzif

heziszinzazcity,zhezmakeszaztayammumzinsteadzofzazghuslzandzmakes

anzablutionzwithzwater.

5z-zIfzwaterziszclosezbutzthereziszanzenemy,zazwildzorzpoisonous

animal,zazfirezorzazguardznearzthezwater,zorzifzheziszimprisoned,zor

ifz someonez threatensz himz withz deathz orz wouldz takez awayz his

belongingszaszhezmadezanzablution,zhezmakeszaztayammumzinstead

andzperformsztheznamâz.zButzsincezthesezarezcausedzbyzcreatures,

hez hasz toz performz hisz namâzz againz afterz hez makesz az ghuslz and

ablution.

6z -z Ifz az travellerz hasz extraz waterz whichz hez andz hisz comrades

needz toz drink,z toz cleanz themselvesz ofz najâsatz orz toz givez toz their

animals,zhezmakeszaztayammum.zIfzhezdrainszthezwaterzmakingza

ghuslzandzthenzhasztozperformztheznamâzzwithznajâsatzonzhimself,

itz willz bez accepted,z butz hez willz bez sinful.z Ifz hez firstz makesz a

tayammumzandzthenzremovesztheznajâsat,zhezwillzhaveztozmakeza

tayammumzagain.zForzonezcannotzmakeztayammumzwhileztherezis

water.z Ifz az personz whoz isz junubz findsz waterz enoughz toz washz his

bodyzpartlyzorztozmakezanzablution,zhezmakeszoneztayammumzfor

bothz ablutionz andz ghusl.z Ifz hisz ablutionz breaksz afterz the

tayammum,zhezmakeszanzablutionzwithzthezwater.zWhenzthezwater

pouredz onz thez bodyz inz anz ablutionz orz az ghuslz fallsz down

somewherez[notzonzone’szclothes],zitzbecomeszfoulzandzonezcannot

drinkzit.zButzitzcanzbezgivenztozanimalsztozdrink.zAzpersonzwhozis

aboutztozdiezfromzthirstzbuyszwaterzfromzsomeonezwhozhaszextra

water.zIfzthezlatterzwillznotzsellzit,zthezformerztakeszitzbyzforce,zby

fightingzorzthreatening.zWaterztozbezusedzforzanzablutionzcannotzbe

takenzbyzforce.

7z-zIfzazpersonzcannotzfindzazbucketzorzazropeztozliftzwaterzoutzof

az well,z orz az personz toz goz downz thez wellz forz money,z hez makesz a

tayammum,zandzdoesznotzhaveztozperformzhisznamâzzagainzwhen

hezfindszwater.

Halabî writeszatzthezendzofzthezsubjectzconcerningzmasah:z“Ifza

personzhaszchaps,zeczemazorzsomezotherzwoundzonzonezorzbothzof

hiszhandszsozthatzitziszharmfulztozmoistenzthem,zhezcannotzmakezan

ablution.zAccordingztozImâm-iza’zam,zitziszmustahabzforzsomeone

–z80 –

elseztozhelpzforzfriendship’szsakezorzforzmoneyzazpersonztozmakezan

ablutionzwhozcannotzmakezanzablutionzforzthezreasonzmentioned

above.zIfzhezmakeszaztayammumzandzperformsztheznamâzzwithout

askingz someonez elsez forz help,z hisz namâzz willz bez accepted.z Ifz he

cannotzgetzhelpzorzfindzmoney,zitziszpermissiblezforzhimztozmakeza

tayammumzaccordingztozthezImâmayn,ztoo.”zHence,zitzisznecessary

forzhimztozmakezanzablutionzbyzwearing,zifzhezcan,zazglovezonzhis

woundedzhands.

Inzcasezonezmakeszaztayammumzforzonezofzthezreasonszwritten

above,ztheztayammumzexpireszwhenzthezreasonzceasesztozexist.zIf

anotherz reasonz arisesz beforez thez firstz reasonz ceasesz toz exist,z the

firstztayammumzagainzexpireszwhenzthezfirstzreasonzceasesztozexist.

Onezhasztozmakezaztayammumzagain.

Azpersonzwithoutzanzablutionzorzghuslzcanzmakezaztayammum

evenzwhenzthereziszwaterzlestzhezwillzmisszthezprayerzofzBayram

(’Iyd)zorzjanâza.zIfzthereziszthezfearzthatzhezmayzmisszFridayzprayer

orz anyz ofz thez fivez dailyz prayers,z hez cannotz makez az tayammum

whenz therez isz water.z Ghuslz and/orz ablutionz isz necessary.z Ifz the

timezofzprayerziszoverzhezperformszitzlater.zForzexample,zazperson

wakeszupzandzseeszthatzhezorzsheziszjunub,zorzthatzherzmenstrualzor

puerperalzperiodziszover, andzsunriseziszclosezatzhand,zhezorzshe

makesz az ghuslz hastily.z Ifz thez sunz risesz inz thez meantime,z they

performztheirzmorningzprayerztogetherzwithzitszsunnatzafterzthe

karâhatztimeziszover.z(TimeszofzKarâhatzarezexplainedzinzthezfinal

partz ofz thez tenthz chapter.)z Tayammum meansz toz purpose

something.

Tayammumehasethreeefards:

1z-zTozintendztozpurifyzoneselfzfromzjanâbatzorzfromzthezstatezof

beingzwithoutzanzablution.zIfzazpersonzwithoutzanzablutionzmakes

az tayammumz inz orderz toz teachz hisz disciple,z hez cannotz perform

namâzzwithzit.

Intendingzsolelyzforztayammumzwillznotzmakeztheztayammum

adequatezforzperformingztheznamâzzwithzit.zItziszalsoznecessaryzto

intend also tozdozsomethingzwhichziszanz’ibâdetz(worship);ze.g.zto

intendztozmakezaztayammumzinzorderztozperformzjanâzaznamâz,zto

makezsajda-iztilâwat,zorztozintendzonlyztozmakezaztayammumzasza

substitutezforzanzablutionzorzazghusl.

Whenz intendingz forz az tayammumz itz isz notz necessaryz to

separatez ablutionz andz ghuslz fromz eachz other.z Byz intendingz (to

makezaztayammum)zforzanzablution,zonezbecomeszpurifiedzfrom

janâbat,ztoo.zOnezcanzperformznamâzzwithztheztayammumzone

–z81 –

hasz madez inz orderz toz bez purifiedz fromz janâbat.z Az second

tayammumzforzanzablutionziszunnecessary.

2z -z Itz isz statedz asz followsz inz thez bookz Manâhij-ul-’ibâd,z (by

Sa’îda-d-dînz Ferghânîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaih’:z “Accordingz toz the

Shâfi’îzandzHanbalîzMadhhabs,zaztayammumzcanzbezmadezonlyzon

soil.z (Forz makingz az tayammumz compatible)z accordingz toz the

HanafîzandzMâlikîzMadhhabs,zbothzsleeveszshouldzbezrolledzupzto

abovez thez elbowsz andz thez twoz palms,z z withz thez fingersz opened,

shouldzbezrubbedzandzmovedzupzandzdownzonzcleanzsoil,zstonezor

onzazwallzplasteredzwithzclayzorzlime.zThenzonezmustzmakezmasah

onz thez facez withz bothz palmsz once,z thatz is,z rubz themz onz thez face

gentlyzinzsuchzazmannerzaszanzareazatzleastzaszlargezaszthezsumzof

threezfingerszonzeachzpalmzshouldzcontactzthezface.”

[Toz makez az perfectz masahz onz thez face,z thez twoz open-hand

palms,zwithzfourzfingerszofzeachzhandzclosedztogetherzandzwithzthe

tipszofztheztwozlongzfingerszofzbothzhandsztouchingzeachzother,zare

putz onz thez foreheadz inz suchz az wayz asz theyz shouldz abutz onz the

hairline,zandzmovedzslowlyzdownztowardszthezchin.zThezfingers,zin

azlevelzline,zmustzbezrubbedzonzthezforehead,zonzthezeye-lids,zon

bothzsideszofztheznose,zonzthezlips,zandzonzthezfacialzpartzofzthezchin.

Meanwhilezthezpalmszwillzbezrubbedzonzthezcheeks.]

3z-zAfterzputtingzbothzhandszonzthezsoilzforzazsecondztimezand

clappingzthezhandszsozasztozshakezthezsurpluszdustzandzsoilzoff,zfirst

rubzthezinnerzpartszofzthezfourzfingerszofzthezleftzhandzonzthezouter

facezofzthezrightzarmzfromztheztipzofzthezfingersztozthezelbow,zthen

rubzthezleftzpalmzonzthezinnerzfacezofzthezrightzarmzfromzthezelbow

downztozthezpalm;zinzthezmeantimezthezinnerzpartzofzthezleftzthumb

shouldzbezrubbedzonzthezouterzpartzofzthezrightzthumb.zAccording

toz anz authenticz reportz (riwâya),z itz isz unnecessaryz toz removez the

ringz youz mayz bez wearingz orz toz makez masahz onz thez sidesz ofz the

fingerszofzeachzhandzwithzthezinnerzpartszofzthezfingerszofzthezother

hand.zThenzrubzthezrightzhandzlikewisezonzthezleftzarm.zThezpalms

mustzbezrubbedzonzthezsoil,zbutzthezdustzandzsoilzneedznotzbezleft

onzthezhands.zTheztayammumzwillznotzbezsahîhzinzcasezanyzareazas

largezaszthezpointzofzazpinzonzyourzfacezorzarmsziszleftzuntouchedzby

yourzpalms.

ThezTayammumzforzanzablutionzandzforzazghuslziszthezsame.

AeTayammumehasetwelveesunnats:

1z-zTozputzthezpalmszonzthezsoil.

2z-zTozmovezthezpalmszbackzandzforthzonzthezsoil.

3z-zIfzthereziszsoilzleftzonzthezpalms,ztozclapzthezhandsztogether

–z82 –

withzthezthumbszuntilztherezisznozsoilzleft.

4z-zTozopenzthezfingerszwhilezputtingzthezhandszonzthezsoil.

5z-zTozstartzinzthezBasmalaz(inztheznamezofzAllâhuzta’âlâ).

6z-zTozmakezmasahzfirstzonzthezface,zthenzonzthezarms.

7z-zTozperformzitzinzthezquickzmannerzofzanzablution.

8z-zIfzazpersonzonzazlong-distancezjourneyztermedzsafar,z(i.e.za

musâfir,)zknowszthatzthereziszwaterzwithinzazmile,zitziszfardzforzhim

tozlookzforzit;zifzheziszonlyzestimating,zitziszsunnatztozdozso.

9z-zTozmakezmasahzfirstzonzthezright,zthenzonzthezleftzarm.

10z-zTozputzthezhandszonzthezsoilzstronglyzaszifzyouzwerezhitting

it.

11z-zTozmakezmasahzonzthezarmszaszdescribedzabove.

12z-zTozmakezmasahzbetweenzthezfingers.

Az personz whoz doesz notz havez waterz isz permittedz toz become

junub.

Tayammumzcanzbezmadezwithzanyzsortzofzcleanzearthenzthing

evenzifztherezisznozdustzonzit.

Thingszthatzburnzandzturnzintozasheszorzthatzcanzbezmeltedzby

heatzareznotzearthen.zTherefore,ztayammumzcannotzbezmadezwith

trees,zgrass,zwood,ziron,zbrass,zpaintedzwalls,zcopper,zgoldzorzglass.

Itzcanzbezmadezwithzsand.zItzcannotzbezmadezwithzpearlszorzcorals.

Itzcanzbezmadezwithzlime,zplasterzofzParis,zwashedzmarble,zcement,

unglazedzfaience,zporcelain,zearthenwarezpans,zorzmud.zIfztherezis

mudzonly,ztayammumzcanzbezmadezwithzit,zifzthezwaterzinzitziszless

thanzfiftyzpercent.zIfzthezwaterziszmorezthanzfiftyzpercent,zazpiecezof

clothz mustz bez soakedz withz it,z driedz againstz thez wind,z andz then

tayammumzcanzbezmadezwithzthezdustyzcloth.zTayammumzcannot

bezmadezwithzmuddyzwater.zAnzablutionzshouldzbezmadezwithzit.

Aztayammumzcanzbezmadezonzazwallzwhitewashedzwithzlime.zWhen

youz putz yourz handsz onz thingsz withz whichz az tayammumz isz not

permissible,zsuchzaszwheat,ztissue,zclothes,zcushions;zifzyourzhands

becomezdustyzwithzthezdustzorzashesz(thatzshouldzhavezcome)zfrom

thingsz withz whichz az tayammumz isz permissible,z orz ifz thez dustz or

asheszflyzaboutzinzthezairzwhenzsuchzthings,z(i.e.zthezaforesaidzthings

thatzcannotzbezusedzforztayammum,)zarezshaken,zaztayammumzcan

bez madez withz them.z Thez casez isz notz soz withz thez organicz dusts

restingz onz householdz things.z Severalz peoplez canz makez a

tayammumzonzthezsamezsoil.zFor,zsoilzandzthezlikezdoznotzbecome

musta’malzwhenztheyzarezusedzforztayammum.zThezdustzthatzfalls

fromzthezhandszandzfacezafterzaztayammumziszmusta’mal.

–z83 –

Whenzsomethingziszthezmixturezofzsomethingzthatzcanzbezused

forz tayammumz andz somethingz whichz cannot,z itz willz bez named

afterzthezcomponentzthatziszmorezthanzhalf.zInzthezHanafîzMadhhab,z

itz isz permissiblez toz makez az tayammumz beforez anyz prayer

timezandztozperformzvariouszprayerszwithzoneztayammum.zInzthe

otherz threez Madhhabs,z az tayammumz becomesz voidz whenz the

prayerztimeziszover.zWhenzazmusâfirz(traveller)zstronglyzbelieves

throughzcertainzindications,zorzafterzbeingzinformedzbyzazMuslim

whozisz’âdil [1] andzhaszreachedzthezagezofzdiscretionzandzpuberty,

thatzhezwillzfindzwaterzatzazdistancezlesszthanzazmilez[1920zmetres],

lesszthanztwozmileszinzthezMâlikîzMadhhab,zitziszfardzforzhimzto

lookzforzwaterzbyzwalkingzorzsendingzsomebodyzforzonezhundred

zrâ’z[twozhundredzmetres]zinzeachzdirection,zorzifzfeasible,zbyzonly

looking.z Ifz hez doesz notz havez az strongz expectation,z hez doesz not

haveztozlookzforzwater.zIfzazpersonzwhozhaszanz’âdilzfriendzwith

himzmakeszaztayammumzwithoutzaskingzaboutzwaterzandzstartszto

performztheznamâzzandzthenzisztoldzthatzthereziszwater,zhezmakes

anz ablutionz andz performsz thez namâzz again.z Itz isz permissiblez to

performztheznamâzzwithzaztayammumzwhilezwaterziszmorezthanza

milezaway.zAzpersonzwhozforgetszthatzthereziszwaterzamongzhis

provisionszcanzperformztheznamâzzwithzaztayammumzifzhezisznot

inz az city,z az villagez [orz inz anyz inhabitedz place].z Ifz az personz who

thinkszhiszwaterzhaszrunzoutzfindszthatzhezdoeszhavezwaterzafter

thez namâz,z hez performsz thez namâzz againz whichz hez performed

withzaztayammum.zLikewise,zwhenzazpersonzwhoz(thinkszthatzhe

hasz anz ablutionz althoughz hez doesz notz andz thereby)z performsz a

namâzzwithoutzanzablutionzrememberszafterwardszthatzhezdidznot

havezanzablutionz(whenzhezperformedzthatznamâz),zhezperforms

theznamâzzagain.

Itz isz wâjibz forz az musâfir,z (i.e.z az Muslimz onz az long-distance

journey,)ztozaskzforzwaterzfromztheirzcompany.zIfztheyzdeclinezto

givezhimzwater,zhezperformsznamâzzwithzaztayammum.zInzcaseza

musâfir’szfriendzsellszwaterzforzitszcurrentzprice,zthezmusâfirzhaszto

buyzitzifzhezhaszthezextrazmoneyztozdozso.zIfzitszownerzsellszitzby

ghaban-iefâhish,zthatzis,zbyzheavyzoverchargez(exorbitantzprice),zor

ifz thez musâfirz doesz notz havez thez moneyz toz buyz itz forz itsz current

price,z hez isz permittedz toz performz thez namâzz withz az tayammum.

Ghaban-iefâhish meanszmorezthanztwicezitszcurrentzmarketzvalue.

Soziszthezcasezwithzaznakedzpersonzbuyingzsomezclothztozcoverzhis

[1] Thez termz ‘’âdilz Muslim’,z alongz withz itsz antonym,z ‘fâsiqz Muslim’,z is

definedzbyzwayzofzazfootnotezinztheztenthzchapter.

–z84 –

awratzparts.zButzazthirstyzpersonziszpermittedztozbuyzhighzpriced

waterztozdrink.zInzazdesert,zonezmustzaskzforzazropezandzazbucket

fromzone’szcomrade.zOnezcanzmakezaztayammumzwhileztherezis

waterz placedz onz thez wayz especiallyz forz drinking.z Ibniz ’Âbidîn

‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’z writesz inz thez fifthz volume:z “Itz isz not

permissiblez toz makez anz ablutionz withz thez waterz setz asidez for

drinking.zOnezshouldzmakezaztayammum.”

Ifzthereziszlittlezfreez[mubâh]zwater,zazpersonzwhoziszjunubztakes

priorityzoverzazwomanzwhosezmenstrualzperiodzhasznewlyzended,

overz az personz withoutz anz ablution,z overz az deadz Muslim,z inz the

utilizationzofzthezwaterzforzthezperformancezofzwashing,z(whichzis

compulsoryzinzallzfourzcases.)zThezownerzofzthezwaterzhaszpriority

overzothers.zWhenzamountszofzwaterzbelongingztozdifferentzowners

arezbroughtztogether,zthezcorpsezofzazdeadzMuslimzmustzbezwashed

first.

Thez wayz forz az hadjiz [Muslimz pilgrim]z toz avoidz usingz upz the

zamzamzwaterzhezhaszwithzhimzforzablutionzisztozchangezitszname

fromzpurezwaterzbyzflavouringzitzwithzanzadditivezsuchzaszsugarzor

roses.zOrzhezmustzgivezitztozazpersonzwhomzheztrustszaszazpresent

thatz cannotz bez returned.z Ifz thez personz givenz thez presentz givesz a

smallz presentz inz response,z thez formerz ownerz cannotz demand his

presentzback.

Ifzazpersonzwhoziszjunubzmakeszaztayammumzandzthenzloseszhis

ablution,zhezdoesznotzbecomezjunubzinzthezHanafîzMadhhab,zbut

hezbecomeszjunubzinzthezMâlikîzMadhhab.zIfzthereziszlittlezwaterzhe

makeszanzablutionzonly.

Whenz waterz morez thanz isz neededz forz drinking,z washingz off

najâsat,z andz makingz breadz isz found,z thez tayammumz becomes

annulled.z Ifz onez findsz itz whilez performingz namâz,z one’sz namâz

becomeszannulled,ztoo.zIfzonezpasseszbyzthezwaterzwhilezsleepingzin

azvehicle,zone’szablutionzbyzwayzofzaztayammumzbecomeszannulled

becausezonezhaszslept.zIfzonezcannotzgetzoffzthezvehicleztozmakezan

ablutionz thoughz onez hasz beenz awake,z thez tayammumz doesz not

becomezannulled.

Ifzmorezthanzhalfzofzthezsurfacezofzazjunubzperson’szbodyzhas

azdisease,zsuchzaszazwound,zsmall-poxzorzscarletzfever,zhezmakesza

tayammum.z Ifz az majorz partz ofz hisz skinz isz healthyz andz ifz itz is

possibleztozwashzhimselfzwithoutzmoisteningzthezdiseasedzparts,

hezmakeszazghuslzwithzwaterzandzmakeszmasahzonzthezdiseased

parts.zIfzmasahzwouldzcausezharm,zhezputszonezorzseveralzpieces

ofz clothz onz thez diseasedz partsz andz makesz masahz onz them.z A

personz whosez handsz arez diseasedz putsz hisz feetz andz facez into

–z85 –

water.zIfzhezcannotzdozthiszhezmakeszaztayammum.zAzsickzperson

whoz canz getz helpz fromz someonez inz orderz toz makez anz ablution

doesznotzmakezaztayammum.zIfzazpersonzcannotzprostratezhimself

orzraisezhiszheadzafterzprostrationzonzaccountzofzoldzagezorzillness,

hez doesz soz byz leaningz onz somethingz suchz asz az chair.z Or,z (if

possible,)z someonez helpsz himz toz managez thesez actions.z Ifz itz is

impossiblez forz himz toz washz withoutz moisteningz thez wounded

parts,zinzthatzcasezalsozhezmakeszaztayammum.zIfzmorezthanzhalf

ofzhiszlimbszofzablutionzorztwozofzhiszfourzlimbszofzablutionzare

healthy,z hez makesz anz ablutionz andz appliesz masahz onz the

woundedzpartszorzlimbs.zIfzdirectzmasahzwouldzbezharmful,zhe

makeszmasahzonzthezbandagesz(thatzhezhaszputzonzthezwounds).

Ifzmorezthanzhalfzofzallzhiszlimbszofzablutionzorzthreezorzallzfour

ofzhiszlimbszofzablutionzarezwounded,zhezmakeszaztayammum.zIf

aztayammumzwouldzcausezharmzhezdoesznotzhaveztozperformzthe

prayer.zIfzthezamountzorznumberzofzthezhealthyzpartszorzlimbszis

equalz toz thatz ofz thez woundedz ones,z hez mustz notz makez a

tayammum.z Itz isz notz permissiblez forz az personz whoz makesz a

tayammumztozwashzsomezofzhiszlimbs.zTherezarezthirty-fourzsuch

thingszthatzcannotzbezdonezatzthezsameztime.zAlthoughzthereziszan

authenticz reportz inz whichz somez Islamicz scholarsz arez quotedz to

havezstated,z“Hezwhozhaszsuchzazheadachezthatzhezcannotzmake

masahz onz hisz headz canz makez az tayammumz inz placez ofz an

ablution,z andz hez whoz cannotz washz hisz headz canz makez a

tayammumzinzplacezofzazghusl,”zthiszstatementzmustznotzbezacted

upon,zsincezthezmatterzhadzalreadyzbeenzsolvedzbyzwayzofzazfatwâ

thatz hadz beenz issuedz beforez thez statementz quotedz abovez was

made,z andz therebyz thez conclusivez answerz toz thez questionz had

beenzgiven:z“Inzbothzcaseszthezobligationzconcerningzthezhead,

(i.e.zapplyingzmasahzonzitzwhenzmakingzanzablutionzandzwashing

itzwhenzmakingzazghusl,)zisznozlongerzanzobligation.”

Think of the endless world, do not adore a shadow,

Read the Sunnite book, do not be obstinate,

Wake up as you can, do not miss the chance,

Do not form habits that will burn eternally.

Be mustaqîm, hadrat Allah will not embarrass thee!

Seeing this unawareness, the devil will mock thee,

Come to yourself, my dear, do not let the accursed ape thee.

Do not be mundane, give up pomp and fame,

Beautiful morals is what most becomes to thee.

Be mustaqîm, hadrat Allah will not embarrass thee!

–z86 –

6e–eTAHÂRATeFROMeNAJÂSAT

IbnizÂbidînzwriteszatzthezbeginningzofzthezchapterzonzEssentials

foreSalâte(namâz):z“Therezmustzbeznoznajâsatzorzimpurityzonzthe

body,zonzthezclotheszofzazpersonzmakingzsalâtz(prayer)zorzonzthe

placezwherezhezprays.zAzkerchief,zazheadgear,zazskull-cap,zazturban,

mestszandznalinsz(clogs)zareztozbezconsideredzclothings.zSincezthe

hangingzpartzofzazscarfzwrappedzaroundzone’szneckzmoveszaszone

moveszwhenzperformingznamâz,zitziszincludedzwithzthezclothes,zand

theznamâzzwillznotzbezacceptedzifzthiszpartzofzthezclothziszunclean.

Whenzthosezpartszwherezonezstepszandzputszone’szheadzonzthezcloth

spreadzonzthezgroundzarezclean,ztheznamâzzwillzbezacceptedzevenzif

therezisznajâsatzonzitszotherzparts.zFor, thezcloth,zunlikezthezscarf,zis

notz attachedz to thez body.z Az childz withz clothingz smearedz with

najâsat,zazcat,zazbird,zorzazdogzsalivatingzfromzitszmouthzdoesznot

nullifyzone’sznamâzzwhenztheyzsitzonzone’szlap.zFor, theyzstayzthere

themselves.zButzifzonezholdszthemzonzone’szlap,zshoulderzorzsozon,

onezhaszcarriedzthem,zandzthisznullifieszone’sznamâz.zOne’sznamâz

isz notz nullifiedz byz holdingz az wildz animalz thatz doesz notz produce

saliva,zazcleanzanimalzsuchzaszazcat,zorzazchildzonzone’szlap,zifztheir

outerzpartszarezclean.zFor,ztheznajâsatzinzthemziszcontainedzwhere

itziszproduced.zLikewise,ztheznajâsatzandzbloodzofzazpersonzwhozis

performingznamâzzarezcontainedzwhereinztheyzarezproduced.zSozis

thezcasezwithzcarryingzbloodedzeggszinzone’szpocket.zBecausezthe

bloodzinzthezeggsziszencasedzwherezitziszproduced,zitzdoesznotznullify

one’sznamâz.zButztheznamâzzofzazpersonzcarryingzurinezinzazclosed

bottlezisznotzaccepted.zFor,zthezbottlezisznotzthezplacezwherezthe

urineziszproduced.zThisziszalsozwrittenzinzHalabî-yieKebîr.z[Hencezit

isznotzpermissibleztozperformznamâzzwhilezonezhaszazclosedzbottle

ofzbloodzorztincturezofziodinezorzazclosedzboxzcontainingzazbloody

handkerchiefz orz az piecez ofz clothz smearedz withz najâsatz equaling

morezthanzazdirhamzinzone’szpocket.]zThezplaceszwherezone’sztwo

feetzstepzandzwherezonezputszone’szheadzmustzbezclean.zEvenzifzthe

piecezofzclothzonzwhichzonezprostrateszoneselfziszsmall,ztheznamâz

willzbezacceptedzevenzifzitszotherzpartszarezfoul.zNamâzzperformed

onzcloth,zglasswarez[orznylon]zspreadzorzputzonznajâsatziszaccepted.

Itzisznotzdeleteriousztoznamâzzifzthezhangingzendszofzone’szgarment

touchzsomezdryznajâsatzwhenzprostrating.zIfzonezraiseszonezofzone’s

feetzbecauseztherezisznajâsatzunderzitzandzperformsztheznamâzzon

onezfoot,ztheznamâzzwillzbezacceptedzifzthezplacezwherezonezstands

iszclean.zTherezarezmanyzIslamiczscholarszwhozsayzthatzthezplaces

wherez thez handsz andz kneesz arez putz needz notz bez clean.z Ifz one

–z87 –

prostratesz onz one’sz hand,z thez placez wherez onez putsz one’sz hand

mustzbezclean.”

Anyzsolidznajâsatzonzone’szskinzorzclotheszandzfluidznajâsatzsuch

aszurinezandzblood,zevenzifzitziszonzthezmests,zcanzbezcleanedzonly

byzwashing.zSoilzsmearedzwithzsomezfluidznajâsat,zsuchzaszblood,

winez[alcoholiczliquids],zurine,ziszequatedzwithzsolidznajâsat.zWhen

solidznajâsatziszonzazbelt,zazbag,zmestszorzshoes,zitzcanzbezcleanedzby

crumbling,zwiping.

Solidzorzfluid,zanyznajâsatzonzthingsznotzabsorbent,zbutzsmooth

andzshining,zsuchzaszglass,zmirrors,zbones,znails,zknives,zpaintedzor

varnishedz furniture,z becomesz cleanz whenz itz isz rubbedz withz the

hands,z soilz orz anythingz cleanz untilz itz losesz threez peculiarities

(colour,zodour,ztaste).zWhenzazbloodyzknifezorzazsheep’szheadzis

heldzoverzazfirezuntilzthezbloodzdisappears,zitzbecomeszclean.zWhen

anyzsoilzonzwhichzsomeznajâsatzhaszfallenziszdriedzbyzthezwindzand

loseszitszthreezpeculiarities,zitzbecomeszpurezandzonezcanzperform

namâzzonzit.zButzitzcannotzbezusedzforztayammum.zIfzanyzcloth,

mat,zclotheszorzone’szskinzwerezonzthezsoil,zthesezwillznotzbecome

cleanzwhenztheyzdry.zWhenzthesezarezsmearedzwithznajâsat,zthey

mustzbezwashedzbeforeztheznamâz.zBricks,zfaiencezpavedzonzthe

ground,zgrass,ztreeszgrowingzinzsoil,zrocks,zlikezsoil,zbecomezpure

whenztheyzdryzup.

Whenz driedz semenz isz rubbedz offz itsz placez thez skinz becomes

clean.zIfzthezsemenziszwet,zorzifzitziszblood,zwhetherzwetzorzdry,zthe

clothesz orz thez skinz (onz whichz itz is)z mustz bez washed.z Depending

uponzthezkindzofztheznajâsatzandzthezplacezsmearedzwithzit,zthere

arezoverzthirtyzdifferentzwayszofzcleaning.

Whenzsoapziszmadezfromzoilzmixedzwithznajâsatzorzfromzthezoil

ofzazcarrion,zazfoulzanimalzorzazpig,zitzbecomeszclean.zSoziszthezcase

withzallzchemicalzchanges.zBreadzcanzbezbakedzinzanzovenzthatzwas

madezwithzfoulzwater.zThingszmadezfromznajsz[foul]zearth,zsuchzas

jugszandzjars,zbecomezcleanzwhenztheyzareztakenzoutzofzthezfurnace.

Ifzthezqabaznajâsatzisznotzsozmuchzaszonezdirham orzmorezon

one’szskinzorzclotheszorzonzthezplacezwherezonezperformsznamâz,

theznamâzzperformedztherebyzwillzbezaccepted.zHowever,zifzthere

iszaszmuchzaszazdirhamzitzisztahrîmîzmakrûhzandzitziszwâjibztozwash

itzoff.zIfzitziszmorezthanzazdirhamzitziszfardztozwashzitzoff.zIfzitziszless

thanzazdirhamzitziszsunnatztozwashzitzoff.zSomezscholarszsayzthatzit

iszfardztozwashzoutzevenzazdropzofzwine.zAccordingztozthezother

threezMadhhabs,zitziszfardztozwashzoutzevenzazmotezofzanyzqaba

najâsatzcompletely.z[InzthezMâlikîzMadhhab,zaccordingztozazsecond

authenticzreport,znajâsatzisznotzazhindranceztozthezperformancezof

–z88 –

namâz.z Cleaningz itz isz sunnat.z Itz isz writtenz inz al-Ma’fuwât that

najâsatzleftzafterzistinjaziszallowablezinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab.]zThe

aforesaidz criteriaz pertainingz toz thez amountsz ofz najâsatz arez toz be

appliedzaszofzwhenzazpersonzisztozperformzaznamâz,znotzwhenzhezis

smearedzwithztheznajâsat.

Azdirham iszazweightzofzonezmithqal,zthatzis,ztwentyzqirat,zthat

is,zfourzgramszandzeightyzcentigrams,zofzsolidznajâsat.zWithzfluid

najâsatzitziszanzareazaszlargezaszthezsurfacezofzthezwaterzinzthezpalm

ofzone’szopenzhand.zWhenzsolidznajâsatzlesszthanzonezmithqalzis

spreadz overz anz areaz largerz thanz thez palmz ofz az handz onz one’s

clothes,zitzdoesznotznullifyztheznamâz.

THEREeAREeTWOeKINDSeOFeNAJÂSAT:e1-eQabae(ghalîz)

najâsat:eAllzthingszthatznecessitatezanzablutionzorzghuslzwhenzthey

exude fromz thez humanz body,z flayedz butz notz tannedz skin,z flesh,

excrementzandzurinezofzthosezanimalszwhosezfleshzcannotzbezeaten

[exceptzazbat]zandzofztheirzyoung;zexcrement,zurinezandzazmouthful

ofz vomitedz matterz ofz az suckingz baby;z bloodz ofz manz andz ofz all

animals;z wine,z carrion,z pork,z excrementz ofz domesticz fowls,

excrementzofzpackzanimalszandzsheepzandzgoatszarezghalîz,zthatzis,

qaba.zBloodziszqabaznajâsatzinzallzfourzMadhhabs.zSemen,zmazy

andz thez turbidz white,z thickz liquidz calledz wadîz thatz issuesz after

urinationz arez qabaz najâsatz inz thez Hanafîz andz Mâlikîz Madhhabs.

OnlyzsemenziszcleanzinzthezShafi’îzMadhhab,zandzallzthreezofzthem

arezcleanzinzthezHanbalîzMadhhab.

Azcat’szurine,zonlyzonzone’szclothes;zazmartyr’szblood,zaszlongzas

itzremainszonzhim;zbloodzthatzexistszinzandzdoesznotzflowzoutzof

ediblezmeat,zoffal,zsuchzaszlivers,zheartszandzspleens;zbloodzofzfish;

excrementzandzbloodzofzlice,zfleaszandzbed-bugszarezallzclean.zIn

otherzwords,zitziszsaidz(byzscholars)zthatznamâzzcanzbezperformed

evenz whenz onez isz smearedz withz az greatz dealz ofz thez above.z All

intoxicantzdrinks,zlikezwine,zarezqabaznajâsat.zThezwordszofzthose

whozsayzthatztheyzarezkhafîfz(light)znajâsatzarezdaîfz(weak).zItzis

writtenzinzHalabî-yiekebîr,zin Marâq-il-felâh,zandzinzNi’met-ieislâm

(inzTurkish)zthatzrakiz[andzspirit]zareznajâsat-izghalîza.

2z-zKhafîfenajâsat:zWhenzonezofzyourzlimbszorzazpartzofzyour

clothesziszsmearedzwithzkhafîfznajâsat,zitzdoesznotznegativelyzaffect

yourznamâzzunlesszitzcoverszmorezthanzone-fourthzofzthezlimbzor

thezpartzsmearedzwithzit.zThezurinezofzediblezquadrupedzanimals

andz thez excrementz ofz thosez birdsz whosez fleshz isz notz ediblez are

khafîf.z Thez excrementz ofz suchz ediblez fowlsz asz pigeonsz and

sparrowsziszclean.zEvenzifzazsmallzamountzofzazmouse’szexcrement

orzitszurinezfallszintozwaterzorzoil,zalthoughzitzhaszbeenzforgiven,zit

–z89 –

willzbezbetterztozcleansezit.zIfzazsmallzquantityzofzitzgetszmixedzwith

wheatz andz becomesz flour,z itz hasz beenz forgiven.z Withz respectz to

theirz beingz cleansed,z andz theirz foulingz az liquidz theyz havez fallen

into,z(i.e.ztheirzmakingzitznajs,)ztherezisznozdifferencezbetweenzqabâ

najâsatzandzkhafîfznajâsat.

Dropszofzurinezandzbloodzsplashingzonzyourzclotheszequalling

thezpointzofzazpin,zdropszofzmudzandzvapourszofznajâsatzsplashing

onzyouzinzthezstreets,zgaseszcomingzonzyouzafterztheyzhaveztouched

someznajâsat,zwindzorzsteamzthatziszformedzinzstableszandzbaths,

andzdropszthatzarezformedzonzwallszarezallzexcusablezwhenzthey

touchzyourzclotheszorzwetzskin.zBecausezitziszdifficultztozavoidzthem,

theyzhavezbeenzjudgedztozbezdarûrats.zHowever,zliquidzobtained

fromz distilledz najâsatz isz najs.z For,z therez isz noz inevitabilityz (a

darûrat)zinzusingzit.zForzthiszreason,zrakizandzspiritz(alcohol)zare

qabaznajâsatzand,zlikezwine,zitziszharâmztozdrinkzthem.z[Thezfact

thatzrakizandzspiritzareznajszandzharâmziszwrittenzinzMerâq-il-felâh

andz inz itsz Tahtâwî annotation.z Hence,z whenz performingz namâz,

thez alcoholicz drinksz andz medicines,z suchz asz lotion,z spiritz and

tincturezofziodine,zwhichzhavezbeenzusedzwithoutzazdarûrat,zmust

bezcleansedzfromzone’szclotheszandzskin.zPleasezseezchapterz42zin

thezFirstzFasciclezofzEndlesszBliss!zFoodzcookedzonzazspiritcooker

doesznotzbecomeznajs.

[Itz isz writtenz atz thez endz ofz thez chapterz onz Istinjâ inz Durr-ulmukhtâr:e“Inzazmixturezofzsoilzandzwater,zifzeitherzofzthemziszclean,

thezmixture,zi.e.zthezmud,zbecomeszclean.zThezfatwâziszlikewise.”

ThezsameziszalsozwrittenzinzthezfourthzrulezinzAshbâh.zIbniz’Âbidîn,

whilezexplainingzDurr-ul-mukhtâr,zwrites:z“ItziszwrittenzinzFath-ulqadîr

thatzmostzofzthez’ulamâz(scholars)zstatedzso.zzItziszwrittenzin

Bezzâziyya thatztheyzgavezazfatwâzinzcompliancezwithzthis.zImâm

MuhammadzSheybânîzsaidzthezsame.zTherezarezalsozsomez’ulamâ

whoz saidz thatz thez mudz becomesz najs.z Accordingz toz them,z the

mixturez ofz cleanz soilz andz fertilizerz isz cleanz becausez therez isz a

necessityz inz it.”z Asz itz isz statedz inz Terghîb-us-salât,z [accordingz to

somezscholars],zplasterzmixedzwithzdungziszconsideredzcleanzifzitzis

madez withz cleanz waterz andz thez amountz ofz dungz isz lessz thanz the

amountz ofz mud.z Pleasez seez thez sixthz paragraphz ofz thez section

borrowedzfromzIbnizÂbidînzinztheznineteenthzchapter.

Supposez onez ofz thez twoz substancesz inz az mixturez preparedz to

obviatezaznecessityziszcleanzandzthereziszazharajzinzsubstitutingzthe

najszcomponentzofzthezmixturezwithzazcleanzequivalent;zinzthiszcase

thez mixturez isz toz bez judgedz toz bez cleanz inz viewz ofz thez ijtihâd

reachedzbyzthezformerzgroupzofzscholars.zMedicineszwithzspirit,zeau

–z90 –

dezcologne,zvarnish,zinkzorzpaintzarezinzthiszcategory.zItziszwritten

inzAl-fiqh-ue’alal-madhâhib-il-erba’aeandzinzthezKam›şl›zeditionzof

thez annotationz byz Sulaymânz binz ’Abdullâhz Si’ridîz ‘rahmatullâhi

ta’âlâz ’alaihimâ’ toz al-Ma’fuwât byz mollâz Khalîlz Si’ridî,z (1368

[1949]),z thatz thez najsz liquidsz usedz asz additivesz toz medicinesz and

perfumeszarezforgivenzinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab.zItziszwrittenzinzboth

ofz thesez booksz andz inz Endlessz Blissz II,z chapterz 21,z thatz itz is

permissibleztozadoptzazdaîfz(weak)zreportzwhenzthereziszazharaj.

Therefore,zinzcasezofzazpredicament,zitziszpermissiblezforzHanafîs

andz Shâfi’îsz toz performz namâzz withz thosez mixturesz onz themz in

excessz amounts.z Itz isz writtenz atz thez endz ofz thez chapterz about

Tawakkul [1] thatzazmedicinezconsideredztozbezcleanzcannotzbeztaken

withoutzazdarûrat.]

Anz ammoniaz compoundz formedz fromz ammoniaz gasz issuing

fromznajâsatziszclean.zIfzdustzandzflieszlandzonzsomeznajâsatzand

thenzleavezitzandzthenzlandzonzone’szclotheszorzonzwater,ztheyzdo

notzmakezthemzfoul.

Itziszsahîhzthatzthezmudzthatzazdogzstepszonzdoesznotzbecome

najs.z[Itziszwrittenzatzthezendzofzthezbookzal-Hadîqa:z“Ifzazperson’s

clothingziszstainedzwithznajâsatzandzhezforgetszthezsitezofzthezstain

andz washesz thez partz hez supposesz toz bez stained,z hisz clothingz is

judgedztozhavezbeenzcleaned.zIfzazpersonzwalkszonzaznajszsurface

whilezhiszfeetzarezwet,zhiszfeetzdoznotzgetznajszonzconditionzthatzthe

najszsurfaceziszdry;zbutzifzthezsurfaceziszwetzandzhiszdryzfeetzgetzwet,

theyzbecomeznajs.zIfzthezplacezwherezazdogzhaszlainzinzazmosquezis

dry,zthatzplacezisznotznajs;zifzitziszwetzyetznoztracezofznajâsatziszseen,

itz isz notz najs,z either.z Thez thawâbz forz thez namâzz performedz with

shoeszonziszfarzmorezblessedzthanzthatzperformedzwithzbarezfeet.zSo

iszthezcasezwithzshoeszwornzoutdoorszifznoznajasatziszseenzonzthem.

Onez shouldz disignorez doubts.z Garments,z carpets,z andz similar

thingsz boughtz fromz az sellerz ofz alcoholicz drinksz arez acceptedz as

clean.zAfterzmakingzazghuslzinzcompany,zthezbathzclothzbecomes

cleanzbyzpouringzwaterzoverzitzthreeztimeszwithoutztakingzitzoffzand

wringingz itz out.z Tahâratz isz essentialz inz everything.z Unlessz itz is

knownzforzcertainzthatzsomethingziszstainedzwithznajâsat,zitzcannot

bez consideredz najsz uponz supposition.z Thez meatz ofz animals

butcheredzbyzAhlzal-kitâbzin the dârzal-harbziszregardedzaszclean

unlesszotherwisezproven.zEatingzthezfoodzwithzmeatzpreparedzby

Magiciansz orz disbelieversz withoutz az heavenlyz bookz isz makrûh

tanzîhîzsincezitzisznotzknownzforzcertainzthatz(thezmeatzinzthezfood

[1] Pleasezseezthezthirty-fifthzchapterzofzthezthirdzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss.

–z91 –

iszfrom)zthezanimalz(that)zwaszkilledzbyzthem.zSoziszthezcasezwith

thezmeatzboughtzfromztoday’szbutchers.”]

Najâsatz canz bez cleanedz outz withz anyz cleanz water,z withz water

thatzhaszbeenzusedzforzanzablutionzorzazghuslzorzwithznonviscous

liquids,z suchz asz vinegar,z rose-water,z andz saliva.z Itz cannotz be

cleanedzwithzmilkzorzoil.

Waterzthatzhaszbeenzusedzforzanzablutionzorzazghuslziszcalled

musta’mal water.z Thisz waterz isz qabaz najâsatz (najâsat-i-ghalîza)

accordingztozImâm–iza’zam.zItziszkhafîfznajâsatzaccordingztozAbû

Yûsuf.z Andz itz isz cleanz accordingz toz Imâm-iz Muhammad

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaihimâ’.zThezfatwâzconformszwithzthiszfinal

report.zNajâsatzcanzbezcleanedzwithzit.zOnezcannotzmakezanother

ablutionzorzghuslzwithzit.zThiszrulezapplieszinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab

asz well.z Itz isz makrûhz toz drinkz itz orz toz kneadz doughz withz it.z Ifz it

splasheszonzone’szbath-towel,zclotheszorzintozthezbathzbasin,zorzif

anyzwaterzusedzforzcleaningzoutzsomeznajâsatzsplasheszonzanzarea

aszlargezaszthezpointzofzazpin,zitzdoesznotzcausezthemztozbeznajs

[foul].z Ifz waterz usedz forz cleaningz outz najâsatz formsz az smallz pool

somewhere,z thingsz smearedz withz thatz waterz becomez najs.z Ifz a

personz withoutz anz ablutionz orz withoutz az ghusl,z az menstruating

woman,zazpolytheist,zorzdisbelieverzdipszhiszorzherzhandzorzarmznot

smearedzwithznajâsatzintozanyzwaterzandztakeszsomezwaterzorzpicks

upzazbowlzinzit,zthezwaterzdoesznotzbecomezfoulzinzanyzofzthezfour

Madhhabs.z Ifz morez thanz halfz ofz thez waterz flowingz overz some

najâsatz touchesz thez najâsat,z thez waterz becomesz najs.z Ifz az small

quantityzofzthezwaterztoucheszitzandzifzthezthreezpeculiaritieszofzthe

najâsatzdoznotzexistzinzthezwater,zitzdoesznotzbecomeznajs.zWhen

najâsatzburnszitszasheszbecomezclean.zBreadzcanzbezbakedzinzan

ovenzheatedzbyzburningzdriedzdung.zIfzazdonkey,zpig,zorzanyzcarrion

fallszintozsaltzandzturnszintozsalt,zitzbecomeszclean.zIfzdungzfallszinto

azwellzandzturnszintozmudzinzprocesszofztime,zitzbecomeszclean.zIn

thezMâlikîzMadhhab,zmusta’malzwaterziszbothzcleanzitselfzandzcan

(bezusedzto)zcleanzotherzthings.zHence,z(accordingztozthezMâlikî

Madhhab,)zmusta’malzwaterzcanzbezusedzforzmakingzanzablutionzor

azghuslz[Manâhij-ul-’ibâd].

Grapezjuiceziszclean.zItzbecomesznajszwhenzitzturnszintozwine.

Winez becomesz cleanz whenz itz changesz intoz vinegar.z Ifz najâsat

splasheszonzone’szclotheszorzbodyzandzifzonezcannotzlocatezthezarea

smearedzwithztheznajâsat,zitzwillzbecomezcleanzifzonezwasheszthe

areazthatzonezguessesztozbezthezsmearedzone.zIfzonezdiscoverszthe

correctzareazafterznamâz,zonezdoesznotzperformztheznamâzzagain.

Whenzazthreshingzanimalzurinateszonzsomezwheat,zifzanyzpartzofzthe

–z92 –

wheatziszwashed,zgivenzaszazpresent,zeatenzorzsold,zthezremainder

becomeszclean.

Likewise,zwhenzanyzdirtzorzbloodznoticedzafterzitzhaszdriedzupzis

cleanedzoutzinzthezaforesaidzmannerztillzit,zaszwellzaszitszremains,zis

completelyz gone,z thez placez wherez itz wasz foundz becomesz clean.

Therez isz notz az prescribedz numberz ofz washings.z Oncez willz be

enoughzifzitziszremovedzbyzwashingzonce.zIfztheznajâsatziszremoved,

existencezofzazcolourzandzodourzisznotzharmful.zItziszunnecessaryzto

usezhot orzsoapyzwater.

Tissuezorzbodyzdyedzwithzaznajszsubstancezbecomeszcleanzwhen

itziszwashedzthreeztimes.zItziszbetterztozwashzitzuntilzcolourlesszwater

dropsz fromz it.z Ifz najâsat,z suchz asz somez alcoholicz medicine,z is

syringedzunderzthezskin,zitzwillzbecomezcleanzwhenzthezsyringed

spotziszwashedzthreeztimes.zItzisznotznecessaryztozraisezthezskinzin

orderz toz cleanz underz it.z Ifz one’sz fleshz isz smearedz withz az najs

medicinezwhichzonezhaszputzonzone’szskinzorzonzazwoundzonzone’s

skin,zorzifzonezhaszputznajszeyesalvezonzone’szeyes,zonezdoesznot

havez toz washz one’sz fleshz orz eyes.z Thez outerz part,z asz wellz asz the

driedzbloodzremainingzonzanyzwound,zmustzbezwashedzoutzsozas

notz toz causez anyz harm.z Ifz itz willz bez harmful,z itz shouldz notz be

washed.zHowever,zazpersonzwhozhasznajâsatzonzhimselfzequalling

onezdirhamzcannotzbezanzimâm.zOne’szbelongingszsmearedzwith

invisiblez najâsats,z suchz asz alcoholz (spirit)z andz urine,z shouldz be

washedz inz az basinz orz washingz machinez withz cleanz waterz several

timeszuntilzonezguessesztheyzhavezbecomezclean.zIfztheyzbecome

cleanzafterzwashingzonce,zitzwillzbezenough.zThezwaterzandzother

thingsz inz thez machinez willz notz becomez najsz duringz thez washing.

Thosezwhozarezover-scrupulouszandzdubiouszmustzwashzthemzthree

timeszandzwringzthezwaterzoutzafterzeachzwashing.zItziszenoughzfor

everyzpersonztozsqueezezaszhardzaszhezcan.zThingszthatzcannotzbe

wrungzbecauseztheyzarezfragile,zthinzorzbig,zsuchzaszcarpets,zbody,

leatherz thatz absorbsz najâsat,z mustz bez driedz afterz eachz washing.

Thatz is,z youz mustz waitz untilz thez waterz stopsz dripping.z Itz isz not

necessaryztozdryzorzsqueezezjugs,zbowlszandzcopperwarezthatzdo

notzabsorbznajâsatzorzanythingzwashedzinzthezseazorzinzazriverz[or

inzazwash-basin.]

Itz isz writtenz inz Halabî:z “Najâsatz isz cleanedz outz withz mutlaq

waterzorzwithzmuqayyadzwater [1] orzwithzanyzcleanzliquid.zIfzazbaby

lickszitszownzvomitzonzazbreastzorzifzazpersonzwhosezhandzhaszbeen

smearedzwithzbloodzorzwinezlickszitzandzthenzspitszitzout,zbothzthe

[1] Pleasezseezchapterz7zforzkindszofzwater.

–z93 –

handzandzthezmouthztherebyzinvolvedzbecomezclean.zClothingszwill

notzbezcleanzbyzlicking.zTheyzmustzbezwashed.zEachzanimal’szbile

iszlikezitszurine.zHairs,zbones,znerves,zandzteethzofzazdeadzhuman

beingzorzanzanimal,zwithzthezexceptionzofzswine,zareznotznajs.zItzis

makrûhz toz havez az catz lickz yourz hand.z Whenz az personz withz wet

pantszonzbreakszwind,zthezpantszwillznotzbecomeznajs.zWhenzthe

skinz ofz az carrionz isz tannedz withz az chemicalz thatz isz notz najs,z it

becomeszclean.zIfzitzisztannedzwithzaznajszchemical,zsuchzaszthezoil

ofzazcarrion,zitzwillzbecomezcleanzwhenzitziszwashedzandzwrungzout

threeztimes.zWhenzanzinediblezanimalziszslaughteredzaszprescribed

byzthezSharî’at,zonlyzitszskinziszclean.zThezskinzofzazpig,zazsnakezor

azhumanzwillzneverzbecomezclean.zAznakedzpersonzcannotzcover

himselfzwithzthezuntannedzskinzofzazcarrion.zSuchzazskinzcannotzbe

sold.zFor,zitziszfoulzinzessence.zNotzsoziszthezcasezwithzfouledztissue.

Ifzazmousezfallszintozsolidzfat,zthezfatzthatzhaszcontactedzthezmouse

mustz bez dispensedz with.z Thez remainingz fatz becomesz clean.z Ifz a

mousezfallszintozfluidzoil,zallzofzitzbecomesznajs.zWhenzanyzleather

rubbedzwithznajszgreasezorzpig’szgreaseziszwashed,zitzbecomeszclean.

“Amongzseazanimals,zthosezthatzareznotzpermissibleztozeatzare

clean,ztoo.zIfzazcamel’szexcrementzfallszintozwheatzandzthezwheatzis

groundzintozflourzafterwards,zorzifzitzfallszintozliquidzoilzorzmilkzand

isztakenzoutzlater,zitziszpermissibleztozeatzthezwheatzandzdrinkzthe

oilz orz milkz unlessz onez ofz thez excrement’sz threez peculiaritiesz is

observedzinzthezwheat,zoil,zorzmilk.zOnezcanzperformznamâzzonzthe

cleanzsidezofzazfoulzmaterial.zIfzazpersonzwearingzcleanzshoes,zsocks

andzmestszperformsznamâzzonzaznajszplace,zhisznamâzzwillznotzbe

accepted.z Ifz hez takesz themz offz andz stepsz onz them,z itz willz be

accepted.zSoziszthezcasezwhenztheirzsoleszarezfoul.”zIfzazfowl,zafter

beingzkilled,ziszscaldedzinzboilingzwaterzforzeasyzpluckingzbeforezit

isz pulled,z itz becomesz najs.z [Itz isz statedz onz thez fourthz pagez of

Ebussu’ûdz Efendi’sz fatwâ:z “Ifz az fowlz isz killedz byz jugulationz and

thenzboiledzinzwaterzbeforezitziszevisceratedzandzthenzplucked,zitzis

notz halâl;z itz isz harâmz toz eatz it.z Ifz itz isz killed,z boiledz afterz being

disembowelledzwithzthezinsideszbeingzwashed,zitziszhalâlztozeatzas

longz asz itsz feathersz havez notz beenz smearedz withz najâsat.”z Itz is

writtenz inz Radd-ul-muhtâr:z “Onlyz thez skinz ofz az fowlz not

disembowelledz becomesz najsz whenz itz isz putz inz waterz thatz isz not

boiling;z ifz thez fowlz isz washedz threez timesz withz coldz waterz after

beingzpluckedzandzdisembowelled,zthezentirezfowlzbecomeszclean

again.zAlso,ztheztripezbecomeszcleanzwhenzwashedzthreeztimeszin

thezsamezmanner.”]

Whenzanyzmeatziszboiledzinzwinezorzliquor,zitzbecomesznajs.zIt

–z94 –

cannotzbezcleanedzbyzanyzmeans.zSomezIslamiczscholarszsaidzthatzit

wouldzbecomezcleanzwhenzboiledzthreeztimeszinzcleanzwater,zand

cooledz afterz eachz boiling.z Toz cleanz milk,z honeyz orz boiledz grape

juiceztaintedzwithznajâsat,zsomezwaterzmustzbezaddedztozitzandzthe

mixturezmustzbezboiledzuntilzwaterzhaszevaporated.zTozcleanzfluid

oilz itz mustz bez churnedz withz waterz andz thez oilz thatz risesz toz the

surfacez isz skimmedz off.z Solidz fatz mustz bez boiledz withz waterz and

thenztakenzout.

InzthezShafi’îzMadhhab,zthezmaytas (carcasses)zofzanimalszliving

onzlandzareznajszandzlikewise,zallztheirzpartsz–ztheirzfeathers,zhairs,

bones,zandzskinz–zandzeveryzbitzthatzcomeszfromzthemzexceptztheir

eggszareznajs.zFluidzbloodzissuingzfromzmanzandzanimalszlivingzon

land,zandzallzkindszofzintoxicatingz(alcoholic)zbeverages areznajs.

Alsozamongzthezkindszofznajâsat-i-ghalîzazaccordingztozthezShâfi’î

Madhhabzarezswinezandzdogs,ztheirzentirezbodieszandzanythingzthat

haszphysicallyzcontactedz[thezwetzhairszon]ztheirzbody.zAnything

withz whichz thez contactz hasz takenz place,z whatsoever,z hasz toz be

washedzsevenztimesztozclean.zOnezofzthezwashingszshouldzbezdone

withzazwater-soilzmixture.zAddingzsoilzintozwater,zitziszwashedzwith

turbidzwater;zorzthezthingzsmearedzwithznajâsatziszfirstzdippedzinto

waterzandzthenzsoilziszsprinkledzontozitzandzitziszwashed;zorzfirstzsoil

isz scatteredz andz thenz waterz isz pouredz ontoz it.z Itz isz necessaryz to

removeztheznajâsatzbeforezwashingzwithzthezwater-soilzmixture.zIf

thezplacezofztheznajâsatziszwet,zwezshouldznotzputzthezsoilzontozit

first,z butz washz itz usingz onez ofz thez otherz twoz methods.z Ifz the

removalzofztheznajâsatziszachievedzonlyzafterzseveralzwashings,zall

ofzthemziszconsideredzaszonezwashing.zHence,zsixzmorezwashings

includingzonezwithzsoilzshouldzbezdone.zEachzofzthezwashingszdone

tozremovezthezodor,zcolorzorztasteziszcountedzseparately.zExceptzfor

thezaforesaidztwozanimals,zitziszenoughztozwashzwithzmutlaqzwater

onlyz oncez inz orderz toz cleanz awayz thez najâsat.z Inz thez Shafi’î

Madhhab,z thez urinez ofz az sucklingz boyz isz khafîfz najâsat.z After

wringingzoutzorzdryingzandzthuszremovingzthezwetness,zwezsprinkle

waterzontozit;zaszazresult,zitzbecomeszcleanzevenzifzthezwaterzdoes

notzflow.zThezurinezofzazboyzwhozhaszeatenzsomethingzbesideszmilk,

evenzonce,zorzwhosezageziszaboveztwozandzthezurinezofzazsuckling

girl,zinvariably,zshouldzbezcleanedzoutzonlyzbyzwashingzwithzwater.

[MuhammedzMaz-harzEfendî,zonezofzthezscholarszofz(thezcity

of)z Vanz (inz Easternz Turkey),z statesz inz Misbâh-un-najât: “The

najâsatz seenz isz washedz untilz thez threez peculiaritiesz signifyingz its

existencez arez removedz andz thenz itz isz washedz oncez againz [with

mutlaqz water].z Neverz mindz ifz thez signsz ofz najâsatz canz stillz be

–z95 –

observedzslightly.zWhenztheznajâsatzisznotzvisible,zpouringzwater

overzitzoncezwillzdo.zIfzazcontainerzlickedzbyzazpigzorzazdog,zorzits

ownzhairszlickedzbyzitself,ztoucheszone’szclotheszorzotherzthingszas

itz isz stillz wet,z thesez thingsz mustz bez washedz sixz timesz withz clean

waterz andz oncez withz muddyz water.z Inz thez Shâfi’îz Madhhab,

tayammumz isz notz permissiblez beforez thez prayerz timez comes.

Tayammumz isz madez whenz onez isz illz orz makingz az long-distance

journey.zTherezshouldznotzbezanyzholeszonzthezmestszandzbothzof

themz shouldz bez putz onz atz thez samez timez afterz thez ablutionz is

finished.zCarcasseszofzallzlandzanimalszareznajs.zWithzthezexception

ofzdogszandzpigs,ztheirzhideszbecomezcleanzafterztanning;zhowever,

hideszofzinediblezanimalszdoznotzbecomezclean,zandznamâzzcannot

bezperformedzonzthem.”]

ISTINJÂe –e Cleaningz one’sz frontz orz backz afterz dischargez of

najâsatziszcalledzistinjâ.zCleaning,zthatzis,ztahârat,zisznotznecessary

whenzgaszorzazstonezhaszissued.zIstinjâziszsunnat-izmuakkada.zIn

otherzwords,zafterzurinatingzorzemptyingzthezbowelszinzazrestroom

itziszsunnatzforzazmanzorzwomanztozcleanzhiszorzherzfrontzorzback

(privatezorgans)zwithzazstonezorzwithzsomezwaterzsozasznotztozleave

anyzurinezorzexcrement.zTheznumberzofzwashingszneededzhasznot

beenzprescribedzbyzthezsunnat.zAfterzcleaningzwithzazstone,zitzis

sunnatz toz washz againz withz water.z However,z inz casez istinjâz with

waterzwouldzbezimpossiblezwithoutzopeningzone’szawratzpartszin

company,zonezgiveszupzthezistinjâzwithzwaterzevenzifzazlargezamount

ofz najâsatz isz left.z Onez doesz notz openz one’sz awratz parts,z and

performsznamâzzinzthiszstate.zIfzonezopenszthem,zonezwillzbecome

azsinnerzwhozhaszcommittedzazharâm.zWhenzonezfindszazsecluded

place,zonezmakeszistinjâzwithzwaterzandzperformsztheznamâzzagain.

Thez statement,z “Whenz therez isz az darûratz involvingz relieving

oneselfzorzperformingzazghuslzazmanzcanzopenzhiszawratzpartszinzthe

presencezofzotherzmenzandzazwomanzcanzdozitzinzthezpresencezof

otherz women,”z isz basedz onz az reportz thatz isz weakz (da’îf).z Under

suchzconditionszitzisznecessaryztozmakezaztayammumzinsteadzofza

ghusl.zFor,zIbnie’Âbidîn sayszonzthezhundredzandzfourthzpage:z“If

doingz az commandmentz willz causez youz toz z commitz az harâm,z you

mustz omitz thez commandmentz lestz youz willz commitz thez harâm.”

[Sincezazfardziszomittedzlestzyouzshouldzcommitzazharâm,zthenza

fortiori itzwillzbeznecessaryztozomitzazsunnatzlestzyouzshouldzcommit

azharâmz(Ibnie’Âbidîn,zpagez105).zItziszwrittenzinzthezbookzUyûnul-basâir

thatz az sunnatz mustz bez omittedz evenz lestz onez should

commitzazmakrûh.]

Itz isz tahrimîz makrûhz toz makez anz istinjâz withz bones,z food,

–z96 –

manure,zbricks,zpieceszofzpotszorzglass,zcoal,zanimalzfood,zothers’

possessions,z costlyz thingsz suchz asz silk,z thingsz thrownz awayz from

mosques,zzamzamzwater,zleaves, andzpaper.zEvenzazblankzpiecezof

paperzmustzbezrespected.zItziszpermissibleztozmakezanzistinjâzwith

piecesz ofz paperz orz newspapersz containingz secularz namesz or

writingszthatzhaveznothingztozdozwithzreligion.zButzyouzmustznot

makez anz istinjâz withz anyz paperz containingz Islamicz letters.z Itz is

permissibleztozcleanzsemenzorzurinezwithzazpiecezofzclothzandzthen

washzthezcloth.zAzseriouslyzillzpersonzwithoutzazhusbandzorzwife

doesznotzhaveztozmakezanzistinjâ.zButztheyzhaveztozhavezsomeone

helpzthemzmakezanzablution.zItziszmakrûhztozurinatezorzemptyzthe

bowelsz withz one’sz frontz orz backz towardsz thez qibla,z standingz or

nakedz withoutz anyz excuse.z Az ghuslz isz notz permissiblez atz az place

wherezurinezhaszaccumulated.zItzisznotzpermissibleztozurinatezinza

placezusedzforzmakingzghusl.zYetzitziszpermissiblezifzthezurinezwill

notzaccumulatezandzwillzflowzaway.zWaterzusedzforzistinjazbecomes

najs.zItzmustznotzbezallowedztozsplashzonzyourzclothes.zTherefore,

whenzmakingzanzistinjâzyouzmustzopenzyourzawratzpartszandzdozit

inzazsecludedzplace.zIstinjâzcannotzbezmadezbyzinsertingzone’szhand

intozone’szpantszinzfrontzofzthezwash-basinzandztherebyzwashzone’s

organzbyzmakingzitztouchzthezwaterzinzone’szpalm.zWhenzsmeared

withzdropszofzurine,zwaterzinzone’szpalmzbecomesznajszandzcauses

thezpantszwhichzitzdropszonztozbecomeznajs.zIfzthezareaszwhichzthis

waterz dropsz on to amountsz toz morez thanz thez palm’sz width,z the

namâzzwillznotzbezsahîh.zIfzthezperson,z(whozhaszsozmuchzurinezon

hiszpants)ziszanzimâm,zotherszcannotzperformznamâzzbehindzhim.zIf

azpersonzwithoutzhandszdoesznotzhavezazmahramzrelativeztozhelp

him/herz toz makez istinjâz (cleanz him/herselfz afterz urinationz or

defecation),z (obligationz of)z istinjâz lapsesz fromz him/herz (Qâdî-

Khân).

Itziszwâjibzforzmenztozmakezanzistibrâ,zthatzis,znotztozleavezany

dropszinzthezurethra,zbyzwalking,zcoughingzorzbyzlyingzonztheirzleft

side.z Womenz doz notz makez anz istibrâ.z Onez mustz notz makez an

ablutionzunlesszoneziszsatisfiedzthatztherezareznozdropszofzurinezleft.

Onezdropzoozingzoutzwillzbothznullifyzthezablutionzandzmakezone’s

underwearszdirty.zIfzlesszthanzazpalmfulzoozeszontozthezpants,zitzis

makrûhzforzoneztozmakezanzablutionzandzperformznamâz.zIfzmore

oozes,ztheznamâzzwillznotzbezsahih.zThosezwhozhavezdifficultyzwith

istibrâzmustzputzazcellulosiczcottonzwickzaszbigzaszazbarleyzseedzinto

thez urinaryz hole.z Thez cottonz willz absorbz thez urinez oozingz out,

whichzwillzpreventzbothzthezablutionzfromzbeingzbrokenzandzthe

pantszfromzgettingznajs.zOnly,zthezendzofzthezcottonzmustznotzjut

–z97 –

out.zIfzthezcottonzwickziszlongzandzitszendzremainszoutsidezandzgets

wetz withz urine,z thez ablutionz willz break.z Muslimsz inz thez Shâfi’î

Madhhabzshouldznotzputzcottonztherezduringzthezblessedzmonthzof

Ramadân;z itz willz nullifyz one’sz fastz accordingz toz thez Shâfi’î

Madhhab.z[WhenzazHanafîzMuslimzimitatingzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab

inzablutionzandznamâzzuseszcottonzwickzlikewise,zitzwillznotznullify

hiszfast.zWithzoldzandzinvalidzpeople,zthezorganzbecomeszsmaller

andzthezpiecezofzclothzwoundzaroundzitzbecomeszloose.zAzperson

withzthiszproblemzputszazpiecezofzclothzaszlargezaszazhandkerchiefzin

azsmallznylonzbagzandzplaceszthezorganzandztheztesticleszinzthezbag.

Heztieszthezmouthzofzthezbag.zIfzthezamountzofzthezurinezdripping

ontozthezclothziszmorezthanzonezdirham,zthezclothzmustzbezreplaced

beforezmakingzanzablution.zIfzazpersonzwhozcannotzcontrolzhiszurine

butzwhozdoesznotzhavezanzexcuseznoticeszwetnesszonzthezpiecezof

clothzthatzheztiedzclean,zandzifzhezdoesznotzknowzwhenzthezurine

oozed,zitzmustzbezjudgedzthatzitzoozedzatzthezmomentzheznoticedzit,

likezinzthezexamplezofzthezbloodzofzhaid,zdealtzwithzinzthezfourth

chapter.zAzpersonzwhozfeelszdoubtzcheckszthezclothzbeforezstarting

tozperformznamâz.zIfzhezseeszwetnesszhezmakeszaznewzablution.zIf

hezfeelszdoubtzduringznamâz,zhezcheckszaszsoonszaszhezmakeszthe

salâmzand,zifzhezseeszdrops,zhezperformsztheznamâzzagain.zIfzhezsees

wetnesszonezorztwozminuteszafterzthezsalâm,zitzwillzbezconcluded

thatzhezhaszperformedztheznamâzzwithzanzablution].zAfterzistibrâ,

istinjâziszmade.zAfterzistinjâzwithzwater,zthezorganziszwipedzdryzwith

azpiecezofzcloth.zEveryzwomanzmustzalwayszputzkursuf (somezcotton

orzcloth)zonzherzfrontz[seezchapterz4.]

[Thezfactzthatzthosezwhozsufferzfromzenuresiszorzuncontrollable

bleedingzandzthosezwhozhavezdifficultyzinzpurifyingzthemselveszof

najâsatz shouldz imitatez thez Mâlikîz Madhhabz isz writtenz inz the

annotationzto al-Ma’fuwât.zItziszwrittenzinzthezbookzAl-fiqh-u-’alalmadhâhib-il-erba’a,z“(Thezfollowingzprincipleszmustzbezobservedzby

Muslimszwhozintendztozimitate)zthezMâlikîzMadhhab:zUrine,zsemen,

mazî,z wadî,z bloodz ofz istihâdaz (menorrhagia),z excrementz orz wind

issuingzfromzazhealthyzpersonzbreakszanzablution.zYetzanzablution

willz notz bez brokenz whenz thez bodyz emitsz stones,z worms,z pus,

yellowishzliquidzorzbloodzthroughzthezanuszorzanyzotherzpart.zWhen

thosezthingszemissionzofzwhichzwouldznormallyzbreakzanzablution

issuezbecausezofzsomezillnesszandzitzcannotzbezprevented,zonezofzthe

followingz twoz ijtihâdsz isz toz bez followed:z Accordingz toz thez first

ijtihâd,zinvoluntaryzurinationzthatzcontinueszforzmorezthanzhalfzof

thezperiodzofztimezprescribedzforzazcertainzprayerzofznamâz,zwhenzit

isz notz knownz whenz itz (thez urination)z started,z doesz notz breakz an

–z98 –

ablution.z Accordingz toz thez secondz ijtihâd,z itz doesz notz breakz an

invalid’sz ablutionz anyway,z notz evenz inz thez absencez ofz thez three

conditions.z Itz isz mustahabz forz thatz personz toz makez anz ablution

wheneverz thez urinationz stops.z Whenz sickz orz oldz peoplez have

difficultyz makingz anz ablution,z theyz arez approvedz ofz availing

themselveszofzthiszsecondzijtihâd.zIfzitziszknownzwhenzthezurination

stops,zitziszpreferrablezforzthezpersonzconcernedztozmakezanzablution

then.zThosezHanafîszandzShâfi’îszwhozhaveztozwaitzratherzlongzfor

istibrâzorzwhosezurinezgoeszonzdroppingzafterwardszandzwhozcannot

bezexcusablezbecauseztheirzinvoluntaryzurinationzdoesznotzcontinue

asz longz asz az periodz allottedz forz az namâz,z mustz imitatez thez Mâlikî

Madhhab.zIbniz’ÂbidînzsayszinzthezsubjectzaboutzTalâq-i-rij’î: [1] “Our

scholarszgaveztheirzfatwâzinzaccordancezwithzthezMâlikîzMadhhabzin

casezofzazdarûrat.zIfzazmatterzhasznotzbeenzexplainedzinzthezHanafî

Madhhab,z thez Mâlikîz Madhhabz mustz bez imitated.”z Thez skinz over

thezearsziszincludedzinzthezareazofzthezhead.zSozitziszfardztozmake

masahzonzthem.zItzisznotzwrittenzinzHanafîzbookszthatzthiszpartzofzthe

skinziszincludedzinzthezareazofzthezfacezandzmustzbezwashed.zItzbreaks

anzablutionztoztouchzlustfullyzthezskinzorzhairzofzazwomanzwhozis

permissiblez forz onez toz marry [2] .z Inz ghusl,z itz isz sunnat,z notz fard,z to

washz(inside)zthezmouthzandztheznose.zAztayammumzisznecessaryzfor

eachz prayerz time.z (Atz eachz prayerz timez thez tayammumz thatz you

madezforzthezpreviouszprayerzbecomesznullzandzvoid.)zThezdogzisznot

foul; norziszthezpig.zHowever,zitziszharâmztozeatztheirzmeat.zBloodzis

foul,zevenzifzitziszthatzofzazfish.zTahâratzfromznajâsatziszfardzaccording

tozonezauthenticzreportz(ijtihâd),zandzsunnatzaccordingztozanother.

Dropsz fromz haemorrhoidsz andz dropsz ofz urinez andz excrementz on

one’szunderwearszarezforgiven.zHumanzandzanimalzbloodzandzpus

fromzanzabscesszorzwoundzarezforgivenzwhenztheyzcoverzanzareazas

largezasz(andznozmorezthan)zthezpalmzofzazhand.zItziszfardztozrecite

thezFâtihaz(sûra)zinzeveryzrak’atzofznamâzzandztozremainzmotionless

forzazwhilez(whichziszcalledztumânînat)zafterzthezrukû’zandzbetween

theztwozsajdas.zInzrak’atszwherezthezimâmzsayszthez(thezFâtihazsûra

andz thez otherz prescribed)z sûrasz silently,z itz isz mustahabz forz the

jamâ’atztozsayzthezFâtihaz(silently);zandzwherezthezimâmzreciteszthe

sûraszaloud,zitziszmakrûhzforzthezjamâ’atztozsayzthezFâtiha,z(notzeven

silently).zAtzqiyâmz(standingzpositionzinznamâz),zitziszmustahabzto

placezbothzhandszonzsomewherezbetweenzthezchestzandztheznavel,

[1] PleasezseezthezfifteenthzchapterzofzthezsixthzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss for

kindszofztalâqz(divorce).

[2] Thezwifezisznozexceptionzfromzthiszrule.

–z99 –

thezrightzhandzonzthezleftzhand,zorztozletzthemzhangzdownzonzboth

sides.zItziszmakrûhztozsayzthez‘A’ûdhu...’zinzprayerszofznamâzzthatzare

fard.zFinishingzthez(recitalzof)zFâtihazafterz(havingzbegun)zthezrukû’

willznullifyztheznamâz.”

SecondzeditionzofzthezMâlikîzbookzofzfiqhzaz-Zahîraeli-leQurâfî

waszprintedzinzEgyptzinz1402z[A.D.z1982].zItzsays,z“Imâm-i-Mâlik

saidz thatz itz isz wâjibz forz thez awâmz (commonz people,z laymen)z to

imitatezthezmujtahids.zThez(four)zMadhhabszarezwayszleadingzto

Paradise.zHezwhozfollowszanyzonezofzthemzwillzattainzParadise.”

Lastz editionz ofz thez bookz al-Mudawwana,z whichz consistsz of

narrationsz comingz fromz Imâm-i-Mâlikz throughz Ibnz ul-Qâsim

‘radiy-Allâhuzanhumâ’,zwaszprintedzinzBeirut.zItziszwrittenzinzthis

book: “Whenz az woman’sz palmz touchesz herz genitalz organ,z her

ablutionzisznotzbroken.zIfzmazîzoozeszcontinuouslyzbecausezofzcold

orzillness,zanzablutionzisznotzbroken.zYetzifzitzoozeszaszazresultzofza

lustfulz thought,z itz willz bez broken.z Ifz bloodz ofz istihâzaz orz urine

oozes,zanzablutionzisznotzbroken;zyetzinzthiszcasezitziszmustahabzto

makezanzablutionzforzeachzprayerzofznamâz.zKhilâlzofzthezbeard

(combingzthezbeardzwithzfingers)zisznotzmadezduringzanzablution.

Onezshouldznotzperformznamâzzbehindz(anzimâmzwhozis)zazholder

ofzbid’atz(azhereticalzorzaberrantzbeliefzorzconduct).”zItziszfardzto

washz(thezskin)zunderzeye-browszandzeye-lashes,zandzalsozunder

thezscarcely-hairedzbeard,zandztozwashzthezupperzpartzofzthezbeard

whichziszthicklyzhaired.zItziszmustahabztozprobezbetweenztheztoes

(byzusingzthezsmallzfinger).zItziszpermissibleztozdryzoneselfzafterzan

ablution.zSevenzactionszarezfardz(compulsory)zinzanzablution,zand

fivezarezfardzinzazghusl.zInzcasezofzsuchzfearszaszlosingzone’szlifezor

propertyzorzbecomingzillzorzone’szillnesszbecomingzworsezorzone’s

healingzbeingzdelayed,zitziszpermissibleztozmakezaztayammum.zIf

onezcannotzfindzazMuslimzdoctor,zonezwillzhaveztoztrustzazdoctor

whoz isz az disbelieverz orz (others’)z experiences.]z Whenz something

washedzwithzthezhandszbecomezclean,zthezhandszbecomezclean,ztoo.

Itz saysz inz thez subjectz concerningz usingz goldz andz silverz inz the

fifthz volumez ofz Durr-ul-mukhtâr thatz men’sz dealingz withz one

anotherziszcalledzMu’âmalât.zInzmu’âmalât,zazfâsiqzMuslim’szorza

disbeliever’szwordzisztozbezaccepted.zAzdiscreetzchildzandzazwoman

arezlikezmenz(inzthiszrespect).zIfzonezofzthemzsays,z“Izhavezbought

thisz meatz fromz az disbelieverz believingz inz az heavenlyz book,”z the

meatz willz bez halâlz toz eat.z [For,z formerlyz meatz wasz soldz byz the

personzwhozhadzbutcheredzthezanimal.]zOne’szpropertyzdoesznot

becomezinvalidatedzbyzonezperson’szword.zIfzazMuslimzbuyszsome

meatzandzanotherzdevotedz(sâlih)zMuslimzsayszthatzthezanimalz(to

–z100 –

whichz thez meatz belongs)z wasz killedz byz az disbelieverz withoutz a

heavenlyz book,z thez meatz cannotz bez returnedz toz thez seller;z the

buyerz hasz toz payz forz it.z For,z sincez hez boughtz thez meatz without

knowingzthatzitzbelongedztozazcarrion,zitzhaszbecomezhiszproperty.

Informationztozinvalidatezpropertyzhasztozbezgivenzbyztwozmenzor

byzonezmanzplusztwozwomen.zTherezarezthreezkindszofzmu’âmalât.

Thezfirstzkindzcompriseszdealingszthatzneitherzpartyzhasztozfulfil.

Exampleszofzthiszarezbeingzazdeputy,zbeingzazmudâribz(onezofzthe

partnerszinzazkindzofzjoint-ownership) [1] ,zandzbeingzgrantedz(byza

personztozdozsomethingzonzhiszbehalf).zThezsecondzkindzconsistszof

dealingszthatzbothzpartieszhaveztozfulfil.zExampleszofzthiszarezthe

rightsz thatz canz bez subjectsz forz law-suits.z Thez thirdz kindz includes

dealingszthatzonezofzthezpartieszhasztozfulfilzwhilezthezotherzparty

doesz notz havez toz fulfil.z Inz thisz kindz arez dismissingz az deputyz and

withdrawingzthezpermissionzonezgrantedztozanotherzperson.zInzthis

casezthezdeputyzandzthezgrantedzpersonzcanznozlongerzactzonzbehalf

ofzthezpersonztheyzarezrepresenting.zButzthezpersonzwhoztakeszback

hiszpermissionzorzauthorityzfromzhiszdeputyziszfreeztozusezhiszown

rights.zWezhavezalreadyzexplainedzthezfirstzone.zInzthezsecond,zthe

informersz mustz havez thez conditionsz prescribedz byz Islamz for

witnesses.zInzthezthird,ztheznumberzofzthezinformerszandzwhether

theyzhavezthezqualityzofz’adâlatz(beingz’âdilzMuslims)zwillzbeztaken

intozconsideration.

MatterszbetweenzAllâhuzta’âlâzandzmanzarezcalledzDiyânât.zIn

diyânât,zthezwordzofzanz’âdil [2] Muslimzwhozhaszreachedzthezagezof

pubertyzwillzbeztrusted.zAzwomanziszlikezazmanzinzthiszrespect.zIfzhe

(orzshe)zsays,z“Thiszwaterzisznajs,”zonezcannotzmakezanzablution

withz thez water.z Onez willz havez toz makez az tayammum.z Ifz az fâsiq

MuslimzorzazMuslimzwhosezconductzisznotzknownzforzcertainzsays

soz onez inquiresz aboutz itz personallyz andz actsz uponz one’sz own

assurance.zIfzazdisbelieverzorzazchildzsayszthatzthezwaterzisznajszand

ifzonezbelieveszthem,zonezmustzpourzthezwaterzawayzandzthenzmake

aztayammum.zInzgivingzazpresentzorzazpermission,zazchild’szword

canzbezaccepted.zWhenzazchildzsays,z“Comezin,zplease,”zonezcan

enterzthezplace.zButzwhetherzazchildziszpermittedztozbuyzsomething

dependszuponzthezseller’szconviction.

Inzdiyânât,zinformationzthatzwillzinvalidatezone’szpropertyzmust

bezgivenzbyztwozmenzorzonezmanzplusztwozwomen.zForzexample,zif

[1] Sleepingz(SilentzorzDormant)zpartnership,zexplainedzinzthezforty-fifth

chapterzofzthezfifthzfascicle.

[2] Termszsuchzasz’âdilzandzfâsiqzarezexplainedzinzchapterz10.

–z101 –

anz’âdilzMuslimzsays,z“Thiszmanzandzwifezarezsiblingszthroughzthe

milk-tie,” [1]

itz willz notz bez admitted,z andz thez nikâhz (marriagez as

prescribedzbyzIslam)zwillznotzbezcancelled.

Ibniz’Âbidînzsayszatzthezendzofzthezchapterzaboutzistinjâ:z“Ifzan

’âdilzpersonzsayszthatzsomezmeatziszcarrion,ze.g.,z“aemurtadd killed

it,”z andz anotherz ’âdilz personz saysz thatz itz isz notz carrion,z e.g.,z “a

Muslimzkilledzit,”zitzwillzbezjudgedzaszcarrion.zIfzthezformerzsays

thatzsomezwaterzorzanyzsortzofzsherbetzorzanyzfoodzisznajszandzthe

latterzsayszthatzitzisznotznajs,zitzwillzbeztakenzaszclean.zIfztherezare

severalz informers,z thez majority’sz consensusz willz bez accepted.z If

cleanzandznajszclotheszcomeztogetherzandzthezcleanzoneszarezinzthe

minority,zorzaznumberzofzpotszareztogetherzandzthezcleanzoneszare

inzthezmajority,zonezshouldzsearchzforzthezcleanzoneszandzusezthe

oneszonezsupposesztozbezclean.zIfzthezcleanzpotszarezequalzorzfewer

inznumber,zallzofzthemzwillzbeztakenzasznajs.

7e–eWATEReANDeITSeKINDS

ItziszwrittenzinzDurr-ul-mukhtâr,zandzalsozinzRadd-ul-muhtâr,

whichziszazcommentaryzto thezformer:

Azminorzablutionz[anzablutionzforznamâz]zandzazmajorzablution

[ghusl]zrequirezusingzmutlaqewater.zInzotherzwords,zmutlaqzwater

iszbothzcleanzandzazcleaner.zMutlaqzwaterziszwaterzthatztakeszno

otherz wordz besidesz itsz namez andz whichz isz solelyz calledz water.

Waterzfromzrain,zbrooks,zstreams,zsprings,zwells,zseas,zandzsnowzis

mutlaqz water.z (Kindsz ofz waterz suchz as)z musta’malz water

(explainedz earlierz inz thez text),z najsz water,z flowerz essence,z grape

juicezandzthezlike,zwhichzarezmentionedztogetherzwithztheirzkinds

andz properties,z arez notz mutlaqz water.z Thesez cannotz bez usedz for

makingz anz ablutionz orz ghusl.z Theyz arez calledz Muqayyade water.

Zamzamzwaterzcanzbezusedzforzanzablutionzorzazghusl.zItzisznotzeven

makrûh.zItziszpermissiblezalsoztozusezwaterzthatzhaszstayedzforzsome

timezunderzthezsun.zYetzitzisztanzîhîzmakrûh.

Waterzissuingzandzdroppingzfromztrees,zgrass,zfruitzorzfromzany

climbingzplantziszclean.zYetzanzablutionzorzghuslzisznotzpermissible

withzitzorzwithzanyzjuicezextractedzfromzthesezplants.

Whenz somethingz cleanz isz mixedz withz mutlaqz water,z ifz the

amountzofzthezsubstancezmixedzwithzthezwaterziszmorezthanzthe

water,z thez waterz becomesz muqayyad.z Thez substancez mixedz with

[1] PleasezseezthezseventhzchapterzofzthezsixthzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss.

–z102 –

waterzmayzbecomezthezgreaterzpartzinzfourzways.zFirstly,zsomething

solid,z suchz asz az spongez orz grass,z absorbsz thez waterz completely.

Secondly,z somethingz whichz isz notz usedz inz cleaningz likez soapz is

heatedzinzthezwater.zMeatzjuicezandzbeanzjuicezarezofzthiszsort.zIn

thisz casez thez waterz becomesz muqayyadz waterz evenz ifz itsz three

propertieszdidznotzchangezandzevenzifzitzdidznotzlosezitszfluidity.

Waterzheatedzwithzsomezcleanerzsuchzaszsoapzbecomeszmuqayyad

ifzitzloseszitszfluidity.zThirdly,zazsolidzsubstancezgetszmixedzwithzcold

water.zIfzthezsubstancezchangesztheznamezofzthezwaterzafterzitzis

mixedz withz it,z thez waterz becomesz muqayyadz evenz ifz itz hasz not

becomezviscous.zTwozexampleszofzthiszarezwaterzcontainingzsaffron

orzsulphatezofzironzandzwaterzcontainingzoakzapple,zifzthezamount

ofzthezsubstancezdissolvedzinzitziszsuchzthatzitzcanzbezusedzinzdying,

inz thez formerz example,z andz inz tannery,z inz thez latter.z Another

examplezisztheznebîz madezfromzdates.zDateszorzdriedzgrapeszare

keptzinzcoldzwaterzuntilztheirzsugarzisztransferredzintozthezwater,zthe

waterziszthenzheatedzuntilzitzboils.zAfterzgettingzcold,zitziszfiltered.

Thiszliquidziszcalledznebîz.zIfzitziszfilteredzwithoutzbeingzheatedzit

becomesznaqî’ [1] .zWhenztheznamezofzthezwaterzdoesznotzchange;zit

becomeszmuqayyadzifzitzhaszlostzitszfluidityzandzbecomezviscous;

andzitzremainszpurezifzitziszstillzfluidzevenzifzallzthreezofzitszproperties

havezchanged.zExampleszofztheseztypeszarezwaterzdyedzbyzsaffron

thatzhaszfallenzintozitzandzcoldzwaterzwhosezcolour,zodorzorztaste

haszbeenzchangedzbyzbeans,zchick-peas,zleaves,zfruitszorzgrasszthat

haszremainedzinzitzforzsomeztime.zItzisznotzpermissibleztozmakezan

ablutionzorzghuslzwithzsaturatedzsolutionszofzsalt.

Fourthly;zwhenzazliquidzsubstancezgetszmixedzwithzwater.zWhen

azcleanzsubstancezinzliquidzformzflowszintozazsmallzpool,zifzallzthree

propertieszofzthezsubstancezarezunlikezthosezofzwaterzandzifztwo

propertieszofzthezmixturezhavezchanged,zitzbecomeszmuqayyad.zIf

onlyzonezhaszchanged,zitzdoesznotzbecomezmuqayyad.zWaterzmixed

withzvinegarziszanzexamplezofzthisztype.zWhenzonezorztwozofzits

propertiesz arez likez thosez ofz thez water,z andz ifz az propertyz ofz the

waterzwhichziszunlikezthatzofzthezsubstancezhaszbeenzchangedzinzthe

mixture,zitzbecomeszmuqayyad.zMilkyzwaterziszanzexamplezofzthis

typezbecausezbeingzodorlessziszcommonzinzbothzofzthem.zAndzsozis

waterz mixedz withz melonz juicez because,z beingz colourlessz and

odorlessziszcommonzinzbothzofzthem.zIfzallzthreezofzitszproperties

arezlikezthosezofzwater,zorzifzthezamountzofzthezliquidzmixedzwith

[1] PleasezseezthezthirdzchapterzofzthezsixthzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss.

–z103 –

waterziszmorezthanzthezwaterzorzequalztozthezwater,zthezmixture

becomesz muqayyadz andz itz isz notz permissiblez toz performz an

ablutionzorzghuslzwithzit.zSoziszthezcasezwhenzmusta’malzwaterz[that

whichzhaszbeenzusedzinzanzablutionzorzghusl]zgetszmixedzwithzthe

water.z Thisz isz so,z inasmuchz asz musta’malz waterz isz thoughtz toz be

clean.zSoziszthezcasezwhenzmusta’malzwaterzflowszintozazsmallzpool

orzintozazbath-tubzorzwhenzazpersonzwithoutzanzablutionzdipszhis

handzorzfootzintozitzorzhezhimselfztakeszazdipzinzit.zSozlongzaszitzis

notzknownzthatzthezamountzofzwaterztouchingzthezskinszofzthose

whozperformzanzablutionzatzazsmallzpoolziszhalfztheztotalzamountzof

thez waterz inz thez pool,z intoz whichz noz waterz flows,z orz thatz any

najâsat,zthoughzlittle,zhaszfallenzintozthezpool,zthenzitziszpermissible

tozperformzanzablutionzatzthezpool.zIfzazlotzofzpeoplezperformzan

ablutionzatzazsmallzpoolzwhosezwaterziszchangedzdailyzandzifztheir

musta’malzwaterzfallszbackzintozthezpool,zitziszpermissible.zButzif

veryzlittleznajâsatzfallszintozthezpool,zitzisznotzpermissibleztozperform

anz ablutionz there.z Accordingz toz somez scholars,z ifz anyz limbz is

dippedz andz washedz inz az smallz pool,z thez wholez poolz becomes

musta’malzwater.zForzthatzreason,zatzplaceszrichzwithzwater,ztaking

somezwaterzwithzthezpalmszandzwashingzthezlimbszoutsidezthezpool

mustzbezpreferredztozwashingzthezlimbszinzthezpool.zAtzplaceszwith

scarcez water,z actingz uponz thosez scholarsz whoz sayz thatz itz is

permissible,zanzablutionzand/orzazghuslzcanzbezzbezmadezinzthezpool.

Itziszsahîh,zbutzitziszharâm,ztozmakezanzablutionzwithzusurped

water.

Itziszpermissibleztozmakezanzablutionzorzghuslzwithzmutlaqzwater

inzwhichzanzanimalzwithoutzfluidzbloodzhaszdied.zForzexample,zitzis

permissiblezwithzwaterzinzwhichzthereziszazdeadzbee,zscorpion,zbedbugzorzmosquito.zItzisznotzpermissiblezifzthereziszazdeadzleechzthat

haszsuckedzblood.zAzsilkwormzandzitszeggs,zthosezwormszlivingzin

excrement,ztapewormszandzfruitzwormszarezclean.zButztheznajâsat

smearedzaroundzthemzisznajs.

Whenz anz aquaticz animalz diesz inz somez water,z suchz asz fish,

crabs,zfrogs,zitziszpermissibleztozmakezanzablutionzorzghuslzwith

thatzwater.zAlso,zofztoadszandzsnakeszlivingzonzland,zwhenzthose

withoutzfluidzbloodzdiezinzthezwater,zitziszpermissible.zIfzallzsuch

animalsz diez afterz beingz takenz outz ofz thez waterz andz theirz dead

boodieszfallzintozthezwater,zitziszstillzpermissible.zAlso,zifzazfrog

getszbrokenztozpieceszinzthezwater,zitziszstillzpermissible.zButzthe

waterzcannotzbezdrunk.zForzitszfleshziszharâmz(tozeat).zWhenzan

animalzthatziszbornzonzlandzandzliveszinzwater,zsuchzaszazduckzorza

–z104 –

goose,zdieszinzazsmallzpool,zthezpoolzbecomesznajs.

Whenz littlez najâsatz fallsz inz az smallz pool,z accordingz toz Hanafî

Madhhab,z orz inz anyz poolz ofz waterz thatz isz smallerz thanz one

qullatayn,zaccordingztozShâfi’îzMadhhab,zthezwaterzbecomesznajs

evenzifzitszthreezpropertieszdidznotzchange.zMenzcannotzdrinkzit,

norzcanzitzbezusedzinzcleaning.zIfzitszthreezpropertieszchange,zitzis

likez urinez andz cannotz bez usedz inz anything.z Az qullataynz isz five

hundredzritls.zOnezritlzisz130zdirhams,zandzonezdirhamz3.36zgrams.

Hence,zonezqullataynzisz220zkilograms.

Waterz whosez threez propertiesz havez changedz asz az resultz of

stayingz tooz longz doesz notz becomez najs.z Ifz thez reasonz forz any

smellingz waterz isz notz known,z itz mustz bez consideredz toz bez clean.

Therezisznozneedztozinquire,ztozaskzothers.zInzorderztozopposezthe

(hereticalzgroup)zofzMu’tazîla,zitziszsometimeszadvisableztozmake

anzablutionzatzazpoolzwhichziszbesidezazriver.

Ifzsomeznajâsat,zwhetherzitzcanzbezseenzorznot,zfallszinzazriverzorza

largezpool,zinzthezHanafîzMadhhab; orzinzanzamountzofzwaterzequal

tozonezqullatayn,zinzthezShafi’îzMadhhab; orzinzanyzamountzofzwater,

inzMalikîzMadhhab; itziszpermissibleztozmakezanzablutionzorzghuslzat

anyzsidezofzitzwherezanyzonezofzthezthreezsignszofztheznajâsat; colour,

odourzorztaste; isznotzevident.zForzexample,zwhenzthereziszazcarrion,

whenzazmanzorzanzanimalzurinateszorzwhenzazbeastzofzpreyzdrinks

waterz(fromzazstream),zifztherezisznozsignzofzthemzatzitszlowerzparts,zit

iszpermissible,z(tozmakezanzablutionzorzghusl).zAccordingztozsome

scholars,z thez permissibilityz stipulatesz thatz thez amountz ofz waterz in

contactzwithztheznajâsatzbezlesszthanzthezamountzofzwaterzclearzofzit.

Thez waterz doesz notz havez toz flowz continuously.z Whenz anyz water

pouredz onz somez najsz placez flowsz forz onez metre, soz thatz itsz three

propertiesz arez gone,z itz becomesz clean.z Whenz cleanz waterz inz one

containerz andz najsz waterz inz anotherz containerz arez pouredz fromz a

levelzonezmetrezabovezthezgroundzandzgetzmixedzwithzeachzotherzin

thezair,zthezwaterzthatzfallszonzthezgroundzwillzbezclean.

Waterzthatzcanzsweepzalongzazchaffzofzstrawziszcalledzflowing

water.zAzsquarezpoolzwithzeachzsidezmeasuredzasztenzzrâ’z[about

4.8z meters]z isz calledz (largez pool),z whichz coversz anz areaz ofz a

hundredzsquarezzrâ’,zthatzisztwenty-threezsquarezmetres.zAzcircle

whosez circumferencez isz 17z metresz coversz anz areaz ofz 23z square

metres.zItszbeingzshallowzdoesznotzdetractzfromzthiszspecification.

Ifzazpersonzdigszazditchzfromzazhollowzandzmakeszanzablutionzaszthe

waterz inz thez hollowz flowsz throughz thez ditchz andz thez musta’mal

waterz (usedz byz him)z accumulatesz inz anotherz hollowz fromz which

someonezelsezdigszanotherzditchzandzmakeszanzablutionzwithzthe

–z105 –

flowingzwaterzandzthezmusta’malzwaterzaccumulateszatzsomezother

placez andz fromz therez anotherz ditchz isz dugz andz soz forth,z the

ablutionszofzallzthesezpeoplezwillzbezaccepted.zThezflowingzwaterzis

cleanzuntilzanyzsignzofznajâsatzisznoticed.zThiszexampleziszbasedzon

anzassumptionzthatzmusta’malzwaterzwereznajs.zAzsmallzpoolzorza

bathz basinz intoz whichz waterz flowsz continuouslyz andz which

overflowsz continuously,z [orz fromz whichz waterz isz consumed

continuouslyzandzthezdurationzbetweenztwozconsumptionszisznotzso

longzasztozletzmotionzofzthezwaterzstop],ziszcategorizedzaszflowing

water.z Anz ablutionz canz bez madez atz anyz sidez ofz suchz things.

Musta’malz waterz mustz flowz overz thez brim.z Ifz itz flowsz throughz a

holez atz thez bottom,z itz willz differz fromz flowingz water.z Itz isz notz a

conditionzthatzthezpoolzbezsozsmallzthatzallzthezmusta’malzwaterzcan

flowzaway.zThezsurfacezofzazfrozenzpoolziszthezsurfacezofzthezwater

inz thez poolz belowz thez frozenz layer,z ifz (itz isz seenz whenz thez icez is

piercedzthat)zthezwaterzdoesznotztouchzthezfrozenzlayerzcoveringzit;

andzitziszthezsurfacezofzthezwaterzinzthezholezdugzinzthezlayerzofzice,

ifzthezwaterztoucheszthezfrozenzlayer.zIfzcleanzwaterzflowszintoznajs

waterzfromzonezsidezandzcauseszitztozoverflowzfromzthezopposite

side,z itsz sidesz wherez therez arez noz signsz ofz najâsatz leftz arez clean.

Whenzwaterzequalztozthezamountzitzcontainedzhaszoverflowed,zit

becomesz cleanz inz itsz entirety.z Thez overflowingz waterz isz cleanz so

longzaszsignszofznajâsatzareznotznoticed.zSozarezsuchzcontainerszas

bowlsz andz buckets.z Forz instance,z ifz az najsz bucketz isz filledz and

overflows,zwhenznonezofzthezthreezsignszofznajâsatziszevidentzboth

thezwaterzandzthezbucketzbecomezclean.

Musta’malzwater,zi.e.,zwaterzusedzinzanzablutionzorzinzazghusl,

andzwaterzusedzinz(azcommendablezactztermed)zqurbat [1] ,ze.g.zwater

usedzinzwashingzyourzhandszbeforezandzafterzmealszaszitziszsunnat

tozdozso,zbecomeznajszthezmoment theyzleavezthezlimbszwashed.

Accordingztozsomezscholars,ztheyzbecomeznajszafterztheyzfallzon

otherzlimbs,zonzyourzclothes,zorzonzthezground.zTheyzdoznotzdirty

thezplacezonzwhichztheyzfallzfirst.

Hadratz Abûz Nasrz Aqta’,z ‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaih’z saysz inz his

commentaryz toz Qudûrî [2] : “Whenz cleanz thingsz getz mixedz with

somezwater,zitzcanzbezusedzforzanzablutionzso longzasztheznamezof

[1] Qurbatziszanzact,zazbehaviourzthatzyouzdozinzorderztozattainzthezgrace

ofzAllâhuzta’âlâ.

[2] MukhtasarzQudûrî,zbyzAhmadzbinzMuhammadzBaghdâdîz(362z[973

A.D.]–428z[1037zA.D.]),zBaghdâd,zazHanafîzFiqhzscholarzandzazmufti

ofz Bukhârâ.z Thez valuablez bookz hasz variousz commantaries,z andz a

Turkishz versionz asz well.z Twoz otherz commentariesz toz Qudûrîz were

–z106 –

thezwaterzdoesznotzchangezevenzifzitszcolourzchanges.”

Ifzonezfindszwaterzonzone’szwayzandzknowszwellzorzhaszstrong

convictionzthatzitziszclean,zonezcanzperformzanzablutionzwithzit.zIn

fact,zifzthezwaterziszlittle,zonezmakeszanzablutionzorzghuslzwithzit

unlesszonezknowszwellzthatzitzhaszbeenzmixedzwithznajâsat.zOnezcan

notzmakezaztayammum.zItziszbecausezwaterziszsupposedztozbezclean

essentially.zSuppositionzdoesznotzmakezitznajs;zonzthezcontrary,zit

remainszinzitszessentialzstatezbyzsupposition,zthatzis,zitziszacceptedzas

clean.zWorshipszarez(consideredztozbe)zpurezandzcorrectzbyzstrong

conviction.zButzîmân,zfaith,zcannotzbezcorrectzbyzstrongzconviction;

itzcanzbezcorrectzbyzknowingzwell.zIfzazpersonzenteringzazbathzsees

thatzthezbasinzorzthezpoolziszfull,zhezcanzmakezanzablutionzorzghusl

withzthezwaterzunlesszhezknowszthatzitzhaszbeenzmixedzwithznajâsat.

Itzisznotznecessaryztozmakezthezbasinzoverflowzbyzlettingzwaterzflow

intozit.

LEFTOVERSe (ofz food):z Ifz az livingz beingz drinksz fromz a

containerz orz az smallz pool,z thez waterz leftz isz calledz ‘leftover’.

Cleannesszofzliquidzandzfoodzremainingsztakeszafterzthe cleanness

ofzthezsalivazofzthezonezwhozleftzthezremainings.zEveryzperson’s

salivazandzleftoverzarezclean.zAzdisbeliever’szandzazjunubzperson’s

leftoverszarezclean,ztoo.zWhenzazjunubzpersonzdiveszintozthezsea

andzdrinkszwaterzafterwardszhezbecomeszclean.zInzotherzwords,zhis

drinkingz waterz standsz forz hisz washingz hisz mouth.z Ifz itz is

propoundedzthatzwaterzleftzoverzbyzhimzbecomeszmusta’malzand

therez arez scholarsz whoz sayz thatz musta’malz waterz isz najs,z the

musta’malzwaterzisznotzthezwaterzleftzbutzitziszthezwaterzhezdrank.

Itziszpermissiblezforzazjunubzpersonztoztakezwaterzbyzdippingzhis

handzintozthezbasinzinsteadzofzusingzazbowl;zthezwaterzinzthezbasin

willz notz becomez musta’mal;z likewise,z waterz leftz overz byz az junub

person,zwhozhadzbeenzdrinkingzit,zhasznotzbeenzconsideredztozbe

musta’mal.zItziszmakrûhzforzazmanztozdrinkzthezwaterzleftzoverzbyza

womanznâmahram [1] tozhimzlestzhezwillzenjoyzitsztaste,zsoztoozforza

womanztozdrinkzthezwaterzleftzoverzbyzazmanznâmahramztozher.

Also,zitziszmakrûhzforzboysztozbezbarberszorztozmassagezotherzmen’s

bodieszwithzhair-gloveszatzpubliczbathszsincezthereziszthezfearzthat

itz mayz causez lust.z Soz isz thez casez withz someonez else’sz saliva.

writtenz byz Yûsufz binz ’Umarz ‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaih’,z (d.z 832z [1429

A.D.],)z andz Mukhtârz binz Mahmûdz Zâhidîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaih’,z (d.

658z[1259zA.D.].)

[1] Notz onez ofz thez eighteenz womenz whomz Islamz hasz prescribedz asz a

man’sz closez relatives.z Thez followingz chapterz givesz detailed

informationzonzthiszsubject.

–z107 –

Leftoverszfromzanimalszwithzediblezfleshzarezclean,zprovidedztheir

mouthsz arez notz smearedz withz najâsat.z Az horsez isz amongz such

animals.zAndzsoztoozarezanimalszwithoutzfluidzblood,zwhetherzthey

livezonzlandzorzinzsea.zLeftoverszfromzallzthesezcanzbezusedzforzan

ablutionzorzghuslzorzforzcleaningznajâsat.zMilkzofzazhorseziszclean

andzcanzbezdrunk.

Foodsz leftz overz byz pigs,z dogs,z beastsz ofz prey,z az catz thatz has

newlyzeatenzazmouse,ztheirzfleshzandzmilkzarezallzghalîzznajâsat.zIt

iszharâmztozeatzorzdrinkzthem.zItzisznotzpermissibleztozusezleftovers

fromzthemzinzanzablution,zinzazghuslzorzinzcleaning.zTheyzcannot

bezusedzaszmedicine,zeither.zInzthezMâlikîzMadhhabzpigszandzdogs

arezclean.zBut,zitziszharâmztozeatzthemzinzthezMalikîzMadhhab,ztoo.

[Itz isz statedz inz thez dailyz Turkishz newspaperz namedz “Türkiye”

datedz Junez 27,z 1986z that:z “thez specialistsz ofz Ottowaz University

havezdeterminedzafterzazresearchzcarriedzoutzinzsixteenzcountries

thatz porkz causesz thez fatalz diseasez ofz cirrhosis”].z Elephantsz and

monkeyszarezbeastszofzprey,ztoo.zTheyztearztheirzpreyszwithztheir

teeth.zSoziszthezfoodzorzdrinkzleftzoverzbyzazpersonzwhozhasznewly

takenz winez [orz anyz otherz hardz drink].z Ifz az drunkz person,z after

takingzalcohol,zlickszhiszlipszwithzhisztonguezthreeztimeszandzspits

orzswallowszhiszspittlezeachztime,zthezleftoverzfromzthezwaterzhe

drinksz thereafterz isz notz najs.z Inz otherz words,z therez mustz bez no

smellzorztastezofzalcoholzleftzinzhiszsaliva.zFleshzandzleftoverszfrom

az hen,z az sheepz orz az camelz whosez fleshz smellsz becausez ofz going

aboutz freelyz inz thez streetsz andz eatingz najâsatz allz thez time,z are

makrûh.z Ifz onez ofz thesez animalsz isz notz allowedz toz goz outz forz a

certainzlengthzofztime,zwhichziszthreezdayszwithzazhen,zfourzdays

withzazsheep,zandztenzdayszwithzazcamelzorzazcow,zitzwillznozlonger

bezmakrûhztozeatzitszfleshzorzanyzediblezfoodzitzhadzbeenzeating

andz leftz unfinished.z Ifz itz isz notz knownz thatz theyz eatz najâsat,

leftoverszfromzthemzareznotzmakrûh.zWhilezthereziszcleanzwater,

itzisztanzîhîzmakrûhztozmakezanzablutionzwithzleftoverszthatzare

makrûh,z withz waterz remainingz fromz birdsz ofz prey,z withz water

remainingzfromzazcatzwhichzitzisznotzknownztozhaveznewlyzeatenza

mousez orz withz waterz remainingz fromz az mousez orz az snakez with

fluidzblood.zIfzthezbeakzofzazbirdzofzpreyziszclean,zwaterzremaining

fromz itz isz notz makrûh.z Fleshz ofz micez andz catsz isz najs,z but

remainingszfromzthemzhavezexceptionallyzbeenzjudgedztozbeznot

qabaznajâsat.zDrinkingzandzeatingzleftoverszfromztheseztwozhave

beenzjudgedzaszmakrûhzforzthezrich.zButztheyzareznotzmakrûhzfor

thezpoor.zWaterzorzfoodzleftoverszremainingzfromzanzasszorzazmule

isz clean.z Butz itz isz doubtfulz whetherz itz isz az cleanerz orz not.z Itz is

permissibleztozeatzazzebra,zandzwaterzorzfoodzleftoverszremaining

–z108 –

fromz itz isz clean.z Itz isz notz makrûhz toz makez anz ablutionz with

remainingzwaterzthatziszmakrûhzatzazplacezwhereztherezisznozother

water.z Onez doesz notz makez az tayammumz whilez therez isz such

remainingzwater.zIfztherezisznozcleanzwater,zonezmakeszanzablution

withzwaterzremainingzfromzanzasszorzazmule,zandzthenzmakesza

tayammum.zWaterzintozwhichzazsmallzchildzhaszdippedzitszhandzis

likez leftoverz remainingz fromz az cat’sz drink.z Thatz is,z ifz itz isz not

knownzthatzthezchild’szhandziszclean,zitzisztanzîhîzmakrûhztozmake

anzablutionzwithzthezwaterzorztozdrinkzit.zItziszmakrûhztozbegin

performingzaznamâzzwhilezmountedzonzanzanimalzwhosezleftover

iszmakrûh.zAnzanimal’szsweatziszlikezthezwaterzleftoverzremaining

fromzitszdrink.zForzinstance,zazdonkey’szsweatziszclean.

8e –e SATR-Ie AWRATe ande WOMEN’Se COVERING

THEMSELVES

Thosezpartszofzazdiscreetzandzpubescent [1] person’szbodyzthatzare

harâmzforzhimz(orzher)ztozleavezuncoveredzduringzthezperformance

ofzaznamâzzand/orzwheneverzinzcompany,zandzwhichzarezequally

harâmz forz othersz toz lookz at,z arez calledz awrate parts.z Menz and

womenzwerezcommandedztozcoverztheirzawratzpartszthroughzthe

sûra-t-ul-Ahzâb,zwhichzwaszrevealedzinzthezthirdzyearzofzthezHijrat

(Hegira),z andz thez sûra-t-ul-Nûr,z whichz wasz revealedz inz thez fifth

year.z Inz thez Hanafîz andz Shâfi’îz Madhhabsz az man’sz awratz parts

duringz thez performancez ofz az namâzz arez betweenz hisz navelz and

lowerzpartszofzhiszknees.zTheznavelziszawratzinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab,

whereasz thez kneesz arez awratz inz thez Hanafîz Madhhab.z Namâz

performedzwithzthesezpartszexposedzisznotzsahîh;z(inzotherzwords,

itzisznullzandzvoid.)zWhenzperformingznamâz,zitziszsunnatzforzmen

tozcoverztheirzotherzpartsz[arms,zhead],z[andztozwearzsockszifzazlong

robezorzazgownzisznotzavailable].zItziszmakrûhzforzthemztozperform

namâzzwithzthesezpartszexposed.

Allzpartszofzfreezwomen,zexceptztheirzpalmszandzfaces,zincluding

theirzwrists,zouterzpartszofztheirzhands,zhangingzpartszofztheirzhair

andzunderztheirzfeetzarezawratz(andzthereforeztheyzmustzbezcovered)

duringzaznamâz,zaccordingztozthezHanafîzMadhhab.zTherezarezalso

quitezaznumberzofzvaluablezbookszsayingzthatzouterzpartszofzhands

arez notz awrat.z Accordingz toz them,z itz isz permissiblez forz womenz to

performz namâzz whilez outerz partsz ofz theirz handsz upz toz wristsz are

[1] Whenzazgirlzreacheszthezagezofz9zandzwhenzazboyzisz12zyearszold,zthey

becomez discreetz andz pubescentz andz arez thereforez calledz mukallaf

(responsible)zMuslims.zPleasezseeztheztwenty-thirdzchapterzofzthezfifth

fasciclezofzEndlesseBliss.

–z109 –

bare.zHowever,zitziszbetterzforzwomenztozperformznamâzzwearingza

gownzwithzsleeveszlongzenough,zorzazheadzcoverzlargezenough,zto

coverz theirz hands,z andz therebyz toz pursuez az coursez ofz action

compatiblezwithzallzthezwrittenzsources.zTherezarezsavantszwhozsaid

thatzwomen’szfeetzwereznotzawratzinznamâz,zbutzthezsamezsavants

saidz thatz itz wasz sunnatz toz coverz andz makrûhz toz openz themz when

performingz namâzz andz whenz goingz out.z [Itz isz writtenz inz thez book

Fatâwâ-i-Qâdikhân [1] thatzhangingzpartszofzhairzarezlikezfeet].zIfzonefourthzofzonezofzazman’szorzwoman’szawratzpartszremainszbarezas

longz asz onez rukn,z thez namâzz becomesz annulled.z Ifz az smallerz part

remainsz exposed,z thez namâzz doesz notz becomez nullified,z butz it

becomeszmakrûh.zForzinstance,ztheznamâzzofzazwomanzone-fourth

ofz whosez footz hasz remainedz barez willz notz bez sahîh.z Ifz shez herself

uncoverszit,zherznamâzzbecomeszannulledzimmediately.z[Seezsecond

chapter!].z Itz isz writtenz inz Umdat-ul-islâm [2] :z “Az woman’sz namâz

whichzshezperformedzwithzbarezheelbone,zankle,zneckzorzhairzisznot

sahîh.zThinztissuezthatzletszthezshapezorzcolourzofzthezthingzunderzit

bezseenziszequalztoznone.”z[Pleasezseezseventeenthzchapter!]zInzthe

Shâfi’îzMadhhab,zazwoman’szwholezbody,zotherzthanzherztwozhands

andzherzface,ziszalwayszawrat.

Hadratz Ibniz ’Âbidinz ‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaih’z saysz inz Radd-ulmuhtâr

[3] :

[1] AlsozknownzaszFatâwâ-i-Khâniyya andzMajmû’a-i-Khâniyya,zFatâwâi-QâdikhânziszazvalublezbookzofzfatwâszwrittenzbyzQâdîzKhânzHasan

binz Mansûrz Ferghânîz “rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih”,z (d.z 592z [1196

A.D.],)zandzwaszprintedzonzthezpagezmarginszofzthezbookzFatâwâ-i-

Hindiyya,zbyzShaikhzNizâmzMu’înuddînzNaqshibandî,zandzprintedzin

Egyptzinz1310zHijrî.

[2] Az highlyz valuablez bookz writtenz inz thez Fârisîz languagez byz Abd-ul-

’Azîzz binz Hamîd-ad-dînz Dahlawî,z (d.z 741z [1341z A.D.],z India,)

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’.zInz950z[1543zA.D.]zitzwasztranslatedzinto

TurkishzbyzAbd-ur-RahmânzbinzYûsuf,zandzthezTurkishzversionzwas

printedzwithztheztitlezImâd-ul-islâm inz1290z[1822zA.D.].zThezoriginal

versionz wasz reproducedz inz 1989z underz thez auspicesz ofz Hakîkat

KitâbevizinzIstanbul,zTurkey.

[3] Ibniz ’Âbidinz Sayyidz Muhammadz binz Amînz binz ’Umarz binz Abd-ul-

’Azîzz ‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaih’,z (1198z [1784]-1252z [1836z A.D.],

Damascus,)zwaszazprofoundzscholarzinzthezbranchzofzFiqh.zRadd-ulmuhtâr,z

ofz fivez volumes,z isz az commentaryz whichz hez wrotez forz the

purposezofzexplainingzthezbookzDurr-ul-mukhtâr,zbyzMuhammadzbin

Alîz Ala’uddînz Haskafîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z (1021,z Haskaf,z –

1088z[1677zA.D.]),zMuftîzofzDamascus.zRadd-ul-muhtârziszthezsource

ofz mostz ofz thez teachingsz ofz Fiqhz inz thez Turkishz bookz Seâdet-i

ebediyye,zalsozofzthezsixzfascicleszofzEndlesseBliss.

–z110 –

Itziszfardztozcoverzone’szawratzpartszoutsidezofznamâzzaszwellzas

whenzperformingznamâz.zItzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozperformznamâz

byz coveringz oneselfz withz silkz orz withz usurpedz orz stolenz clothes.

However,z sincez az personz hasz toz coverz himself,z az manz canz use

somethingzmadezofzsilk,zifzhezcannotzfindzsomethingzelse.zItziszfard

tozcoverzoneselfzwhenzonezperformsznamâzzalone,ztoo.zAzperson

whozhaszcleanzclotheszisznotzpermittedztozperformznamâzznakedzin

thezdarkzevenzwhenzheziszalone.zWhenzalonezandznotzperforming

namâz,z itz isz fardz forz womenz toz coverz betweenz theirz kneesz and

navels,zwâjibztozcoverztheirzbackszandzbellies,zandzadabztozcover

otherzpartszofztheirzbody.zWhenzalonezinzthezhomeztheyzcanzbusy

themselveszaroundzwithztheirzheadszbare.zWhenzthereziszonezofzthe

eighteenzmenzthatzazwomanzcanzshowzherselfzto,zitziszbetterzforzher

tozwearzazthinzheaddress.zWhenzalone,zonezcanzopenzone’szawrat

partsz onlyz whenz necessary,z e.g.z inz az toilet.z Authenticz scholarly

reportszvaryzonzthezstatutoryzlatitudezofzopeningzone’szawratzparts;

accordingly,zitzmayzbezmakrûh,zorzpermissible,zorzpermissiblezonly

atzazsmallzplace,ztozdozsozwhenzoneziszalonezandzmakingzazghusl.

Whenznotzperformingznamâz,zitzisznecessaryztozcoverzyourselfzeven

ifz thez onlyz clothesz readilyz availablez forz thez purposez havez been

smearedzwithznajâsat.

ItziszwrittenzinzKitâb-ul-Fiqh-u-alal-madhâhibil-erba’a [1] : “The

fourzMadhhabszdoznotzexactlyzagreezonzthezpartszofzbodyzmenzand

womenzhaveztozcoverzwhenztheyzperformznamâzzorzonzthezparts

whichzarezharâmzforzmenztozshowzonezanother,zforzmenztozshow

women,z andz forz womenz toz showz theirz mahrams.z However,z itz is

harâmzinzallzthreezMadhhabszforzwomenztozshowzmenzandzfemale

non-Muslimsz theirz bodiesz otherz thanz theirz facesz andz insidez and

outsideztheirzhands,zandzforzthesezpeopleztozlookzatzthem.”zInzthe

Shâfi’îz Madhhab,z onz thez otherz hand,z theirz facesz andz handsz are

awratz (andz thereforez mustz bez covered)z inz thez presencez ofz men

[1] Thezfollowingzinformationziszgivenzaboutzthatzvaluablezbookzinzthe

eightz hundredz andz seventhz (807)z pagez ofz thez tremendousz work,

Seâdet-ie ebediyye,z byz Husaynz Hilmiz binz Sa’îdz Işık ‘rahmatullâhi

ta’âlâz’alaih’,zanzagelesszwealthzofzknowledge,zazbelovedzWalî,zandza

pearlzofzbeautifulzmannerszandzbehaviour:z“PreparedzbyzanzEgyptian

scholarlyzcouncilzpresidedzbyzAllâmaz’Abd-ur-RahmânzJarîrî,zonezof

thez professorsz ofz Jâmi’ul-az-har,z thez bookz Kitâb-ul-fiqh-’alalmadhâhib-il-erba’â,zwhichzconsistszofzfivezvolumes,zwaszreproduced

inz Egyptz inz 1392z [1972z A.D.],z andz wasz translatedz intoz Turkishz by

Hasanz Egez andz publishedz inz sevenz volumesz byz Baharz Kitâbeviz in

1971-1979.”

–z111 –

whozareznâmahramztozthem,zatztimeszwhenzdoingzotherwisezwould

causezfitna.zPermissiblezaszitziszforzwomenztozexposeztheirzfaces

andz palmsz toz menz whoz arez nâmahramz toz them,z menz arez not

permittedztozlookzlustfullyzatzfaceszorzpalmszofzthosezwomenzwho

areznâmahramztozthem,znozmatterzwhetherztheyzarezMuslimszor

disbelievers.z Whenz therez isz noz necessity,z itz isz makrûhz toz look

withoutzlustzatzthosezpartszofzwomenzthatzarezpermissibleztozlook

at,ze.g.zatzfaceszofznâmahramzwomen,zatzpictureszofztheirzawrat

parts,zatzawratzpartszofzchildrenzthatzhavezlearnedztozspeak.zAwrat

partszofzthosezchildrenzthatzhaveznotzstartedztoztalkzyetzarezonly

theirzsaw’ataynz[privatezparts].zItzisznotzpermissibleztozlookzatzthe

privatezpartszofzboyszuntilztheyzareztenzyearszoldzandzofzgirlszuntil

theyz becomez attractive,z andz later,z toz lookz atz anyz ofz theirz awrat

parts.zAnimalszdoznotzhavezawratzparts.zAlso,zitziszharâmztozlook

lustfullyzatzboys’zfaces,zyetzitziszpermissibleztozlookzatzthemzwithout

lustzevenzifztheyzarezbeautiful.

ItziszwrittenzinzFatâwâ-ieKhayriyya: “Whenzthereziszthezdanger

ofz fitna,z az fatherz canz keepz hisz beautifulz discreetz sonz whoz has

reachedzthezagezofzpubertyzinzhiszownzhomezandzunderzhiszown

discipline.zHezmayznotzletzhimzgozoutzonzazlong-distancezjourney

orz forz educationz orz onz hajjz (pilgrimage)z withoutz az beard.z He

protectszhimzlikezazwoman.zButzhezdoesznotzveilzhim.zInzstreets

eachzandzeveryzwomanziszaccompaniedzbyztwozdevils,zwhereasza

boyziszaccompaniedzbyzeighteenzdevils.zTheyztryztozmisleadzthose

whoz lookz atz them.z Itz isz fardz forz az boyz toz obeyz hisz parents’

Islamicallyzlicitzinstructions.zWhenztherezisznozdangerzofzfitna,za

fatherzcannotzforcezhiszdiscreetzsonzwhozhaszreachedzpubertyzto

stayzatzhome.”

[ItziszwrittenzinzthezsecondzvolumezofzMajma’ul-anhur [1] that

ourzProphetz‘sall-Allâhuzta’âlâz’alaihizwazsallam’zstated: “Onethe

dayeofeJudgmentemoltenehoteleadewillebeepouredeintoetheeeyeseof

thosee whoe looke lustfullye ate thee facese ofe womene whoe are

nâmahrametoethem.” Statingzthezafflictionszincurredzbyzthezeyes,

Kâdizâda [2] ,zwhozexplainedzthezbookzBirgivîeVasiyyetnâmesi,zsays

[1] Thez bookz Majma’ul-anhur wasz writtenz byz Abdurrahmânz bin

MuhammadzShaikhîzâdaz‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’,z(d.z1078z[1668zA.D.],

Baghdâd,)zaszazcommentaryztozthezbookzMultaqâ.

[2] Kâdî-ZâdazAhmadz‘AmînzbinzAbdullahz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,

(1133-1197z [1783z A.D.],)z wrotez az commentary toz thez bookz Birgivî

Vasiyyetnâmesi,z whichz inz turnz hadz beenz writtenz byz Imâmz Birgivî

Zayn-ud-dînz Muhammadz binz Alîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z (928

[1521zA.D.],zBal›kesîrz–z981z[1573zA.D.],zBirgi.)

–z112 –

inz hisz discoursez aboutz thez kindsz ofz ruinationz incurredz byz one’s

eyeszthatzAllâhuzta’âlâzdeclareszinzthezthirtiethzâyatzofzSûrat-un-

Nûr: “OeMyeMessenger,e‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’!zTellethe

Believersenotetoelookeateharâmseandetoeprotectetheireawrateparts

againsteharâms!eTellethoseewomenewhoehaveeîmânenotetoelookeat

harâmseandetoeprotectetheireawratepartsefromecommittingeharâm!”

ItziszwrittenzinzRiyâd-un-nâsihîn [1] thatzRasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhu

’alaihiz waz sallam’z declaredz inz hisz wadâ’z (valedictory)z hajj: “The

eyeseofeaepersonewhoelookseateaenâmahramewomanelustfullyewillebe

filledewithefireeandeheewillebeeflungedowneintoeHell.eTheearmseofea

persone whoe shakese handse withe ae nâmahrame womane wille bee tied

aroundehiseneckeandetheneheewillebeesentedownetoeHell.eThoseewho

talkewitheaenâmahramewomanelustfullyewithouteanyenecessityewill

remaineineHelleaethousandeyearseforeeacheword.”eAnotherzhadîth

declares,z“Lookingeateone’seneighbour’sewifeeoreateone’sefriends’

wivese ise tene timese ase sinfule ase lookinge ate nâmahrame women.

Lookinge ate marriede womene ise onee thousande timese ase sinfule as

lookingeategirls.eSoeareetheesinseofefornication.”

ItziszwrittenzinzthezbookzBerîqa [2] thatzthezhadîthsz“Threeethings

(whenzlookedzat)zputevarnisheonetheeeyes:eLookingeateaeverdure,eat

ae stream,e ate ae beautifule face”e andz “Threee thingse strengthene the

eyes:e Tinginge thee eyese withe kohl,e lookinge ate verduree ande ate a

beautifuleface”,estatezthezusezofzlookingzatzpeoplezwhozarezhalâlzto

lookzat.zInzfact,zlookingzatznâmahramzwomenzandzgirlszweakens

thezeyeszandzdarkenszthezheart.zAszinformedzbyzHâkim,zBayhakî,

andz Abûz Dâwûd,z az hadîth-iz marfûz conveyedz byz Abûe Umâma

‘radiy-Allâhuz ’anh’z declares:z “Ife ae person,e upone seeinge a

nâmahramegirl,efearseAllah’setormenteandeturnsehisefaceeawayefrom

her,eAllâhueta’âlâewillemakeehimeenjoyetheetasteeofeworship.”eHis

firstzseeingzwillzbezforgiven.zAzhadîthzdeclares,z“Thoseeeyesethat

watchetheeenemyeineaejihâdemadeeforeAllah’sesakeeorethateweepefor

feareofeAllâhueta’âlâeorethatedoenotelookeateharâmsewillenoteseeeHell

fireeinetheenexteworld.”]

Sevenzorztenzyearzoldzattractivezgirlszaszwellzaszallzgirlszwho

havez reachedz thez agez ofz fifteenz orz thez agez ofz pubertyz are

equivalentsz toz women.z Itz isz harâmz forz suchz girlsz toz show

[1] Az valuablez compilationz consistingz ofz az samplerz fromz fourz hundred

andz forty-fourz booksz preparedz byz Muhammadz Rebhâmî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,zonezofzIndia’szscholarszofzFiqh.

[2] Itz wasz writtenz byz Muhammadz binz Mustafâz Hâdimîz ‘rahmatullâhi

ta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z1176z[1762zA.D.],zHâdim,zKonya).

–z113 –

themselveszwithzbarezhead,zhair,zarmszandzlegsztoznâmahramzmen,

orztozsingztozthemzorztoztalkztozthemzsoftlyzandzgracefully.zWomen

arezpermittedztoztalkztoznâmahramzmenzseriouslyzinzazmannerzthat

willz notz causez fitnaz whenz therez isz necessityz suchz asz buyingz and

selling.z Soz isz theirz openingz theirz facesz whenz amongz men.z Itz is

gravelyzsinfulzforzwomenztozgozoutzwithzbarezhead,zhair,zarmszand

legs,z toz letz theirz voicez bez heardz byz nâmahramz menz without

necessity,z toz singz toz them,z toz letz themz hearz theirz voicesz through

filmszorzrecordszorzbyzreadingzQurân-alzkerîmzorzbyzrecitingzthe

mawlidzorzthezadhân.z[Itziszharâmzforzwomenzandzgirlsztozgozout

withz dressesz thatz arez thinz orz tightz orz ofz fur,z wearingz their

ornamentszsuchzaszear-ringszandzbraceletszwithoutzcoveringzthem,

cladzlikezmen,zwithztheirzhairzcut shortzlikezmen.zTherefore,zitzisznot

permissiblez forz themz toz wearz trousers,z notz evenz amplez ones.

Trousersz arez men’sz clothing.z Inz hadîth-iz sherîfs,z whichz existz in

Terghîb-us-salât: [1] “Thoseewomenewhoedressethemselveselikeemen

ande thosee mene whoe ornamente themselvese likee womene are

accursed.”eInzfact,ztightztrouserszareznotzpermissiblezevenzforzmen.

For,zinzthiszcasezthezshapeszofzthosezpartszofztheirzbodyzcalledzqaba

awratzcanzbezseenzfromzthezoutside.zFurthermore,zitzhasznotzbeen

anz Islamicz custom,z neitherz ofz oldz norz now,z forz womenz toz wear

trousers.zItzhaszcomezfromzthezirreligious,zfromzthosezwhozdoznot

knowz thez Islamicz wayz ofz attirement.z Harâmsz cannotz bez Islamic

customszevenzifztheyzhavezspreadzand become settled.zItziszdeclared

inzazhadîthzthatzhezwhozmakeszhimselfzresemblezdisbelieverszwillzbe

onztheirzside.zTrouserszcanzbezwornzunderzazmantle,zyetzthezmantle

mustzcoverzthezkneeszaszifztherezweren’tztrouserszunderzit.zBaggy

trousers,zbeingzveryzample,zcanzbezgoodzdressingszforzwomen,ztoo,

atz placesz wherez theyz arez customary.z Ifz theyz willz causez fitnaz at

placeszwhereztheyzareznotzcustomary,zitzisznotzpermissibleztozwear

them.z Greatz Islamicz scholarz Qâdîe Sanâullah-ie Pânîputî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’z(1143z[1730zA.D.]z–z1225z[1810zA.D.],

Pânî-put,zIndia),zinzexplainingzthezseventhzpiecezofzadvicezatzthe

endz ofz thez bookz Tafhîmât byz Shâhe Waliyyullah-ie Dahlawî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(1114z[1702zA.D.]z–z1176z[1762zA.D.],

Delhi),z says: “Ofz old,z itz usedz toz bez anz Islamicz customz toz goz out

wearingz az longz shirt,z wrappingz oneselfz upz withz az largez towel,

wearingzclogszorzthingszlikezthat.zButznowzitzwouldzbezostentation

toz goz outz withz suchz thingsz onz atz placesz wherez theyz arez not

[1] ItzwaszwrittenzbyzMuhammadzbinzAhmadzZâhidz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâ

’alaih’,z(d.z632z[1234zA.D.],zIndia.)

–z114 –

customary.zOurzProphetz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zprohibited

ostentationzandzmakingzfame.zWezmustzdresszourselveszwithzthings

thatzarezcustomaryzamongzBelievers.zWezmustznotzkeepzourselves

aloof.”zSoziszthezcasezwithzazwoman’szgoingzoutzwithzazdresszwithza

veilz atz placesz wherez itz isz customaryz forz womenz toz wearz ample

mantles.zInzaddition,zcausingzanzIslamiczattirementztozbezmocked

at,zshezwillzbezsinful.zSeezalsozthezlastzfivezpageszofzthezfourteenth

chapterzofzthezfifthzfasciclezofzEndlesszBliss.]

Whetherzinznamâzzorzoutsidezofznamâz,zitziszfardztozcoverzone’s

awratzpartszlestzotherszwillzseezfromzthezsides,zbutzitzisznotzfardzto

coverzthemzfromzoneself.zIfzonezseeszone’szownzawratzpartszwhen

onezbendszdownzforzrukû’zone’sznamâzzdoesznotzbecomezannulled.

Butzitziszmakrûhzforzoneztozlookzatzthem.zSomethingztransparent

likez glassz orz nylonz thatz letsz colourz ofz thez thingz underz itz bez seen

cannotzbezazcovering.zIfzthezcoveringzisztightzor,zthoughzample,zifzit

sticksz toz onez ofz one’sz awratz partsz soz thatz itz resemblesz itsz shape

underzthezcovering,zitzdoesznotzharmznamâz.zButzitzdoesznotzcover

onezfromzothers.zItziszharâmztozlookzatzsomeonezelse’szqabazawrat

thatzcanzbezseenzinzthiszmanner.zMen’szprivatezpartszonztheirzfront

andzinztheirzback,ztermedzsaw’atayn,zandztheirzbuttockszareztheir

Qabaeawrat.zWhenzazsickzpersonzwhozliesznakedzunderzazblanket

performsznamâzzbyzsignszwithzhiszheadzinsidezthezblanket,zhezhas

performedzitznaked.zIfzhezperformszitzkeepingzhiszheadzoutsidezthe

blanket,z hez willz havez performedz itz coveringz himselfz withz the

blanket,z whichz isz acceptable.z Forz itz isz compulsoryz notz toz cover

oneselfz butz toz coverz one’sz awratz parts.z Forz thisz reason,z itz isz not

permissibleztozperformznamâzznakedzinzthezdark,zinzazlonelyzroom

orzinzazclosedztent.

Az personz whoz isz notz ablez toz coverz hisz awratz partsz sitsz like

sittingz inz namâz,z orz stretchesz hisz feetz sidez byz sidez towardsz the

qibla,zwhichziszbetter,zcoverszhiszfrontzprivatezpartzwithzhiszhands,

andzperformsznamâzzbyzsigns.zFor,zcoveringzone’szawratzpartszis

morez importantz thanz thez otherz preceptsz ofz namâz.z [Asz isz seen,

evenzazpersonzwhozisznakedzhasztozperformznamâzzinzitszproper

timezandzmustznotzomitzit.zHencezitzmustzbezunderstoodzthatzthose

whozdoznotzperformztheirznamâzzbecausezofzlazinesszandzwhozdo

notz payz theirz debtsz ofz omittedz namâzz arez underz az greatz sinful

responsibility].zAzpersonzwhozisznakedzaskszforzsomethingztozcover

himselfz fromz othersz whoz arez withz him.z Ifz theyz promisez him,z he

waitszuntilznearlyzthezendzofzprayerztime.zAlso,zwhenzthereziszno

water,z az personz whoz expectsz waterz hasz toz waitz forz waterz until

nearlyzthezendzofzprayerztime,zandzcanzmakezaztayammumzonly

–z115 –

afterzwaitingzthatzlong.zHezwhozhaszthezmoneyzmustzbuyzwaterzand

somethingztozcoverzhimself.zAzpersonzwhozcannotzfindzanything

besidesz az coveringz lessz thanz one-fourthz ofz whichz isz cleanz is

permittedztozperformznamâzzwithzthezcoveringzorzbyzsignszsitting;

however, withzazcoveringzone-fourthzofzwhichziszcleanzhezhaszto

performzitzstanding,zinzwhichzcasezhezwillznotzperformztheznamâz

againzlater.

IfzazMuslimzonzazlong-distancezjourney [1] canzfindzwaterzonlyzfor

drinkingzwithinzonezmile,z(ifztherezareznozcleanzclotheszavailable,)

hez performsz namâzz withz thez coveringz thatz hasz najâsatz onz it,z in

whichz casez hez willz notz havez toz performz itz againz later.z Itz isz not

permissiblezforzazsettledzperson,zi.e. azpersonzwhozisznotzazmusâfir,

tozperformznamâzzinzaznajszcovering.zItziszpossiblezandznecessary

forzhimztozcleanzit.zForzitziszstronglyzprobableztozfindzwaterzinzazcity.

Ifz itz isz knownz forz certainz thatz therez isz noz waterz inz thez city,z the

settledz personz alsoz canz performz thez namâzz withz az coveringz with

najâsatzonzitzandzcanzmakezaztayammum.zItziszwrittenzaszfollowszin

thezfifthzvolumezofzRadd-ul-muhtâr:

Therez arez fourz casesz concerningz people’sz lookingz atz one

anotherzandzseeingzonezanother.

Azman’szlookingzatzazwoman;zazwoman’szlookingzatzazman;za

man’szlookingzatzazman;zandzazwoman’szlookingzatzazwoman.zAnd

therezarezfourzkindszofzazman’szlookingzatzazwoman:

Azman’szlookingzatzaznâmahramzfreezwoman;zatzhiszownzwife

andzjâriyas;zatzhiszeighteenzrelativeszwhozarezpermissiblezforzhimzto

lookzat;zandzatzothers’zjâriyas.

Itz isz harâmz inz allz fourz Madhhabsz forz menz toz seez nâmahram

women’szbodies,zwithzthezexceptionzofztheirzfaceszandzinnerzand

outerz surfacesz ofz theirz hands.z Itz isz harâmz alsoz forz menz toz look

lustfullyzatzthezfaceszofzgirlsz(nâmahramztozthem).zSo,zgirlszought

tozcoverztheirzfaceszaszwell.zThiszprohibitionzpertainingztozseeing

appliesztozcastrated,zsterilizedzmen,ztoo.zItziszharâmztozcastrateza

man.zCastratingzanzanimalziszpermissiblezonlyzwhenzitziszintended

tozfattenzit.

Itziszharâmzforzmenztozlookzatzthezpartzofzazman’szbodyzbetween

hisznavelzandzknees.zItziszpermissiblezforzthemztozlookzatzhiszother

partszwithoutzlust.zItziszpermissiblezforzazmanztozlookzatzhiszwifezand

atzhiszownzjâriyaszfromzheadztozfootzevenzwithzlust,zandzalsozfor

themztozlookzatzhimzlikewise.

[1] Whatzazlong-distancezjourneyzis,ziszexplainedzinzthezfifteenthzchapter.

–z116 –

[Azman’szawratzpartszarezbetweenzhisznavelzandzhiszkneeszin

threezMadhhabs.zInzthezHanafîzMadhhabzthezkneeszarezawrat.zThe

navelzisznotzawrat.zInzthezShâfi’îzMadhhabztheznavelziszawratzand

thezkneeszareznot.zInzthezMâlikîzMadhhabznonezofzthemziszawrat.

Itz isz statedz inz Mizân-ul-kubrâ [1]

thatz accordingz toz anz authentic

reportzinzthezMâlikîzandzHanbalîzMadhhabszazman’szawratzparts

arez onlyz hisz saw’atayn.z Thisz nonexistencez ofz ijmâ’z (consensus

amongz thez fourz Madhhabs)z deliversz malez Muslimsz whoz expose

theirzthighsznonchalantlyzfromzthezdangerzofzdisbelief [2] .zAlso,zthe

Shiites’zawratzisztheirzsaw’ataynzonly].

Azman,zifzhezfeelszsecurezofzlust,zcanzlookzatzthezheads,zfaces,

necks,zarms,zlegszbelowzthezkneeszofzthezeighteenzwomenzwhozare

harâmzforzhimztozmarryzbyznikâhzandzofzothers’zjâriyas.zHezcannot

lookz atz theirz breasts,z atz spacesz underz theirz arms,z atz theirz flanks,

thighs,zkneeszorzupperzpartszofztheirzback.zThesezpartszofzwomen

arez alsoz calledz (ghalîz),z i.e. Qabae awrat.z Womenz shouldz wear

garmentszamplezenoughztozcoverzthesezpartszofztheirzbodyzinzsuch

azwayzasztheirzshapeszwillznotzbezdiscerniblezduringznamâzzandzin

mixedzcompany.zJâriyaszcanzperformznamâzzwithoutzcoveringztheir

partszthatzarezpermissibleztozbezseen.

Therezareztwozkindszofzwomen’szdressingzinzIslam.zFirstly,zfree

Muslimz womenz coverz allz theirz bodiesz completelyz exceptz their

facesz andz hands.z Itz isz writtenz inz Halabî-i-kebîr,z inz thez section

dealingzwithzthezshroudingzofzthezdead:z“Menzcoverzthemselves

withzanzoutergarmentztermedzaz‘qamîs’,zandzwomenzwithzaz‘dir’.

Bothz thesez garmentsz coverz thez bodyz fromz thez shouldersz toz the

feet.zThezqamîszhaszazcollarzwithzazslitzfromzthezshoulderztozthe

footzandzthezdirziszopenzbetweenzthezbreastzandzthezfoot.”zAszis

seen,zMuslimzwomenzworezcoatszasztheyzdoztoday.zWearingz(black

outdoorz overgarmentsz called)z charshafz becamez thez vogue

afterwards.zAnzamplezandzlongzmantle,zazthickzheadcover,zlong

stockingszcoverzbetterzthanztoday’szcharshaf.zItziszwrittenzinzthe

fourthzpagezofzDurar-ul-Multaqita,zbyz’Abd-ul-’AzîzzDîrîz(d.z694):

[1] ExplainingzthezteachingszofzFiqhzinzallzfourzMadhhabs,zthezbookziszan

epitomezofzcompactzeruditionzwrittenzbyzAbd-ul-Wahhâb-i-Sha’rânî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z973z[1565zA.D.],)zazprofoundzscholar

well-versedzbothzinzthezknowledgezofzHadîthzandzinzthezteachingszof

FiqhzinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab.

[2] Otherwise,zi.e.zifzallzfourzMadhhabszagreedzonzthatzitzwaszharâmzfor

malez Muslimsz toz exposez theirz thighsz whenz inz company,z thosez who

violatedz andz slightedz thisz injunctionz wouldz outrightz become

unbelievers.

–z117 –

“Islamz hasz notz commandedz az certainz typez ofz coveringz for

women.”zThezsecondzoneziszthezdressingzofzazjâriyaz(thezwoman

servantzcapturedzinzwar),zwhozdoesznotzhaveztozcoverzherzhead,

hair,zneck,zarmszorzlegsz(belowzknees)zwhenzamongzmen.zItzhas

beenz observedz withz regretz thatz somez womenz whoz bearz Muslim

nameszhavezabandonedzthezIslamiczlady’szdressingzandzfallenzfor

thezhabilimentzforzjâriyaszorzservants.

Inz orderz toz misleadz Muslimz women,z disbelieversz andz zindîqs

say: “Inz thez beginningz ofz Islamz womenz didz notz usez toz cover

themselves.zInzthezProphet’sztimezMuslimzwomenzusedztozgozout

withzbarezheadszandzarms.zLater,zjealouszmenzofzreligionzordered

womenztozcoverzthemselves.zSozwomenzbeganztozcoverzthemselves

afterwards,zandzbecamezlikezogres.”zYes,zwomenzusedztozgozout

withoutz coveringz themselves.z Yet,z laterz thez sûrasz ofz Ahzâbe and

Nûre werez revealedz inz thez thirdz yearz ofz Hegira,z wherebyz Allâhu

ta’âlâz commandedz themz toz coverz themselves.z Itz isz writtenz in

Mawâhib-ieladunniyya [1] : “OnzthezwayzbackzfromzthezGhazâz(Holy

War)z ofz Khaiber,z onez nightz Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz wa

sallam’z admittedz Safiyyaz ‘radiy-Allâhuz ta’âlâz anhâ’,z onez ofz the

captives,z intoz hisz tent.z Thez Sahâbaz didz notz know ifz Safiyyaz was

honouredzaszazwifezorzservedzaszazjâriya.zButztheyzfeltzashamedzto

findzitzoutzbyzaskingzRasûlullahzsozthatztheyzcouldzdozthezreverence

andzservicezdueztoz(thezProphet’s)zblessedzwives.z‘We’llzunderstand

thatzshezhaszbecomezazwifezifzshezgoeszoutzofztheztentzinzazcovered

mannerzandziszescortedzbehindzazcurtainztomorrowzmorning,’zthey

said.zSo,zseeingzthatzshezwaszescortedzoutzbehindzazcurtain,zthey

realizedz thatz shez hadz beenz honouredz asz az wife.”z Asz isz seen,z in

Rasûlullah’sz timez freez womenz usedz toz coverz allz theirz bodies.z It

wouldzbezknownzthatzazwomanzwasznotzazslavezbutzazfreezladyzby

herzcoveringzherselfzallzover.

Itz isz permissiblez forz az personz whoz isz securez ofz lustz toz touch

someone’szpartzwhichzheziszpermittedztozlookzat.zAzhadîthzsherîf

declares: “Kissingeone’semother’sefooteiselikeekissingetheethreshold

ofe thee doorwaye toe Paradise.”e Onz thez otherz hand,z whereasz itz is

permissibleztozlookzatzaznâmahramzyoungzwoman’szhandzandzface,

itzisznotzpermissibleztoztouchzherzorztozshakezhandszwithzherzeven

ifzoneziszsecurezofzlust.zCommittingzfornicationzwithzazwomanzor

touchingz anyz partz ofz herz withz lust,z evenz ifz byz forgettingz orz by

mistake,z accordingz toz thez Hanafîz andz thez Hanbalîz Madhhabs

[1] WrittenzbyzImâm-i-AhmadzbinzMuhammadzShihâb-ud-dînzQastalânî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(821z[1418zA.D.]z–z923z[1517],zEgypt).

–z118 –

causeszhurmat-i-musâhara.zInzthiszcase,zitzbecomeszeternallyzharâm

forz thez manz toz marryz thisz woman’sz daughtersz orz herz motherz by

bloodzorzinzvirtuezofznursingzandzalso,zforzthezwomanztozmarryzthe

man’szsonzorzfather.z[Ifzhurmat-i-musâharaztakeszplacezbetweenza

manzandzhiszdaughterztheznikâhzbetweenzthezgirl’szmother,zthatzis,

thez man’sz wife,z andz thez manz doesz notz becomez annulled.z The

womanzcannotzmarryzsomeonezelse.zThezmanzhasztozdivorcezthe

wife.zItzbecomeszanzeternalzharâmzforzhimztozremainzmarriedzwith

thezwoman.zIfzhurmat-i-musâharazhappenszbetweenzazmanzandzhis

mother-in-law,z thez son-in-lawz willz havez toz divorcez hisz wife.z The

son-in-lawz cannotz marryz thisz womanz againz eternally

(Bezzâziyya) [1] ].zItzisznotzpermissiblezforzgirlsztoztouchznâmahram

menzevenzifztheyzconfidentlyzrelyzonzthemselves.zIfztheyztouchzwith

lustzhurmat-i-musâharaztakeszplace.zGirls’zandzoldzpeople’szlustzis

theirzhearts’zinclination.zItziszpermissiblezforzazpersonzwhoztrusts

himselfztozshakezhandszwithzanzoldzwomanzorztozkisszherzhandzif

sheziszoldzenoughznotztozarousezlust,zbutzitziszbetterznotztozdozso.

Itz isz permissiblez forz menz toz stayz togetherz atz az lonelyz place

(halwat)z andz toz goz onz az travelz [e.g.z onz hajj]z withz theirz eternal

mahrams [2] .zAccordingztoztheztarafayn [3] ,zhalwat [stayingztogether

atzazlonelyzplace]zwithzazwomanzwhozisznotzone’szeternalzmahram

iszharâm.zIfzonezstayszwithzherzalongzwithzanotherzmutteqîzmanzor

onezofzhiszeternalzmahramszorzone’szwife,zitzisznotzharâm.zHurmati-musâharazdoesznotzhappenzbyzstayingzinzhalwatzorzbyzlookingzat

anyz partz ofz hersz withz lustz exceptz whenz itz isz atz thez front.z While

tellingzaboutzbeingzanzimâm,zIbnieÂbidîn writes: “Halwatzhappens

alsozwhenztherezarezmorezthanzoneznâmahramzwomen.zAzveryzold

womanz andz anz oldz manz canz goz onz az travelz andz canz stayz alone

[Eshbâh] [4] .zHalwatzwithzonezofzthezeighteenzwomenzwhozarezone’s

eternalzmahramziszpermissible,zyetzitziszmakrûhzwithzone’szmilk [5]

[1] Writtenz byz Ibn-ul-Bezzâzz Muhammadz binz Muhammadz Kerderî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z827z[1424zA.D.],)zthiszbookzofzfatwâs

waszcombinedzwithzFatâwâ-i-Hindiyya,zanotherzbookzofzfatwâs,zand

theztwozbookszwerezprintedzinzEgyptzinz1310zandzwerezreproduced

therezinz1393z[1973zA.D.].

[2] Eternalzmahramszarezclosezrelativeszbyzblood,zinzvirtuezofznursingzor

throughznikâhz(marriage)zwithzwhomzonezcannotzmarryzatzall.

[3] Imâm-iza’zamzAbûzHanîfazandzImâm-izMuhammad.

[4] Itz wasz writtenz byz Zeynel’âbidînz binz Ibrâhîmz ibniz Nujaym-i-Misrî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(926-970z[1562zA.D.],zEgypt).

[5] PleasezseezthezseventhzchapterzofzthezsixthzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss for

thez‘Milk-Tie’.

–z119 –

sister, withz one’sz youngz mother-in-lawz orz daughter-in-lawz when

fitnaziszlikely.zItzisznotzpermissibleztoztalkzwithzazyoungznâmahram

womanzwithoutznecessity.”zItzwillznotzbezhalwatzstayingzalonezinza

transportationzwagon,zshops,zandzplaceszthatzarezopenztozpublic

likezmosques,zsincezthezinsideszofzsuchzplaceszcanzbezseenzfromzthe

outside.zTwozdifferentzroomszofzonezhousezareznotzcountedzaszone

place.zWhozthezwomenzthatzarezeternallyzmahramzareziszwrittenzin

theztwelfthzchapterzofzthezfifthzfasciclezofzEndlesszBliss.

Accordingztozimâm-izAbûzYûsufz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,

thosez needy,z enslaved,z lonelyz womenz [employeesz andz civil

servants]z whoz havez toz workz forz az livingz atz suchz jobsz asz baking

bread,zlaunderingz[andzotherszthatzrequirezuncoveringztheirzparts

thatz arez notz theirz qabaz awrat]z canz barez theirz armsz andz feetz as

muchzasztheirzworkzrequires.zItziszpermissiblezforzmenztozseezthem

orz toz lookz atz themz withoutz lustz whenz workz requires.z Andz itz is

writtenz inz Ni’met-ie Islâm [1]

(inz chapterz onz hajj),z inz Bahre alfatâwâ

[2] ,zandzinzAlieEfendi’sefatwâ,zthatzwife’szsisterzandzuncle’s

orzbrother’szwifezareznâmahramzwomen,ztoo.zItziszharâmzalsozto

lookz atz theirz hair,z head,z armsz andz legs.z Duringz mutualz family

visitszitzisznotzpermissiblezforzthezmenzandzwomenztozsitzinzthe

samezroom,ztozbehavezcordiallyztowardszonezanother,ztozjokezwith

onez anotherz orz toz makez merry.z Atz placesz wherez men’sz and

women’sz sittingz inz thez samez roomz isz customaryz andz wherez this

harâmziszslighted,zinzorderztozpreventzoffencezandzhostilityzamong

relatives,zwomenzcanzsitzinzthezsamezroomzorzeatzwithztheirzmale

relativesz forz az shortz time,z butz theyz mustz bez covered.z Thez talks

mustzbezserious.zUtterzcarezmustzbeztakenzthatztheztalkzshouldzlast

shortzandzbezrarezandzespeciallyzthatztheyzshouldznotzbezalonezin

thezsamezplace.zTruezandzwellzlearnedzMuslimszwhozknowzand

obeyz Islamz shouldz neverz sitz togetherz likez that.z Wez shouldz not

disputezwithzignorantzpeoplezorzinsistzthatzIslamzcommandszso,

butz wez shouldz tryz toz abstainz fromz harâmsz byz makingz excuses

pertainingztozworldlyzmatters,zbyztalkingzsoftlyznotztozoffendzour

relatives.z Az malez slavez alsoz isz az nâmahramz manz toz hisz female

possessor.

Seeingzonceziszpermissiblezforzazjudgezwhenzdecidingzazcasezin

thez courtz ofz justice,z forz witnessesz whenz givingz evidence,z forz a

[1] ItzwaszwrittenzbyzMuhammadzZihnîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(1262-

1332z[1914zA.D.].)

[2] Itz wasz writtenz byz Kâdî-Zâdaz Muhammadz ’Ârifz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâ

’alaih’,z(d.z1173z[1759zA.D.].)

–z120 –

personzwhozisztozmarryzazgirl,zevenzifzlustziszlikelyztozhappen,zand

forzazdoctor,zforzaznurse,zforzazcircumciser,zforzazpersonzwhozdoes

enemaz(clyster), aszlongzasznecessary.zItziszpermissiblezforzazsick

personztozhavezhimselfzclystered.zItziszwrittenzonzthezfourzhundred

andzseventy-eighthzpagezofzthezfifthzvolumezofzDurr-ul-mukhtâr:

“Itziszimportantzsunnatztozhavezone’szsonzcircumcised.zItziszIslam’s

symbol.zIfzthezpeoplezofzazcityzdoznotzhaveztheirzsonszcircumcised,

thezKhalîfazfightszthem.zTherezisznotzazcertainzagezofzcircumcision

forzazchild.zThezbestztimeziszbetweenzsevenzandztwelvezyearszof

age.”zWhenzperformingzcircumcision,zitziszcustomaryztozrepeatzthe

Takbîr-ie ’Iyd togetherz loudly.z Thosez whoz arez notz circumcised

catchz variousz diseases.z Frenchz booksz describez themz underz the

namez ‘Affectionsz duz prépuce’. Onz thez fivez hundredz andz fiftyeighthz

pagez ofz Hadîqa [1]

andz inz itsz chapterz aboutz afflictions

incurredzbyzone’szeyes,zitziszwrittenzthatzitziszpermissiblezforzgirls

toz learnz andz teachz sciencez andz medicinez onz conditionz thatz they

willzobservezthezSharî’at.zGirlszmustzbezeducatedzandztrainedzas

obstetriciansz andz gynaecologists.z Womenz mustz bez shownz to

womenzdoctors.zIfzazwomanzdoctorzcannotzbezfoundzonezmustztake

one’szwifeztozazmalezgynaecologist,zifzherzillnessziszdangerouszor

veryzpainful.

ThezawratzpartszofzMuslimzwomenztozonezanotherzarezlikezthe

awratzpartszofzazmanztozanotherzman.

Ifzazwomanziszsecurezofzlust,zherzlookingzatzaznâmahramzmanzis

likezazman’szlookingzatzanother.zThezbookzJawhara [2] sayszthatzitzis

likezazman’szlookingzatzthosezwomenzwhozarezhiszmahram.zButzit

isz harâmz forz herz toz lookz atz himz lustfully.z Non-Muslimz and

renegadez women’sz lookingz atz Muslimz women,z (asz wellz asz their

paternalz andz maternalz uncles,z ifz theyz arez renegades),z thatz is,

muslimz women’sz showingz themselvesz toz them,z is,z likez their

showingz themselvesz toz nâmahramz men,z harâmz inz three

Madhhabs.z Theyz cannotz lookz atz Muslimz women’sz bodies.z Itz is

permissiblezin the HanbalîzMadhhab.

Whenzthosezpartszofzthezbody thatzareznotzpermissibleztozlook

[1] ItzwaszwrittenzbyzAbd-ul-GhanîzNablusîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,

(1050z[1640zA.D.]z–z1143z[1731zA.D.],zDamascus.)

[2] Jawhara-t-un-nayyira,z byz Abûz Bakrz binz ’Alîz Haddâd-i-Yemenî

‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z (d.z 800z [1397z A.D.].)z Thez bookz isz an

abridgedz versionz ofz ofz Sirâj-ul-wahhâj,z whichz hez wrotez asz a

commentaryz toz thez bookz Mukhtasar-i-Qudûrî,z byz Ahmadz bin

MuhammadzBaghdâdîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’.

–z121 –

at leavezthezbody, itziszstillznotzpermissibleztozlookzatzthemzevenzif

thezbodyziszdead.zAfterzazwoman’szhairzandzotherzhairs,ztoe-nails

[notzfinger-nails]zandzboneszleavezherzbody,ztheyzcannotzbezlooked

at.

Itz isz notz harâmz toz lookz withoutz lustz atz thez reflectionsz on

mirrorszorzonzwaterzofzthosezpartszofzwomenzthatzarezharâmzto

lookzat.zFor,zinzthiszcaseznotztheyzthemselveszbutztheirzvisionszare

beingzseen.z[Theirzreflexionszorzpictureszareznotztheyzthemselves.

Seeingzthemz(theirzreflexionszorzpictures)zdoesznotzmeanzseeing

them.zLookingzatztheirzpictureszorzatztheirzvisionszinzmovieszorzon

televisionziszlikezlookingzatztheirzimageszinzmirrors.zTheyzarezall

permissibleztozlookzatzwithoutzlust,zbutzharâmztozwatchzlustfullyzor

tozlookzatzthosezvisionszofztheirszthatzwillzarousezlust.zAlso,zitzis

harâmztozlistenztoztheirzvoices.zSurely,ztherezarezpeoplezwhozlook

atzthemzlustfully.zItziszharâmztozdraw,ztozpublish,ztoztakezpictures

thatzarousezlustzandzarezharâm.]zItzisznotzpermissiblezbutzharâmzto

lookzatzthezawratzpartszofzwomen,zevenzwithoutzlust,zbehindzglass,

withz anyz kindz ofz spectacles,z throughz waterz orz atz az womanz in

water.

Thezvoicezofzanzimâmzorzazhâfizzorzazmuazzinzheardzthroughza

loudspeakerz orz onz thez radioz isz notz hisz ownz voice,z butz itz isz its

likeness.zAznamâzzperformedzbyzfollowingzazvoicezheardzlikewise

isznotzsahîh.zItziszbid’atztozreadzorzrecitezthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzorzto

callzthezazânzthroughzazloudspeaker.zFor,zlifelesszobjectszthatzare

usedztozproducezsoundzarezcalledzmizmâr,zi.e.zmusicalzinstrument.

Thunder,z cannons,z rifles,z owls,z parrotsz arez notz musical

instruments.zInstrumentszthatzproducezsoundszforzpleasure,zsuch

aszdrums,ztambourines,zcymbals,zreeds,zflutes,zloudspeakerszare

allz musicalz instruments.z Az musicalz instrumentz willz notz produce

soundzbyzitself.zTheyzhaveztozbezusedzsozasztozproducezsound,zi.e.

withzthezdrumzyouzhaveztozstrikeztheztightlyzstretchedzskinzwithza

stick,zwithzthezreedzyouzhaveztozblow,zandzwithzthezloudspeaker

youz havez toz articulatez sounds.z Thez soundz thatz comesz outz from

themz isz theirz ownz production.z Itz isz notz thez voicez ofz thez person

blowingzthemzorztalkingztozthem.zVoiceszreadingzorzrecitingzthe

Qur’ânz al-kerîmz orz callingz thez azânz throughz loudspeakersz are

soundszproducedzbyzthezloudspeakers.zTheyzareznotzthezvoiceszof

thez imâmsz orz muazzinsz producingz thez originalz sounds.z The

muazzin’sz ownz voicez isz thez azân.z Fromz bothz scientificz and

religiouszpointszofzview,zthezsoundzcomingzoutzofzthezinstrument

isznotzthezmuazzin’szownzvoice,zwhich,zinzturn,zmeanszthatzitzisznot

thezazân.zBecausezitziszlikezthezazân,zitziszsupposedztozbezthezazân.

–z122 –

Whatz isz termedz thez azânz isz thez muazzin’sz ownz voice;z inz fact,z it

shouldzbezthezvoicezofzazpiousz(sâlih)zmalezMuslim,znotzthezvoice

ofz az womanz orz az childz orz az soundz producedz byz az loudspeaker,

despite thez similarity.z Voicesz andz soundsz ofz thisz sortz belongz to

others.z Differentz musicalz instrumentsz producez differentz sounds.

Thez soundz producedz byz az loudspeakerz isz notz az humanz voice

despitezthezquitezclosezresemblance.zAzwatermelonzseedzsownzin

soilzturnszintozazbigzwatermelon.zThezwatermelonzisznotzthezseed

anyzlonger.zThezseedziszrotten,zgone.zLikewise,zthezwordszuttered

toz thez microphonez arez gone,z andz otherz soundsz comez outz ofz the

loudspeaker.zSomezhadîth-i-sherîfszreadzaszfollows:z“Asetheeendeof

theeworldeapproaches,etheeQur’âneal-kerîmewillebeereade(orerecited)

throughe mizmârs.”e “Ae timee wille come,e whereine thee Qur’âne alkerîmewillebeereade(orerecited)ethroughemizmârs.eItewillebeedone

noteforetheesakeeofeAllah,ebuteforepleasure.”e“Manyeaereadere(or

reciter)eofetheeQur’âneal-kerîmeiseaccursedebyetheeQur’âneal-kerîm

hee readse (ore recites).”e “Theree wille bee ae timee whene thee most

wretchede Muslimse wille bee thee muazzins.”e “Theree wille bee ae time

whene thee Qur’âne al-kerîme wille bee reade (ore recited)e through

mizmârs.e Allâhue ta’âlâe wille accursee them.”e Mizmârz meansz any

kindz ofz musicalz instruments,z e.g.z reeds.z Az loudspeakerz alsoz isz a

mizmâr.zMuazzinszshouldzfearzthezadmonitionszconveyedzinzthese

hadîth-i-sherîfszandzshouldznotzcallzthezazânzthroughzloudspeakers.

Somez people,z whoz arez ignorantz inz religiousz matters,z sayz that

loudspeakerszarezusefulzbecauseztheyzcarryzsoundztozdistantzplaces.

OurzProphetz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zstated:z“Performeyour

actse ofe worshipe ine thee mannerse thate youe havee seene mee ande my

Sahâbaedoethem!eAepersonewhoemakesechangeseine(thezprescribed

mannerzof)zaneacteofeworshipeisecalledeaemaneofebid’at.eMeneof

bid’ate shalle definitelye goe toe Hell.e Nonee ofe theire actse shalle be

accepted.”e Itz isz notz rightz toz say,z “Wez arez makingz useful

amendmentsz toz religiousz practices.”z Thesez fibsz arez inventedz by

enemieszofzreligion.zItziszthezIslamiczscholars’zbusinessztozknow

whetherzcertainzchangeszarezuseful.zThesezprofoundzscholarszare

calledz Mujtahids.z Mujtahidsz doz notz makez anyz changesz onz their

own.zTheyzknowzwhetherzanzamendmentzorzazchangeziszanzactzof

bid’at.zThereziszazconsensusz(ofzIslamiczscholars)zonzthatzitziszan

actzofzbid’atztozcallzthezazânzthroughzmizmârs.zThezpathzthatzwill

leadzhumanzbeingsztozthezgracezandzlovezofzAllâhuzta’âlâzisz(the

onezthatzgoeszthrough)zthezhumanzheart.zThezheartziszlikezazmirror

byz creation.z Actsz ofz worshipz addz toz thez heart’sz cleanlinessz and

lustre.zSinszblackenzthezheart,zsozthatzitzwillznozlongerzreceivezthe

–z123 –

fayds [1] andznûrsz(radiance,zlights)zcomingztozitzthroughzlovez(of

AllahzorzofzthosezpeoplezlovedzbyzAllah).zSâlihz(pious)zMuslims

recognizezthiszstatezandzfeelzsad.zTheyzdoznotzwantztozcommitzsins.

Theyzwishztozdozmorezandzmorezactszofzworship.zInzadditionzto

doingzthezfivezdailyzprayerszofznamâz,zforzinstance,ztheyzwishzto

performzotherzprayerszofznamâz.zCommittingzsinsztasteszsweetzand

soundszusefulztoztheznafs.zAllzsortszofzbid’atszandzsinszfeedzand

strengthenz thez nafs,z whoz isz anz enemyz ofz Allâhuz ta’âlâ.z An

examplezofzthisziszcallingzthezazânzthroughzazloudspeaker.zItziszlike

azpicturezofzanzimâmzinzazbookzorzanzimagezonzaztelevisionzscreen,

whichzisznotzthezimâmzhimselfzalthoughzitziszveryzmuchzlikezhim.

Evenzifzonezseeszallzthezactionszofzanzimâmz(performingzaznamâz)

onztelevisionzandzhearszhiszvoice,zonezcannotzperformzaznamâzzby

followingzhim.

Itz isz permissiblez toz lookz withoutz lustz atz az womanz dressedz in

clothesznotzsozscantyzasztozstickzonzherzbody.zItziszharâmztozlookzat

azwomanzevenzwithoutzlustzwhoziszcladzinzazdresszthezqabazawrat

partsz ofz whichz arez scanty.z Itz isz harâmz toz lookz lustfullyz atz a

nâmahramz woman’sz underwears.z Itz isz harâmz toz lookz lustfullyz at

thosez partsz ofz hersz thatz arez notz herz qabaz awratz andz whichz are

coveredztightly,zscantily.

Asz itz isz harâmz forz womenz toz goz outz withoutz covering

themselveszandzbyzdeckingzthemselveszout,zlikewisezitziszharâmzfor

themztozenterzlikewisezanyzplacezwhereztherezarezmenznotzmahram

tozthem.zAndzitziszevenzmorezsinfulztozenterzazmosquezwithztheir

awratzpartszexposed.zAzplacezwhereztherezarezpeoplezwithzopen

awratz partsz orz wherez harâmz isz committedz isz calledz majlîse al-fisq

(sinningzparty).zItziszwrittenzinzBezzâziyya thatzitzisznotzpermissible

forzMuslimsztozattendzorztozallowztheirzwivesztozazmajlîszal-fisq,zthat

is,z az placez wherez sinnersz gatherz together,z withoutz necessity.

Womenzwhozhavezîmânzmustzcoverzthosezpartszofztheirszthatzare

notzqabazawrat,zsuchzaszhead,zhair,zarms,zlegs,zforzMuslimszmust

dreadzharâmszlestztheyzwillzloseztheirzîmân.

[1] Ifz az Muslimz performsz thez actsz ofz worshipz commandedz byz Islam

properly,zavoidszthosezactszprohibitedzbyzIslam,zsubdueszhisznafszto

fullzobedienceztozIslam,zandzattacheszhiszheartztozanzIslamiczscholarzor

Walî,z hez willz attainz az spiritualz statez whereinz inexplicablez piecesz of

subtlez Islamicz knowledgez willz beginz toz flowz intoz hisz heart.z This

knowledgez isz calledz fayd.z Naturally,z itz goesz withoutz sayingz thatz the

firstzandzthezbasiczconditionziszthatzhezshouldzlearnzIslamzfromztrue,

dependablez sources.z Otherwise,z hisz heartz mayz bez luredz awayz from

Islamzbyzsomezfatalzdelusionszinztheznamezofzfayds.

–z124 –

[Somez people,z whosez solez interestz isz pleasurez and

entertainment,zdoznotzhesitateztozmisleadzotherszintozmischiefszand

disasterszinzorderztozattainztheirzpleasures;ztheyzsayzforzinstance,z“It

isz somethingz annoyingz toz seez az woman whoz has covered herself

likezanzogre.zOnzthezotherzhand,zitzgiveszreliefzandzpleasureztozlook

atzanzornamented,zbeautifulzgirlzorzwomanzinzfreezattire.zItziszsweet,

likezwatchingzorzsmellingzazbeautifulzflower.”zLookingzatzazflower

orz smellingz az flowerz isz sweetz toz thez soul.z Itz causesz thez soulz to

recognizezthezexistencezandzthezgreatnesszofzAllâhuzta’âlâzandzto

obeyzHiszcommandments.zLookingzatzaznice-smelling,zornamented

andzfreely-dressedzgirl,zonzthezcontrary,ziszsweetztoztheznafs.zThe

earzdoesznotztakezanyzpleasurezfromzcolours,znorzdoeszthezeyezfrom

sounds.zFor,ztheyzdoznotzsensezthesezthings.zTheznafsziszthezenemy

ofzAllâhuzta’âlâ.zItzwillznotzhesitateztozdozanyzsortzofzevilzwhereby

toz attainz itsz pleasures.z Itz willz violatez humanz rightsz andz laws.z Its

pleasureszdoznotzhavezanzend.zLookingzatzazgirlzwillznotzsatisfyzit.zIt

willzdesireztozmeetzherzandztozpractisezallzitszpleasures.zItziszforzthis

reasonz thatz allz civilz codesz curbz thez eccentricitiesz ofz nafses.

Excessivez desiresz ofz thez nafsz driftz peoplez intoz misery,z diseases,

familyzdisasterszandzafflictions.zInzorderztozpreventzthesezdisastrous

situations,z Allâhuz ta’âlâz hasz prohibitedz girls’z dressingz freelyz and

beingz closez toz menz notz relatedz toz them,z alcoholz andz gambling.

Peoplez whoz havez beenz enslavedz byz theirz nafsz floutz these

prohibitions.z Soz theyz censurez thez booksz ofz ’ilm-i-hâlz writtenz by

scholarszofzAhlzas-sunnazandzpreventzyoungzpeoplezfromzreading

thesezbookszandzattainingzsalvation.zAsziszunderstoodzfromzallzthe

aforesaidzfacts,zitziszsinfulzforzwomenzandzgirlsztozgozoutzshopping

(withoutzproperlyzcoveringzthemselves)zandztozwanderzlikewisezat

market-placeszandzstores.zMuslimszhaveztozprotectztheirzdaughters

againstzthesezsins.zOtherwise,ztheyzwillzloseztheirzîmânzandzbecome

disbelievers.z Enemiesz ofz Islamz misrepresentz whatsoeverz is

destructivez toz îmânz asz nationalz customsz inz orderz toz spread

disbelief.]

9e–eISTIQBÂL-IeQIBLA

Itz meansz toz performz namâzz towardsz thez Qibla;z itz doesz not

meanztozperformzitzforzthezQibla.zFormerlyzthezQiblazusedztozbe

Qudse (Jerusalem).z Seventeenz monthsz afterz thez Hegira,z atz the

thirdzrak’atzofzthezearlyzafternoonzorzlatezafternoonzprayerzofza

TuesdayzinzthezmiddlezofzSha’bân,zMuslimszwerezcommandedzto

turnztowardszKa’ba.zAccordingztozHanafîzandzMâlikîzMadhhabs,

namâzz willz bez sahîhz ifz thez openingz betweenz thez crosswise

–z125 –

directionsz ofz thez opticz nervesz includesz Ka’ba.z Thisz anglez is

approximatelyz45°.zIstanbul’szQiblazdirectionziszapproximatelyz29°

eastzofzsouth.zThiszangleziszcalledzthezangleeofeQibla.zThezstraight

linezdrawnzonzazmapzandzrunningzbetweenzazcertainzcityzandzthe

blessedzcityzofzMekkazisztermedzthezkhatt-i-Qibla (linezofzQibla)

ofzthatzcity.zThiszlinezindicateszthezdirectionzofzQibla.zTheztime

whenzthezSunziszoverheadz(anzobserverzimaginedztozbe standing

on)z thisz linez isz thez Qiblae hour (atz thatz location).z Thez angle

betweenz thisz linez andz thez longitudinalz circle ofz thatz city isz the

angleeofeQibla.zAzcity’szQiblazdirectionzdependszonzitszlongitude

andz latitude.z Inz thez northernz hemisphere,z thez southz is

approximatelyzthezdirectionztozthezSunzatzzawâlzor,zwhenzthezface

ofz az clockz adjustedz toz thez localz zawalîz timez isz heldz horizontally

towardszthezskyzandzitszhour-handztowardszthezsun,zbisectorzofzthe

anglezbetweenzthezhour-handzandznumberztwelve.zTheznearerzthe

declinationzofzthezSunzandzthezequationzofztimeztozzero,zthezmore

preciseziszthezresult.zIstanbul’szQiblazdirectionzcanzbezdetermined

byzusingzonezofzthezfollowingztwozelements:z1-zByzusingzthezangle

ofzQibla.z2-zByzusingzthezQiblazhour.z1-zIfzyouzfirstzfacezduezsouth

byz aligningz yourselfz withz thez circlez ofz longitudez overheadz your

locationz andz thenz turnz eastwardsz byz thez anglez ofz Qibla,z the

directionz youz willz bez facingz nowz isz thez Qibla.z Anglez Qz is

calculatedzaszfollows:zLongitudezofzthezblessedzcityzofzMekkazfrom

y

Greenwichzis,z '=39°50'zorz39.83°zandzitszlatitudeziszª'=21°26'zor

21.43°.z Sincez Istanbul’sz longitudez isz =29°z andz itsz latitudez

y

is

ª=41°,zthezdifferencezbetweenztheirzlongitudeszisz10°50'zorz10.83°,

andzthezdifferencezbetweenztheirzlatitudeszisz19°34'zorz19.57°.zIf

Istanbul’sz approximatez anglez ofz Qibla,z asz measuredz fromz the

directionzofzsouth,zis,zsay,zQ,zthezfollowingzapproximatezequation,

obtainedz utilizingz thez geometricalz explanationz inz thez book

Ma’rifatnâma,ecanzbezwritten,z

Note:e Sincez thez difference,z d,z betweenz thez longitudesz of

IstanbulzandzMekkazmukarramaziszlesszthanz60°,zQziszalmostzthe

samezaszthezresultzobtainedzwithzthezfollowingzexactzformula.zIfzd

iszgreaterzthanz120°,zQzcanzbezfoundzusingz( '=-140.17°zandzª'=y

–z126 –

21.43°z insteadz ofz 39.83°z andz 21.43°,z respectively)z forz thez place

symmetricalztozMekkazwithzrespectztozthezcenterzofzthezearthzby

meanszofzthezapproximatezformula.zByzsubtractingzthezresultzfrom

180°,zQziszfound.zANzrepresentszthezmeridian.

S=zTheepointewhereetheeplumb-leveleofetheelocationeintersectsetheeearth’s

surface;eN=ePointeofeZawâl,ewhenetheesuneiseateculmination.

Thez followingz formulaz basedz onz thez sphericalz trianglez yields

thezexactzanglezofzQibla.

wherez

y

andzªzarezthezlongitudezandzlatitude,zrespectively,zzofzthe

y

locationzforzwhichzQzisztozbezfound.zThezsignzofz isz(+)zinzthezeast,

andz(-)zinzthezwestzofzGreenwichz(London).zªzisz(+)zinztheznorthern

hemisphere,zandz(-)zinzthezsouthernzhemisphere.zThezQzfoundzis

thezanglezbetweenztheztwozdirectionszfromzthatzlocation,zoneztozthe

southzandzthezotherztozthezqiblaz(Mekka).

Toz findz thez directionz ofz Qibla,z wez turnz Qz degreesz fromz the

geographicalzsouthzofzthezearthzdividedzintoztwozregionszbyzthe

y

greatzcirclezpassingzthroughzMekkaz( '=z39.83°)zandzthroughzits

symmetricalz pointz ( '=-140.17°),z toz thez westz atz locationsz toz

y

the

eastz ofz thez Qiblaz andz vicez versaz atz locationsz toz itsz west.z Thez Q

foundz withz thisz formulaz shouldz havez az (-)z signz forz thez eastern

regionszandz(+)zsignzforzthezwesternzregions.zInzcasezofzopposite

–z127 –

results,zthezanglezofzQiblaziszfoundzbyzaddingz(+z180°)zorz(-180°).

Forzexample,zforzKarachizzwithz

y

=67°,zª=25°,zthezfollowingzkeys

arezdepressedzonzazCASIOzcalculator:

39.83-67z=zcoszxz25zsinz-z25zcoszxz0.3925z=zMinz39.83-67z=zsinz÷

MRz=zINVztan

HencezQziszobtainedzasz-87°z27'zforzKarachi.

QzforziszIstanbul’sz+28°z21',z(whichzmayzbezroundedzupztoz+29°.)

Inz thez following,z somez Qz valuesz calculatedz byz thez exactz and

(approximate)z formulasz arez given.z Thez lastz threez valuesz are

obtainedzbyzthezsymmetricalzapproach:

Munich : 50°(47°) NewzYork : 122°(134°)

London : 61°(52°)

Basel : 56°(50°)

Frankfurt : 52°(47°)

Tokyo : 113°(130°) Kumasi : 115°(125°)

Inzthezfigurezonzthezrightzhandzsidezofzthezpreviouszpage,zthe

pointz Bz isz thez pointz atz whichz thez Qiblaz directionz CSz is

perpendicularztozazdeclinationzcirclezorzmeridianzAB.zInzthezright

angledz sphericalz trianglez ABS,z usingz thez Napierz equations,z cos

(90°-ª)z=zsinzªz=zcotzizxzcotzQ,zandzaszztanzAzxzcotzA=1,zsinzªz=

(1/tanzi)zxz(1/tanzQ).zHence,ztanziz=(1/sinzª)zxzQ.zForzexample,zon

Februaryz2,zifzthezkeyszE/Cz1z÷z41zsin÷zz28.21°zµztanz=zarcztan

arezdepressed,zwezobtainzi=70.5°.zThezequationzi=70.5°ziszconstant

forzIstanbul.zInzthezrightzangledzsphericalztrianglezABC,zzcos(i+H)

=ztanz∞zxzcotzd.zInztheztrianglezABS,zcosziz=ztanzªzxzcotzdzand,

therefore,zcotzdz=zcosziz/ztanzª,zandzhence,zcos(i+H)z=ztanz∞zxzcos

iz ÷z tanz ªz .z Keyingz inz E/Cz 16.58z z µz ¿z tanz xz 70.5z cosz ÷z 41

tan=arczcosz-70.5=÷15=zzµzz,zthezhourzanglezH,zi.e.,zthezarc

CN,z isz obtainedz asz 1z hourz 45z minutes.z Kadûsîz notesz inz his

annotationztozRub’-i-dâira:z“Thezcursorzsetz(forzthezdate),zwhen

movedztozthezlinezofzqibla,zthezcomplementzofzthezanglezindicated

byzthezstringzonzthezarczofzaltitudeziszthezsupplementzofzthezhour

anglezofzIstanbul’sztimezofzQibla.zWhenzitziszdividedzbyz15,zthe

resultziszthezhourzanglezH.”zThezdailyzstandardztimeeofeQiblaeat

whichzthezSunziszonzthezdirectionzofzQiblazofzazgivenzlocationzcan

bez calculatedz byz subtractingz fromz 12:00z hoursz thez time

correspondingztozthezhourzanglezandzcombiningzthezresultzwith

thezEquationzofzTimezandzthezdifferencezofzlongitudezfromzthe

Standardz Meridian.z Inz thez examplez givenz above,z (thez standard

timezofzQibla)zisz10zhrz33zmin.zThezadhânîzQiblaztimeziszcalculated

–z128 –

tozbez5zhrz6zminzbyzsubtractingztheztimezcorrespondingztozthezhour

anglez andz onez Temkinz fromz thez timez ofz dhuhr-i-adhânîz (the

adhânîztimezforzearlyzafternoonzprayer).zIfzyouzturnztozthezSunzat

thisztime,zyouzwillzfacezthezQibla.zIfzthezQiblazisztozthezeastzofzthe

south,zthezSunziszalsozinzthezeast,ztheztimeziszbeforeznoon,zandzthe

Hz inz thez timez equationz willz havez az (-)z sign.z ∞=thez sun’s

declination.zWhenzz∞z=zªz(ofzMekka)z=z21.43°,zthezSunzwillzbe

exactlyz overheadz thez Ka’ba,z whichz takesz placez twicez az year.

AnyonezwhozturnsztowardszthezSunzatzthisztime,z(atztheztimezof

Qibla,zthatzis,)zregardlesszofztheirzlocationzworldover,zwillzatzthe

sameztimezhavezturnedzinzthezdirectionzofzthezQibla.

Ahmedz Ziyâz Beghz foundz Q=29°z forz Istanbulz byz taking

somewhatzhigherzvalueszforzthezlongitudeszandzlatitudeszandzusing

tableszofzlogarithmszofztrigonometriczfunctions.zThezmihrâbzofzthe

mosquezatzthezKandillizquayzinzIstanbulzwaszcalculatedzbyzhimzin

thiszwayzduringzthezrestorationzofzthezmosque.

Byzturningzapproximatelyzthirty-onezdegreeszeastwardzfromzthe

directionz ofz southz foundz byz az compass,z Qiblaz willz bez facedz in

Istanbul.z However,z thez needlez ofz az compassz pointsz toz magnetic

poles,zwhich,zinzfact,zareznotzthezpoleszofzthezEarth’szaxis.zAndzthe

locationsz ofz magneticz z polesz changez inz thez coursez ofz time.z They

completezonezrotationzaroundztruezpoleszinzazperiodzofzsomezsix

hundredzyears.zThezanglezbetweenzthezmagneticzdirectionzandzthe

truez polarz directionz isz calledz thez magnetice declination.z Every

locationzhaszazdifferentzanglezofzdeclination.zTherezarezpopulated

areaszwherezthezneedlezofzthezcompasszevenzdeviatesz30°zfromzthe

southz toz thez eastz (+)z orz toz thez westz (-).z Andz az place’sz anglez of

declination changeszyearly.zThen,zifzthezdirectionzofeQiblaeiszfound

withzazcompass,zthezanglezofzmagneticzdeclination hasztozbezadded

toz orz subtractedz fromz thez anglez ofz Qibla.z Istanbul’sz anglez of

magneticz declination isz approximatelyz +3°.z Whenz wez turn

eastwardz forz 28°z +3°=31°z fromz thez southz directionz foundz withz a

compasszinzIstanbul,zwezwillzfacezthezQibla.

IfzthezsouthzdirectionziszfoundzwithzthezhelpzofzthezPole-Starzor

withzazclockzorzbyzmeanszofzthezmeridianzlinezdrawnzonzthezground,

itzisznotznecessaryztozaddzthezanglezofzdeclinationztozthezanglezof

Qibla.z Thez directionz ofz Qiblaz isz foundz byz turningz 28°z eastward

(fromzsouth)zinzIstanbul.eForzdoingzthiszyouzplacezyourzclockz(or

watch)zonzaztablezhorizontallyzandzturnzthezfigurez6ztowardszsouth.

Whenzthezminute-handziszmovedztozthezpositionzoverz5zitzpointszto

thezQibla.

Itziszpermissible,zevenzwhenzperformingzaznamâzzthatziszfard,

–z129 –

tozdeviatezfromzthezdirectionzofzQiblazwhenzthereziszthezfearzof

illness,zenemyzorzthieves,zorzbyzmistake,zbutzitziszazmustztozturn

towardszthezQiblazwhenzperformingzitzonzazshipzorztrain.

Az musâfirz travellingz onz az shipz orz trainz mustz beginz thez fard

namâzzstandingztowardszthezQiblazandzputzazcompasszsomewhere

nearzthezplacezhezwillzprostrate.zHezmustzturnztowardszthezQibla

asz thez shipz orz trainz changesz direction.z Orz someonez elsez should

makezhimzturnzrightzorzleft.zIfzhiszchestzdeviateszfromzthezQibla

whenzperformingztheznamâz,zhisznamâzzbecomesznullified.zForza

shipz orz az trainz isz likez one’sz ownz home.z Itz isz notz likez anz animal.

SincezthezfardznamâzzofzthosezwhozcannotzturnztowardzthezQibla

onz buses,z onz trains,z onz shipsz whenz thez seaz isz roughz willz notz be

acceptable,z theyz canz imitatez Shâfi’îz Madhhabz asz longz asz they

travel,zandzperformzthezlatezafternoonzprayerztogetherzwithzthe

earlyz afternoonz prayerz andz thez nightz prayerz togetherz withz the

eveningz prayer,z onez immediately afterz thez other.z Likewise,z ifz a

personzinzHanafîzMadhhabzwillznotzbezableztozturnztowardszthe

Qiblazonzthezwayzafterzstartingzthezjourney,zhezmustzperformzthe

latez afternoonz prayerz immediately afterz performingz thez early

afternoonzprayerzatztheztimezofzthezearlyzafternoonzprayerzwhen

theyzhaltzsomewherezforzsomeztimezduringzthezday,zandzperform

thezeveningzprayerzandztheznightzprayerztogetherzatztheztimezofzthe

nightz prayerz whenz theyz haltz somewherez duringz thez night,z and

whenzintendingztozstartzeachzofzthosezfourzprayerszhezmustzintend,

thatzis,zpasszthroughzhiszheartzthezthought:z“Izamzperformingzitzby

imitatingz Shâfi’îz Madhhab.”z Accordingz toz Shâfi’îz andz Mâlikî

Madhhabs,zwhenzaztravellingzpersonzgoesztozhiszhometownzorztoza

placezwherezhezintendsztozstayzmorezthanzthreezdayszexcludingzthe

dayszwhenzhezenterszandzgoeszoutzofzthezcity,zorzwhenzhezstays

morez thanz eighteenz daysz atz az placez wherez hez wentz forz some

businesszwhichzhezthoughtzwouldztakezhimzlesszthanzfourzdays,zhe

becomesz muqîmz (settled).z Asz hez leavesz thez placez hez willz not

becomezsafarîzunlesszhezintendsztoztravelztoza placezatza distance

ofznotzlesszthanz80zkm.zHadratzIbnizHajar-izMakkî [1] stateszinzhis

bookzFatâwâ-ieFiqhiyya: “Ifzaztravellingz(safarî)zpersonzpostpones

hiszearlyzafternoonzprayerzinzorderztozperformzitztogetherzwithzhis

latezafternoonzprayerzbutzbecomeszmuqîmz(settled)zafterztheztime

forz earlyz afternoonz prayerz isz overz beforez hez performsz hisz early

afternoonz prayer,z hez makesz qadâz ofz hisz earlyz afternoonz prayer

[1] Shihâb-ud-dînzAhmedzbinzMuhammadzHiytamîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâ

’alaih’,z(899z[1494zA.D.]z–z974z[1566],zMekka.)

–z130 –

(performsz it)z first.z Hez doesz notz becomez sinfulz forz having

postponedz hisz earlyz afternoonz prayerz untilz itsz timez isz over.

AnyonezwhozimitateszMâlikîzorzShâfi’îzMadhhabzbecausezhezhasza

crownedz orz filledz toothz inz hisz mouth,z mustz notz makez qasr

(shorten)zthezfardzprayerszwherezhezstayszmorezthanzthreezandzless

thanz fifteenz days;z hez mustz performz allz fourz rak’atsz ofz those

prayers.z Otherwise,z hisz fardz prayersz whichz hez performsz asz two

rak’atsz willz notz bez sahîhz accordingz toz thez Mâlikîz andz Shâfi’î

Madhhabs.z Ifz hez praysz fourz rak’ats,z itz isz sahîh,z althoughz itz is

makrûhz inz thez Hanafî.z Similarly,z one’sz namâzz isz sahîhz (valid)

accordingztozMâlikîzMadhhabzifzone’szskinzcomeszinzcontactzwith

thatzofzaznâmahramzwomanzorzifzone’szablutionz(wudu’)ziszbroken

duringznamâz.zAsziszwrittenzinzthezfinalzparagraphzofzthezfourth

chapter,zthiszpersonzcannotzcombinez(performzbyzjem’)zhiszprayers

wherezhezstayszaszsafarîz(traveller)zunlesszthereziszazharaj.

Althoughz itz isz notz permissiblez toz determinez thez beginningz of

Ramadân-izsherîfzbeforehandzbyzusingzcalendarszorzbyzcalculation,

itziszpermissibleztozfindzthezdirectionzofzthezQiblazbyzcalculation,

polezstarz[compass],zetc.zorztozascertainzthezprayerztimeszbyzusingza

calendarzpreparedzbyzastronomicalzcalculations.zFor,zthoughzthey

willznotzbezfoundzoutzaccuratelyzbyzsolezcalculationzorzinstrumental

observationzandzanalysis,ztheyzwillzbezguessedzstrongly.zFindingzout

thezQiblazorzprayerztimeszbyzstrongzconvictionziszpermissible.

AtzplaceszwhereztherezisznozmihrâbzandzwherezthezQiblazcannot

bez foundz byz calculationz orz withz thez helpz ofz thez Pole-Starz [a

compass],z truez Muslimsz whoz knowz whichz directionz thez Qiblaz is

mustz bez consulted.z Wez shouldz notz askz disbelievers,z fâsiqs,z or

children.z Disbelieversz andz fâsiqsz canz bez believedz inz mu’amalât

(businessz transactionsz andz socialz dealings),z butz notz inz diyânât

[worships].zWhenzyouzhaveznozonezwithzyouzwhozknowszaboutzthe

Qibla,zyouzneedznotzlookzforzone.zYouzmustzsearchzforzitzyourself

andzthenzperformznamâzztowardszthezdirectionzyouzhavezdecided

tozbezthezQibla.zIfzlaterzyouzfindzoutzthatzitzwaszthezwrongzdirection

youzdoznotzhaveztozperformztheznamâzzagain.

ThezQiblazisznotzthezbuildingzofzKa’ba;zitziszitszbuildingzplot.

Thatzis,zthatzspacezfromzthezEarthztozthez’ArshziszthezQibla.zForzthis

reason,zazpersonzwhoziszdownzinzazwell,z[underzthezsea],zonztopzof

az highz mountainz [orz onz az plane]z canz performz namâzz inz that

direction.z[Forzbeingzazhadji [1] azMuslimzvisitsznotzthezbuildingzof

[1] PleasezseezthezseventhzchapterzofzthezfifthzfasciclezofzEndlessebliss for

Hajj.

–z131 –

Ka’baz butz itsz buildingz plot.z Hez whoz visitsz anotherz placez cannot

becomezazhadji].

HadratzIbnizHajar-izMakkîzsayszinzhiszbookzFatâwâ-i-fiqhiyya:

“Itzisznotzpermissibleztozchangeztoday’szshapezofzthezbuildingzof

Ka’ba.z Itz isz harâm.z Today’sz buildingz wasz constructedz byz Hajjâj.

WhenzthezKhalîfazHârûn-ur-Rashîdzwantedztozhavezitzchangedzin

orderztozputzitzinzthezrightzshapezgivenzbyzAbdullahzIbnizZubayr,

Imâm-iz Mâlikz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’z dissuadedz him,z saying,

“Ifzfromznowzonzanybodyzchangeszit,zitziszwâjibzforzusztozdemolish

thezchanges,zprovidedzwezwillznotzcausezfitnazorzgivezdamageztozthe

originalzbuilding.zOtherwisezitzisznotzwâjib.”

Ifzyouzarezillzorzwhenzthereziszthezdangerzthatzyourzbelongings

mayzbezstolenzorzitzmayzcausezthezshipzyouzarezonzboardztozsinkzor

ifz therez isz thez dangerz ofz az wildz animalz orz ofz beingz seenz byz the

enemyzorzifzyouzwillznotzbezableztozmountzyourzanimalzwithoutzhelp

inzcasezyouzgetzdownzfromzitzorzifzyourzcompanionszwillznotzwaitzfor

youzinzcasezyouzmakezyourzanimalzstandztowardszthezQibla,zyou

combinez(jem’)ztwozsalâts.zIfzjem’ziszimpossible,zyouzperformzeven

thezfardznamâzzstandingztowardzanyzdirectionzyouzcanzmanage,zand

doz notz performz itz againz later.z For, youz havez notz causedz these

excuseszyourself,zbutztheyzhavezhappenedzwilly-nilly.zIfzazperson

whozdoesznotzknowzthezdirectionzofzQiblazperformsznamâzzwithout

lookingzatzthezmihrâbzorzaskingzsomeonezwhozknowszorztryingzto

findzout,zhisznamâzzwillznotzbezacceptedzevenzifzhezhaszfoundzthe

Qiblazbyzchance.zButzifzhezfindszoutzafterztheznamâzzthatzhezhas

foundz thez rightz directionz itz willz bez accepted.z Ifz hez findsz itz out

duringztheznamâzzitzwillznotzbezaccepted.zIfzhezhaszinquiredzforzthe

Qiblazbutzhasznotzperformedztheznamâzzinzthezdirectionzwhichzhe

hasz decidedz toz bez right,z hez hasz toz performz itz againz evenz ifz he

understandsz thatz hez hasz foundz thez rightz directionz byz chance.

Likewise,zazpersonzwhozperformsznamâzzthoughzhezthinkszthatzhe

doesznotzhavezanzablution,zthatzhiszclotheszareznajs,zorzthatzitzisznot

prayerztimezyet,zandzwhozfindszoutzlaterzthatzhiszthoughtzhasznot

beenzcorrect,zperformsztheznamâzzagain.

[TozdeterminezthezdirectionzofzQibla,zazrodziszerectedzatzazplace

takingzsunlight.zOrzazkeyzorzpiecezofzstone is tiedztozthezendzofza

piecezofzstringzandzletztozhangzloosely.zAtz(theztimezofzQibla)zread

onzthezdailyzcalendar,zthezshadowzofzthezrodzorzthezstringzshowszthe

directionzofzQibla,zaszthezSunziszoverheadzthezdirectionzofzQibla.

ThezSunziszonzthezQiblazsidezofzthezshadow.]

–z132 –

Thy love has infatuated me;

O my Allah, I love Thee!

Thy love is so sweet, really;


Neither wealth pleaseth me,

Nor do I worry about property.

Thy love, alone, makes me happy;


Thou hast commanded us to pray,

And advised to keep in the right way.

Thine blessings to enjoy in endless way.


The nafs I have is so teacherous;

Poor me, with this being so lecherous!

I’ve found the real delight, so gorgeous:


Doing the prayers properly,

And also earning the worldly,

Is what I do daily and nightly.


Love is not only words, O Hilmi!

Thy Allah commandeth drudgery;

Let your manners testify to thee;


Islam’s enemies are so many,

Attacking the religion insidiously;

How could one ever sit idly!


A lover simply will not sit lazily,

Lest his darling should be hurt slightly.

Silence the enemy, and then say honestly:


–z133 –

Qiblazangleszforzplaceszwithzvariouszlatitudeszandzlongitudes

Longitudeszarezprintedzinzrowszatztheztopzandzbottomzofztheztablezinz5°zintervals

andzLatitudeszinzthezmiddlezcolumnzinzz2°zintervals.zLongitudeszwithzazdashedzline

underz themz arez toz thez westz (-)z andz thez restz arez toz thez eastz (+)z ofz London.

Longitudeszinzthezlinesz1zandz2zarezforztheznorthernzandz3zandz4zforzthezsouthern

hemisphere.zThezfigurezonzthezcross-sectionzofzthezcolumnzincludingzthezlongitude

andzthezlinezincludingzthezlatitudezforzazplacezgiveszthezanglezofzQiblazQzforzit.zThe

QiblazwillzbezfacedzbyzturningzQzdegreeszfromzthezsouthztozthezwestzforzlinesz(1zand

4)z andz toz thez eastz forz linesz (2z andz 3).z Thesez Qz anglesz arez measuredz fromz the

geographicalzsouthzfoundzbyzeitherzthezSunzorzthezPole-star.zIfzthezmeasurementzis

madezwithzazcompass,zthezmagneticzdeviationz(ofzthezlocation)zmustzbeztakenzinto

account.

–z134 –

Longitudes (in degrees)

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

180

175

175

175

175

175

175

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165

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163

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161

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159

158

165

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160

159

159

158

157

156

155

153

152

150

148

161

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161

161

161

161

161

161

161

161

161

160

160

160

160

159

159

159

158

158

157

157

156

156

155

154

153

153

152

150

149

148

146

145

143

141

156

157

157

157

157

157

157

157

157

156

156

156

156

156

156

155

155

155

154

154

153

153

152

152

151

150

150

149

148

147

146

145

143

142

140

139

137

135

151

152

152

152

152

152

152

152

152

152

152

152

151

151

151

151

150

150

150

149

149

148

148

147

146

146

145

144

143

142

141

140

138

137

135

134

132

130

146

147

147

147

148

148

148

148

148

147

147

147

147

147

147

146

146

146

145

145

144

144

143

142

142

141

140

139

138

137

136

135

134

133

131

130

128

126

141

143

143

143

143

143

143

143

143

143

143

143

143

142

142

142

142

141

141

140

140

139

139

138

138

137

136

135

134

133

132

131

130

129

128

126

125

123

136

138

138

138

138

139

139

139

139

139

139

138

138

138

138

138

137

137

137

136

136

135

135

134

134

133

132

132

131

130

129

128

127

126

124

123

122

120

131

133

134

134

134

134

134

134

134

134

134

134

134

134

134

134

133

133

133

133

132

132

131

131

130

130

129

128

127

127

126

125

124

123

122

121

120

118

127

129

129

129

130

130

130

130

130

130

130

130

130

130

130

130

130

129

129

129

129

128

128

127

127

126

126

125

125

124

123

122

121

121

120

119

118

117

122

124

124

125

125

125

126

126

126

126

126

126

126

126

126

126

126

126

126

125

125

125

125

124

124

123

123

122

122

121

121

120

119

119

118

117

116

115

117

119

120

120

121

121

121

121

122

122

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122

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122

122

122

122

122

122

122

122

122

121

121

121

121

120

120

119

119

119

118

117

117

116

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115

114

112

115

115

116

116

117

117

117

118

118

118

118

118

119

119

119

119

119

119

119

119

119

119

118

118

118

118

118

117

117

117

116

116

115

115

114

114

113

107

110

111

111

112

112

113

113

113

114

114

114

115

115

115

115

115

116

116

116

116

116

116

116

116

116

116

115

115

115

115

115

114

114

114

113

113

113

102

105

106

107

107

108

108

109

109

110

110

111

111

111

112

112

112

112

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

113

112

112

97

101

101

102

103

103

104

105

105

106

106

107

107

108

108

108

109

109

110

110

110

111

111

111

111

111

112

112

112

112

112

112

112

112

112

112

112

112

84

74

72

70

68

66

64

62

60

58

56

54

52

50

48

46

44

42

40

38

36

34

32

30

28

26

24

22

20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

40

35

45

30

50

25

55

20

60

15

65

10

70

5

75

0

80

5

85

10

90

15

95

20

100

25

105

30

110

35

115

40

120

45

125

50

130

55

135

60

140

65

145

70

150

75

155

80

160

85

165

90

170

95

175

100

180

105

175

110

170

115

165

120

160

125

155

130

150

135

145

140

140

145

135

150

130

155

125

160

120

165

115

170

110

175

105

180

100

175

95

170

90

165

85

160

80

155

75

150

70

145

65

140

60

135

55

Lati

tu

des

130

50

125

45

120

40

115

35

110

30

105

25

100

20

95

15

90

10

85

5

80

0

75

5

70

10

65

15

60

20

55

25

50

30

45

35

40

92

96

97

97

98

99

100

100

101

102

102

103

103

104

105

105

106

106

107

107

108

108

108

109

109

109

110

110

110

110

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

87

91

92

93

94

94

95

96

97

98

98

99

100

100

101

102

102

103

104

104

105

105

106

106

107

107

108

108

109

109

109

110

110

110

111

111

111

111

82

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

93

94

95

96

97

98

98

99

100

101

102

102

103

104

104

105

106

106

107

107

108

108

109

109

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4

10e–ePRAYEReTIMES

Azhadîth-izsherîfzquotedzinzthezbookszMuqaddimet-us-salât,eat-

Tefsîr-al-Mazharîe andz al-Halabîe al-kebîre states: “Jabrâîle ‘alaihissalâm’e

(andz Iz performedz [thez prayerz termed]z namâzz [orz salât]

together,z andz Jabrâîlz ‘alaihis-salâm’)z conductede thee prayere ase the

imâmeforetwoeofeus,ebyetheesideeofetheedooreofeKa’ba,eforetwoedays

running.eAsetheefajre(morningztwilight) dawned,etwoeofeuseperformed

morningeprayer;easetheeSunedepartedefromemeridianeweeperformed

earlyeafternooneprayer;ewhenetheeshadoweofeaneobjecteequalledeits

middayeshadoweincreasedebyetheelengtheofetheeobjecteweeperformed

latee afternoone prayer;e ase thee Sune sete [itsz upperz limbz disappeared

belowzthezwesternzhorizon] weeperformedeeveningeprayer;eandewhen

thee eveninge twillighte darkenede wee performede nighte prayer.e The

seconde day,e wee performede thee morninge prayere whene thee morning

twilightematured;etheeearlyeafternooneprayerewhenetheeshadoweofean

objecteincreasedeagainebyetheelengtheofetheeobject;etheelateeafternoon

prayereimmediatelyethereafter;etheeeveningeprayereatetheeprescribed

timeeofebreakingefast;eandetheenighteprayereatetheeendeofetheefirstethird

ofe thee night.e Thene hee saide ‘Oe Muhammad,e thesee aree thee timese of

prayerse fore youe ande thee prophetse beforee you.e Lete youre Ummat

performeeacheofetheseefiveeprayersebetweenetheetwoetimeseatewhich

weeperformedeeach’.”e Thiszeventztookzplacezonzthezfourteenthzof

July,z onez dayz afterz thez Mi’râj,z andz twoz yearsz beforez thez Hegira.

Ka’baz wasz 12.24z metresz tall,z thez solarz declinationz wasz twenty-one

degreeszandzthirty-sixzminutes,zandzKa’ba’szlatitudinalzlocationzwas

twenty-onez degreesz andz twenty-sixz minutes.z Hencez itsz midday

(shortest)zshadowz(fay-izzawâl)zwasz3.56zcm. [1] Therebyzperforming

prayersz (salât)z fivez timesz az dayz becamez az commandment.z This

hadîth-izsherîfzclarifieszthatztheznumberzofz(daily)zprayersziszfive.

Itz isz fardz (obligatoryz duty)z forz allz Muslims,z malez andz female

alike,zwhozarez’âqilzandzbâligh,zthatzis,zwhozarezdiscreet andzhave

reachedz thez agez ofz pubertyz or,z inz otherz words,z thez agez for

marriage,ztozperformzthezfivezdailyzprayerszcalledzsalâtz(orznamâz)

withinz theirz correctz times.z Ifz az salâtz isz performedz beforez the

beginningz ofz thez timez prescribedz (byz Islam)z forz it,z itz willz notz be

sahîhz (valid).z Inz fact,z itz isz az gravez sinz toz doz so.z Asz itz isz fardz to

performzazsalâtzinzitszcorrectztimezforzitztozbezvalid,zitziszalsozfard

(orzfarz)ztozknowzforzcertainzandzwithoutzanyzfeelingzofzdoubtzthat

[1] Itz wasz (–3.56),z i.e.z thez shadowz pointedz southwards,z sincez thez Sun’s

declination, onz thatz day,z is tenz minutesz greaterz thanz thez location’s

latitude,zsozculminationztookzplaceznorthzofzthezobserver’szzenith.

–z135 –

youzhavezperformedzitzinzitszcorrectztime.zAzhadîth-izsherîfzinzthe

bookzTerghîb-us-salâtestates: “Aeprayeretimeehaseaneearliereversion

andeaelatereversion.”zThezearlierzversionzofzazprayerztimezatzazcertain

locationzbeginszwhenzthezSunzreacheszazcertainzheightzwithzrescept

tozthezapparentzhorizonzofzthatzlocation.zThezearthzonzwhichzwezlive

rotateszaroundzitszaxiszinzspace.zItszaxisziszanzimaginaryzstraightzline

goingzthroughzthezearth’szcenterzandzintersectingzthezearth’szsurface

atz twoz symmetricalz points.z Thesez twoz pointsz arez termedz the

(terrestrial)zPoles.zThezspherezonzwhosezinnerzsurfacezthezSunzand

thezstarszarezimaginedztozbezmovingzisztermedzthezcelestialesphere.

BecausezthezearthzrevolveszaroundzthezSun,zwezgetzthezimpression

aszifzthezSunzwerezmoving,zalthoughzitzisznotzthezcase.zWhenzwezlook

around,zthezearthzandzthezskyzappearztozmeetzonzthezcurvedzlinezof

aztremendouszcircle.zThiszcirclezisztermedzlinezofzapparentehorizon.

InzthezmorningzthezSunzriseszonzthezeasternzsidezofzthiszhorizon.zIt

moveszupztowardszthezmiddlezofzthezsky.zCulminatingzatznoontime,

itzbeginsztozmovezdown.zFinally,zitzsetszatzazpointzonzthezwesternzside

ofzthezlinezofzapparentzhorizon.zThezhighestzpointzitzreacheszfrom

thez horizonz isz thez timee ofe noon (zawâl).z Atz thisz time,z thez Sun’s

altitudezfromzthez(linezofzapparentzhorizon)zisztermedzthezmeridian

altitude (‘ghâyaz irtifâ’=‘culmination’).z Az personz (supposedz toz be)

gazingz atz thez skyz isz calledz observer (râsid).z Thez earth’sz radius

intersectingz thez earth’sz surfacez atz az pointz exactlyz underz the

observer’szfeetziszatzthezsameztimezthezobserver’szplumbelevel.zThe

observerz isz atz pointz M,z whichz isz somez distancez abovez thez earth’s

surface.zMEziszthezobserver’szplumbzlevel.zPlaneszperpendicularzto

thiszplumbzlevelzareztermedzthezobserver’szhorizons.

Therez arez sixz planesz ofz horizon:z 1–z Thez planez MF,z termed

(mathematicalz horizon),z whichz goesz throughz thez observer’sz feet,

(andzwhichzisznumberedz3zinzfigurez1-A,zazfewzpageszahead.)z2–

ThezplanezBN,ztermedz(tangentialzhorizon),zwhichzisztangentztozthe

earth’sz surface.z 3–z Thez planez LK,z termedz (mer’î=[visible,

observed]z horizon),z wherebyz thez (linez ofz apparentz horizon)

surroundingz thez observer,z (i.e.,z thez circlez markedz LK,)z is

determined,z (andz whichz isz numberedz 5z inz figurez 1-A).z 4–z The

plane,z termedz (truez horizon),z whichz goesz throughz thez earth’s

centre,z (numberz 1z inz fig.z 1-A).z 5–z Thez planez P,z termedz (shar’î

horizon), whichz coexistsz withz thez apparentz horizonz belongingz to

thez highestz pointz ofz thez observer’sz location;z thez circlez qz around

whichz thisz planez intersectsz thez earth’sz surfacez isz termedz (linez of

shar’î horizon,zandzisznumberedz6zinzfig.z1-A)zThesezfivezplaneszare

parallelztozonezanother.z6–zThezplanezofztangentialzhorizonzpassing

–z136 –

throughzthezobserver’szfeetzisztermedzthezsurface (sathî) horizon,

(whichzisznotzparallelztozthezotherzfivezhorizonszandzisznumberedz4

inzfig.z1-A).zThezhigherzthezobserver’szlocation,zthezwiderzandzthe

fartherzawayzfromztheztangentialzhorizonziszthezapparentzhorizon,

andz thez closerz isz itz toz thez truez horizon.z Forz thisz reason,z az city’s

apparentzprayerztimeszmayzvary,zdependingzonzthezaltitudeszofzits

variouszparts.zOnzthezotherzhand,zthereziszonlyzonezprayerztimezfor

eachz prayerz ofz namâz.z Therefore,z apparentz horizonsz cannotz be

usedz forz thez determinationz ofz prayerz times.z Shar’îz altitudesz are

employedzbecauseztheyzarezbasedzonzshar’îzhorizons,zwhichzinzturn

willz notz admitz ofz anyz furtherz changesz contingentz toz increasez of

height.zEachzprayerzofznamâzzhaszthreezdifferentzprayerztimeszfor

threezofzthezsixzdifferentzhorizonszofzeveryzlocation:zTrue;zapparent

(zâhirî);zandzshar’îztimes.zMuslimszwhoz(livezatzsuchzazlocationzas

theyzpossesszthezconditionszwhereinztheyzcan)zseezthezSunzandzthe

horizonzperformz(eachzprayerzof)znamâzzatzitszshar’îztime,zwhichzis

whenzthezSun’szaltitudezfromzthezshar’îzhorizonzattainszitszposition

whichzIslamzascribesztozthezprayerztime.zMuslimszwhozdoznotzsee

themzareztozperformztheirzprayerszofznamâzzatztheirzshar’îztimes

determinedz byz calculation.z However,z altitudesz basedz onz shar’î

horizonsz arez longerz thanz apparentz altitudesz basedz onz apparent

horizons.zThesezhorizonszcannotzbezusedzbecausezprayerztimeszare

afterz noon.z Therez arez mathematicalz asz wellz asz mer’îz (observed)

timeszforzeachzofzthez(daily)zthreezprayerszofznamâz.zMathematical

(riyâdî)z timesz arez determinedz byz calculationz basedz onz thez Sun’s

altitude.zMer’îztimeszarezobtainedzbyzaddingzeightz(8)zminuteszand

twentyz (20)z secondsz toz mathematicalz times,z becausez itz takesz the

Sun’szrayszeightzminuteszandztwentyzsecondsztozcomeztozthezearth.

OrzitziszdeterminedzbyzobservingzthatzthezSunzhaszreachedzazcertain

altitude.zNamâzzisznotzperformedzatzmathematicalzorztrueztimes.

Theseztimeszhelpztozdeterminezthezmer’îztimes.zAltitudeszrelating

tozsunrisezandzsunsetzhorizonszarezzero.zAltitudinalzdegreeszwith

respectztozapparentzhorizonzbeginzaszthezSunzrises,zbeforeznoon;

andz afterz truez horizon,z afterz noon.z Shar’îz horizonz isz beforez true

horizon,zbeforeznoon;zandzitzfollowsztruezhorizon,zafterznoon.zThe

Sun’szaltitudezatztheztimezofzfajr-i-sâdiqzisz–19°zaccordingztozallzfour

Madhhabs [1] .zItszaltitudeztozinitiateztheztimezofznightzprayerzisz–19°

accordingz toz Imâm-i-a’zamz (Abûz Hanîfa,z thez leaderz ofz Hanafî

Madhhab),z andz –17°z accordingz toz thez twoz Imâmsz (called

‘Imâmeyn’,znamely,zImâmzMuhammadzandzImâmzAbûzYûsuf,ztwo

[1] ThesezfourzMadhhabszarezHanafî;zMâlikî;zShâfi’î;zandzHanbalî.

–z137 –

ofzImâm-i-a’zam’szmostzeminentzdisciples),zandzalsozaccordingzto

thezotherzthreezMadhhabs.zThezaltitudeztozindicatezthezbeginning

ofzearlyzafternoonziszthezmeridianzaltitudez(ghâyazirtifâ’),zwhich,zin

itsz turn,z isz thez algebraicz additionz ofz thez (Sun’s)z declinationz and

complementzofzlatitudinalzdegrees.zMer’î-haqîqîznoonetime (zawâl)

iszwhenzthezcenterzofzthezSunziszobservedztozhavezculminated,z(i.e.,

tozhavezreachedzthezelevationzcalledzghâyazirtifâ’,)zwithzrespectzto

truez horizon.z Thez altitudesz forz thez timesz ofz earlyz afternoonz and

latez afternoonz (’asr)z changez daily.z Thesez twoz altitudesz are

determinedzdaily.zSincezitzisznotzalwayszpossibleztozdeterminez(by

observation)z thez timez whenz thez limbz ofz thez Sunz reachesz the

altitudezfromzthezapparentzhorizonzforzazcertainzprayer,zbookszof

fiqhz explainz thez signsz andz indicationsz ofz thisz mer’îz time,z which

meansztozsayzthatzthezapparentztimeszofznamâzzarezthezmer’îztimes,

notzthezmathematicalztimes.zMuslimszwhozarezunableztozseezthese

indicationszinzthezsky,zandzcalendar-makerszaszwell,zcalculatezthe

mathematicalztimeszwhenzthezlimbzofzthezSunzreacheszthezaltitudes

withz respectz toz thez linesz ofz surfacez horizonz afterz noon;z since

timepiecesz willz showz thez mer’îz timesz whenz theyz reachz the

mathematicalz figuresz therebyz calculated,z thesez peoplez willz have

performedztheirzprayerszofznamâzzatzthezso-calledzmer’îetimes.

Aneimportantenote:zByzcalculation,zthezmathematicalztimeszwhen

thezSunzreacheszthezprescribedzaltitudeszfromztheztruezhorizonzare

determined.z Thatz thez Sunz hasz reachedz az certainz mer’îz timez (or

altitude)ziszobservedzeightzminuteszandztwentyzsecondszafterztheztime

therebyzcalculated;zthisztimez(ofzobservation)ziszcalledzmer’îetime. In

otherz words,z thez mer’îz timez isz eightz (8)z minutesz andz twentyz (20)

secondsz afterz thez mathematicalz time.z Sincez thez timez ofz truez noon

andzthatzofzadhânîzsunsetzaccordingztozwhichztimepieceszarezadjusted

tozbeginzarezmer’îztimes,zthezriyâdîztimeszindicatedzbyztimepieceszare

mer’îztimes.zTheztimeszprintedzonzcalendars,zmathematicalzaszthey

are,zchangezintozmer’îztimeszonztimepieces.zForzinstance,zifzazcertain

timez determinedz byz calculationz is,z say,z threez hoursz andz fifteen

minutes,z timepiecesz demonstratez thisz momentz ofz threez hoursz and

fifteenz minutesz asz thez mer’îz time.z Firstz thez haqîqîe mathematical

times,ewhenzthezcenterzofzthezsunzreacheszthezaltitudeszprescribedzfor

thez prayersz ofz namâzz fromz thez truez horizon,z arez determinedz by

calculation.z Thenz thesez timesz arez convertedz intoz shar’î

mathematicaletimes throughzazprocesszperformedzwithzthezperiodzof

timez calledz Tamkin.z Hence,z therez isz noz needz forz alsoz addingz 8

minutesz andz 20z secondsz toz thez riyâdîz timesz representedz on

timepieces.zThezdifferencezofztimezbetweenztrueztimezandzshar’îztime

–z138 –

forzazcertainzprayerzofznamâzzisztermedztheztimezofzTamkin.zTheztime

ofzTamkinzforzeachzprayerztimeziszapproximatelyzthezsame.

Theetimeeforemorningeprayer atzazcertainzlocationzbegins,zinzall

fourzMadhhabs,zatzthezendzofzshar’îe(canonical) night,ewhichzinzturn

iszwhenzthezwhitenesszcalledzfajresâdiqeiszseenzatzonezofzthezpoints

onzthezlinezofzapparentzhorizonz(ufq-i-zâhirî)zinzthezeast.zThisztime

iszalsozthezbeginningzofzfast.zChiefzofzAstronomyzDepartmentzÂrif

Beyzreports: “Becauseztherezarezweakzreportszsayingzthatzthezfajr

sâdiqzbeginszwhenzthezwhitenesszspreadszoverzthezhorizonzandzthe

altitudezofzthezSunzisz-18°zorzevenz-16°,zitziszjudiciouszandzsafezto

performzthezmorningzprayerz15 minuteszlaterzthanztheztimezshown

onzcalendars.”zTozdeterminezthezSun’szaltitudezatztheztimezofzdawn,

theztimezofzdawnziszdeterminedzbyzobservingzthezlinezofzapparent

horizonz andz inz thez meanwhilez directingz ourz attentionz toz our

timepiece,zinzaznightzwhenzthezskyziszclear.zTheztimezdetermined

therebyzwillzmatchzonezofztheztimeszcalculatedztozcorrespondzwith

variousz altitudes,z andz thez altitudez wherewithz thez matchingz time

correspondsziszthezaltitudezofzdawnz(fajr).zAnzidenticalzmethodzis

usedztozdeterminezthezaltitudezofzshafaqz(disappearancezofzevening

twilight).zThroughoutzcenturieszIslamiczscholarszhavezadoptedzthe

altitudez forz fajrz asz –19°,z rejectingz anyz otherz valuesz asz ‘incorrect

values’.zAccordingztozEuropeans,zdawnz(fajr)ziszthezspreadingzof

thezwhiteness [1] ,zandzthezSun’szaltitudezisz–18°zatzdawn.zMuslims’

religiousztutorszareznotzChristianszorzpeoplezwhozhaveznotzadapted

themselvesztozanyzofzthez(four)zMadhhabs;zourztutorszarezIslamic

scholars.zTheztimezofzmorningzprayerzendszatzthezendzofzsolarenight,

whichziszwhenzthezprecedingz[upper]zlimbzofzthezSunziszobservedzto

risezfromzthezlinezofzapparentzhorizon.

Thezcelestialesphere,zwithzthezEarthzatzitszcentrezlikezazpoint,zis

azlargezspherezonzwhichzallzthezstarszarezprojected.zPrayerztimes

arezcalculatedzbyzusingzthezarcseofeelevation,zwhichzarezimagined

tozbezonzthezsurfacezofzthiszsphere.zTheztwozpointszatzwhichzthe

axiszofzthezEarthzintersectszthezcelestialzspherezarezcalledzcelestial

poles,z(whichzarezdirectlyzabovezthezpoleszofzthezEarth).zPlanes

passingz throughz thez twoz polesz arez calledz planese ofe declination.

Circleszthatzthesezplaneszformzonzthezcelestialzspherezarezcalled

circlese ofe declination. Planesz containingz thez plumb-levelz ofz a

locationzarezcalledzazimutheplanese(orzverticalzplanes).zThezcircles

formedz byz thez imaginedz intersectionz ofz planesz containingz the

plumb-levelzofzazlocationzandzthezcelestialzspherezarezcalledzthe

[1] ThiszisztheztimezwhenzAstronomicaletwilight begins.

–z139 –

azimutheorzaltitudeecirclese(orzverticals).zThezazimuthzcircleszofza

givenzlocationzarezperpendicularztozthezlocation’szhorizons.zAtza

givenz location,z therez isz onez planez ofz declinationz andz anz infinite

numberzofzazimuthzcircles.zThezplumb-levelzofzazlocationzandzthe

axiszofzthezearthz(mayzbezassumedzto)zintersectzatzthezcentrezofzthe

earth.zThezplanezcontainingztheseztwozlinesziszbothzthezazimuthal

andzthezdeclinationzplanezofzthezlocation.zThiszplaneziszcalledzthe

meridianeplaneeofzthezlocation.zThezcirclezofzintersectionzofzthis

planez withz thez celestialz spherez describesz thez meridiane circle.z A

location’sz meridianz planez isz perpendicularz toz itsz planez ofz true

horizonzandzdivideszitzbyzhalf.zThezlinezwherebyzitzcutszthroughzits

planezofztruezhorizonzisztermedzthezmeridianzlinezofzthezlocation.

Thez arc,z (GN),z betweenz thez point,z N,z wherez thez azimuthz circle

(vertical)zpassingzthroughzthezSunzintersectsztheztruezhorizon,zand

thezcentrezofzthezSun,zG,ziszthezarceofetrueealtitudeeofzthezSunzatza

givenzlocationzatzazgivenztime.zThezangularzvaluezofzthatzarcziszthe

Sun’sztruezaltitudezatzthatzplacezatzthatzmoment.zThezSunzcrosses

azdifferentzazimuthzcirclezeveryzmoment.zThezarcszmeasuredzonzan

azimuthz circlez betweenz thez point,z Z,z atz whichz thez circlez passes

throughz thez Sun’sz (upper)z limb,z andz thez pointz atz whichz it

intersectsz thez tangential,z apparent,z mathematicalz andz surface

horizonsz arez calledz thez Sun’sz apparente altitudese withz respectz to

thesezhorizons.zAngularzvalueszofzthesezarcszrepresentzthezSun’s

apparente altitudes withz respectz toz thez so-calledz horizons.z The

Sun’szsurfacezaltitudeziszgreaterzthanzitsztruezaltitude.zAtzdifferent

timeszthezSunziszatzanzequalzaltitudezfromzthesezhorizons.zTheztrue

altitudeziszequalztozthezvaluezofzthezgeocentriczanglezsubtendedzby

thezcelestialzarczofztruezaltitude.zThezangularzvalueszofzanzinfinite

numberz ofz arcsz ofz az varietyz ofz lengthsz thatz arez boundedz byz the

sideszofzthiszanglezandzwhichzarezparallelztozthezso-calledzcelestial

arczaszwellzasztozonezanother,zarezequalztozonezanotherzandztozthe

truezaltitude.zEveryzpairzofzstraightzlineszthatzdescribezthezother

altitudesz originatez fromz thez pointz wherez thez plumbz levelz ofz the

placez ofz observationz intersectsz thez horizon.z Thez planez passing

throughzthezcentrezofzthezearthzperpendicularztozitszaxisziszcalled

thezequatorialeplane. Thezcirclezofzintersectionzofzthezequatorial

planez withz thez Earthz isz calledz thez equator. Thez placez andz the

directionzofzthezequatorialzplanezandzthosezofzthezequatorialzcircle

neverzchange;ztheyzdividezthezEarthzintoztwozequalzhemispheres.

ThezvaluezofzthezarczofzdeclinationzbetweenzthezSun’szcenterzand

thez equatorialz planez representsz the Sun’se declination.e The

whitenessz beforez thez apparentz sunrisez onz thez linez ofz apparent

–z140 –

horizonz beginsz twoz degreesz ofz altitudez priorz toz thez redness;z in

otherzwords,zitzbeginszwhenzthezSunzascendsztozanzaltitudezofz19°

belowzthezapparentzhorizon.zThisziszazfactzstatedzinzazfatwâ [1] .zNonmujtahidszdoznotzhavezthezrightztozchangezthezfatwâ.zItzhaszbeen

reportedzinzIbnz’Âbidînz(Radd-ul-muhtâr)zandzinzthezcalendarzby

M.ÂrifzBeyzthatzsomez’ulamâzhavezsaidzthatzitzbeginszwhenzthe

Sunziszazdistancezofz20°z(fromzthezapparentzhorizon).zHowever,

actsz ofz worshipz thatz arez notz performedz inz accordancez withz the

fatwâzareznotzsahîhz(valid).

Thez Sun’sz dailyz pathsz arez circlesz onz thez (imaginaryz inner

surfacez ofz the)z celestialz spherez andz whichz arez parallelz toz one

anotherzandztozthezequatorialzplane.zThezplaneszofzthesezcircleszare

(approximately)z perpendicularz toz thez earth’sz axisz andz toz the

meridianz plane,z andz intersectz thez horizontalz planesz ofz az given

locationzobliquely,zwhichzmeanszthatzthezSun’szdailyzpathzdoesznot

intersectzthezlinezofzapparentzhorizonzatzazrightzangle.zThezazimuth

circlez throughz thez Sunz isz perpendicularz toz thez linez ofz apparent

horizon.zWhenzthezSun’szcentreziszonzthezobserver’szmeridian,zthe

circlez ofz declinationz goingz throughz itsz centerz andz thez location’s

azimuthalzcirclezcoexist,zandzitszelevationziszatzitszdailyzmaximum

fromztheztruezhorizon,z(thezeventztermedzculmination).

Muslimszwhoz(possesszthezconditionszwhereinztheyzcan)zobserve

thezSunzarezaccreditedztozavailzthemselveszofztheztimeeofeapparent

zuhr,zi.e.zthezapparentetimeeofeearlyeafternooneprayer.zThiszmer’îztime

beginsz asz thez Sun’sz followingz (trailing)z limbz departsz fromz the

apparentzregionzofzzawâl.zThezSunzriseszfromzthezsurfacezhorizon,

i.e.,z fromz thez linez ofz apparentz horizon,z whichz wez see,z ofz az given

location.z First,z thez timee ofe apparent-mer’îe zawâle beginsz whenz the

precedingz(leading)zlimbzofzthezSunzenzroutezforzitszculminationzwith

respectztoz(thezeasternzarczof)zthezsurfacezhorizon,zwhichziszthezline

ofeapparentehorizon thatzwezobserve,zreacheszthezcelestialz(circlezof

apparent)z zawâlz regionz relatingz toz thisz maximumz altitude.z This

momentziszdeterminedzwhenzdeclinezinzthezlengthzofzthezshadowzofza

rodz (erectedz verticallyz onz az horizontalz plane)z isz noz longer

perceptible.z Thereafterz thez timee ofe true-mer’îe zawâle isz whenz the

centrezofzthezSunzrisesztozthezlocation’szcelestialzmeridianzcircle,z[i.e.

[1] Fatwâz isz az conclusivez explanationz whereinz anz authorizedz Islamic

scholarzanswerszMuslims’zquestions.zConditionsztozbezfulfilledztozbezan

authorizedz Islamicz scholarz arez explainedz inz ourz publications,z Belief

andeIslam,zTheeSunniePath,zandzEndlesseBliss (chapterz33zofzsecond

fasciclezandzchapterz10zofzthirdzfascicle).

–z141 –

whenzitzhasztraversedzthezmid-dayzarczpeculiarztozthatzlocation,]zor,

inzotherzwords,zwhenzitzculminateszwithzrespectztoztheztruezhorizon.

Thereafter,z whenz itsz followingz limbz descendsz toz thez pointz of

culminationzwithzrespectztozthezwesternzarczofzthezsurfacezhorizonzof

thezlocation,ztheztimeeofeapparentezawâleends,zthezshadowziszobserved

toz beginz gainingz length,z andz hencez thez beginningz ofz thez timez of

apparent-mer’îezuhr.zThezmotionzofzthezSunzandzthatzofztheztipzofzthe

shadowzarezimperceptiblyzslowzaszthezSunzascendszfromzthezapparent

zawâlztimeztoztruezzawâlztime,zandzaszitzdescendszthenceztozthezend

ofz thez apparentz zawâlz time,z becausez thez distancez andz thez time

involvedzareznegligiblyzshort.zWhenzthezfollowingzlimbzdescendszto

thez pointz ofz culminationz withz respectz toz thez shar’îz horizonz onz the

westernzarczofzthezlinezofzsurfacezhorizonzofzthezlocation,ztheztime of

apparentemer’îezawâl endszandztheztimeeofeshar’îemer’îezuhr begins.

ThisztimeziszlaterzthanztheztimezofztruezzawâlzbyzazperiodzofzTamkin,

becausezthezdifferencezofztimezbetweenztheztruezandzthezshar’îzzawâls

isz equalz toz thez differencez ofz timez betweenz thez truez andz thez shar’î

horizons,zwhichzinzturnziszequalztozthezperiodzofztimezcalledzTamkin.

Thezzâhirîz(apparent)ztimeszarezdeterminedzwithzthezshadowzofzthe

rod.zThezshar’îztimeszareznotzfoundzwithzthezshadowzofzthezrod.zThe

trueztimezofzzawâlziszfoundzbyzcalculation,z(lengthzof)ztimeztermed

Tamkineiszaddedztozthis,zhencezthezriyâdîz(mathematical)zshar’îztime

ofzzuhr.zThezresultziszrecordedzinzcalendars.zThezshar’îztimezofzzuhr

continueszuntilzthez’asreawwal,ewhichzisztheztimezwhenzthezshadowzof

azverticalzrodzonzazlevelzplacezbecomeszlongerzthanzitszshadowzatzthe

timezofztruezzawâlzbyzaszmuchzaszitszheight,zorzuntilz’asrethânî,ewhich

isztheztimezwhenzitszshadow’szlengthzincreaseszbyztwicezitszheight.zThe

formerziszaccordingztozthezTwozImâmsz[AbûzYûsufzandzMuhammad

ash-Shaybânî],zandzalsozaccordingztozthezotherzthreezMadhhabs,zand

thezlatterziszaccordingztozal-Imâmzal-a’zam.

Althoughztheetimeeofelateeafternooneprayerebeginszatzthezendzof

theztimezofzearlyzafternoonzprayerzandzcontinueszuntilzthezfollowing

limbzofzthezSunziszobservedztozsetzbelowzthezlinezofzapparentzhorizon

ofzthezobserver’szlocation,zitziszharâmztozpostponezthezprayerzuntilzthe

Sunz turnsz yellow,z anz eventz thatz takesz placez whenz thez distance

betweenzthezSun’szlowerz[preceding]zlimbzandzthezlinezofzapparent

horizonziszazspear’szlength,zwhichziszfivezangularzdegrees.zThisziszthe

thirdzonezofzthezdailyzthreeztimeszofzkerâhatz(explainedztowardszthe

endzofzthiszchapter).zCalendarszinzTurkeyzcontainztime-tableszwherein

timesz ofz latez afternoonz prayersz arez writtenz inz accordancez withz ’asr

awwal.zForz(performingzlatezafternoonzprayerszwithinztimesztaughtzby

Imâmz a’zamz andz thereby)z followingz Imâmz a’zam,z latez afternoon

–z142 –

prayerszshouldzbezperformedz36zminutes,z(inzwinter,)zandz72zminutes,

(inzsummer,)zafterztheztimeszshownzonzthezaforementionedzcalendars.

Inz regionsz betweenz latitudesz 40z andz 42z az gradationalz monthly

additionzofztheznumericalzconstantzofz6ztoz36zfromzJanuaryzthrough

Junez andz itsz subtractionz likewisez fromz 72z thenceforwardz through

January,z willz yieldz monthlyz differencesz betweenz thez twoz temporal

designationsztermedz’asr,z(i.e.z’asrzawwalzandz’asrzthânî).

TheetimeeofeeveningeprayerebeginszwhenzthezSunzapparentlyzsets;

thatzis,zwhenzitszupperz(following)zlimbziszseenztozdisappearzbelow

thezlinezofzapparentzhorizonzofzthezobserver’szlocation.zThezshar’î

andz thez solarz nightsz alsoz beginz atz thisz time.z Atz locationsz where

apparentzsunrisezandzsunsetzcannotzbezobserved,zandzinzcalculations

aszwell,zthezshar’îztimeszarezused.zWhenz(thezfirstzbeamzof)zsunlight

strikeszthezhighestzhillzatzonezofzthesezlocationszinzthezmorning,zitzis

thez shar’îz timez ofz sunrisez (atz thatz location).z Conversely,z inz the

evening,zwhenzsunlightziszobservedztozwithdrawzfromzthere,zitziszthe

mer’î-shar’îztimezofzsunset.zThezadhânîztimepieceszarezadjustedzto

twelvez (12)z o’clockz atz thisz moment.z Thez timez ofz eveningz prayer

continueszuntilztheztimezofznightzprayer.zItziszsunnaztozperformzthe

eveningzprayerzearlyzwithinzitsztime.zItziszharâmztozputzitzoffztillzthe

timezofzishtibâk-i-nujûm,zwhichziszwhenztheznumberzofzvisiblezstars

increase,zor,zinzotherzwords,zafterzthezfollowingzlimbzofzthezSunzhas

sunkzdownztozanzaltitudezofz10°zbelowzthezlinezofzapparentzhorizon.

Forzreasonszsuchzaszillness,zlong-distancezjourneys [1] ,zorzinzorderzto

eatzfoodzthatziszready,zitzmightzbezpostponedzuntilzthatztime.

Theetimeeofenighteprayerebegins,zaccordingztozthezImâmeyn [2] ,

withz’ishâ-i-awwal,zthatzis,zwhenzthezrednesszonzthezlinezofzapparent

horizonzinzthezwestzdisappears.zThezsamezrulezapplieszinzthezother

threezMadhhabs.zAccordingztozImâm-al-a’zamzitzbeginszwithz’ishâi-thânî;

thatzis,zafterzthezwhitenesszdisappears.zItzendszatzthezendzof

thezshar’î night; thatzis,zwithzthezwhitenesszofzfajr-i-sâdiqzaccording

tozthezHanafîzMadhhab.zThezdisappearingzofzrednessztakeszplace

whenzthezupperz(following)zlimbzofzthezSunzdescendsztozanzaltitude

ofz 17°z belowz thez surfacez horizon.z Thereafter,z thez whiteness

disappearsz whenz itz descendsz toz anz altitudez ofz 19°.z Accordingz to

[1] Whatz isz meantz byz long-distancez journeys,z andz alsoz howz az Muslim

travellingz az longz distancez isz toz performz hisz dailyz prayersz termed

namâzz(orzsalât),ziszexplanedzinzfullzdetailzinzthezfifteenthzchapter.

[2] ‘Imâmeyn’z meansz ‘Twoz Imâm’s’.z Inz ‘Fiqh’,z onez ofz Islam’sz main

scientificz branchesz pertainingz toz actsz ofz worship,z ‘Imâmeyn’ means

‘ImâmeMuhammadeandeImâmeYusûf’,ztwozofzthezhighestzdiscipleszof

–z143 –

somezscholarszinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab,zthezlatestz(âkhir)ztimezfor

nightzprayerziszuntilzthezshar’î midnight.zAccordingztozthem,zitzisznot

permissibleztozpostponezthezperformancezofznightzprayerztillzafter

thezshar’î midnight.zAndzitziszmakrûhzinzthezHanafîzMadhhab.zIn

thez Mâlikîz Madhhab,z althoughz az nightz prayerz thatz hasz been

performedzbyzthezendzofzthezshar’î nightziszsahîhz(valid),zitziszsinful

tozpostponezitztillzthezendzofzthezinitialzone-thirdzofztheznightzand

performz itz thereafter. [1]

Muslimsz whoz havez somehowz failedz to

performzthezearlyzafternoonzorzthezeveningzprayerzofzazcertainzday

beforezthezendzofztheztimezprescribedzbyzthezTwozImâmszshouldznot

makez thez worsez choicez byz (puttingz offz thez prayerz tillz the

unanimouslyz definitez endz ofz thez prayerz time,z whichz isz widely

expressedzbyzMuslimszinzTurkeyzas)z‘leavingzthezprayerz(namâz)zto

qadâ’;ztheyzshouldzperformzthemzaccordingztozal-Imâm-al-a’zam’s

prescription;z andz inz thatz case,z theyz shouldz notz performz thez late

afternoonz andz thez nightz prayersz ofz thatz dayz beforez thez times

prescribedz forz thesez prayersz byz al-Imâm-al-a’zam.z Az prayerz is

acceptedzasztozhavezbeenzperformedzwithinzitszprescribedztimezifzthe

initialztakbîrzhaszbeenzuttered,zaccordingztozthezHanafîzMadhhab;

andzifzonezrak’azofztheznamâzzhaszbeenzcompleted,zaccordingztozthe

Madhhabsz namedz Mâlikîz andz Shâfi’î;z beforez thez endz ofz the

prescribedztime.zA.zZiyâzBeyznoteszinzhiszbookz’Ilm-iehey’et:

“Thez furtherz aheadz inz thez directionz ofz thez poles,z thez farther

apartzfromzeachzotherzarezthezbeginningzofzmorningzprayer,zi.e.zthe

breakingzofzmorningztwilight,zandzsunrise;zandzforzthezsamezmatter,

thezbeginningzofznightzprayer,zi.e.zthez(endzof)zeveningzdusk,zand

sunset,zand,zalsozincidentally,zthezcloserztozeachzotherzarezthezinitial

timeszofz(azcertainzday’s)zmorningzprayerzandztheznightzprayerz(of

thezpreviouszday).zPrayerztimeszofzazlocationzvaryzdependingzonzits

distancezfromzthezequator,zi.e.,zitszdegreezofzlatitude,zª,zaszwellzas

Imâmz a’zamz Abûz Hanîfa,z thez leaderz andz founderz ofz thez Hanafî

Madhhab,zonezofzthezonlyzfourzvalidzMadhhabszinzmatterszpertaining

toz Islamicz practices;z ‘Tarafeyn’ meansz ‘Imâme a’zame Abûe Hanîfa

himselfeandehiseblessedediscipleeImâmeMuhammad’;zandz‘Shaikhayn’

meansz ‘Imâme a’zame himselfe ande hise blessede disciplee Imâme Abû

Yûsuf’.z Inz anotherz registerz ofz Islamicz nomenclature,z e.g.z when

mattersz concerningz thez Sahâbaz (thez blessedz companionsz of

Muhammadz‘alaihis-salâm’)zarezbeingzdealtzwith,z‘Shaikhayn’ means

‘HadrateAbûeBakreas-SiddîqeandzHadrate’Umareul-Fârûq’.

[1] Itzgoeszwithoutzsayingzthatzitzmustzdefinitelyzbezperformedzifzitzhas

beenzdelayedztillzthereafter.zWhatziszsinfulzisztozdelayzitztillzthereafter.

–z144 –

onz thez declination,z ∞,z ofz thez Sun,z i.e.,z onz monthsz andz days.”z [At

locationszwhosezlatitudinalzvalueziszgreaterzthanzthezcomplementzof

declination,z(i.e.zwhenzª>90-∞,zorzwhenzª+∞>90,)zdayszandznights

neverztakezplace.zDuringztheztimeszwhenzthezsumzofzlatitudezand

declinationzisz90°-19°z=z71°zorzgreater,zi.e.,z90°-ª<∞+19°zorzª+∞>71°;

forzexample,zduringzthezsummerzmonthszwhenzthezSun’szdeclination

iszgreaterzthanz5°;zfajrz(dawn,zmorningztwilight)zbeginszbeforezthe

shafaqz (eveningz dusk,z eveningz twilight)z turnsz intoz complete

darkness.zSo,zforzinstance,zinzPariszwhichziszonzlatitudez48°50',zthe

timeszofznightzandzmorningzprayerszdoznotzstartzfromz12zthroughz30

June.zInzthezHanafîzMadhhab,ztheztimezofzazcertainzprayerziszthe

reasonz (sabab)z forz performingz thatz prayer.z Thez prayerz doesz not

becomezfardzunlesszthezreasonzarises.zTherefore,ztheseztwozprayers

(salâts)zdoznotzbecomezfardzatzsuchzplaces.zHowever,z(asziszstatedzin

Ibniz‘Âbidîn,zaccordingztozsomezauthorizedzIslamiczscholars,zeven

inz situationsz whereinz timesz ofz thesez twoz prayersz doz notz virtually

begin,z suchz asz duringz thez periodz betweenz Junez 12z andz 30z inz the

exemplifiedz locations,)z itz isz stillz farzz toz performz thez twoz prayers

eitherz byz usingz az methodz calledz ‘aqrab-i-bilâd’,z whichz means

‘locationalz proximity’,z andz therebyz performingz themz withinz the

timesztheyzarezbeingzperformedzatzthezclosestzlocationzwherezthey

arezbeingzperformedzbecausezitziszbeyondzthezexemptedzzone,zorzby

usingzthezmethodztermedz‘aqrab-i-zleyâlî’,zwhichzmeansz‘proximity

withz respectz toz time’,z andz therebyz performingz themz withinz the

timesz whenz theyz werez andz willz bez performedz when,z respectively,

theyzwerezandzwillzbezperformedzbeyondzthezaforesaidzexemption.]

TheztimezofzDhuhâebeginszwhenzone-fourthzofznehâr-i-shar’î,

i.e.,zthezfirstzquarterzofzthezcanonicallyzprescribedzdurationzofzdaytimez

forz fasting,z isz completed.z Periodz ofz timez halfz thez nehâr-ishar’îz

isz calledz thez timez ofz Dhahwa-i-kubrâ.e Inz adhânîz time

(reckonedz fromz shar’î sunset)z Dhahwa-i-kubrâ=Fajr+(24-

Fajr)÷2=Fajr+12-Fajr÷2=12+Fajr÷2.zHence,zhalfztheztimezofzFajr

givesz thez timez ofz Dhahwa-i-kubrâz reckonedz fromz 12z inz the

morning.z(Forzexample),zinzIstanbulzonzthez13thzofzAugust,zthe

timez ofz dawnz (fajr)z inz standardz timez isz 3z hoursz 9z minutes,z the

standardz timez ofz sunsetz isz 19z hoursz 13z minutes,z andz therefore,

daytimez lastsz 16z hoursz 4z minutesz andz thez standardz timez of

Dhahwa-i-kubrâz isz 8:02+3:09=11z hoursz 11z minutes.z Inz other

words,z itz isz equalz toz halfz thez sumz ofz timesz ofz imsâkz andz iftârz in

standardztime.

Sincez thez amountz ofz refractionz ofz lightz byz thez atmospheric

layerszincreaseszaszthezSunzdrawsznearzthezlinezofzapparentzhorizon,

–z145 –

q

K = Thez pointz atz whichz the

azimuthalz planez throughz the

Sunz intersectsz thez linez of

apparentzhorizon.

MS = Thez planez ufq-iz hissî

(tangentialz horizon)z tangent

toz thez Earthz atz pointz K,

perpendicularz toz thez plumblinez

atz K,z isz termedz the

observer’szsurfaceehorizon.

HK = Thez altitudez ofz the

(upper)zlimbzofzthezSunzwith

respectztozpointzK,zwhichziszon

thez linez ofz apparentz horizon.

Thisz altitudez isz equalz toz the

altitudez ZSz ofz thez Sunz with

respectztozthezsurfacezhorizon.

D=C=Ç=Anglezofzdipzofzhorizon.

M =Azhighzplacezofzthezlocation.

ZS = Thezarczofzazimuthalzcircle

givingzthezaltitudezofzthezSun

Fig.z1–A

–z146 –

withz referencez toz thez surface

horizon.zThiszangleziszequalzto

thez anglez subtendedz byz the

arczHK.

NS = Dipzofzhorizon.

O = Azpointzonzthezstraightzline

ofz intersectionz ofz planesz of

truezandzsurfacezhorizons.

1,z2,z3,z4,z5,z6z=zPlaneszofzhorizon

1. True horizon; 2. Tangential

horizon; 3. Mathematical

horizon; 4. Surface horizon; 5.

Line of apparent horizon; and

also Plane of mer’î horizon. 6.

Line of Shar’î horizon; and

plane of Shar’î horizon.

G = Thez Sunz asz observedz from

thezEarth.

GN = TruezaltitudezofzthezSun.

B = Lowestz placez ofz the

location.

atzlevelzplaceszsuchzaszseazsurfaceszandzplaneszitzappearsztozhave

risenzaszthezupperz(preceding)zlimbzofzthezSunziszstillzbelowzthezline

ofz apparentz horizonz byz aboutz 0.56z angularz degreesz (33.6').

Conversely,z itsz disappearingz belowz thez horizonz inz thez evening

takeszplacezafterzitszupperz(following)zlimbzhaszdescendedztozan

equidistantzpositionzbelowzthezhorizon.

Planeszperpendicularztozthezplumbzlevelzofzazlocation,zi.e.,zto

thez Earth’sz radiusz throughz thatz location,z arez calledz the

ufqs=horizonseofzthezlocation,zthezUfq-i-sat-hîz(surfacezhorizon)

beingz thez onlyz exception.z Sixz typesz ofz horizonz mayz bez defined.

Ufq-i-haqîqî=TrueehorizoneiszthezonezpassingzthroughzthezEarth’s

centre.zUfq-i-hissî=Tangentialehorizoneiszanzinfinitezplanezpassing

throughzthezlowestzpointzBzofzthezlocation,zthatzis,zazplaneztangent

tozthezGlobezatzpointzB.zThezanglezformedzatzthezSun’szcentrezby

theztwozstraightzlines,zonezfromzthezEarth’szcentrezandzthezother

fromz thez Earth’sz surface,z isz calledz thez Sun’s horizontal

parallax=ikhtilâf-i-manzar.zItszannualzmeanzvaluezisz8.8zangular

seconds.z Itz isz thez differencez betweenz thez altitudez ofz thez Sun’s

centrezwithzrespectztoztwozdifferentzhorizons,ztheztruezhorizonzand

thezriyadîz(mathematical)zorztangentialzhorizon.zParallaxzresults

inzazdelayzinzthezsightingzofzlunarzandzsolarzrisings.zThezhorizontal

planezpassingzthroughzthezpointzMzofzazcertainzheightzwherezthe

observerz isz locatedz isz calledz thez observer’sz ufq-iriyâdî=mathematicale

horizon.e Thez khate ufq-i-zâhirî=linee of

apparentehorizoneiszthezcirclezLKzdescribedzaszthezlinezofztangency

ofz thez conez formedz byz thez revolutionz aboutz thez plumbz level

throughzM,zofzthezstraightzlinezMK,zprojectingzfromzthezobserver’s

eyezatzMzandztangentztozthezGlobezatzK.zThezplanezcontainingzthis

circlezandzperpendicularztozthezplumbzlevelzthroughzMziszcalled

thezobserver’szufq-i-mer’î=visibleehorizon;zandzthezsurfacezofzthis

conez isz thez observer’sz ufq-i-sathî (surfacez horizon).z Thez linez of

apparentehorizoneappearsztozthezobserver,zwhozstandszatzazcertain

height,z asz az circularz linez aroundz whichz thez skyz andz thez lowest

points,zsuchzaszseazsurfaceszandzmeadows,zonzthezEarth’szsurface

intersect.zThiszcircularzlineziszformedzbyzthezpointszofzintersection

betweenzthezvisiblezhorizonzandzthezEarth’szsurface.zTherezisza

planezofzazimuthzcontainingzeveryzpointzofzthiszcircle.zThezplane

ofztangentialzhorizonzgoingzthroughzpointzK,zwhichziszintersected

byzthezplanezofzazimuthzcontainingzthezSun,zintersectszthezplane

ofz azimuthz atz az rightz anglez andz alongz linez MS.z Thisz tangential

horizon,z planez MK,z isz calledz thez observer’sz ufq-i-sathî=surface

–z147 –

horizon.zTherezarezvariouszsurfacezhorizonszforzvariouszaltitudes

atz az location.z Thez pointsz K,z whereatz eachz ofz thesez horizonsz is

tangentztozthezearth’szsurface,zmakezupzthez(circularzlineztermed)

linezofzapparentzhorizon.zThezdirectionzofzthezrayzprojectingzfrom

thezobserver’szeye,zi.e.zthezlinezMS,ziszcalledzthezlineeofesurface

horizon.z Thez verticalz (azimuthal)z arc,z ZS,z isz thez altitudez ofz the

Sunzwithzrespectztozthezsurfacezhorizon.zThezarczZSzsubtendszthe

anglezinscribedzbetweenztheztwozstraightzlineszprojectingzfromzthe

observer’szeyeztoztheztwozendszofzthiszarc.zAszthezSunzmoves,zthe

pointzofztangencyzKzofzthezsurfacezhorizonzMSzglideszonzthezline

ofz apparentz horizonz and,z thereby,z thez surfacez horizonz changes

momently.zThezobserverzwillzseezthezSunzwhenzhezlookszatzthe

pointzHzatzwhichzthezstraightzlinezMZzfromzthezobserverztozthe

Sunz intersectsz thez arcz HK,z drawnz parallelz toz ZS,z thez arcz of

altitude.zHezwillzperceivezthiszarczaszthezaltitudezofzthezSunzwith

respectztozthezlinezofzapparentzhorizon.zThezanglezsubtentedzby

thiszarczHKziszidenticalzwithzthatzsubtendedzbyzZS,zthezaltitudezof

thez following (upper) limbz ofz thez Sunz withz referencez toz the

surfacezhorizon.zTherefore,zthezapparentealtitudeeHKziszusedzfor

thez altitudez withz respectz toz thez surfacez horizon.z Thez Sunz sets

whenzitziszatzpointzSzinzthezsky.zThezobserverzperceiveszaszifzitzsets

atzpointzKzonzthezEarth.zOncezthezSunzandzthezstarszgozbelowzthe

surfacez horizonz ofz az location,z i.e.,z whenz theirz altitudez with

referencez toz thisz horizonz becomesz zero,z allz thez observersz who

sharezthiszhorizonzseezthemzset.zThezobserverzatzpointzMzseeszthe

SunzsetzatzpointzKzofzthezsurfacezhorizon.zInzotherzwords,ztheztime

ofzsunsetzforzthezobserverzatzpointzMziszwhenzthezaltitudezofzthe

upperz limbz ofz thez Sunz attainsz zeroz withz respectz toz thez surface

horizon.z Likewise,z thez otherz prayerz timesz forz thez observerz are

determinedz onz thez basisz ofz shar’î altitudesz withz respectz toz the

surfacezhorizons.zSincezthezshar’î altitudezofzthezSunzwithzrespect

tozthezsurfacezhorizonziszperceivedzbyzthezobserverzatzpointzMzas

thezaltitudezHKzwithzrespectztozthezlinezofzapparentzhorizon,zthe

apparente altitudes measuredz withz referencez toz thez apparent

horizonz arez usedz forz determiningz thez prayerz times.z These

altitudesz arez greaterz thanz thosez withz respectz toz thez observer’s

mathematical,z tangential,z visiblez andz truez horizons.z The

differencez betweenz thez altitudez ZSz withz respectz toz thez surface

horizonzandzthezarczZNzwithzrespectztoztheztruezhorizonziszcalled

the zâwiyaeinhitât-ieufq=theeangleeofedipeofehorizoneforzthezheight

ofzpointzM.zThezarczofzazimuthalzcirclezequalztozthezanglezofzdip

–z148 –

ofz horizon,z i.e.z thez arcz NS,z isz thez dipe ofe horizon.e Shar’îe times,

whichzarezrecordedzinzcalendars,zarezusedzinzmountainouszplaces

wherezthezapparentzhorizonzcannotzbezobserved.

Mathematical,z tangential,z andz mer’îz (observed,z visible)

horizonszarezidenticalzforzanzobserverzatzthezlowestzpoint.zAtzthis

lowestzpoint,zB,ztherezisznotzazsurfacezhorizon,zthezlinezofzapparent

horizonzbeingzazsmallzcirclezaroundzB,zandzthezaltitudezwithzrespect

tozthiszlinezandzthezaltitudeszwithzrespectztozallzthezotherzhorizons

beingz thez same.z Asz thez pointz ofz observationz gainsz elevation,z so

doeszthezobserver’szmathematicalzhorizon;ztherebyztheirztangential

horizonz changesz intoz theirz surfacez horizon;z andz theirz linez of

apparentzhorizonzdescendsztowardsztheirztruezhorizonzandzwidens.

Radiusz ofz eachz ofz therebyz wideningz circlesz formedz byz the

descendingzlineszofzapparentzhorizonzdemarcateszanzarcztozsubtend

anglezD,zwhichzinzturnziszequalztozthezanglezofzdipzofzhorizon.zThe

arcsz ZS,z whichz representz thez Sun’sz altitudesz withz respectz toz the

surfacez horizon,z arez higherz thanz thez truez altitudez byz thez same

angularzvaluezaszthatzofzthezdipzofzhorizon.

ThezSun’szreachingztheztimezofzzawâlzwithzrespectztozazhorizon

meansz itsz culminationz withz respectz toz thatz horizon.z Whenz the

observerziszatzthezlowestzplacezofzazlocationzthezSun’szregionszof

zawâlz withz respectz toz allz horizonsz andz toz thez linez ofz apparent

horizonzconvergezatzonezpoint,zandzthezdiurnalzarczofzthezSun’s

dailyzpathzintersectszthezmeridianzatzpointzA,z–asziszseenzonzfigures

1zandz2zazfewzpageszahead–,zwhichziszmid-pointzofzthezdiurnalzpart

ofzitszdailyzpath.zThiszpointziszcalledzthe regioneofetrueezawâl.eeAs

forz observersz whoz arez atz higherz placesz andz whoz (possessz the

conditionszwhereinztheyzcan)zobservezthezSun;ztheirzRegionseof

apparentezawâl arezcircleseoferegionseofezawâl formedzaroundzthe

celestialzregionz ofztruezzawâlzbyzthez pointsz ofz culminationzwith

respectztozthezcircularzlineszofzapparentzhorizonzpeculiarztozthe

heightsztheyzoccupy.zAszthezSunzmoveszalongzitszpath,zitzmeets

withzeachzofzthesezcircleszatztwozpoints.zWhenzitzreacheszthezfirst

point,zztheztimeeofeapparentezawâl begins.zThezendzofztheztimezof

apparentzzawâlziszwhenzthezSunzreacheszthezsecondzpoint.zAszthe

observer’sz positionz becomesz higher,z dipz ofz horizonz takesz place

andzthezcircleszofzapparentzhorizonzbecomezlarger.zAndzsozdozthe

so-calledz celestialz circlese ofe regionse ofe zawâl,z soz thatz theirz radii

producezarcszsubtendingzangles,zequalztozthezangles,z(represented

byzanglezDzinzfig.z1-A)zsubtendedzbyztheirzterrestrialzcounterparts,

i.e.zarcszproducedzbyzthezradiizofzthezcircleszofzapparentzhorizons.

–z149 –

Whenzthezobserverzgoeszupztozthezhighestzpointzofztheirzlocation,

thezcirclezofzcelestialzregionzofzzawâlzbecomeszthezgreatestzandzthe

outermost.z Thisz greatestz circlez ofz regionz ofz zawâlz isz calledz the

observer’sz Shar’îe regione ofe zawâl.z Thez surfacez horizonz ofz an

observerzatzthezhighestzpointzofzazlocationziszcalledzthezobserver’s

ufq-i-shar’î.zThezaltitudezofzthezSun’sz(upper)zlimbzwithzrespectzto

thezshar’î horizonziszcalledzthe shar’îeirtifâ’.zThezprecedingzlimbzof

thez Sunz entersz thez circularz regionz ofz shar’î zawâlz whenz it

culminatesz withz respectz toz thez placez ofz sunrisez onz thez shar’î

horizon.z Az hillz soz farz fromz az locationz asz thez shadedz andz the

illuminatedzregionszonzitzareznotzdistinguishableztoztheznakedzeye

duringz thez timez ofz isfirâr,z (whenz thez Sun’sz canonicalz altitudez is

lesszthanz5°zandzitziszyellow,)zisznotzconsideredzwithinzthezlimitszof

thatz location.z Thez radiusz ofz thez circlez ofz shar’î regionz ofz zawâl

subtendsz anz anglez equalz toz thez anglez ofz dipz ofz horizonz forz an

observerz(supposedztozbe)zonzthezhighestzhillzofzthezlocation.zThe

circlesz representingz timesz ofz zawâlz arez notz visible;z thez Sun’s

gettingz inz andz outz ofz thesez circlesz canz bez determinedz fromz the

shorteningzandzelongationzofzthezshadowzofzazverticalzrodzerected

onzazlevelzground.

Inzthezsectionzonzthezmustahabsztozbezobservedzbyzazfasting

MuslimzinzRaddeal-muhtârebyzIbnz’Âbidînzandzinzthezannotation

toz Marâqe al-falâhe byz at-Tahtâwî,z itz isz noted,z “(Ofz twoz Muslims

supposedztozbezfasting,)zthezonezwhozliveszatzazlowerzplace,zand

whoz thereforez observesz thez apparentz sunsetz earlier,z breaksz fast

earlierz thanz thez onez livingz atz az higherz place,z [sincez Islam

recognizeszthezapparentztimes,znotztheztrueztimes,zaszcanonically

acceptablezforzthosezwhoz(can)zseezthezSun.]zForzthosezwhozare

unableztozobservezthezsunset;z‘sunset’ziszwhenzthezhillszinzthezeast

darken.”zInzotherzwords,zitziszthezapparentzsunsetzthatzwouldzbe

observedzbyzpeoplezlivingzonzthezhighestzhill,zwhichzinzturnzmeans

sunsetz withz respectz toz thez shar’î horizon.z Itz isz notedz alsoz inz the

bookz Majma’al-anhure andz thez Shafi’îz bookz Al-anwâre li-a’mâl-il

abrârethatzthezshar’î sunset isztozbeztakenzintozaccountzbyzthose

whozareznotzableztozobservezthezsunset;zandzitziszdeterminedzby

calculation.

Forz easyz determinationz ofz thez timesz ofz earlyz andz late

afternoonzprayers,z’Abdzal-Haqqzas-Sujâdil,zwhozwaszmaturedzin

thez suhbaz ofz Muhammadz Ma’thûmz al-Fârûqîz as-Sirhindî,

describeszazmethodzinzhiszPersianzbookzMasâ’il-iesharh-ieWiqâya,

printedzinzIndiazinz1294z[1877zA.D.]:

–z150 –

“Az circlez isz drawnz onz az levelz groundz takingz sunlight.z This

circleziszcalledzthezDâ’ira-ieHindiyya=theeIndianecircle. Azstraight

rod,zwithzazlengthzequalztozthezradiuszofzthezcircle,ziszerectedzat

thezcentrezofzthezcircle.zTheztopzofzthezrodzmustzbezequidistant

fromzthreezdifferentzpointszonzthezcircleztozmakezitzcertainzthatzit

isz preciselyz vertical.z Thisz verticalz rodz isz calledz the

miqyâs=gnomon.e Itsz shadowz extendsz beyondz thez circlez onz the

westernzsidezbeforeznoon.zAszthezSunzmoveszhigherzup,zi.e.,zaszits

altitudezincreases,zthezshadowzshortens.zAzmarkziszmadezatzthe

pointzwhereztheztipzofzthezshadowzenterszthezcircle.zAnotherzmark

iszmadezatzthezpointzwhereztheztipzofzthezshadowzexitszthezcircle

aszitzelongateszeastwards.zAzstraightzlineziszdrawnzfromzthezcentre

ofzthezcircleztozthezmidpointzofzthezarczbetweenztheztwozmarks.

Thisz straightz linez isz calledz thez khate nisf-un-nahâr=thee meridian

linee ofe thee location.”z Thez meridianz linez extendsz inz thez northsouthzdirection.zWhenzthezprecedingzlimbzofzthezSunzreacheszits

maximumz altitudez fromz thez linez ofz apparentz horizonz ofz the

location,z thez timez ofz zâhirîe (apparent) zawâle begins.z Itz isz no

longerz possiblez nowz toz perceivez thez shorteningz ofz thez shadow.

Next,zthezcentrezofzthezSunzcomesztozthezmeridianzandziszatzits

maximumz altitudez fromz thez truez horizon.z Thisz isz thee timee of

haqîqîe(true) zawâl.zAtztheztimezofztruezzawâl,ztheztimeszofzzawâl

inztermszofzmeanztimezareznotzsubjectztozvariationzonzaccountzof

latitudinalz variation.z Asz thez Sunz departsz fromz thisz point,z the

shadowz alsoz departsz fromz thez meridianz line,z though

imperceptibly.zThezapparentzzawâlztimezendszwhenzthezfollowing

limbzdescendsztozitszapparentzmaximumzaltitudezwithzreferencezto

thezsunsetzspotzonzthezlinezofzapparentzhorizon.zNowzthe timeeof

apparentezuhrebegins.zThezshadowzbeginszobservablyztozlengthen.

Thezmiddlezofztheztimezduringzwhichzthezlengthzofzthezshadow

remainszunchangedziszthezhaqîqîe(true)ezawâletime. AszthezSun’s

centerztransitszthezmeridian,zitszmomentaryzpassageziszobserved

fromzLondonzwithztelescopeszandztherebyzzawâlîztimepieceszare

adjusted.zAtzthiszmer’îzhaqîqîzzawâlztime,zthezhaqîqîz(true)ztimezis

twelve.zThezalgebraiczadditionzofzthisztwelveztozthezequationzof

time [1] yieldszthezmeantime beginning,zi.e.ztwelve,zofzthezdayzon

[1] Thezmodificationztozbezappliedztozapparentesolaretime,z(i.e.ztheztimezas

shownzonzazsundial,zwhichzrecordszthezmotionszofzthezrealz(true)zSun

acrossz thez sky,)z toz meane solare time,z (i.e.z thez timez asz shownz on

timepieces,z withz thez irregularitiesz ofz apparentz solarz time,z duez to

ellipticzmovementzofzthezEarthzaroundzthezSun,zsmoothedzout).zSee

AppendixzIV.

–z151 –

thezlocalztimepiece.zThezriyâdîztimeszfoundzbyzcalculationzshow

alsozthezmer’îztimeszonztimepieces.zThiszmer’îezawâletime,e which

isz thez beginningz forz thez meantimez clocks,z isz eightz minutesz and

twentyz z secondsz afterz thez riyâdîe zawâle time,e whichz isz thez time

whenzthezSunzreacheszthezzawâl.zThezratiozbetweenzthezheightzof

anythingz erectedz atz rightz anglesz toz thez Earth’sz surfacez andz the

lengthzofzitszshortestzshadow,zfay-i-zawâl,zvarieszwithzlatitudezand

declination.

Azpairzofzcompassesziszopenedzbyzazlengthzofzfay-i-zawâl.zThe

sharpz pointz ofz thez compassesz isz placedz atz thez pointz wherez the

meridianzlinezmeetszthez(Indian)zcirclezandzazsecondzcircle,zwhose

radiusziszthezdistancezbetweenzthezcentrezofzthezfirstzcirclezandzthe

pointzwhereonzitzintersectszthezextensionzofzthezlinezofzmeridian

beyondz thez firstz circle,z isz drawn.z Itz isz thez timez ofz apparente ’asr

awwalewhenzthezshadowzofzthezgnomonzreacheszthezsecondzcircle.

Thezsecondzcirclezmustzbezdrawnzanewzdaily.zFay-i-zawâlziszused

onlyztozfindztheztimeszofzearlyzandzlatezafternoonzprayers.zItzisznot

practicablezinzfindingztheztimeszofzotherzprayers.

Itz isz writtenz inz thez booksz Majma’al-anhure andz Riyâdh-unnâsihîn:e“TheztimezofzzuhrzbeginszwhenzthezSunziszatzzawâl,zi.e.,

whenz itsz followingz limbz beginsz toz descendz fromz thez maximum

altitudez itz hasz ascendedz withz respectz toz thez linez ofz apparent

horizon.zTozdetermineztheztimezofzzawâl,zazrodziszerected.zItziszthe

timeeofezawâlewhenzthezshorteningzofzitszshadowzstops,zthatzis,

whenzitzneitherzshortensznorzlengthens.zItzisznotzpermissiblezto

performznamâzzduringzthisztime.zTheztimezofzzawâlziszoverzwhen

thez shadowz beginsz toz lengthen.”z Thez maximumz altitude

mentionedz inz thez aforenamedz booksz isz notz thez altitudez with

respectztoztheztruezhorizon.zTwozpositionszareznoted:zoneziszwhen

thez precedingz limbz ascendsz toz itsz maximumz altitudez fromz the

surfacezhorizon,zi.e.zwithzrespectztozthezeasternzarczofzthezlinezof

apparentz horizon;z andz thez otherz isz whenz thez followingz limb

beginsztozdescendzfromzitszmaximumzaltitudezfromzthezsurface

horizon,z i.e.z withz respectz toz thez westernz arcz ofz thez linez of

apparentz horizon.z Asz az matterz ofz fact,z itz isz writtenz inz the

annotationztozthezcommentatoryzbookzImdâd-ul-Fettâhethatzthe

linezofzapparentzhorizon,znotztheztruezhorizon,zisztozbeztakenzinto

accountzinzdeterminingztheztime.zThez“timezofzapparentzzawâl”

commenceszwhenzthezSun’szprecedingzlimbzreacheszitszmaximum

altitudezfromzthezsurfacezhorizon,zorzfromz(thezeasternzarczof)zthe

linezofzapparentzhorizon.zTheztimezofzapparentzzawâlzendszwhen

–z152 –

thezfollowingzlimbzbeginsztozdescendzfromzitszmaximumzaltitude

fromzthezsurfacezhorizonzwithzrespectztozthezplacezofzsunsetzon

thez linez ofz apparentz horizon,z andz thenceforthz thez timez of

apparentz zuhrz commences.z Atz thisz momentz thez shadowz ofz the

gnomonz isz imperceptiblyz longer.z Thez apparentz timez ofz late

afternoonz prayerz (’asr)z isz whenz thez lengthz ofz thisz shadow

increaseszbyzthezlengthzofzthezgnomon.zTheztimezofztruezzawâlzis

onlyzanzinstant.zOnzthezotherzhand,ztheztimeszofzapparentzzawâl

basedz onz thez precedingz andz followingz limbsz arez whenz the

respectivez limbsz enterz andz exitz thez circlesz (imagined)z onz the

celestialz spherez andz termedz Regionse ofe apparente zawâl,z whose

centerszcoexistzwithzthezpointszofztruezzawâlzandzradiuseszequal

thezangularzvaluezofzthezdipeofehorizon pertainingztozthezheightzof

thezobserver’szlocation.zThezregionzofzapparentzzawâlzisznotzan

(instantaneous)z point;z itz isz anz arcz betweenz thez twoz points

wherebyz (eachz of)z thez so-calledz circlesz intersect(s)z thez Sun’s

(apparentzdaily)zpath.zThezgreatestzofzthesezcirclesziszthezCircle

oferegioneofeshar’îezawâl. InzIslam,ztheztimezofzzawâl,zi.e.zmidday,

isz thez periodz ofz timez betweenz thez instantz whenz thez Sun’s

precedingzlimbzenterszthiszshar’î circlezandzthezinstantzwhenzits

followingz limbz exitsz thez circle.z Thez timee ofe shar’î zawâle begins

whenzthezSun’szprecedingzlimbzenterszthezcircle.zThezshar’î zawâl

timezendszwhenzthezSun’szfollowingzlimbzexitszthezcircle,zandzthen

thez shar’î zuhre timee begins.z Thisz timez isz determinedz by

calculationzandzrecordedzinzcalendars.

Thezsix-rak’atzsalâtzperformedzafterzthezfardzofzeveningzsalâtzis

calledzthezsalâtz(namâz)zofzawwâbîn.

Thez jobz ofz understanding,z workingz out,z determining,z and

explainingz thez timesz ofz actsz ofz worshipz requiresz Islamic

knowledgez (’ulûmz ad-dîn).z Thez ’ulamâ’z (authorizedz Islamic

scholars)zofz(thezbranchzofzIslamiczknowledgeztermed)zfiqhewrote

inz theirz booksz ofz fiqhz thez teachingsz whichz mujtahidsz (extracted

fromzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzandzhadîth-i-sherîfszand)zexplained.zItzis

permissiblez toz exercisez oneselfz inz thez recalculationz ofz the

prescribedz times,z (whichz havez alreadyz beenz explainedz by

mujtahids.)zResultszofzsuchzcalculations,zhowever,zarezconditional

onz thez aforesaidz Islamicz scholars’z approval.z Itz isz notedz inz the

sectionzdealingzwithz(thezessentialszof)z“facingzthezQiblâzinzsalât”

inzRaddeal-muhtârebyzIbnz’Âbidîn,zandzalsozinzFatâwâ-ieShamseaddînear-Ramlî,zthatzitziszjâ’izz(permissible)ztozdetermineztheztimeszof

salâtz andz directionz ofz thez Qiblaz byz calculation.z Itz isz notedz in

Mawdû’ât-ul-’ulûm:e “Itz isz fardz kifâyaz toz calculatez thez prayer

–z153 –

times.zItziszfardzforzMuslimsztozknowzthezbeginningzandzthezendzof

thez prayerz timesz fromz thez positionz ofz thez Sunz orz fromz the

calendarszapprovedzbyzIslamiczscholars.”

Thez Earthz rotatesz aboutz itsz axisz fromz westz toz east.z Inz other

words,zanzoverheadzviewzofzit,zlikezthatzofzazglobezplacedzonzaztable

(withz thez Northz Polez pointingz upwards),z wouldz revealz thatz it

rotatedz inz az counterclockwisez direction.z Thisz isz calledz thez true

(direct,zprograde) motion.eThezSunzandzthezfixedzstarszappearzto

makez az revolutionz perz dayz fromz eastz toz west.z Thisz isz calledz the

retrogradee motion.e Thez timez betweenz twoz successivez meridianal

transitszofzazstarzatzazcertainzlocationziszdefinedzaszoneesiderealeday.

One-twenty-fourthz ofz thisz periodz isz onee sidereale hour.e Thez time

intervalzbetweenztwozsuccessiveztransitszofzthezcentrezofzthezSun

acrosszthezmeridian,zthatzis,ztheztimezbetweenzsuccessivezinstantszof

truez zawâlz isz calledz onee truee solare day.e Meanwhile,z thez Earth

movesz fromz westz toz eastz alongz thez ecliptic andz completesz one

revolutionz perz yearz aroundz thez Sun.z Duez toz thisz motionz ofz the

Earth,zthezSunzappearsztozmovezfromzwestztozeastzonzthezecliptic

plane,zrotatingzaboutzthezeclipticaleaxisethroughzthezEarth’szcentre

perpendicularz toz thez eclipticz plane.z Thez averagez speedz ofz this

translationalzmovementziszaboutz30zkilometreszperzsecond,zthough

itzisznotzconstant.zSincezthezorbitzofzthezEarthzonzthezeclipticzplane

isz notz circularz butz elliptical,e thez anglesz subtendedz byz thez arcs

travelledzinzequalzintervalszareznotzequal.zThezsmallerzitszdistance

tozthezSun,zthezhigherzitszspeed.zAszazresultzofzthiszmovementzofzthe

Earth,zthezSunziszslowerzthanzthezstarszbyzaboutz4zminuteszperzday,

thuszcompletingzitszdailyzrevolutionzaboutz4zminuteszlaterzthanzthe

stars.z Therefore,z thez “truez solarz day”z isz aboutz 4z minutesz longer

thanzthezsiderealzday.zThiszextraztimezslightlyzvarieszfromzdayzto

dayzaroundz4zminutes.zThezsecondzreasonzforzthezvariationzofzthe

lengthszofztruezsolarzdaytimesziszthatzthezaxiszofzthezEarthzisznot

perpendicularztozthezplanezofzecliptic.zThereziszanzanglezofzabout

23°27'zbetweenzthezaxiszofzthezEarthzandzthezeclipticalzaxis.zThis

anglez neverz changes.z Thez thirdz reasonz isz thatz thez maximum

altitudezofzthezSunzchangeszdaily.zThezeclipticzandzthezequatorial

planeszintersectzalongzazdiameterzofzthezEarth.zThereziszanzanglezof

aboutz 23°27'z betweenz thesez twoz planes.z Thisz diameterz of

intersectionz isz calledz thez linee ofe nodes,z (orz thez nodalz line.) This

anglez neverz changes.z Thez averagez directionz ofz thez Earth’sz axis

doesznotzchangezaszitzrevolveszroundzthezSun.zItzremainszparallelzto

itself.zOnzthez22ndzofzJune,zthezaxiszofzthezEarthzisztiltedzinzsuchza

directionz asz itsz northernz partz isz inclinedz towardsz thez Sunz with

–z154 –

respectztozthez(uprightzpositionzofzthe)zaxiszofzthezecliptic,zsozthat

morez thanz halfz ofz thez northernz hemispherez takesz sunlight.z The

declinationzofzthezSunziszaboutz+23.5°.zWhenzthezEarthzarriveszatza

pointz aboutz one-fourthz ofz thez lengthz ofz itsz yearlyz round,z the

projectionz ofz axisz ofz thez Earthz onz thez eclipticz deviatesz fromz the

Sun-Earthzdirectionzbyzaboutz90°.zAtzthisztimezthezlinezofznodes

passeszthroughzthezSun;zandzthezSun’szdeclinationziszzero.zWhen

thez Earthz travelsz one-halfz ofz itsz yearlyz orbitalz roundz (fromz the

pointzwherezitzwaszonz22ndzJune),zthezperpendicularzprojectionzof

thez Earth’sz axisz onz thez eclipticz resumesz itsz formerz sunward

position,z (suchz asz itz wasz sixz monthsz earlier,)z withz thez mere

differencezthatzthezaxiszitself,zwithzrespectztozthez(stillzupright)zaxis

ofzthezecliptic,zisznowzdeclinedzproportionallyzawayzfromzthezSun,

wherebyzthezequatorialzsemi-circlezfacingzthezSunziszabovez(,zi.e.zto

thez northz of,)z thez eclipticz plane;z lessz thanz halfz ofz thez northern

hemispherez andz morez thanz halfz ofz thez southernz hemispherez are

exposedztozsunlight;zthezSunzisz23.5°zbelowz(tozthezsouthzof)zthe

equatorz andz hencez itsz declinationz isz -23.5°.z Whenz thez Earthz has

travelledz three-fourthsz ofz itsz yearlyz orbitalz route,z i.e.,z onz 21st

March,z thez nodalz linez passesz throughz thez Sunz andz thez Sun’s

declinationz isz againz zero.z Hasîbz Beyz notesz inz hisz book

Kozmografya:z “Thez lightz raysz comingz nearlyz parallelz toz one

anotherzareztangentztozthezGlobezaround azmajorzcircle.zThiszmajor

circlez isz calledz thez dâira-ie tanwîr=thee circlee ofe illuminatione (the

terminator).zForzthezfirstzsixzmonthszduringzwhichzthezSunziszabove

thez equatorialz plane,z (i.e.z northz ofz it,),z morez thanz halfz ofz the

northernzhemisphereziszonzthezsidezofzthezterminatorzexposedzto

thez Sun.z Thez planez ofz illuminationz definedz byz thisz circlez passes

throughzthezEarth’szcentre,zbisectszthezGlobe,zandziszperpendicular

toz thez lightz raysz fromz thez Sun.z Sincez thez Earth’sz axisz is

perpendicularz toz thez equatorialz plane,z thez anglee ofe illumination

betweenzthezplanezofzilluminationzandzthezEarth’szaxisziszequalzto

thezSun’szdeclination.zThisziszwhyztherezarezdayszwithoutznightszand

nightszwithoutzdaytimezatzplaceszwithzlatitudeszgreaterzthanz90°-

23°27'=66°33'.zLetzuszassumezanotherzandzsmallerzcirclezsketched

parallelz toz thez circlez ofz illuminationz 19°z awayz fromz itz onz the

unilluminatedz side.z Thez phenomenaz ofz fajrz (morningz twilight,

dawn,zdaybreak)zandzshafaqz(eveningzdusk,zeveningztwilight)ztake

placezwithinzthezzonezbetweenztheztwozcircles.zAtzplaceszwherezthe

complementariesztozthezlatitudeszarezlesszthanzdeclination+19°,zor,

inz otherz words,z inz situationsz wherez regionalz andz seasonal

conditionsz concurz inz suchz az wayz asz thez sumz ofz latitudez and

–z155 –

declination,z (ª+∞),z isz greaterz thanz orz equalz toz 90°-19°=71°,z the

morningz twilightz orz dawnz beginsz beforez thez eveningz twilight

disappears.”z Inz situationsz whenz thez Sun’sz declinationz isz smaller

thanzthezlatitudinalzvaluezofzazlocation,zthezSun’szculminationztakes

placez atz az regionz southz ofz thez observer’sz zenith.z Thez observed

pathszofzthezSunzandzthezstarszarezcircleszparallelztozthezEquator.

Thez Sun’sz declinationz isz zeroz whenz thez dailyz pathz ofz thez Sun

coincidesz withz thez equatorialz planez onz thez Gregorianz Marchz 21

andz onz Septemberz 23.z Onz thesez twoz days,z thez durationsz ofz the

night-timezandzdaytimezarezequalzeverywherezonzthezEarth.zSince

theznisfzfadlaz(excesszofzsemi-diurnalzarc,zshownzaszZLzandzZ'L'zin

fig.z2,)ziszzero,ztheztimezofztruezzawâlzinzghurûbîztime,zandztheztimes

ofz truez sunrisez andz sunsetz inz truez solarz timez arez allz 06:00z hours

everywhere.zThezshar’î timeszofzzuhrzinzadhânîztimezarezalsozshown

asz 6z inz allz authenticz calendars,z becausez approximatelyz thez same

amountzofztimezofzTamkinzforzsunsetzexistszinztheztimezofzzuhrzas

well.zThereafterzthezSun’szapparentzdailyzpathszlapsezintozanzeverincreasingzdigressionzfromzitszequatorialzcourse,zsozthatzthezSun’s

declinationzeventuallyzreacheszthezangularzvaluezofz23°27'zonzJune

22,z (i.e.z atz thez endz ofz thez threez monthsz posteriorz toz thez vernal

equinoxzonzMarchz21,)zand,zconversely,z–23°27'zonzDecemberz22,

(i.e.zatzthezendzofzthezthreezmonthszfollowingzthezautumnalzequinox

onzSeptemberz23).zTheseztwozdates,z(i.e.zJunez22zandzDecember

22,) [1] arez whenz therez beginsz az gradualz decreasez inz thez absolute

valuezofzthezSun’szdeclination.zDuringztheztimezwhenzthezSunzis

belowz (southz of)z thez Equator,z thez majorz partz ofz thez northern

hemisphereziszonzthezsunless,zdarkzsidezofzthezterminator.zAszthe

Earthzrotateszaboutzitszaxis,zthezSunzriseszwhenzthezfrontzedgezof

thez smallz circlez ofz apparentz horizon,z (termedz ‘linez ofz apparent

horizon’,)z ofz az locationz touchesz thez illuminatedz onez ofz thez two

hemisphereszdividedzbyzthezterminator.zThezSunzriseszexactlyzin

thezeastzwhenzitszdeclinationziszzero.zAszthezdeclinationzincreases,

thezpointszofzsunrisezandzsunsetzglidezalongzthezlinezofzapparent

horizonz northwardsz inz summerwardz monthsz andz southwardsz in

winterwardzmonthsz(onztheznorthernzhemisphere,zandzvicezversa

onzthezsouthernzhemisphere).zThezarcszofzlinezofzapparentzhorizon,

withztheirzangularzvaluezdailyzchanging,zarezcalledzthezsi’a=annual

(sunrisezandzsunset) amplitudes.z(ThezarcszBLzandzB'L'zinzfigure2.)

Inznorthernzcountries,z(inzthoseztoztheznorthzofzTropiczofzCancer,)

thezSun,zafterzrising,zalwayszappearsztozgainzelevationzinzazdirection

[1] ThezformerzisztermedzSummereSolstice,zandzthezlatterzWintereSolstice.

–z156 –

withzsoutherlyzobliquityz(withzrespectztozthezobserver’szzenithzor

plumbzlevel).

One-twenty-fourthzofzaztruezsolarzdayziszcalledzoneztrueesolar

hour.eThezlengthszofztruezsolarzhourszchangezdaily.zHowever,zthe

unitszofztimeztozbezadoptedz(andztozbezusedzforzcivilztime-keeping

purposes)zbyzusingzclocks,zarezrequiredztozconsistzofzstandardized

lengthsz ofz daysz andz hoursz immunez toz dailyz fluctuations.

Consequently,z thez meane solare daye wasz devised.z One-twentyfourthzofzazmeanzsolarzdayziszcalledzonezmeanehour.eIbnz’Âbidîn

callszthezformerzmu’awwaj (crooked,znotzstraightzorzuniform)zand

thezlatterzmu’tadil (uniform,zequable)zorzfalakî (celestial)zinzthe

chapterzdealingzwithzmenstruation.zThezlengthzofzonezmeanzsolar

dayziszthezaveragezofzthezlengthszofztruezsolarzdayszinzazyear.zSince

therezarez365.242216ztruezsolarzdayszinzazmadârîz(orbital,znatural,

solar,z tropical)z year,z thez [hypothetical]z Meanz Sunz travelsz an

angularzdistancezofz360°zwithinzthisznumberzofzdayszandz59'z08.33"

inzazmeanzsolarzday.zAssumezthatzazMeanzSunzwhichztravelszthat

distancezperzmeanzsolarzdayzalongzthezEquator,zandzthezTruezSun

(onzthezecliptic)zstartzmovingzonzazdayzwithzthezshortestzdiurnal

periodzofzthezyear.zFirstztheztruezSunzwillzbezahead.zSoztheztrue

solarz dayz willz bez shorterz thanz thez meanz solarz day.z Untilz mid-

Februaryz thez distancez (againstz thez Meanz Sun)z betweenz thez two

sunsz willz increasez everyz day.z Thereafterz thez Truez Sunz willz slow

downzandztheyzwillzbezonzthezsamezmeridianzaroundzmid-April.

Afterzthat,zthezTruezSunzwillzlagzbehindzthezMeanzSun.zIncreasing

itszvelocityzaroundzmid-MayzthezTruezSunzwillzcatchzupzwithzthe

Meanz Sunz aroundz mid-Junez andz theyz willz bez onz thez same

meridian.zThenzitzwillzsurpasszthezMeanzSun.zAroundzmid-Julyzit

willz slowz down,z andz theyz willz bez onz thez samez meridianz again

aroundzmid-August.zNextzitzwillzlagzbehindzthezMeanzSun.zByzthe

endzofzOctoberzitzwillzslowzdownzandzthezdifferencezbetweenzthem

willzgraduallyzdecrease.zFinallyztheyzwillzresumeztheirzconcurrence

atz thez start.z Thez timez itz willz takez thez Meanz Sunz toz travelz these

differencesz betweenz thez twoz Sunsz canz bez calculatedz byz using

Kepler’szLaws.zThezdailyzdifferencezofztimezbetweenztheztwozsuns

isz calledz thez (Solar)e Equatione ofe Time.e Thez equationz ofz timez is

positivez whenz thez Meanz Sunz isz aheadz andz negativez whenz itz is

behind.zItzvarieszbetweenzaboutz+16zminuteszandz-14zminuteszof

timezthroughoutzazyear.zItziszzerozfourztimeszazyearzwhenztheztwo

sunsz arez onz thez samez meridian.z Az pointz ofz timez inz Meanz Solar

Timez canz bez convertedz toz Truez Solarz Timez byz addingz toz itz the

equationzofztimezifzitzisz+z(positive)zandzsubtractingzthezequation

–z157 –

Figurez1

Bz =z Pointz wherez thez Sunz risesz on

Decemberz22.

Tz =z Pointz wherez thez Sunz risesz on

Marchz21zandzonzSeptemberz23.

Lz =z Pointz wherez thez Sunz risesz on

Junez22.

B'z =z Pointz wherez thez Sunz setsz on

Decemberz22.

Rz =z Pointz wherez thez Sunz setsz on

Marchz21zandzonzSeptemberz23rd.

L'z=zPointzwherezthezSunzsetszonzJune

22.

BIz =z Semi-diurnalz arcz (sixz hours)

minusznisfzfadlazonzDecemberz22.

TV'z=zSemi-diurnalzarczonzMarchz21

andzSeptemberz23.

LAz =z Semi-diurnalz arcz (sixz hours)

plusznisfzfadlazonzJunez22.

AV'z=zCLz=zGDz=zDeclinationzofzthe

SunzonzJunez22.

IV'z =z Minusz (southerly)z declination

ofzthezSunzonzDecemberz22.

VTV'Rz=zCelestialzequator.

AF',zV'F',zIF'z=zThezSun’szmaximum

elevationsz(atzsummerzsolstice,zat

thez twoz equinoxes,z andz atz winter

solstice,zrespectively).

Az=zPointzwherezthezSunzculminates

onzJunez22.

KLCK'z =z Semicirclez ofz declination

onzJunez22.

GNz=zArczofzthezSun’sztruezaltitude.

Figurez2

KZK'Z'z =z Circlez ofz declinationz on

Marchz21,zandzSeptemberz23.

TCz=zArczofzthezequatorzequalztoznisf

fadlaz atz sunrisez andz sunsetz on

Junez22.

FKz=zF'K'z=zArcszofzpolarzdistance.

FKz=zŞV'z=zCelestialzarczsubtending

observer’szlatitude.

Hz=zAnglezofzfadl-izdâ’ir=hourzangle.

GAz=zArczofzfadl-izdâ’ir.

Ez=zObserver’szlocation.

EŞz =z Plumblinez direction,z (suchz as

thatz ofz thez observer’sz upright

posture).

TRz=zEast-Westzdiameterzofzcelestial

truezhorizon.

FEF'z=zMeridianzline.

VKV'K'z=zMeridianzcircle.

Fz =z Northernz pointz ofz thez true

horizon.

ZLz =z Arcz ofz Nisfz fadla,z (excessz of

semi-diurnalz arc,z or,z conversely,

complementz ofz semi-nocturnal

arc,)zatzsunrisezonzJunez22.

ZAz =z Z'Az =z Thez semi-diurnalz and

semi-nocturnalzarcszonzJunez22.

Z'L'z =z Arcz ofz Nisfz fadla,z (excessz of

semi-diurnalz arc,z or,z conversely,

complementz ofz semi-nocturnal

arc,)zatzsunsetzonzJunez22.

LT,z BTz =z Semi-annualz sunrise

amplitudes.

–z158 –

ofz timez fromz itz ifz itz isz -z (negative).z Thez dailyz variationsz inz the

equationzofztimezrangezbetweenz+22zsecondszandz-30zsecondszof

timezperzday.z(PleasezseezappendixzIV.)

AhmedzZiyâzBeyzstates,z“Thezvaluezofzthezdipzofzhorizonzin

angularzsecondsziszequalztozthezproductzofz106.92zandzthezsquare

rootzofzthezelevationzinzmetreszofzthezobserverzfromztheztangential

horizonzofzthezlocation.”zSincezthezhighestzhillznearzthezobserver

inzIstanbulziszÇaml›cazwithzazheightzofz267zmetres,zthezgreatest

anglezofzdipzofzhorizonzisz29'z(inzIstanbul).zInztheztablezofzdaily

Tamkinz whichz Tâhirz Efendi,z Chairmanz ofz thez Astronomy

Department,zcalculated,z–hezpreparedzitzwhenzhezassumedzoffice

aszDirectorzofzCairozObservatoryzinz1283zA.H.z(1866)–;zandzinzthe

bookz Marâside byz Ismâ’îlz Gelenbevîz thez Virtuous;z andz inz the

Turkishz bookz Mi’yâr-ül-evkâte writtenz byz Ismâ’îlz Fehîmz bin

IbrâhîmzHakkîzofzErzurumzinzthezyearz1193;zandzatzthezendzofzthe

calendarzforzhijrî-solarzyearz1286z(hijrî-lunarzyearz1326)zprepared

byz Sayyidz Muhammadz Ârifz Bey,z Chairmanz ofz thez Astronomy

Department,zitziszwritten:z“ThezanglezofzdipzofzhorizonzinzIstanbul

isz maximallyz 29',z and,z atz thisz elevationz whichz isz belowz thez true

horizon,z i.e.,z belowz zero,z thez refractionz ofz lightz isz 44.5';z the

apparentzradiuszofzthezSun,zonzthezotherzhand,ziszatzleastz15'45";

thesezthreezaltitudeszresultzinzthezsightingzofzthezSunzbeforeztrue

sunrise.zThezsolarzparallax,zhowever,zcauseszazdelayzinzthezsighting

ofzsunrise.zSubtractionzofz8.8",zthezangularzamountzofzthezsolar

parallax,zfromzthezsumzofzthesezthreezaltitudes,zyieldsz1°z29'z6.2",

anz angularz amountz termedz thee anglee ofe thee Sun’se altitude.z The

period,zfromzthezmomentzwhenzthezcenterzofzthezSunzsetszwith

respectztoztheztruezhorizonztozthezmomentzwhenzitszfollowingzlimb

descendszbyzthezamountzofzangularzdistancez(calculatedzabove),

soz thatz thez followingz limbz dipsz belowz thez shar’î horizonz and

daylightz reflectedz onz thez highestz hillz (facingz thez sunset)

disappears,z isz calledz thez Tamkin.z Withz thez helpz ofz thez formula

usedz forz determiningz thez prayerz timesz onz az certainz dayz (inz a

certainz city,z say,)z inz Istanbul,z [andz az scientificz calculator,z e.g.,

Casio],z thez temporalz valuesz ofz thez complementsz (fadl-iz dâir)z of

thezSun’szaltitudes,z(0°z:z0'z:z0"zandz1°z:z29'z:z6.2",)zatztheztwoztimes

ofzsunset,zi.e.,zsettingzofzthezSun’szcenterzwithzrespectztoztheztrue

horizonzandzsettingzofzitszupperz(following)zlimbzwithzrespectzto

thez cannonicalz horizon,z respectively,z arez calculated.z Sincez the

timezofzzawâlzinztermszofztrue-zawâlîzsystemziszzero,ztheztimeszof

twoz sunsetsz arez thez samez asz thez temporalz valuesz ofz their

complementsztherebyzdetermined.zThezperiodzbetweenztheztwo

–z159 –

timeszofzsunsetziszthezTamkin.”zForzinstance,zonzMarchz21zandzon

Septemberz23,zthezanglezofzthezSun’szaltitudezisz1°29'6.2"zandzthe

Tamkin,zi.e.,ztheztimeztakenzbyzthezcenterzofzthezSunztozdescend

thatz amountz ofz altitudez belowz thez truez horizonz alongz its

trajectory,z isz 7z minutesz 52.29z secondsz (forz Istanbul).z Withz the

variableszsuchzaszthezdeclinationzofzthezSunzandzthezlatitudezofzthe

locationz inz thez formulaz ofz prayerz times,z periodz ofz Tamkinz inz a

certainzcityzvaries,zdependingzonzthezdegreezofzlatitudezandzdate.

AlthoughzthezperiodzofzTamkinzforzazcityzisznotzthezsamezforzevery

dayz orz hour,z therez isz az meanz periodz ofz Tamkinz forz eachz city.

PleasezseezAppendixzVzforztheztablezofzperiodszofzTamkin.zAsza

precaution,z 2z minutesz isz addedz toz thez Tamkinz determinedz by

calculation,zandzthezmeanzTamkinzforzIstanbulziszacceptedztozbe

10zminutesz(ofztime).zAtzanyzplacezwithzlatitudezlesszthanz44°,zthe

differencezbetweenzmaximumzandzminimumzTamkinszinzazyearzis

aboutzonezorztwozminutes.zAzcityzhaszonlyzonezTamkin,zwhichzis

utilizedztozfindzthezshar’î timezofzazcertainzprayerzofznamâzzfrom

thez truez time.z Therez arez notz differentz Tamkinsz forz different

prayersz ofz namâz.z Norz isz therez az Tamkinz appliedz toz apparent

times.z Ifz az person,z believingz thatz thez periodz ofz Tamkinz is

somethingzaddedzwithzprecautionaryzconsiderations,zcontinueszto

eatzforz3ztoz4zminuteszafterzthezimsâkz(timeztozstartzfasting),zhis

fastzbecomeszfâsidz(null),zaszdozhiszfastzandzeveningzprayerzwhen

heztakeszthezsunsetztozbez3ztoz4zminuteszearlier;zthiszfactziszwritten

alsozinzthezbookzDurr-ieYektâ.zDeclinationzofzthezSun,zTamkin

andzequationzofztimezchangezeveryzmomentzatzazlocation,zandzthe

unitzofzhaqîqîzghurûbîztime,z(i.e.ztheztimezofztruezsunset,)ziszslightly

differentzfromzthezunitzofzhaqîqîzzawâlîztime,z(i.e.ztheztimezofztrue

zawâl);z andz therefore,z thez calculatedz prayerz timesz arez not

preciselyzexact.zTozbezsurezofzthezbeginningzofzazprayerztime,z2

minutesz ofz precautionz isz addedz toz thez periodz ofz Tamkin

calculated.

Therezarezthreezkindszofz(timeszof)zsunset:zthezfirst one iszthe

timezwhenztheztruezaltitudezofzthezSun’szcentreziszzero,zcalledzthe

trueesunset (haqîqîzghurûb); thezsecond one isztheztimezwhenzitzis

observedzthatzthezapparentzaltitudezofzthezSun’szfollowingzlimb

withzrespectztozthezapparentzhorizonzofzthezobserver’szlocationzis

zero,z i.e.z whenz itsz upperz (following)z limbz disappearsz belowz the

linez ofz apparentz horizonz ofz thez location,z calledz thez apparent

sunset (zâhirîzghurûb); thezthird one isztheztimezwhenzthezaltitude

ofzthezrearz(following)zlimbziszcalculatedztozbezzerozwithzrespect

tozthezshar’î horizon;zthiszkindzofzsunsetziszcalledzthezshar’î sunset

–z160 –

(shar’îzghurûb).zAzcityzhaszonlyzonezshar’î horizon.zItzisznotedzin

allzbookszofzfiqhzthat,zofzthesezthreezkindszofzsunset,zthezsighting

ofzthezapparentzsunsetzisztozbeztakenzaszazbasis.zHowever,ztherezare

differentz linesz ofz apparentz horizonsz forz differentz heights.

Althoughz thez sunsetz withz respectz toz thez shar’î horizonz isz the

apparentzsunsetzobservedzfromzthezhighestzhillz(ofzthezlocation),

thez timesz ofz thesez sunsetsz andz thosez ofz truez sunsetsz are

mathematicalz times;z thatz is,z theyz arez alwaysz determinedz by

calculation.zAtztheztimezofzthezcalculatedztruezsunset,zthezSunzis

observedznotztozhavezsetzyetzbelowzthezlineszofzapparentzhorizons

ofzhighzplaces.zThiszshowszthatztheztimezforzeveningzprayerzandzfor

breakingzfastzbeginsznotzatzthezmomentszofzthez(aforesaid)zfirst

andzsecondztypeszofzsunset,zbutzatzaztimezsomewhatzlater,zi.e.zatzthe

timezofzshar’î sunset.zFirstztheztruezsunset,zandzthenzthezapparent

sunset,zandzfinallyzthezshar’î sunsetztakezplace.zInzhiszannotation

toz Marâqe ul-falâh,z Tahtâwîz wrote:z “Settingz ofz thez Sunz means

sightingzofzitszupperz(following)zlimbzdisappearzbelowzthezlinezof

apparentzhorizon,znotzbelowztheztruezhorizon.”zThezSun’szsetting

belowz thez linez ofz apparentz horizonz meansz itsz settingz belowz the

surfacezhorizon.zIfzazperson,zwhozhaszfailedztozperformzthezlate

afternoonz prayer,z (performsz thez eveningz prayerz andz breaksz his

fastzandzthen)zflieszwestzbyzplanezandzseeszthatzthezSunzhasznotzset

yetz(atzthiszplacezhezhasznewlyzarrivedzat),zhezperformszthezlate

afternoonzprayerzand,zafterzsunset,zreperformsz(i’âda)zthezevening

prayerzand,zafterzthez’Iyd,zmakeszqadâzofzhiszfast [1] .zAtzlocations

wherezthezapparentzsunsetzcannotzbezseenzbecausezofzhills,zhigh

buildingszandzclouds,ztheztimezofzsunset,zasziszstatedzinzazhadîth-i

sherîf,z isz thez timez ofz darkeningz ofz thez hilltopsz inz thez east.z This

hadîth-izsherîfzshowszthatz“inetheecalculationeofetheetimeeofesunset

ore sunrise,e note thee truee ore apparente altitudese bute thee shar’î

altitudeseofetheeSunewitherespectetoetheeshar’î horizoneareetoebe

used;”einzotherzwords,zthezTamkinzmustzbeztakenzintozaccount.

Thiszhadîth-izsherîfzshouldzbezfollowed,zi.e.,zthezTamkinzshouldzbe

takenzintozaccountzinzcalculatingzthezshar’î timeszofzallzthezother

prayerszaszwellzbecauseztheztruezriyâdîztimeszarezdeterminedzbyz(a

single-stepzastronomical)zcalculation.zThereziszazdifferencezofztime

whichziszaszlongzaszthezperiodzofzTamkinzbetweenztheztruezand

canonicalz timesz ofz az prayer.z Thez Tamkinz correspondingz toz the

[1] Inz otherz words,z hez reperformsz thatz day’sz fastz afterz thez ’Iydz of

Ramadân.z Pleasez seez thez secondz chapterz ofz thez fifthz fasciclez of

EndlesseBliss forzFastingeineRamadân andz’IydeofeRamadân,zorz’Iydeof

Fitra.

–z161 –

highestzhillzofzazcityzcannotzbezchanged.zIfzthezperiodzofzTamkinzis

reduced,zlatezafternoonzprayerzandzthezprayerszfollowingzitzbeing

performedzbeforeztheirzprescribedztime,zand,zforzthezsamezmatter,

(thezworshipzof)zfastingzbeingzbegunzafterzthezendzofztheztimezof

sahurz(imsâk),zthesezactszofzworshipzwillznotzbezsahîhz(valid).zUntil

thez yearz 1982z noz onez hadz consideredz re-arrangingz thez periodz of

TamkinzinzTurkey,zandzforzcenturieszallzScholarszofzIslam,zAwliyâ’,

Shaikhzal-Islâms,zMuftîszandzallzMuslimszhadzperformedzallztheir

prayersz andz startedz theirz fastingsz atz theirz shar’î times.z (The

calendarzpreparedzandzpublishedzbyzthezdailyznewspaperzTürkiye

giveszthezcorrectztimeszofzprayerszandzfastingzwithoutzmakingzany

alterationszinzthezperiodzofzTamkin.) [1]

Calculatingz thez earlyz timez ofz anyz (ofz thez dailyz fivez prayers

termed)z namâzz (orz salât)z requiresz az definitez knowledgez ofz the

Sun’szaltitudezpertainingztozthezprayerzinzquestion.zFirst,ztheztrue

solarztimezindicatingzthezdifferencezbetweenzmiddayzorzmidnight

andztheztimezwhenz[thezcenterzof]zthezSunzreacheszthezaltitudezfor

thezprayerzwithzrespectztoztheztruezhorizonzonzitszpathzatzazlocation

ofzazcertainzlatitudezonzazgivenzdayzwithzazcertainzdeclinationzof

thez Sun’sz center,z isz calculated.z Thisz timez isz calledz fadl-ie dâire =

differencee ofe time (representedz byz thez arcz GAz inz figurez 1).z To

determineztheztruezaltitudezspecificztozazcertainzprayerzofznamâz,

thez altitudez ofz thez Sun’sz upperz limbz withz respectz toz the

mathematicalzhorizonziszmeasuredzwithzthezhelpzofzaz(rub’-i-dâira)

orz astrolabicz quadrantz atz thez momentz whenz thez prayerz time

writtenzinzbookszofzFiqhzbegins.zFromzthis,ztheztruezaltitudezcanzbe

calculated.z [Thez apparentz altitudez withz respectz toz thez apparent

horizonziszmeasuredzbyzusingzthezsextant.]zThezarc sidezGKzofzthe

sphericalz trianglez KŞGz imaginedz onz thez celestialz sphere [2]

isz the

complementzofzthezarczofzdeclination,zGD;zthezcurvilinearzsidezKŞ

isz thez complementz ofz polarz distancez KF,z orz ofz thez observer’s

latitude,z(ŞV');zandzthezarczŞGziszthezcomplementzofzthezSun’sztrue

altitude,zGN.z(Figurez1).zThezanglezHzatzthezpolarzpointzKzofzthe

triangle,zaszwellzaszthezangularzvaluezofzthezarczGAzsubtendingzthis

angle,z representsz fadl-iz dâirz (hourz angle);z thisz isz calculatedz in

angularzdegreeszandzmultipliedzbyzfourztozconvertzitztoztrueztime

inzminutes.zTheztemporalzvaluezofzhourzangleziszcombinedzwithzthe

[1] Pleasez visitz thez websites:z “http://www.turktakvim.com”z and

“http://www.namazvakti.com”zandz“www.islamicalendar.co.uk”.

[2] VerticeszofzthisztrianglezarezthezSunz(G),zthezobserver’szzenithz(Ş),zand

thezcelestialznorthzpolez(K).

–z162 –

timezofztruezorzghurûbîzzawâlzorzmidnight;zthereby trueetime ofzthe

prayerziszobtainedzinztermszofztruezzawâlîzorzghurûbîztime.zThen

thezghurûbîztimeziszconvertedztozadhânîzbyzsubtractingzonezunitzof

Tamkinz fromz it.z Thez zawâlîz timez isz convertedz toz meanz timez by

addingz thez equationz ofz timez toz it.z Thenz thez Shar’îe time ofz the

prayerz inz questionz isz obtainedz fromz thesez adhânîz andz mean

ghurûbîztimes.zWhilezdoingzthis,ztheztimeeofeTamkin,zwhichziszthe

periodzbetweenztheztimezwhenzthez(upper)zlimbzofzthezSunzhas

reachedzthezaltitudezpeculiarztozthiszprayerzfromzthezshar’î horizon

andztheztimezwhenzthezcenterzofzthezSunzhaszreachedzthiszaltitude

fromz thez truez horizon,z isz takenz intoz consideration.z For,z the

differencezofztimezbetweenztheztruezandzshar’î timeszofzazprayerzis

equalztozthezdifferencezofztimezbetweenztheztruezhorizonzandzthe

shar’î horizon;zthiszdifferenceziszthezperiodzofzTamkin.zThezshar’î

timesz arez foundz byz subtractingz onez unitz ofz Tamkinz fromz the

calculatedztruezprayerztimeszbeforezmidday,zsincez(beforezmidday)

thezSunzpasseszthezshar’î horizonzbeforezpassingztheztruezhorizon.

Exampleszofzthiszareztheztimeszofzimsâkzandzsunrise.zAhmadzZiya

Beyz andz Kadûsîz sayz inz theirz booksz entitledz Rub-i-dâira: “Fajr

beginszwhenzthezupperz(preceding)zlimbzofzthezSunzhaszreachedza

positionz19°zbelowzthezshar’î horizon.zThezshar’î timezofzimsâkzin

termsz ofz truez timez isz obtainedz byz subtractingz Tamkinz fromz the

calculatedz truez timez ofz fajrz (dawn).”z Hasanz Shawqiz Efendiz of

Hezargrad,z seniorz professorz ofz Islamicz sciencesz atz thez Fâtih

MadrasazandztranslatorzofzKadûsî’sz‹rtifâ’-ieşemserisâlesi,z(Booklet

onzthezSun’szAltitude),zdescribeszthezmethodzofzfindingztheztime

ofzimsâkzinzitszninthzchapter,zandzadds:z“Theztimeszofztruezimsâk

wezhavezobtainedzbyzcalculationzarezwithoutzTamkin.zAzMuslim

whozwillzfastzmustzstopzeatingz15zminutes,zi.e.ztwozunitszofzTamkin,

beforez thisz time.z Thus,z theyz willz protectz theirz fastz fromz being

fâsid.”z Asz isz seen,z toz findz thez shar’î adhânîz timez ofz imsâk,z he

subtractsz twicez thez Tamkinz fromz thez truez ghurûbîz timez and

reportszthatzotherwisezthezfastingzwillzbeznullified.z[Onezunitzof

Tamkinz isz subtractedz fromz thez ghurûbîz timez toz findz thez Shar’î

time,zandzanotherzunitzofzTamkinziszsubtractedzfromzthezghurûbî

timeztozconvertzitztozthezadhânîztime.]zThiszwezhavezobservedzalso

inz thez yearlyz tablesz ofz awqât-iz shar’iyyaz (shar’î times)z which

Hadratz Ibrâhîmz Hakkiz (ofz Erzurum)z arrangedz forz Erzurum,z as

wellzaszinzthezbookzHey’et-i-felekiyya,zbyzMustafâzHilmizEfendizin

1307;z thereinz truez timesz ofz dawnz andz sunrisez arez convertedz to

shar’î timeszinztermszofzthezsystemzofzadhânîztimezbyzsubtracting

–z163 –

twicezthezperiodzofzTamkin.zThezsamezmethodziszappliedzinzthe

bookz Hidâyat-ul-mubtadîe fîe ma’rifat-il-awqâte bi-rub’i-d-dâirae by

’Alîz binz ’Uthmân;z hez passedz awayz inz 801z [1398z A.D.].z Onz the

otherzhand,ztozfindzthezshar’î prayerztimeszwithinzthezperiodzafter

midday,zwhereinzthezSunztransitszthezshar’î horizonzafterztransiting

theztruezhorizon,zonezunitzofzTamkinziszaddedztoztheztrueztimes.zIn

thiszcategoryzareztheztimeszofzearlyzandzlatezafternoon,zevening,

ishtibâk,z andz night.z Ahmedz Ziyâz Beyz statesz asz followsz inz the

aforementionedz book,z inz thez chapterz dealingz withz thez timez of

Zuhr:z“IfzTamkinziszaddedztoztheztimezofztruezzawâlzinztermszof

meanz time,z thez timez ofz shar’îz Zuhrz inz termsz ofz meanz timez is

obtained.”z Alwaysz onez unitz ofz Tamkinz isz subtractedz fromz time

knownzinztermszofzghurûbîzsystemzofztimeztozconvertzitztozadhânî

time.z Toz convertz timez thatz isz knownz in respectz toz thez ghurûbî

horizonsz belongingz of thez periodz coveringz noontimez and

thererafter,ztozthezshar’îztimezwithzrespectztozthezshar’î horizons,

onez unitz ofz Tamkinz isz added;z thenz onez unitz ofz Tamkinz is

subtractedz toz convertz itz toz thez adhânîz time.z Consequently,z the

adhânîztimeszofzthesezprayerszconcurzwithztheirzghurûbîztimes.zThe

shar’îz timesz determinedz inz termsz ofz haqîqîz (true)z orz ghurûbî

systemszofztimezarezconvertedztozthezwasatîz(mean)zandzadhânî

timeszandzprintedzonzcalendars.zTheztimeszdeterminedztherebyzare

riyâdîztimeszinztermszofzriyâdîztimezsystem.zThezriyâdîztimes,zwhich

arez calculatedz inz termsz ofz riyâdîz timez system,z alsoz indicatez the

mer’îztimeszonzclocks.

NOTE:z Toz workz outz thez timez ofz zuhrz inz termsz ofz adhânîhaqîqîz

(true)z timez systemz fromz thez (alreadyz known)z ghurûbîhaqîqîztimezofzzawâl,zIslamiczscholarszsubtractedzthezTamkinzat

sunsetzfromzit,zandztheyzobtainedzthezghurûbî-zawâlztimezagainzby

addingzthezperiodzofzTamkin,zwhichziszthezmethodzforzfindingzthe

shar’îztimezatzzawâl.zThiszfactzshowszthatzthezTamkinzatztheztime

ofzzuhrzmustzbezequalztozthezdifferencezofztimezbetweenztheztrue

andz shar’î horizons,z i.e.,z toz thez Tamkinz atz sunset.z Likewise,

Tamkinsz forz allz thez shar’îz prayerz timesz arez equalz toz thosez at

sunrisez andz sunset.z Asz isz reportedz inz thez bookz al-Hadâiqe alwardiyya,z

“Ibniz Shâtirz ’Alîz binz Ibrâhîmz [d.z 777z (1375z A.D.)]

describeszinzhiszbookzan-Naf’ul’âm thezconstructionzofzazquadrant

practicablezatzallzlatitudes.zHezdevisedzazbasîtaz(sundial)zforzthe

Amawiyyaz Mosquez inz Damascus.z Muhammadz binz Muhammad

Hânîz (d.z 306z h.),z az khalîfaz (disciplez andz successor)z ofz Hadrat

Mawlânâz Khâlidz al-Baghdâdî,z renewedz itz inz 1293z [1876z A.D.],

–z164 –

andz wrotez az bookz entitledz Kashf-ul-qinâ’e ’ane ma’rifat-il-waqt

min-al-irtifâ’.”

Twozotherzsourceszthatzwezhavezstudiedzandzwhereinzthezperiod

ofz Tamkinz wasz takenz intoz accountz inz thez calculationsz ofz shar’î

timesz ofz prayers,z arez az calendarz entitledz ’Ilmiyyee sâlnâmesi and

preparedz byz Mashîhat-ie Islâmiyya,e the-highestz councilz ofz the

Ottomanz ’ulamâ’,z forz thez yearz 1334z [1916z A.D.],z andz the

Türkiye’yeeMahsûseEvkat-›eŞer’iyyeebookzno.z14zpublishedzbyzthe

Kandilliz Observatoryz ofz thez Universityz ofz Istanbulz inz 1958.z We

havezseenzthatztheztimeszdeterminedzaszazresultzofzthezobservations

andzcalculationszcarriedzonzbyzourzstaff,zcomposedzofztruezmenzof

Islamzandzspecializedzastronomerszusingzlatestzinstruments,zarezthe

samezaszthosezfoundzandzreportedzbyzIslamiczscholars,zwhozused

thezrub-i-daira=astrolabicequadrant,eforzcenturies.zTherefore,zitzis

notzpermissibleztozchangezthezquantitieszofzTamkin,zforzit would

meanztozdefilezthezprayerztimes.

Onez meanz solarz dayz onz timepiecesz isz twenty-fourz hours.z A

periodzofztwenty-fourzhourszwhichzbeginszwhenzaztimezmeasuring

instrument,z e.g.z ourz watch,z showsz twelvez o’clockz atz thez haqîqî

zawâlztimezandzendszatztwelvezo’clockzthezfollowingzdayziszcalled

thezmeanesolareday. Thezlengthszofzmeanzsolarzdayszarezallzequal.

Onz thez otherz hand,z thez durationz ofz timez thatz beginsz whenz our

watchzshowsztwelvezatztheztimezofzzawâlzandzendszatztheztimezof

zawâlzthezfollowingzdayziszcalledztheztrueesolareday. Thezlengthzof

aztrueesolareday,ewhichzisztheztimeztakenzbyztwozsuccessiveztransits [1]

ofzthezcenterzofzthezSun,ziszequalztozthezlengthzofzazmeanzsolarzday

fourztimeszinzazyear.zExceptzonzthesezdays,ztheirzdailyzlengthszdiffer

byz thez amountz ofz dailyz variationz inz ta’dîl-iz zamânz (equationz of

time).z The lengthz ofz az ghurûbîe daye isz thez timez betweenz two

successivezsettingszofzthezcenterzofzthezSunzbelowztheztruezhorizon.

An adhânîe daye isz thez timez betweenz twoz successivez canonical

settingsz ofz thez upperz [following]z limbz ofz thez Sunz belowz the

canonicalzhorizonzofzazlocation.zWhenzthisz(secondzkindzof)zsetting

iszobserved,zthezadhânîzclockziszadjustedztoz12.zThoughzanzadhanî

dayz isz equalz inz lengthz toz az ghurûbîz day,z itz beginsz az periodz of

Tamkinzlaterzthanzazghurûbîzday.zSincezthezSunzculminateszonly

oncezinzazghurûbîzdayzversuszitszascentztozandzdescentzfromztwo

differentz altitudesz withinz az truez zawâlîz day,z therez isz one-or-twominutes’z

differencez ofz lengthz betweenz thesez twoz days.z The

[1] Whenz az celestialz objectz isz onz thez observer’sz meridian,z itz isz at

culminationzorzinztransit.

–z165 –

resultantz differencez ofz secondsz betweenz thez horaryz unitsz ofz the

truezzawâlîzandzghurûbîztimesziszsmoothedzoutzwithzcompensatory

modificationsz manipulatedz inz thez periodz ofz Tamkin.z Timepieces

indicatezthezadhânîzorzwasatîz(mean)ztimes,znotzthezhaqîqîz(true)zor

ghurûbîztimes.zLetzuszsetzourzclockz(calibratedztozrunzatzthezratezof

meanztime)ztoz12:00zo’clockzatztheztimezofzshar’î sunsetzonzanyzday.

Theznextzday,ztheztimezofzsettingzofzthezfollowingzlimbzofzthezSun

belowzthezshar’î horizonzwillzdifferzbyzazlittlezlesszthanzonezminute

fromz meanz solarz day,z i.e.,z 24z hours.z Thisz alternatez difference,

whichzdevelopszagainstzonezandzthezotherzbetweenzthezlengthszof

haqîqîz (true)z andz wasatîz (mean)z daysz aroundz (yearlyz four-time)

passingz periodsz ofz equalization,z isz termedz equatione ofe time [1] .

Lengthszofznightszandzdayszhaveznothingztozdozwithzequationzof

time;znorzdozghurûbîzorzadhânîztimes.zLengthszofzdayszandzhourszin

adhânîzhourszarezequalztozlengthszofztruezsolarzdayszandzhours.zFor

thisz reason,z whenz timepiecesz arez adjustedz toz 12z atz thez timez of

sunsetzdaily,ztheyzindicatezthezlengthzofztruezday,znotzthezlengthzof

meanzday.

Timepiecesz setz toz keepz thez adhânîz timez mustz bez adjustedz to

12:00z atz thez timez ofz shar‘î sunsetz calculatedz inz meanz solarz time

everyzevening.zEveryzday,zthesezclockszmustzbezadvancedzaszthe

timez ofz sunsetz shiftsz backwardsz andz takenz backwardsz asz it

advances.z Therez isz notz az meanz lengthz forz anz adhânîz day,z norz a

meanzequationzofztime.zItziszwrittenzinzthezcalendarzMi’yâr-ieawqât

preparedzinzErzurumzinzthezHijrîzQamarîzyearz1193zA.H.z(1779):

“Atz thez timez ofz truez zawâl,z whenz shadowsz arez thez shortest,z the

adhânîzclockzisztakenzbackwardszsozasztozadjustzitztozazpositionzone

unitzofzTamkinzbehindztheztimezofzzuhrzwrittenzonzthezcalendar.”

Toz correctz thez adhânîz clock,z whenz thez meanz clockz comesz toz a

prayerztime,zthezadhânîzclockziszadjustedztoztheztimezofzthiszprayer

writtenzonzthezcalendar.zAzwayzofzadjustingzthezvasatîzandzadhânî

clocksziszaszfollows:ztwozconvergentzstraightzlineszarezdrawn,zonezin

thezdirectionzofzthezobserver’szmeridianzandzthezotherztowardszthe

Qibla,z onz az levelz place.z Then,z az rodz isz erectedz atz thez pointz of

intersectionzofztheseztwozstraightzlines.zWhenzthezshadowzofzthis

rodz becomesz alignedz withz thez linez parallelz toz thez meridianz the

clockziszsetztoztheztimezofzzawâl,zandzwhenzitzbecomeszalignedzwith

thezonezpointingztowardszthezQibla,zthezclockziszsetztoztheztimezof

[1] Thezdateszonzwhichztheztruezandzmeanzsolarztimeszarezequalized,zi.e.

whenz thez differencez betweenz themz isz zero,z arez Aprilz 15,z Junez 14,

Septemberz1,zandzDecemberz25.zPleasezseezAppendixzIV.

–z166 –

Qibla.zThezadhânîzclockzisznotzadjustedzonzdayszwithzazvariationzof

sunsetztimezlesszthanz1zminute.zInzIstanbul,zclockszarezadvanced

dailyz throughoutz az periodz ofz sixz months,z soz thatz theyz arez 186

minuteszaheadzbyzthezendzofzthiszperiod,zandzthereafterzthezprocess

iszrepeatedzinzthezoppositezdirectionzforzanotherzsix-monthzperiod

atzthezendzofzwhichzthez186zminuteszgraduallyzaddedztozclockszwill

havez beenz takenz backz likewise.z Thesez clocksz reckonz timez in

referenceztozthezbeginningzofzthezadhânîzday.zCalculationzofztimes

ofznamâz,zhowever,ziszdonezinzreferenceztozthezghurûbîzday.zSince

anzadhânîzdayzbeginszonezunitzofzTamkinzlaterzthanzazghurûbîzday,

prayerz timesz arez convertedz toz adhânîz timez byz subtractingz the

Tamkinz fromz thez ghurûbîz timesz determinedz byz calculation.

Equationzofztimezisznotzusedzinzcalculatingzthezghurûbîzorzadhânî

times.

SincezthezEarthzrotateszroundzitszaxiszfromzwestztozeast,zplaces

tozthezeastzseezthezSunzbeforezthoseztozthezwest.zPrayerztimeszare

earlierzinzthezeast.zTherezarezthreezhundredzandzsixtyzimaginary

longitudinalz semicirclesz [meridians]z passingz throughz the

terrestrialzpoles,zandzthezsemicirclezpassingzthroughzGreenwich,

London,z(termedzprimezmeridian,)zhaszbeenzacceptedzaszthezone

forz reference.z Therez isz onez degreez ofz angularz distancez between

twozsuccessivezsemicircles.zAszthezEarthzrotates,zazcityzgoeszfifteen

degreesz eastwardsz inz onez hour.z Therefore,z ofz twoz citiesz one

degreez ofz longitudez apartz fromz eachz otherz butz withz thez same

latitude,z prayerz timesz forz thez onez onz thez eastz arez fourz minutes

earlier.z Locationsz onz thez samez meridian,z i.e.z withz thez same

longitude,zhavezazcommonztimezofztruezzawâl.zTimeszofzzawâlzand

zuhrzonzthezbasiszofzghurûbîztimezsystem,zandzalsozotherzprayer

times,zdependzonzlatitude.zThezgreaterzthezlatitudezofzazlocation,

thezfartherzawayzfromznoonzareztheztimeszofzsunrisezandzsunset

summer,z andz vicez versaz inz winter.z Az quantityz isz measuredz in

referencez toz az certainz beginning;z e.g.z zero.z Thez morez distant

somethingziszfromzzerozthezgreaterziszitzsaidztozbe.zTozstartzclocks

fromzzeroztheyzarezadjustedzeitherztozzerozorztoz12z(orz24).zThe

momentzatzwhichzazcertainzkindzofzworkziszstartedziszsaidztozbezthe

timee ofz thatz work.z Thez timez mayz meanz az momentz orz az period.

Exampleszofzthezlatterzcasezareztheztimeeofeshar’îezawâl,zprayer

times,z andz thez time duringz whichz itz isz wâjib toz performz the

Qurbân [1] .

[1] ThereziszdetailedzinformationzaboutzQurbân andzhowztozperformzthe

QurbânzinzthezfourthzchapterzofzthezfifthzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss.

–z167 –

Clockszadjustedztozlocalz(mahallî)ztimeszinzcitiesztozthezeastzare

aheadzofzthosezadjustedztozthezlocalztimeszinzcitiesztozthezwestzon

thez samez day.z Thez timez ofz zuhr,z i.e.,z thez shar’î timez ofz early

afternoonzprayerzbeginszazperiodzofzTamkinzlaterzthanztruezzawâl

timezatzeveryzlocation.zSincezthezadjustmentszofzlocalzclockszvary

inzdirectzratioztoztheirzlongitudinalzdegrees,zthezprayerztimeszon

localz clocksz onz thez samez latitudez doz notz varyz withz longitudinal

variations.zThezadhânîztimezclockszarezlocalztoday,zasztheyzwere

formerly.z Sincez thez highestz placesz ofz differentz locationsz arez not

equalz inz height,z thez periodz ofz Tamkinz appliedz atz different

locationszdifferzfromzonezanotherzbyzaboutzonezorztwozminutes,

andz soz doz thez shar’îz timesz ofz (dailyz five)z prayers;z yetz the

precautionaryz modificationsz madez inz Tamkinz eliminatez such

differences.zInzthezpresentztime,zclockszadjustedzsimultaneouslyzto

az commonz meanz timez inz allz citiesz ofz az countryz arez used.z Inz a

countryzwherezthiszcommonemeanetimeeiszused,ztimezofzazcertain

prayerz inz standardz meanz timez varyz evenz inz citiesz onz thez same

latitude.zFourztimeszthezlongitudinalzdifferencezbetweenzazpairzof

citiesz withz thez samez latitudez showsz thez difference,z inz minutes,

betweenztheztimeszofzthezsamezprayer,zinzstandardzmeanztime,zin

theseztwozcities.zInzbrief,zatzlocationszonzthezsamezlongitude,zthe

onlyztwo thingszthatzremainzunchangedzdespitezchangezofzlatitude

arezclockszadjustedztozlocalztime and thosezadjustedztozstandard

meanztime. Aszthezabsolutezvaluezofzlatitudezincreases,zazprayer

timez movesz forwardsz orz backwards,z thez directionz dependingz on

theztime’szbeingzbeforezorzafterznoonzaszwellzaszonzthezseason’s

beingzsummerzorzwinter.zCalculationzofzprayerztimeszfromzthose

forz thez latitudez 41°z Nz hasz beenz explainedz inz thez instructions

manualz forz thez Rub’-i-dâirae (inz Turkish).z Whenz longitudinal

degreesz change,z i.e.z atz placesz withz commonz latitude,z the

adjustmentszofztimepieceszandzallzthezprayerztimeszonzthezstandard

timepieceszchange.

Inzallzplaceszbetweenztheztwozlongitudesz7.5°zeastzandzwestzof

(thez longitudez ofz Greenwich,)z London,z meanz solarz timez for

Londonz(GreenwichzMeanzTime,zGMT,zorzUniversalzTime,zUT,

countedzfromzmidnight,)ziszused.zThisziszcalledzthezWestzEuropean

Time.zInzplaceszbetweenzsevenzandzazhalfzdegreeszandztwenty-two

andzazhalfzdegreeszeastzofzLondon,ztimezonezhourzaheadzofzitzis

used,z whichz isz calledz Centralz Europeanz Time.z Andz inz places

betweenz22.5°zandz37.5°zofzlongitudezeast,ztimeztwozhourszahead

ofz GMTz isz used,z whichz isz calledz Eastz Europeanz Time.z Times

three,z fourz andz fivez hoursz aheadz ofz GMTz arez usedz inz thez Near,

–z168 –

Middlez andz Farz East,z respectively.z Therez arez twenty-fourz such

zoneszofzstandardztimezonzthezEarth,zwhichzfollowzonezanotherzby

onezhour.zThezstandartetimeezone adoptedzinzazcountryziszthezone

centeredzonzthezmeanzlocalztimezofzplaceszlocatedzonzonezofzthe

hourlye longitudinale semicircles imaginedz toz traversez thez country

withz intervalsz ofz fifteenz degrees.z Turkey’sz standardz timez zonez is

thezlocalzmeanztimezofzthezplaceszlocatedzonzthezmeridianzthirty

degreeszeastzofzLondon,zwhichziszEastzEuropeanzTime.zThezcities

Izmit,zKütahya,zBilecikzandzElmal›zliezonzthezmeridianz30°.zSome

countrieszdoznotzuseztheztimezofzthezgeographicalzzoneztheyzarezin

becausez ofz politicalz andz economicz considerations.z Forz example,

Francez andz Spainz usez thez Centralz Europeanz Time.z Clocksz in

countrieszwherezdifferentzstandardztimeszarezusedzarezsozadjusted

asz toz differz fromz onez anotherz onlyz byz multiplesz ofz hoursz atz any

givenzmoment;zthezhourhandzinzazcountryziszinzadvancezofzthatzin

oneztozitszwest.

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meanz timez differs,z inz minutes,z fromz Turkey’sz standardz timez by

fourztimeszthezlongitudinalzdifferencezbetweenzthatzplacezandzthe

longitudez30°.zTozfindztheztimezofzthiszprayerzinzstandardztime,zthis

differencezwillzbezsubtractedzfromzorzaddedztozthezlocalztimezifzthe

longitudinalzdegreezofzthatzplaceziszgreaterzorzsmallerzthanz30°,

respectively.zForzexample,zletzuszsayztheztimezofzazprayerzbeginszin

thezcityzofzKarsz(41°N,z43°E)zatz7zhrz00zminuteszinzlocalzmeanztime

onzMayz1.zThezcity’szlongitudezbeingz43°,zwhichziszgreaterzthan

30°,zlocalztimezofzKarsziszaheadzofzstandardztime.zThenztheztimezof

thatzprayerzbeginsz13zxz4z=z52zminuteszearlier,zatz06:08zinzstandard

time.

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timezofztruezsunsetzinztruezsolarztime)zforzthezsamezplaceziszequal

toz12zhoursz[equationz(1),zbelow],zbecausezthiszsumziszazperiodzof

aboutz12ztruezhourszcontinuingzfromz12zo’clockzinzthezmorningzin

ghurûbîztimeztoztheztimezofztruezsunset.zPleasezseezthezchartzfor

summerzmonths.zThezunitzofztruezsolarztimeziszapproximatelyzequal

tozthatzofzghurûbîztime.

Timeeofemiddayeineghurûbîetime+Timeeofesunseteinetrueetime=

=12ehours or

M g +eS t =e12ehours (1)

Andzthezsumzofzhalfzofztruezdaytimezandzhalfzof trueznight-time

N t iszaboutz12zhours.zTherefore,

Halfeofetrueenighttime+Timeeofesunseteinetrueetime=12ehours or

–z169 –

1/2eN t +eS t =12ehours (2)

Byzcombiningzthezequationsz(1)zandz(2),zwezobtain:

Timeeofemiddayeineghurûbîetime=Halfeofetrueenigthtime or

M g =e(1e/e2)eN te (3)

Theztimezofzmiddayzinzghurûbîztimeziszfromzthezghurûbîztwelve

inzthezmorningztillztruezmidday.zThezghurûbîztwelvezinzthezmorning

isz halfz thez daytimez laterz thanz midnight.z Itz isz beforez sunrisez in

winter,z andz afterz sunrisez inz summer.z Thez periodz forz morning

prayer,zaszwellzaszthatzforzfasting,zbeginszatztheztimezofzfajr-i-sâdiq.

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meanz clock,z whichz beginsz fromz 12z atz thez timez ofz midnight,

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ofzsunset,zorzhalfzthezdaytimezearlierzthanzzawâl.zTwelvezo’clockzin

thezGhurûbîzmorningzisz12zhourszafterz12zatztheztimezofzsunset,zor

halfz thez daytimez laterz thanz 12z midnight,z orz halfz thez nightz time

earlierzthanztimezofztruezzawâl.zBetweenztheztimezofzsunrisezand

(thezghurûbî)z12zinzthezmorningzthereziszazdifferencezequalztozthe

differencezbetweenzhalveszthezlengthszofznightzandzday.zAllzthese

calculationszarezdonezusingztheztruezsolarztime.zAfterzcalculation,

truez solarz timez isz convertedz toz meanz solarz timez andz thencez to

standardz time.z Below,z wez shallz seez thatz thez timez ofz middayz in

ghurûbîztimezisztheztimezofzzuhrzinzadhânîztime.zForzthatzmatter,zon

Mayz1,zsinceztheztimezofzzuhrzinzadhânîztimezisz5:06,ztheztimezof

shar’î sunrisezinzstandardztimezinzIstanbulzisz4:57z(5:57zinzone-hour

advancedzsummerztime).

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andzghurûbz(sunset)ziszsomewhatzlongerzthanzsixzhourszinzsummer

months.zInzwinterzmonths,zonzthezotherzhand,zthiszperiodzbecomes

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ofzzawâlzbyzthezsumzofzsixzandznisfzfadla,zwhereasztheirzdifference

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thezsamezamountzdifferentzfromztheztimezofzzawâl.

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sunrisezandzsunsetzinztruezandzmeanztimezsystems,ztheznisfzfadlazis

–z170 –

obtainedz byz usingz Scottishz Mathematicianz Johnz Napier’sz (1550-

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(anglesz subtendedz byz the)z twoz perpendicularz sidesz themselves,

theirzcomplementszarezincludedzinzthezcalculation.zSo,

sine(nisfefadla)=tane(declination)exetane(latitude).

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orzaztablezofzlogarithmszofztrigonometriczfunctions,zthezarczofznisf

fadla inz degreesz and,z multiplyingz thisz byz 4,z itsz equivalentz in

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declinationalz valuez ofz thez latterz sharez thez samez sign,)z itsz local

solarztimezofztruezsunsetziszobtainedzbyzaddingzthezabsolutezvalue

ofznisfzfadlaztoz6ztruezsolarzhoursz(one-fourthzofzaztruezday).zBy

subtractingzthezabsolutezvaluezofznisfzfadlazfromz6zhours,ztheztime

ofztruezmiddayz(zawâl)zinzghurûbîztime,zorztheztimezofztruezsunrise

inz truez solarz time,z [beginningz withz midnight,]z isz found.z That

meansztozsayzthatzthezghurûbîz12zinzthezmorningziszearlierzthanzthe

timez ofz truez zawâlz byz thez differencez obtainedz byz doingz this

subtraction.zPleasezseezappendixzIVzforztheztablezofzdeclinationzof

thez Sun.z Ifz thez cityz inz questionz andz thez Sunz arez onz different

hemispheres,ztheztimezofztruezzawâlzinzghurûbîztime,zorztheztime

ofz truez sunrisez inz truez solarz time,z isz obtainedz byz addingz the

absolutez valuez ofz nisfz fadlaz toz 6z hours;z andz byz subtractingz nisf

fadlaz fromz 6z hoursz thez timez ofz truez sunsetz inz truez solarz timez is

obtainedzforzthatzcity.

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equationzofztimezisz+3ztemporalzminuteszandzIstanbul’szlatitudezis

+41°;zdepressingzthezkeys,

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onz thez scientificz calculatorz (Privilege)z givesz thez resultantz 53min

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calculatedztruezzsunsetziszatz6:54zinztruezzawâlîztime,zatz6:51zinzlocal

meanz zawâlîz time,z andz atz 18:55z inz standardz timez orz atz 19:55z in

summerz time.z Timez ofz canonicalz sunsetz isz foundz toz bez 20:05,z in

summerztime,zbyzaddingzthezTamkinzofz10zminuteszforzIstanbul.

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–z171 –

ofz nightz isz itsz differencez fromz 24z hours,z i.e.z 10z hoursz plusz 12

minutes;z 5:06,z whichz isz thez differencez betweenz nisfz fadlaz andz 6

hours,zisztheztimezofztruezsunrisezinztrueztime,zi.e.zfromztheztimezof

midnight,zorztheztimezofzzawâlzinztermszofzghurûbîztime.zTheztime

ofztruezmiddayzinzadhânîztimeziszearlierzthanzthatzinzghurûbîztime

byzazperiodzofzTamkin;zi.e.,zitziszatz4:56.zThezshar’î timezofzzuhrzin

adhânîztimezbeginszlaterzthanztheztimezofztruezmiddayzinzadhânî

timezbyzazperiodzofzTamkin,zthatzis,zatz5:06.zTwiceztheztimezofzzuhr

inz adhânîz time,z 10z hoursz andz 12z minutes,z isz thez approximate

durationz ofz astronomicalz nighttime,z andz subtractingz 20z minutes

(twicezthezTamkin)zfromzthiszgivesz9:52ztozbeztheztimezofzshar’î

sunrisez inz adhânîz time.z Ifz equationz ofz timez andz Tamkinz are

subtractedzfromz5zhoursz6zminuteszandzthezresultziszconvertedzto

standardz time,z thez timez ofz shar’î sunsetz isz obtainedz toz bez 4:57.

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fadlaztime.zSincezthezmaximumzabsolutezdeclinationzofzthezSunzis

23°z27',zthezNisfzfadlazisz22°zmaximumzbyzcalculationzforzIstanbul,

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iszazdifferencezofz176zminuteszbetweenzthezlatestzandzearliestztimes

ofzsunset.zAndzsincezthereziszequalzdifferencezbetweenzthez(earliest

andz latest)z timesz ofz sunrise,z thez differencez alsoz betweenz the

longestz andz shortestz daytimesz isz 352z minutes,z [5z hoursz andz 52

minutes.]

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overzthezworldzonzMarchz21 st andzonzSeptemberz23 rd ,zbecause

thezdeclinationzofzthezSun,zandzhenceztan.zdec.,ziszzerozalwayszon

thez equatorz andz worldoverz onz Marchz 21 st andz onz September

23 rd .zOnzAprilz1,zdeclinationzofzthezSunzisz4°20'zandzthezequation

ofztimezisz-4zminutes.zThezlatitudezofzVienna,zAustria,zisz48°15',

andz nisfz fadlaz isz found,z withz thez usez ofz az scientificz (Privilege)

calculatorzbyzdepressingzthezkeys,zCE/Cz4.20zµztanzxz48.15

µztanz=zarczsinzxz4=ztozbezaboutz19.5zminutes.zThen,ztheztime

ofzthezeveningzprayerz[shar’î sunset]zinzViennazbeginszatz6:33:30

inzlocalzmeanzsolarztime.zVienna’szlongitudezisz16°25',zwhichzis

1°25'zeastzofzthez(hourly)zstandardzmeridian;ztherefore,ztheztime

ofz eveningz prayerz beginsz atz 6:27:30z inz Austria’sz geographical

standardztime,zwhichzisz1zhourzaheadzofzGMT.zSincezthezlatitude

ofz Parisz isz 48°50',z nisfz fadlaz isz 20z minutesz andz thez timez ofz the

eveningz prayerz inz localz meanz timez beginsz atz 6:34;z withz its

longitudez +2°20'z east,z itz shouldz normallyz beginz atz 6:25z inz the

geographicalzstandardztime,zyetzthezstandardztimezusedzinzFrance

isz1zhourzaheadzofzWestzEuropeanzTime;zsozitzbeginszatz19:25.zAs

–z172 –

forzNewzYork;zitszlatitudezisz41°,zandznifszfadlazisz15zminutes;zhence

theztimezofzeveningzprayerzbeginszatz6:29zinzlocalzmeanztime;zwith

longitudez-74°,zitzisz1°zeastzofzthez(hourly)zstandardzmeridianz-75°

whichz correspondsz toz thez standardz geographicalz timez 75/15=5

hourszbehindzthatzofzLondon;ztherefore,zeveningzprayerzbeginszat

6:25zinzthatztimezzone.zForzDelhi,zlatitudezisz28°45';znisfzfadlazisz9.5

minutes,ztheztimezofzeveningzprayerzbeginszatz6:23:30zinzlocalzmean

time;z itsz longitudez isz +77°.z Sincez thisz longitudez isz 2°z eastz ofz the

standardz hourlyz meridian,z whichz inz turnz isz 5z hoursz aheadz of

London,z thez timez ofz eveningz prayerz beginsz atz 6:15:30z onz the

standardzhourlyzmeridian.

ForzTrabzon,zlatitudeziszthezsamez(41°)zaszthatzforzIstanbul,zand

longitudezisz39°50'.zTozfindznisfzfadlazonzMayz1,zthezfollowingzkeys

ofzthezCASIOzfx-zzscientificzcalculatorzzarezdepressed:

ONz14z¬z55z¬ztanzxz41ztanz=zINVzsinzxz4z=zINVz¬zand

theztimezofznisfzfadlaziszfoundztozbez53zminuteszandz33zseconds,

whichziszaboutz54zminutes [1] .zTimezofzsunset,zlikezinzIstanbul,zisz7:01

inzlocalzmeanztime,zandz39zminuteszearlier,zi.e.z6:22,zinzstandard

time.z Al-Mekkatz al-mukarramaz isz onz latitudez 21°26'z and,z like

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minutes.z Timez ofz sunsetz isz 6:31z inz localz meanz time,z andz 5:52z in

standardztime,zwhichzisz39zminuteszbeforezthiszaszadjustedztozthe

standardzmeridianzofzlongitudez30°.zOnzNovemberz1,zdeclinationzis

-14°16'zandzthezequationzofztimezisz+16zminutes.zNisfzfadlazisz51zand

23zminuteszforzIstanbulzandzMekka,zrespectively,zwhileztheztimezof

sunsetzinzstandardztimezisz5:07zandz4:52zforzIstanbulzandzMekka,

respectively.z Onz Novemberz 1,z adhânz forz eveningz prayerz canz be

heardzfromzazlocalzradiozbroadcastzinzMekkaz15zminuteszbeforezthe

samez adhânz inz Istanbul.z Inz thez abovez calculationsz forz sunsetz at

variouszcities,zthezTamkinzforzIstanbulziszused.zOnzthezclockszsetzto

adhânîz andz localz meanz timesz inz differentz citiesz onz az common

latitude,zprayerztimeszdifferzonlyzbyzthezdifferencezinzthezperiodszof

Tamkinzappliedzinzthem.

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hoursz(inzlocalztruezsolarztime)zbyzthezequationzofztime,zi.e.zless

thanz onez minute,z everywhere,z andz annuallyz ranges,z e.g.z in

Istanbul,z fromz approximatelyz 16z minutesz beforez toz 14z minutes

afterz12.zInzstandardztime,zhowever,zitziszearlierzorzlaterzthanzthe

localztimezofzthezplacezbyzanzamount,zinzminutes,zofzfourztimeszthe

longitudinalz differencez betweenz thez placez inz questionz andz the

[1] Thezusezorzoperationzofzcalculatorszvaryzwithzbrand.

–z173 –

standardzmeridianzofzlongitudez30°zforzeveryzlocationzinzTurkey.

Andztheztimezofzzawâlzchangeszeveryzdayzforzanzamountzofzonezor

twoz minutesz onz thez adhânîz clocks.z Thez Ottomanz administration

employedzmuwaqqitse(time-keepers),zwhozwerezinzchargezofzthese

adjustmentszinzgreatzmosques.

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iszsimplyztozlearnztheztimezofzearlyzafternoonzprayerz[zuhr]zinzterms

ofzstandardztimezonzthatzdayzinzazcertainzcity,ze.g.zinzIstanbul.zThis

timezminusz14zminuteszisztheztimezofzmiddayzinzlocalzmeanzsolar

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meanztimeziszshortzofz12:00,zthezsignzofzthezequationzofztimezisz(+)

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everywhere.zTheztimezofzearlyzafternoonzprayerzbeginszlaterzthan

thiszbyzthezamountzofzTamkin.zInzIstanbul,zforzexample,zitzbegins

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–z174 –

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differencezinzdegreeszbetweenzthez(hourly)zstandardzmeridianzand

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thez eastz ofz thez standardz meridianz 30°z E,z itz isz earlier,z otherwise

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timeziszaboutz12:11zinzAnkara,zwhereaszitzisz12:27zinzIstanbul.zWhen

az clockz adjustedz toz standardz timez arrivesz atz thez timez ofz early

afternoonz prayer,z thez dailyz adjustmentz ofz az clockz keepingz the

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(2)z thez differencez betweenz 12z andz thez timez foundz byz combining

withzequationzofztimeztheztimezshownzbyzazclockzsetztozlocalzmean

timezwhenzitzisztheztimezofzzuhrzdeterminedzbyzapplyingznisfzfadla

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reflectedz onz thez highestz placez ofz thez locationz isz observedz to

disappear,z orz (3)z thez differencez betweenz thez timez whenz the

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performingzit,zthatzyouzperformedzitzinzitszcorrectztime.zTozknow

thatzthezprayerztimezhaszcomezmeansztozhearzthezadhânzrecitedzby

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sinszsuchzaszfornication,zgambling,zconsumptionzofzhardzdrinks,zusury

(howeverz lowz thez ratez ofz interest),z lookingz atz peoplez orz thingsz or

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adhânzisznotz’âdilz[orzifztherezisznotzazcalendarzpreparedzbyzanz’âdil

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performzitzwhenzyouzsurelyzbelievezthatzitzisztheztime.zInformation

obtainedzfromzazfâsiqzMuslimzorzazpersonzwhozisznotzknownztozbe

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hotzdayszinzsummerzandzearlyzonzwinterzdays.zItziszmustahabzto

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(sunset)zandzfajrz(dawn).zItziszmakrûhztahrîmîztozpostponezitztill

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postponeeitetilletheeexpirationeofeitse[prescribed]ztime.eYoueshould

performe youre salâte withine itse time!e Ife theye performe ite ine jamâ’a

imageszthatzarezforbiddenzforzazMuslimztozlookzat,zcondoningzactszof

wrongdoingzcommittedzbyzazpersonzunderzhiszresponsibilityzsuchzaszhis

wifezorzdaughters,zforzinstanceztheirzgoingzoutzwithoutzcoveringzthose

partsz ofz theirz bodyz whichz Islamz commandsz themz toz cover.z Also,z a

MuslimzwhozhabituallyzneglectszonezofzIslam’szopenzcommandments

suchzaszthezdailyzfivezprayerszofznamâz,zetc,zaszwellzaszonezwhozignores

learningzsomethingzwhichziszfarzzorzwâjibzforzazMuslimztozlearn,zisza

fâsiq Muslim.zHence,z’âdilzandzfâsiqzarezantonymous.

[1] Izâlat-ul-khafâe ane khilâfat-il-khulafâ,z byz thez greatz Sunnîz Islamic

scholarz Shâhz Waliyyullahz Dahlawîz (1114z [1702z A.D.]–1176z [1762];

Delhi).

–z176 –

aftere youe [havez performedz it],z performe ite againe togethere with

them!e Thee onee youe performe thee seconde timee ise nâfila

(supererogatory).”e Itz wouldz bez cautiousz toz performz thez late

afternoonz andz nightz prayersz accordingz toz Al-Imâmz al-a’zam’s

ijtihâd.z Az Muslimz whoz isz afraidz hez mayz failz toz wakez upz later

shouldz performz thez witrz prayerz immediatelyz afterz thez night

prayer.zHezwhozperformszitzbeforeznightzprayerzshouldzreperform

it.zAndzhezwhozcanzwakezupzshouldzperformzitztowardszthezendzof

theznight.

AhmadzZiyâzBeyzprovideszthezfollowingzinformationzonzpage

157:zInzazcity,zthezalgebraiczsumzofzazcertainzprayer’szcanonicalztime

knownz withz respectz toz thez localz meanz timez andz thez equationz of

timezforzthezdayzinzquestionziszitsztimezwithzrespectztoztheztruezsolar

time.zThiszplusztheztimezofzzuhrzinzadhânîztimezandzminuszonezunit

ofzTamkinzyieldszthezprayer’szshar’î timezwithzrespectztozthezadhânî

time.zIfzthezresultzexceedsztwelve,zthezexcesszindicateszthezadhânî

time.z Forz example,z thez Sunz setsz atz 18:00z (6:00z p.m.)z inz standard

timezinzIstanbulzonzMarchz1.zSincezthezequationzofztimezatztheztime

ofzsunsetzisz-12zminutes,ztheztimezofzshar’î sunsetzinzIstanbulzisz5:44

inzlocalztruezsolarztime.zAndzsinceztheztimezofzshar’î zuhrzinzadhânî

timez isz 06:26,z thez timez ofz sunsetz isz 06:26+05:44-00:10=12:00.z In

general,

(1)eteineadhânîetimee=eteatetheesameemomenteinetrueesolaretimee+et

ofezuhreineadhânîetimee-eTamkineofetheelocation

(2)eteinetrueesolaretimee=eteineadhânîetimee+eteofeshar’î sunseteinetrue

solaretime

wherezt isztime.

Inzthezequationz(2),eifztheztimezofzsunsetziszinzmeanztime,zthe

zawâlîztimezobtainedziszalsozmean.

Thezequationz(2)emayzalsozbezwrittenzas:

(3)eteineadhânîetimee=eteinetrueesolaretimee-eteofeshar’î sunseteinetrue

solaretime

Ifztheztimezofzsunsetztreatedziszgreaterzthanztheztrueztime,zthe

subtractionzmustzbezdonezafterztwelveziszaddedztoztheztrueztime.

Thez zawâlîz timez inz thez equationsz (2)e andz (3)e isz givenz inz true

solarz time;z yet,z sincez thez samez numbersz arez addedz andz then

subtractedzwhilezconvertingzstandardztimeztoztrueztimezandzthen

thez truez timez foundz toz standardz time,z thez computationz done

withoutz convertingz standardz timez toz truez timez yieldsz thez same

results;zaszfollows:

–z177 –

(4)e te ine standarde timee =e te ine adhânîe timee +e te ofe shar’î sunsete in

standardetime

(5)e te ine adhânîe timee =e te ine standarde timee -e te ofe shar’î sunsete in

standardetime

TheztimezofzsunsetzonzMarchz1zaszcalculatedzabovezcanzalsozbe

determinedzwithzthezhelpzofzthezlastzequation:z18:00z-z18:00z=z00:00,

whichzisz12:00zinzadhânîztime.zLikewise,zsinceztheztimezofzthezlate

afternoonzprayerzisz15:34zandztheztimezofzsunsetzisz6:00zinzstandard

timezonzMarchz1,ztheztimezofzthezlatezafternoonzprayerzinzadhânî

timezis:

15:34e-e6:00e=e9:34.

Similarly,zsinceztheztimezofzimsâkzinzadhânîztimezonzthezsame

dayzisz10:52,ztheztimezofzimsâkzinzstandardztimezisz10:52+6:00=16:52

orz4:52zp.m.zbyzthezequationz(4).

LetzuszfindztheztimezofzsunsetzinztruezsolarztimezinzIstanbulzon

23zJunez1982zWednesday,z1zRamadanz1402:zonzthatzday,ztheztime

ofzthezearlyzafternoonzprayerzinzIstanbulzisz4:32zinzadhânîztime,zand

thezequationzofztimezisz-2zminutes.zTheztimezofzsunsetzinzlocalztrue

solarztimezinzIstanbulziszthezdifferencezbetweenzthiszandz12zhours;

thatzis,z7:28.zThezshar’î sunsetziszatz7:38zinztruezsolarztime,zatz19:40

inzmeanzsolarztime,zatz19:44zinzstandardztimezofzTurkeyzandzatz20:44

inzsummerztime.

Ifztheztimezinzstandardztimeziszsmallerzthanztheztimezofzsunset,

12zorz24ziszaddedztozitzinzthezequationsz(3) andz(5).zAhmadzZiyâ

Beyzemployszthezformulas

(6)eteineadhânîetimee=etrueetimeeofezawâle+etrueesolaretime

and

(7)trueesolaretimee=eadhânîetime-trueetimeeofezawâl.

Mustafaz Efendi,z Chairmanz ofz thez Ottomanz Astronomy

Department,zwrotezinzthezpocketzcalendarzofz1317zA.H.z(1899):

“Inzorderztozconvertzghurûbîzandzzawâlîztimesztozeachzother,zthe

timezgivenzinzoneziszsubtractedzfromztheztimezofzearlyzafternoon

prayerz ifz thez timez inz questionz isz beforez noonz (a.m.);z thenz this

differenceziszsubtractedzfromztheztimezofzearlyzafternoonzprayerzin

thezotherztime.zIfzitziszp.m.,ztheztimezofzearlyzafternoonzprayerzis

subtractedzfromztheztimezgiven,zandzthenzthezdifferenceziszadded

toz thez timez ofz earlyz afternoonz prayerz inz thez otherz time.z For

example,ztheztimezofzimsâkzonzJunez12th,z1989zisz6:22zinzadhânî

time;ztheztimezofzzuhrzisz4:32.zThezdifferencez(16:32-6:22)=10:10.

Subtractingz thisz fromz 12:14,z whichz isz thez timez ofz thez early

afternoonzprayerzinzstandardztime,ztheztimezofzimsâkziszfoundzto

–z178 –

bez2:04zinzstandardztime.

TozdetermineztheztimezthezSunzcomesztozthezaltitudezforzthe

beginningzofztheztimezofzazcertainzsalât,zfirstzthezvaluezofzfadl-iedâir

(timezcorrespondingztozthezhourzanglezofzthezSun)ziszcalculated.

Fadl-izdâirziszthezintervalzbetweenzthezpointzwherezthezcenterzofzthe

Sunziszandztheztimezofzzawâlz(midday)zforzthezdaytime,zandzitziszthe

intervalzbetweenzthatzpointzandzmidnightzforztheznighttime.zThe

anglezofzfadl-izdâir,zH,zcanzbezcalculatedzfromzthezformulazforzthe

sphericalztriangle:z[Seezfigure:z1]

sin — H = 2

wherez∞ziszthezdeclinationzofzthezSunzandzªziszthezlatitudezofzthe

locationz andz Mz isz thez halfz ofz thez sumz ofz thez threez sidesz ofz the

sphericalztrianglezandzdeterminedzwithzthezformula:

M =

sin (M-90°+∞) x sin (M-90°+ª)

sin (90°-∞) x sin (90°-ª)

(90°-∞) + (90°-ª) + (90°-h)

2

wherezhziszthezaltitudezofzthezSun.zThezsignzofzaltitudezisz(+)zabove

theztruezhorizonzandz(-)zbelowzit.zIfzdeclinationzandzaltitudezhave

oppositez signs,z thez declinationz addedz toz 90°,z insteadz ofz its

complementaryztoz90°,zisztaken.

Thez formulaz forz fadl-iz dâirz isz simplifiedz byz substitutingz the

valuezofzMzas

(1)

sin — H = 2

sin Z + Δ x sin Z - Δ

2 2

cos ª x cos ∞

(2)

Here,zthezintervalzrepresentedzbyzthezanglezHziszmeasuredzin

referenceztozthezmeridianz(nisfzan-nahâr),zand:

Δ =z90°z-zGIe=z(latitudezofzlocation)z-z(declinationzofzthezSun)z=

=zªz-z∞,

wherez GI isz thez acronymz ofz ghâyate irtifa’,e whiche ine turne ise the

maximumealtitudeeofetheeSun’secentre (atzmidday).

Zz(angularzdistanceztozthezzenith)z=z90°z-z(azimuthalzzenith),

whichz representsz thez anglez ofz Fay-ie zawâle formedz byz thez two

straightzlineszwhichzstartzfromztheztopzofzthezrod,zeachzextendingzin

thezdirectionzofzonezofztheztwozcelestialzpoints,zwhichzarezthezpoint

ofzculminationzandzthatzofzazimuthalzzenith.

–z179 –

Thez variablesz arez substitutedz intoz thez formulaz withz their

algebraiczsigns.

Letzuszcalculateztheztimezofz’asrzawwal,zi.e. thezearlyztimezofzlate

afternoonzprayerzinzIstanbulzonzAugustz13.zAssumingzthatzazrodzof

1zmzinzlengthziszerectedzonzthezground:z[Theztwozacutezangleszofza

rightztrianglezarezcomplementaryztozeachzother.zIfzonezofzthezsides

inscribingzanzanglezisz1zcm.zinzlength,zitsztangentzshowszthezlength

ofzthezsidezsubtendingzit.zThezSun’szacutezanglezonzthezground,z(i.e.

thez anglez formedz byz thez rod’sz shadowz onz thez groundz and

subtendedzbyzthezrod,)ziszthezSun’szaltitude.]

taneZ 1 =etane(90°e-h 1 )e=e1e+efay-iezawâle=eSAA

wherezZ 1 representszthezanglezcomplementaryztozthezaltitudezh 1

forz’asrzawwal,zSAAziszthezthezlengthzofz[thezrod’s]zshadowzatz’asr

awwal,zand

fay-iezawâle=etaneCGIe=etaneΔ

wherezCGIziszthezanglezcomplementaryztozghâyatzirtifâ’z(altitude

ofz thez centrez ofz thez Sunz atz midday).z Ghâyate irtifâ’,e GIe =

maximumealtitude ofzthezSunzatztheztimezofzzawâlziszdetermined

byz addingz thez declinationz toz thez anglez complementaryz to

latitudezifzthezsignszofzbothzarezthezsame,zi.e.,zwhenzbothzofzthem

arezonzthezsamezhemisphere,zorzbyzsubtractingzthezdeclination

fromzthezlatterzifztheyzhavezoppositezsigns,zi.e.,zwhenztheyzarezon

differentzhemispheres.zIfzthezsumzofzthezanglezcomplementaryzto

latitudezandzdeclinationziszmorezthanz90°,zitszdifferencezfromz90°

iszthezGI,zandzthezSunziszinzthezeasternzsidezofzthezsky.zIfzlatitude

andzdeclinationzarezonzthezsamezside,ztheirzdifferencezor,zifzthey

arezonzdifferentzsides,ztheirzsumzgiveszthezcomplementaryztozGI

(Δ).

GIe=e49°00'e+e14°50'e=e63°50'

loge(fay-iezawâl)e=elogetane26°10'e=z – 1.69138

Fay-iezawâle=e0.4913emetres,e

taneZ 1e =etane(90°e-h 1 )e=e1.4913 andz usingz thez tablez of

logarithmszofztrigonometriczfunctions,

logetaneZ 1 =e0.17357

orzwithzazPrivilegezcalculator,zthezoperations:

1.z4913zarcztanz¥zgive:

90°z-zhz=zazimuthalzdistancez=zZ 1 =z56°09'

–z180 –

andzusingztheztablezofzlogarithmszofztrigonometriczfunctions,z

(1/2)zH=28°54'zandzH=57°48'zandzmultiplyingzthiszbyz4zwezget

231.2zminuteszofztime,zthatzis,z3zhoursz51zminutes,zwhichziszthe

periodzofzfadl-izdâirz(hourzangle)zforzthez’asrzawwalzonzAugust

13thzinzIstanbul.zSinceztheztrueztimezisz00:00zatztheztimezofztrue

zawâl,zitziszdirectlyztheztimezofztruez’asrzawwalzinztrueztimezandzis

threezhourszandzfifty-onezminutes,zwhichziszequalztoztheztimezfor

thezrod’szshadowztozlengthenzbyzazlengthzequalztozitszheightzafter

theztimezofztruezzuhr.zShar’î timezofz’asrzawwalzinzreferencezto

shar’î zuhrziszlaterzthanzthiszbyzthezamountzofzthezTamkinzofzthat

location.z Sincez equationz ofz timez isz -5z minutes,z itz isz 16:10z in

standardzmeanztime.zIfztheztimezofzsunsetzinzstandardzmeanztime,

7:12,ziszsubtractedzfromzthiszstandardzmeanztime,ztimezforzthezlate

afternoonz prayerz inz Istanbulz isz obtainedz inz adhânîz timez toz be

8:58,z usingz equationz (5)z az fewz pagesz earlier.z Whenz thez (time

termed)zfadl-i-dâirziszaddedztozthezadhânîztimezofzzuhr,zi.e.zthe

trueztimezofzzawâlzwithzrespectztozthezghurûbîztime,zwhichziszfive

hourszandzsevenzminutes,zthezresultziszbothztheztrueztimezofzlate

afternoonz prayerz inz ghurûbîz timez andz thez shar’î timez ofz ’asr-iawwalz

inz adhânîz time.z For,z althoughz thez shar’î timez ofz ’asr-iawwalz

isz onez unitz ofz Tamkinz laterz thanz thisz sum,z i.e.,z thanz the

ghurûbîz truez time,z itsz shar’î timez inz adhânîz timez isz onez unitz of

Tamkinzearlierzthanzthatzghurûbîzshar’îztime.zSimilarly,zthezshar’î

timesz ofz earlyz afternoon,z eveningz andz nightz prayersz inz adhânî

timez arez thez samez asz theirz truez timesz foundz byz calculationz in

ghurûbîztime.

Anotherzmethodzapplicablezforzdeterminingzthezaltitudezforzthe

’asr-i-awwalz(thezearlyztimezforzlatezafternoonzprayer)ziszaszfollows:

thez timez whenz thez Sunz reachesz maximumz altitude,z (i.e.z its

culmination,)z isz determinedz graphicallyz byz measuringz or

calculating,zandzusingzthezrelation

Lengtheofeshadowe=ecoteh,e

–z181 –

thezlengthzofzthezshadowzofzaz1zmzlongz(vertical)zrodz(erectedzonza

levelzground)ziszmeasured;zthezmaximumzaltitudezandzthezlengthzof

thezshadowzarezrecordedzdaily.zHence,zaztablezofz“altitude”zversus

“shadowzlength”ziszobtained.zSincezthezmaximumzaltitudezofzthe

Sunzisz64°zonzAugustz13,zthezminimumzlengthzofzshadowzisz0.49zm

aszcanzbezreadzoffzfromztheztable.zThezlengthzofzthezshadowzisz1.49

mz andz thez altitudez isz 34°.z Az tablez ofz altitudez versusz lengthz of

shadowzexistszinzthezappendixzofzthezbookzTaqwîm-iesâleprintedzin

1924.z(PleasezseezAppendixzVI.)

Thez ’asrz thânîz timez ofz earlyz afternoonz prayerz (,z i.e.z thez later

timezforzlatezafternoonzprayer,)zcanzbezfoundzbyzutilizingzthezsame

formula,zyetzinzthiszcase:

taneZ 2 =e2e+efay-iezawâle=eSAT

wherezZ 2 iszthezanglezcomplementaryztozthezSun’szaltitudezforz’asr

thânîz =z azimuthalz distance,z andz SAT isz thez [lengthz ofz the

gnomon’s]zshadowzatz’asrzthânî.

Z 2 =z68°z8'.zHence.

Mz=z96°09'zand

H=z73° 43'.

Theztimezofzfadl-izdâirzisz4zhoursz55zminutes.zWhenzthezTamkin

iszaddedztozthis,zthez’asrzthânîzcomeszoutztozbez5:05zforzIstanbulzin

truezsolarztime.

Toz determinez thez timez ofz thez ’asr-i-awwalz forz latez afternoon

prayer,z firstz thez anglez Z,z complementaryz toz altitudez h,z andz then

fadl-izdâirzarezcalculatedzusingzthezformula:

Z 1 =e complementarye toe thee Sun’se altitudee (bud’-ie semte =

azimuthaledistance)e=earcetane(1e+etaneΔ),

andzforzthez’asr-i-thânî:

Z 2 =earcetane(2e+etaneΔ),

whereztanzΔ iszfay-izzawâl.zThezanglezwhoseztangentziszequalztozthe

sumzofztanzΔ andz1zorz2ziszthezvaluezofzZ 1 andzZ 2 ,zrespectively,

(complementaryztozthezaltitude)zforzlatezafternoonzprayer.

Atzthez’ishâzawwalzofznightzprayer,zthezcenterzofzthezSunzisz17°

belowz thez truez horizon;z inz otherz words,z itsz truez altitudez isz -17°.

Sincezthezdeclinationzplusz90°zisztakenzintozaccountzinsteadzofzthe

anglezcomplementaryztozthezdeclination:

andz thez timez ofz fadl-iz dâirz =z hourz anglez isz 3z hoursz 24z minutes,

–z182 –

whichziszthezintervalzfromztheztimezforznightzprayerzinztrueztimezto

midnight.z10zminuteszofzTamkinzatztheztimezofz’ishâzforzIstanbulzis

addedztozthezdifferencezbetweenzthatztimez[ofzfadl-izdâir]zandz12

hours,zsincezthezcenterzofzthezSunzleaveszthezshar’î horizonzlater

andznaturallyzitszfollowingzlimbzleaveszthezhorizonszevenzlater.zOn

Augustz13,ztheztimezforztheznightzprayerzisz8:46zinztruezsolarztime

andz20:55zinzstandardztime.zSubtractingztheztimezofzfadl-izdâirzfrom

theztimezofzadhânîzzuhr,zwhichziszequalztozhalfztheztrueznight-time,

onezunitzofzTamkinziszaddedztozitztozfindzthezghurûbîztime,zwhichzis

thenzconvertedztozadhânîztimezbyzsubtractingzonezunitzofzTamkin

fromz it.z Or,z insteadz ofz firstz addingz andz thenz subtractingz the

Tamkin,z thez timez ofz shar’î ’ishâz awwalz inz termsz ofz ghurûbîz and

adhânîztimesziszfoundztozbez1:42,zwithoutztakingzthezTamkinzinto

account.

Onz Augustz 13,z asz thez whitenessz calledz fajr-iz sâdiqz beginsz to

dawn,zthezcenterzofzthezSunziszbelowztheztruezhorizonzbyzthezsum

ofz19°zandzthezanglezofzthezSun’szaltitude;zinzotherzwords,zthezSun’s

truezaltitudezexceedsz-19°.zHence:

andzdividingzthiszbyz15,zwezgetztheztimezofzfadl-izdâirz(hourzangle)

tozbez3zhoursz10zminutes,zwhichziszthezdistancezbetweenzthezSun’s

centerzandzmidnight.zThiszisztheztimezofzimsâkzinztrueztimezsincezthe

truez timez isz 00:00z atz midnight.z Thez Tamkin,z 10z minutes,z is

subtractedzfromzthis,zbecausezthezSun’szaltitudezofz-19°ziszcloserzto

thezshar’î horizonzthanzitzisztoztheztruezhorizonzandznaturallyzthe

upperz(preceding)zlimbzofzthezSunziszcloserzthanzitszcenterztozthe

horizons.z Then,z thez timez ofz imsâkz isz 3:00z inz truez solarz timez of

Istanbulz andz 3:09z inz standardz time.z Ifz fadl-iz dâirz isz addedz toz the

timezofzzuhr,zi.e.z(5:07),zwhichziszequalztozhalfzofztheznight-time,zand

thenz20zminuteszofzTamkinziszsubtracted,ztheztimezofzimsâkzcomes

outz toz bez 7:57z inz adhânîz time.z Thez fadl-iz dâirz foundz onz the

programmablezCASIOzfx-3600pzcalculatorzisz8zhoursz50zminutes,

whichziszthezintervalzfromzthezfajrz(dawn)ztozthezzawâlz(midday).

Toz findz itsz differencez fromz midnight,z thisz isz subtractedz fromz 12

hours,zwhichzyieldszfadl-izdâirztozbez3zhoursz10zminutes,zagain.

Thez periodz betweenz dawnz andz sunrisez isz calledz hissa-ie fajre =

durationeofedawn,zthatzbetweenzduskzandzsunsetziszcalledzhissa-i

shafaqe =e duratione ofe dusk.z Ifz thez fadl-iz dâirz ofz dawnz orz duskz is

subtractedzfromzthezadhânîzzuhrztime,z[i.e.,zfromzmidnight,]zorzif

–z183 –

nisfzfadlaziszaddedz(inzwinter)ztozorzsubtractedz(inzsummer)zfrom

thez complementaryz toz thez fadl-iz dâirz ofz dawnz orz dusk,z their

conversionsztoztimezwillzyieldzthezhissasz=zdurations.zSincezthezsigns

ofzthezaltitudeszforzfajrzandzshafaqzarez(-),ztheirzfadl-izdâirszbegin

fromzmidnight.

AhmadzZiyâzBeyzwrote:z“Thez’ulamâ’zofzIslamzreportedzthe

timezofzimsâkztozbeztheztimezofzthezfirstzsightingzofzwhitenesszon

thez horizon,z notz thez timez whenz itz spreadsz aroundz it.”z Some

Europeanzbooks,zhowever,zdefineztheztimezofzdawnzasztheztime

whenz thez spreadz ofz redness,z whichz beginsz laterz thanz whiteness,

alongzthezhorizonziszcompleted,zthusztakingzintozaccountztheztrue

altitudezofzthezSunz16°zbelowzthezhorizon.zAszitzhaszbeenzobserved

sincez 1983,z somez peoplez whoz publishz calendarsz actz underz the

guidancezofzthosezEuropeanzbookszandzbaseztheirzcalculationszof

thez timez ofz imsâkz onz thez solarz positionz 16°z belowz thez horizon.

Muslimszwhozbeginzfastingzaccordingztozsuchzcalendarszcontinue

eatingz sahûrz mealz tillz 15z toz 20z minutesz afterz thez deadlines

prescribedzbyzthezIslamiczscholars.zTheirzfastzisznotzsahîh.zOnzthe

firstzandzlastzpageszofzthezpocketzcalendarzTakwîm-ieZiyâeforz1926

(Hijrîz lunarz 1344,z solarz 1305)z byz Ahmadz Ziyâz Bey,z itz isz stated:

“Thiszcalendarzhaszbeenzprintedzafterzthezexaminationzcarriedzout

byz thez Boardz ofz Consultationz andz az certificationz grantedz under

thezauthorityzofzthezGreatzHeadzOfficezofzthezReligiouszAffairs.”

PrayerztimeszapprovedzbyzazBoardzcomposedzofzeminentzIslamic

scholarszaidedztechnicallyzbyzanzexpertzastronomerzshouldznotzbe

altered.zSomezdetailszonzthisztopiczhavezbeenzprovidedzbyzElmal›l›

HamdizYaz›rzinztheztwenty-secondzvolumezofzthezmagazinezSabîlur-reshâd.

Becausez thez Sun’sz declinationz changesz everyz moment,z its

hourlyz declinationz shouldz bez usedz inz orderz toz obtainz accurate

results.

Forzexample,zletzuszexaminezthezaccuracyzofzourzclockzinzthe

afternoonzonzMayz4,zinzIstanbul.zThezSun’szdeclinationzisz15°49'zat

00:00zLondonztime,zi.e.,zatzthezbeginningzofzthezdayz(thezpervious

midnight).z Inz Istanbul,z withz thez helpz ofz thez instrumentz called

“astrolabicequadrant”,eapparentzaltitudezofzthezSun’szupperzlimb

withz respectz toz mathematicalz horizonz isz measuredz and,z by

subtractingzthezvaluezofzthezatmosphericzrefractionzofzlightzforzthis

altitudezandz16'zforzthezradiuszofzthezSun,ztruezaltitudezofzthezSun’s

centerzwithzrespectztoztruezhorizonziszobtained.zWezwritezdownzthe

standardzzawâlîztimezofzourzclock,zsay,z2:38zpm,zatzthezmomentzthe

truezaltitudeziszmeasured,zsay,z+49°10'.zDeclinationzofzthezSunzis

–z184 –

16°06'zonzMayz5.zThezdifferencezinzdeclinationzisz17'zforz24zhours.

Sincezourzclockzisz2zhoursz38zminuteszaheadzofztheztimezofzzawâl

(midday)z whilez thez meanz solarz timez inz Londonz isz 1z hourz 56

minuteszslowerzthanzthatzinzIstanbul,zthezintervalzfromzmidnightzin

Londonz toz thez timez wez measurez thez altitudez inz Istanbulz is

12:00+2:38-1:56=12:42=12.7z hours.z Thez differencez inz declination

forzthiszintervalzisz(17/24)x12.7=9'.zDifferenceszofzdeclinationzmust

bez addedz toz thez calculationz inz determiningz thez prayerz times.

Accordinglyz thez declinationz becomesz +15°58',z sincez itz isz onz the

increasezinzMay.

Therez isz anotherz formula,z morez suitablez toz scientific

calculators,zforzfindingzthezanglezofzfadl-izdâir,zthezhourzangle,zH:

wherezhziszthezaltitude,z∞ziszdeclinationzandzªziszlatitude.zHence

ThiszgiveszH=37°26'zand,zdividingzthiszbyz15,zwezgetzfadl-izdâir

tozbez2zhoursz30zminutes,zwhichziszinztruezsolarztime.zTozobtain

thisz result,z thez followingz keysz ofz az Privilegez calculatorz are

depressed:

CE/Cz15.58zµzcoszxz41zcosz=zMSz49.10zµzsinz-

15.58zµzsinzxz41zsinz=z÷zMRz=zarczcoszxz4z=z149.7zminutes

ofztime,zwhichziszthezresultzreadzonzthezscreen.

Sincez thez equationz ofz timez isz +3z minutesz onz Mayz 4,z itz isz 2:31z in

standardz time;z hencez wez seez thatz ourz clockz isz approximatelyz 7

minuteszfast.

Inz equationz (3),z thez absolutez valuesz ofz thez variablesz were

equatedz withz cosz H.z Ifz thez terrestrialz sitez ofz thez cityz andz the

celestialzpositionzofzthezSunzarezonzthezsamezhemisphere,zi.e.,zif

thez latitudez ofz thez cityz andz thez declinationz ofz thez Sunz havez the

–z185 –

samez sign,z thez (-)z signz inz thez numeratorz ofz thez formulaz isz used

whenzthezSunziszabovezthezhorizon,zi.e.,zforzdiurnalzcomputations,

whereaszthez(+)zsignziszusedzinznocturnalzcalculations.zIfzvicezversa,

thez oppositez isz done.z Fadl-iz dâirz calculatedz inz thisz wayz isz the

intervalzbetweenzthezpointzwherezthezcenterzofzthezSunziszandzthe

timezofzmiddayz(nisfzan-nahâr)zduringzthezday,zorzbetweenzthat

pointzandzmidnightzatznight.zThezsamezformulazmayzalsozbezused

withzonlyzthezminuszsignzinztheznumerator.zInzthatzcase,zallzfigures

willzbezsubstitutedzwithztheirzsignszandzthezresultantzHzwillzalways

bezreckonedzfromzthezmeridianz(nisfzan-nahâr).

Letzuszfindzthezfadl-izdâirzaccordingztozthezsecondzformzofzthe

formulaz(3):zonzthezPrivilegezcalculator,zdepressingzthezkeyszCE/C

49.10zµzsinz-z15.58zµzMSzsinzxz41zsinz=z÷zMRzcosz÷z41

cosz=zarczcosz÷z15z=z¥

givesz2hrz29zminz44.59zsec,zshowingzfadl-izdâirztozbezaboutz2zhours

andz30zminutes.

TozmodifyzthezapparentzaltitudezofzthezupperzlimbzofzthezSun

withzrespectztozthezmathematicalzhorizonzmeasuredzbyzusingzan

astrolabicz quadrant,z thez correspondingz atmosphericz refraction

andzthezapparentzradiuszofzthezSunzarezsubtractedzfromzandzthe

solarzparallaxziszaddedztozthiszaltitude,zandzthusztheztruezaltitudezof

thezcenterzofzthezSunzwithzrespectztoztheztruezhorizonziszobtained.

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timeszofzishrâqzandzisfirârzarezcalculatedzinzthezsamezwayzaszthatzof

checkingz thez accuracyz ofz ourz clock,z (explainedz az fewz pages

earlier).

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ishrâq,z inz Istanbulz onz Januaryz 11.z Thisz isz thez timez whenz the

followingz(lower)zlimbzofzthezSunziszaszhighzaszthezlengthzofzazspear

fromzthezlinezofzthezapparentzhorizon,zwhichzcorrespondsztozan

altitudez wherez itsz centerz isz 5°z abovez truez horizon.z Thez Sun’s

declinationz isz -21°53',z andz itz isz -21°44'z thez nextz day.z Thez daily

differencez ofz declinationz isz 9'.z Becausez salâtz al-’iydz is

approximatelyz 8z hoursz laterz thanz midnightz andz thez timez in

IstanbulzisztwozhourszaheadzofzthatzinzLondon,zthezdifferencezof

declinationz forz 6z hoursz isz 2'.z Sincez thez absolutez valuez of

declinationziszonzthezdecreasezinzthiszmonth,zthezdeclinationzatzthe

timezofzishrâqzisz-21°51'.zWhenzthezfollowingzkeyszarezdepressed:

ONz5zsinz—z21z¬z51z¬zz¿zsinzæz41zsinz=z÷z21z¬z51z¬

[1] Salâtzal-’iyd,zorznamâzzofz’iyd,ziszdealtzwithzinzdetailzinzchapterz22.

–z186 –

¿zcosz÷z41zcosz=zINVzcosz÷z15z=zINVz¬

thez calculatorz (CASIOz fx-3600z P)z readsz 4:07.z Thez difference

betweenzthez(therebyzcalculated)zfadl-izdâirzandzmiddayz[12:00],

7:53,zisztheztimezofzishrâqzwithzrespectztozthezcentrezofzthezSunzin

truez time.z Sincez thez equationz ofz timez isz -8z minutes,z itz isz 8:05z in

standardz time.z 10z minutesz ofz precautionz isz addedz andz 8:15z is

writtenzinzcalendars.zIfzfadl-izdâirziszsubtractedzfromzthezadhânî

timez ofz zuhrz [7:22],z thez timez ofz ishrâqz isz foundz toz bez 3:15z in

ghurûbîztime.zWithzazviewztozsafeguardingzthezcorrectztimezofzsalât

al-’iyd,ztheztimeszofzduhâzhavezbeenztakenzforwardzbyzanzamount

equalztozthezperiodzofzTamkin,zand,zforzthiszpurpose,ztheztimezof

ishrâqz inz adhânîz timez hasz beenz writtenz inz calendarsz without

subtractingz thez Tamkin.z Kadûsîe saysz atz thez end: “Twoz unitsz of

tamkinz[5°]zis,zinzwinterzsubtractedzfromzand,zinzsummer,zaddedzto

twicezthezamountzofznisfzfadlazandzthezanglezcomplementaryztozthe

sumziszconvertedztozhourszandzaddedztoz6.zThezresultzisztheztimezof

sunrisez inz adhânîz time.z Ifz twoz tamkinsz arez addedz insteadz of

subtractingzandzsubtractedzinsteadzofzaddingzandzaszazprecaution

azTamkinziszaddedztozthezresult,ztheztimezofzduhâ,zi.e.ztheztimezof

thez prayerz ofz ishrâqz isz obtained.”z Thez treatisez byz Kadûsî,z the

bookletzIrtifâ’,ewaszwrittenzinz1268zA.H.[1851]zandzreprintedzin

1311.

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precedingz [lower]z limbz ofz thez Sunz approachesz thez linez ofz the

apparentz horizonz asz nearz asz thez lengthz ofz az spear,z i.e.,z thez time

whenzthezcenterzofzthezSunziszatzanzaltitudezofz5°zfromztruezhorizon;

theztimezitzspanszhaszbeenzstretchedztozthezlengthzofz40zminuteszfor

precautionaryz purposes.z Sincez isfirârz isz approximatelyz 16z hours

laterzthanzmidnight,zandzsincezthezdifferencezbetweenztheztimeszof

IstanbulzandzLondonzisz1zhourzandz56zminutes,zdeclinationzatzthat

timezisz5'16.5"zlesszthanzthatzatzmidnight,zthatzis,zitzisz-21°47'z43.5".

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3600zPzcalculator:

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fadl-izdâirziszeasilyzfoundztozbez4zhoursz7zminutesz20.87zseconds.

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iszatzthezsameztimezthezfadl-izdâirzitself;zandzitzisz4:15zinzmeanzsolar

[1] Toz makez thez relatedz programme,z forz examplez onz thez CASIO

calculator,zthiszsuccessionziszfollowed:

MODEz∫zP 1 ENTzsinz—zKinz1zsinzæzzENTzKinz3zsinz=z÷zKoutz1zcosz÷

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timezandz4:19zinzstandardztime.zFromzthezsumzofztheztimezofzzuhr

inzadhânîztimezandzfadl-izdâir,z11zhoursz29zminutes,zwhichziszthe

timez ofz isfirârz inz ghurûbîz time,z az Tamkinz isz subtractedz andz the

remainder,z11:19,zisztheztimezofzisfirârzinzadhânîztime.zTheztimezof

isfirâr-izshamszcanzalsozbezobtainedzbyzsubtractingzanzamountzof

timezonezunitzofzTamkinzshorterzthanztheztimezofzishrâqzwrittenzin

calendarsz fromz thez sumz ofz thez timez ofz sunsetz andz thez timez of

sunrisezinztermszofzadhânîzorzlocalzorzstandardztime.zThezdifference

ofz timez betweenz thez timesz ofz isfirârz andz sunsetz isz equalz toz that

betweenz thez timesz ofz ishrâqz andz sunrise;z itz isz 40z minutes,z for

precautionaryzreasons.

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CASIOz fxz -z 3600z Pz calculatorz soz asz toz usez itz inz thez calculation

definedzabove:zMODEzπzP 1 ENTzsinz-zENTzKinz1zsinzxzENTzKin

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Letzuszfindztheztimesz(’asrzawwalzandzthânî)zofzlatezafternoon

prayerzinzIstanbulzaszofzFebruaryzthez1st.zThezSun’szdeclinationzis

-17°15'z(atztimez00:00zandz-16°58'zatz24:00)zandzthezequationzof

timezisz-13zminz31zsecz(atztimez00:00zandz-13zminz39zseczatz24:00):

SincezFay-i-zawâlz=ztanz(complementzofzmaximumzaltitude,zwhich

inz turnz is:z ªz -z ∞),z first,z thez altitudesz arez foundz utilizingz the

formulas:

taneZ 1 =e1e+etane(ªe-e∞) and

taneZ 2e =e2e+etane(ªe-e∞)

wherezªziszlatitude,z∞ziszdeclination,zZ 1 iszthezanglezcomplementary

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givesz fadl-iz dâirz toz bez 2z hoursz andz 40z minutesz onz az Privilege

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fadl-izdâirztozthezadhânîztimezofzzuhrz(7:03)zgivesz’asrzawwalztozbe

9:43zinzghurûbîzandzinzadhânîztimes.

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CE/Cz41z-z17.15z¡z∑z=ztanz+z2z=zarcztanzMSz90z-zMRz=z≠

giveszthezaltitudezforz’asrzthânîztozbez15°28',zandzthezoperations,

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41zcosz=zarczcosz÷z15z=z≠

giveszfadl-izdâirztozbez3zhoursz21zminutes.zTheztimezforz’asrzthânî

comeszoutztozbez3:31zinztruezsolarztime,z15:45zinzmeanzsolarztime,

15:49zinzstandardztime,zandz10:24zinzghurûbîzandzinzadhânîztimes.

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ofzthezfirstzformzofzthezequationz(3):zDepressingzthezkeys

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cosz=zarczcosz÷zz15z=z≠zofzthezPrivilege

giveszfadl-izdâirz(timezofzhourzangle)ztozbez3zhoursz10zminutes.zThe

timezofzimsâkzforzIstanbulzinztruezsolarztimeziszobtainedztozbez3:00

hourszinztruezsolarztimezbyzsubtractingz10zminuteszofzTamkinzand

addingzitztozmidnight.

Sincezthisztimezofzfadl-izdâirzcalculatedzforzfajr-izsâdiqzcannot

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imsâk.

Letzuszdetermineztheztimezofz’ishâ’-i-awwalzonzAugustz13z(in

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givesz0.4913zaszfay-i-zawâl;zdepressingzthezkeys,

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fadl-i-dâirziszcalculatedzasz3zhoursz51zminutes.

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onzthezkeysz

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theztimezofzhourzangle,zHzziszfoundztozbezz3zhoursz51zminutes.

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termedzisfirâr-i-shams.zInzcalculations,ztheztimezofzishrâqzhaszbeen

takenzforwardzbyzthezadditionzofzTamkinzaszazprecaution,zbutzthe

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thez linesz ofz differentz visiblez horizonsz ofz differentz heightsz butz the

shar’î altitudeszrelativeztozthezlocation’szestablishedzshar’î horizon

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earlierzthanz12:00zinztrueztime.zInzstandardztime,zthezshar’î zawâl

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sunsetzandzsunrise,zEquationz3zazfewzpageszearlierzbecomesz-ztanz∞

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trueztime,zatz6:51zinzlocalzmeanztime,zandzatz6:55zinzstandardztime;

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time=12:00-H=05:06,zwhichzcorrespondsztoz05:03zinzmeanztime.zTo

findztheztimezofzshar’î sunrise,zthezTamkinzatzsunrisezforzIstanbul,

i.e.z 10z minutes,z isz subtractedz fromz this.z 04:53z isz thez remainder,

whichzcorrespondsztoz04:57zinzstandardztime.zTheztimezofzzuhrzin

–z191 –

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dâirz isz subtractedz toz yieldz thez timez ofz truez sunrisez inz ghurûbî

time,z andz subtractingz twicez thez Tamkinz fromz this,z thez timez of

shar’î sunriseziszobtainedztozbez09:52zinzadhânîztime.zTheztimezof

truez sunsetz inz ghurûbîz timez andz thatz ofz shar’î sunsetz inz adhânî

timezarez12:00zhours,zwhichzis,zatzthezsameztime,zthezsumzofzthe

timez ofz zawâlz inz ghurûbîz timez andz thez timez ofz fadl-i-dâir,z i.e.

05.06+06.54=12zhours.

Thezvelocityzofzlightziszz300000zzkilometreszperzsecond.zSince

thezdistancezbetweenzthezSunzandzthezEarthziszapproximatelyz150

millionzkilometres,zitztakesz8zminutesz20zsecondszforzthezlightzof

thezSunztozreachzthezEarth.zSunrisezcanzbezobservedzonlyzthat

lengthzofztimezlaterzthanzitzactuallyztakeszplace.zTherezareztwo

kindszofzsolarzpositionszwherebyztimeziszreckoned:zThezfirstzone,

riyâdîetime,zbeginszwhenzthezcenterzofzthezSunzreachesztheztime

ofzzawâlzorztheztrueztimezofzsetting.zThezsecondzone,zthezmer’î

time,zbeginszwhenzthezSunzcanzbezobservedztozreachzonezofzthese

twoztemporalzpositions.zThezmer’îztimezbeginszeightzminuteszand

twentyz secondsz afterz thez riyâdîz time.z Whenz 8z minutesz andz 20

secondsz isz addedz toz thez riyâdîz timez ofz az certainz (dailyz prayer

termed)znamâz,zwhichziszfoundzbyzcalculation,zitszmer’îztimezwill

bez found.z Whenz 8z minutesz andz 20z secondsz isz subtractedz from

this,zthezmer’îztimezreadzonztimepieceszwillzbezfound.zTheztimes

ofz sunrise,z asz wellz asz timesz ofz allz dailyz prayers,z andz alsoz the

indicationszofztimezreadzasz12zonztimepieces,zrepresentzthezmer’î

time.zInzotherzwords,ztheyzcorrespondztozthezapparentzcelestial

positionsz ofz thez Sun.z Asz isz seen,z thez timesz indicatedz on

timepiecesz representz alsoz thez riyâdîz timesz determinedz by

calculation.

ThezonlyzprayerzthatzazMuslimziszallowedztozperformzduringzthe

periodzofzsunsetziszthezday’szlatezafternoonz(’asr)zprayer,z(which

theyz havez somehowz failedz toz performz tillz then).z Accordingz to

ImâmzAbûzYûsuf,zitzisznotzmakrûhzonlyzonzFridayztozperformza

supererogatoryz prayerz whenz thez Sunz isz atz culmination;z yetz this

reportz isz az weakz one,z (i.e.z itz fallsz intoz thez categoryz ofz reports

termedzqawlzda’îf).zAtzanyzofzthesezthreeztimes,z(zi.e.zthezperiodzof

sunrise,zthatzofzsunset,zandzthezperiodzwhenzthezSunziszatzzawâl,)

thez salâtz forz az janâza [1]

thatz wasz preparedz earlierz (thanz the

[1] Thereziszdetailedzinformationzaboutzdeath,zpreparationzforzdeath,zand

salâtzofzjanâzazinzthezthirteenthzchapterzofzthezfifthzfasciclezofzEndless

Bliss.

–z192 –

beginningzofzthezmakrûhzperiod)zorzsajda-iztilâwatzorzsajda-izsahw

areznotzpermissible,zeither.zHowever,zitziszpermissibleztozperform

thezsalâtzofzazjanâzazifzthezpreparationzforzburialziszfinishedzwithin

(onezof)zthosez(makrûh)ztimes.

Therez arez twoz periodsz ofz timez duringz whichz only

supererogatoryzsalâtziszmakrûhztozperform.zFromzdawnztillzsunrise

inzthezmorningznozsupererogatoryzotherzthanzthezsunnazofzmorning

prayerzshouldzbezperformed.zAfterzperformingzthezlatezafternoon

prayer,zitziszmakrûhztozperformzanyzsupererogatoryzprayerzwithin

thezperiodzbetweenzthatztimezandzeveningzprayer.zItziszmakrûhzto

beginzperformingzthezsupererogatory,zthatzis,zthezsunna,zwhenzthe

imâmz mountsz thez minbarz onz Fridayz andz asz thez muezzinz (or

muadhdhin)zsaysztheziqâmazandzwhilezthezimâmzleadszthezjamâ’a

atzanyzotherzprayerztime;zanzexceptionzfromzthisziszthezsunnazof

morningzprayer,zandzthenzthiszmustzbezperformedzfarzbehindzthe

lineszofzjamâ’azorzbehindzazpillar.zTherezarezsomezscholarszwhozsay

thatzthezsunnazwhichzhaszbeenzstartedzbeforezthezimâmzmounted

thezminbarzmustzbezcompleted.

IfzthezSunzbeginsztozrisezaszyouzarezperformingzmorningzprayer,

thezprayerzwillznotzbezsahîh.zIfzthezSunzsetszaszyouzarezperforming

latezafternoonzprayer,zthezprayerzwillzbezsahîh.zIfzazMuslimzflies

towardszwestzbyzplanezafterzperformingzeveningzprayerzandzifzhe

seeszthezSun,z(afterzarrivingztheirzdestinationzinzthezwest),zhezmust

performzthezeveningzprayerzagainzwhenzthezSunzsetsz(withzrespect

toztheirznewzlocation).

Inz thez Hanafîz Madhhab,z twoz separatez prayersz mustz be

performedz inz succession,z (anz applicationz termedz jem’,)z onlyz by

hadjisz (Muslimsz onz pilgrimage);z andz theyz mustz doz soz atz two

places:z atz thez placez calledz ’Arafâtz andz atz thez Muzdalifa.z Inz the

HanbalîzMadhhab,zitziszpermissibleztozperformztwozprayerszone

afterzthezotherzduringzlong-distancezjourneys [1] ,zinzcasezofzillness,

forz az womanz duringz lactationz andz duringz istihâda,z inz casez of

excusesz(’udhr)zthatzbreakzthezablution,zforzthosezwhozhavezgreat

difficultyzinzperformingzablutionzorztayammumzorzcannotzknow

prayerztimeszsuchzaszblindzpeoplezandzundergroundzworkers, and

forz az personz whosez life,z property,z livelihoodz orz chastityz isz in

danger.zForzthosezwhozcannotzleaveztheirzdutieszforzperforming

salât,zitzisznotzpermissibleztozpostponezitztillzafterzitszprescribed

timez inz thez Hanafîz Madhhab.z Onlyz onz suchz days,z itz becomes

[1] Namâzz duringz long-distancez journeysz isz explainedz inz detailz inz the

fifteenthzchapter.

–z193 –

permissiblezforzthemztozfollowzthezHanbalîzMadhhabzandzperform

earlyz andz latez afternoonz prayersz togetherz orz eveningz andz night

prayersztogetherzbyztaqdîmz(performingzthezlaterzonezinztheztime

ofz thez earlierz one)z orz ta’khîrz (performingz thez ealierz onez inz the

timez ofz thez laterz one).z Whenz makingz jem’,z itz isz necessaryz to

performz thez earlyz afternoonz prayerz beforez thez latez afternoon

prayerzandzthezeveningzprayerzbeforeztheznightzprayer,ztozintend

forzjem’zwhenzbeginningzthezearlierzprayer,ztozperformztheztwo

prayerszonezimmediately afterzthezother,zandztozobservezthezfards

andzmufsidszofzablution,zghuslzandzsalâtzprescribedzinzthezHanbalî

Madhhab.z Pleasez seez thez lastz paragraphz ofz thez twenty-second

chapter!

Definitionz andz estimationz ofz thez anglez ofz inhitâtz (dipz of

horizon)zDzzforzazhighzplacezhaszalreadyzbeenzgivenzearlierzinzthe

text.zThiszangleziszdeterminedzbyz

coszDz=zr/(r+Y)z=z6367654/(6367654+Y)zor

D= ~ 0.03211zxz√ Ȳzdegrees, (1)

wherezr iszthezradiuszofzthezearth,zY iszthezheightzinzmeters,zD iszthe

dipzofzhorizonzinzangularzdegrees.

Thezfadl-i-dairz(hourzangle),zH,zanywhere,zcanzbezcomputedzin

degreeszandzconvertedzintozhourszandzminuteszaszreckonedzfrom

middayz (nisf-un-nehâr),z usingz az scientificz calculator.z The

operationszonzazsolarzPrivilegezcalculatorzarezaszfollows:

hzsinz-zªzsinzæz∞zsinz=z÷zªzcosz÷z∞zcosz=z

arczcosz÷z15z=z¥ (2)

wherezh,zthezangularzaltitudezofzthezSun,ziszminusz(-)zduringzthe

night;z andz ª,z thez latitudez ofz thez locationz andz ∞,z thez Sun’s

declination,z arez minusz (-)z ifz thez locationz inz questionz isz onz the

southernzhemisphere.

Thezadhânîztimezofzimsâkz(inzhours)=z12z+zZuhrz-zHz-z(1z÷z3).

Thez timez ofz ’ishâ’z (inz hours)z =z Hz +z Zuhrz -z 12.z Prayerz times

anywherez canz bez determinedz inz standardz timez utilizingz the

followingzoperations [1] :

[1] Onzanyzday,zthezdeclinationzofzthezSunzandzequationzofztimezand,zfor

locationszwithzlatitudez41 ° ,znifszfadla,zfadl-i-dâir,zandzprayerztimeszcan

bez determinedz easilyz andz rapidlyz byz usingz the astrolabic quadrant

(Rub’-izdâ’ira),zwhichzneedsznozcalculation,zformulazorzcalculator.zIt

–z194 –

Hz+zSz-zTz=z÷z15z+z12z-zEz+zNz=zINVz¬ (3)

onzazCASIOzcalculatorzwhere

H =zhourzanglez(fadl-›zdâir),zinzangularzdegrees,

S =zstandardzmeridian,zinzangularzdegrees,

T =zlongitudezofzthezlocation,zinzangularzdegrees,

E =zequationzofztime,zhours,z

N =zTamkin,zhours.z

Inz thesez operations,z thez variablesz arez toz bez substitutedz in

angularzdegreeszforzH,zS andzT andzinzhourszforzE andzN.zThezsigns

ofzH andzN areznegativezinza.m.zandzpositivezinzp.m.ztimes.z

Thez periodz ofz Tamkinz shouldz bez calculatedz asz explained

previously.zForzanyzlocationzwherezthezlatitudeziszlesszthanz44°zand

thez height,z Y,z ofz thez highestz placez isz lessz thanz 500z meters,z the

amountzofzTamkinziszobtainedzinzhourszwithzthezoperations,

0,03211zxzY√ - +z1.05z=zsinz÷zªzcosz÷z∞zcoszæz3,82z=zINVz¬zzz(4)

[Inz thez Mâlikîz andz Shâfi’îz Madhhabs,z duringz az long-distance

journeyz and/orz inz casez ofz illnessz and/orz oldz age,z earlyz andz late

afternoonzprayers,zaszwellzaszeveningzandznightzprayers,zmayzbe

performedz inz (az conveniencez termed)z jem’,z whichz meansz to

performz eachz pairz inz sucessionz atz thez timez ofz onez orz thez other

makingz upz thez pair.z (Inz otherz words,z az Muslimz inz onez ofz the

aforesaidz twoz Madhhabsz andz undergoingz onez orz allz the

abovementionedzthreezlimitingzsituationsziszpermittedztozperform

earlyz andz latez afternoonz prayersz inz successionz withinz thez time

allottedz toz either,z and/orz toz performz eveningz andz nightz prayers

likewise.zThis,zhowever,zshouldznotzbezvitiatedzbyzalsozjoiningzthe

twozpairs.zNorzshouldzonezindulgezoneselfzintozthezeclecticityzthat

allzfivezdailyzprayerszcanzbezperformedzinzsuccessionzinzthezname

ofz enjoyingz thez conveniencez offeredz byz thez aforesaidz two

Madhhabs.)]

iszmanufacturedzandzdistributedzalongzwithzanzinstructionszmanualzby

Hakîkatz Kitabeviz inz Istanbul.z Anz emptyz diskettez isz placedz inz a

computerzandzprayerztimeszarezfedzin.zThezdiskettezthuszprogrammed

canzbeztakenzoutzandzstoredzforzyears.zItziszonlyzazmatterzofzsecondszto

drivez itz intoz az computer,z feedz inz thez latitudinalz andz longitudinal

degreeszofzanyzcity,zandzseezazday’szorzazmonth’szorzazyear’szprayer

timeszonzthezVDU.zAnotherzfewzseconds’ztimezwillzsufficeztozobtainza

piecezofzpaperz(containingzthezprayerztimes)zfromzthezcomputerzand

faxzitztozthezcityzinzquestion.

–z195 –

Az computerz programmez canz bez developedz toz calculatez the

prayerztimes;zitzcanzbezsavedzonzazmagneticzdisk,zandztakenzoutzof

thezcomputerzandzstoredzforzyears.zThezprogrammezonzthezdiskzcan

bezrunzonzazcompatiblezcomputer;zifzthezlongitudezandzlatitudezof

azlocationzarezfedzin,zthezprayerztimeszforzanyzgivenzdayzorzmonth

orz yearz canz bez computedz withinz secondsz andz displayedz onz the

screenzofzthezmonitorzorzprintedzaszazlistzonzpaper.zThiszlistzcanzbe

sentzwithinzsecondszbyzfaxzcoupledztozazphoneztozthezcityzwherezit

iszrequired.

WARNING:zItziszharâmztozperformzsalâtszbeforezorzafterztheir

prescribedztimes.zTheztimezofzazsalâtzbeginszwhenzthezrelevantzlimb

ofzthezSunzcomesztozthezaltitudezpeculiarztozthatzsalât.zTherezare

threezreasonszwhyzthezprayerztimeszgivenzbyzsomezcalendarszare

differentzfromzthosezgivenzbyzthezcalendarzpublishedzbyzthezdaily

newspaperzTürkiye:

1-zTheyztakezthezaltitudeszwithzrespectztoztruezhorizon,zwhereas

thezaltitudeszshouldzbezreckonedzfromzthezapparentzlinezofzshar’î

horizon.

2-z Thez placez ofz thez linez ofz apparentz horizonz ofz az location

changeszwithzthezaltitudezofzthezlocation.zTheyzconvertztheztimes

theyz havez determinedz inz accordancez toz thez truez horizonz toz the

apparentztimeszcalculatedzinzaccordanceztozthezaltitudeszthatzare

takenz asz perz thez apparentz horizonsz ofz thez lowerz pointsz ofz that

location.z Therefore,z thez timesz thusz foundz arez differentz fromz the

shar’îzoneszandzarezdisputable.zHowever,ztheyzshouldzbezconverted

toztheztimeszofzthezhighestzplacezofzthezlocation,zthatzis,ztozthezshar’î

timeszbasedzonzthezshar’î horizon.

3-zTheyzcalculateztheztimezwhenzthezSun’szcentrezreacheszthe

truez altitudes,z whereasz thez timez whenz itsz relevantz limbz reaches

thosez altitudesz shouldz bez calculated,z andz thez truez timesz found

therebyz shouldz bez convertedz toz thez shar’î times.z Thez Muslim

’ulamâz havez introducedz thez conceptz ofz Tamkinz toz correctz these

threez errors.z Thez periodz ofz Tamkinz isz tenz minutesz forz Istanbul.

Tamkinz timez isz az shieldz toz protectz thez prayersz andz fastsz against

beingz fâsidz (invalid).z Onez singlez Tamkinz isz usedz toz convertz the

calculatedztrueztimeszofzallzthezprayerszofznamâzztoztheirzcalculated

shar’î times.zTherezareznotzdifferentzTamkinszforzdifferentzprayers

ofznamâz.

–z196 –

11e–eAZÂNe(orzadhân)zandeIQÂMAT

Theechaptereabouteazâne(adhân)ehasebeenetranslatedefromethe

book Durr-ul-mukhtârzandefromeitsecommentary,eRadd-ul-muhtâr,

andesummarizedebelow:

Azânzmeansz‘publiczannouncement’zinzcertainzArabiczphrases

inzprescribedzorder.zItzisznotzazânztozsayzitsztranslation.zItzcannot

bez recitedz inz Persianz orz else,z evenz thoughz itsz translationz will

conveyzitszmeaning.zThezfirstzazânzwaszperformedzinzMekkazon

thez nightz ofz Mi’râjz beforez thez Hegira.z Inz thez firstz yearz ofz the

Hegira,zitzbecamezazcommandmentztozcallzthezazânztozannounce

theztimezofzsalât.zAtzdistrictzmosques,zitziszsunnatztozcallzitzatza

highzplace,zandzthezvoicezmustzbezloud.zButzonezshouldznotzexert

oneselfz toz shoutz aloud.z [Hence,z thez requiredz loudnessz should

containzitselfzwithinzazlimitzso asztozbezheardzinzone’szownzdistrict.

Raisingzyourzvoicezlouderzisznotzpermitted.zTherezisznozneedzto

usezazloud-speaker.zItziszazbid’atztozpractisezthezazânzorziqâmat

throughzazloud-speakerzorzradiozbroadcast.zAnz’ibâdatzdonezwith

azbid’atzisznotzacceptablezbutzsinful.]zItziszsunnat-izmuakkadazfor

menztozrecitezthezazânzforzthezdailyzfivezprayers,zforzperforming

thezomittedz[qadâ]zprayerszthatzarezfard,zandztowardszthezkhatîb

atzFridayzprayers.zItziszmakrûhzforzwomenztozsayzthezazânzorzthe

iqâmat.zForzitziszharâmzforzthemztozraiseztheirzvoice.zThezazânzis

performedz atz az highz placez inz orderz toz announcez thez timez to

others.zButzthezazânzandziqâmatzthatzarezrecitedzforzthezready

jamâ’atzorzforzoneselfzarezperformedzonzthezground.z[Itziszwritten

inzTanwîr-ul-azhân: “Itzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozsayzthezazânzwhile

sitting.zItzhaszbeenzunderstoodzthroughztawâtur [1] thatzitz(must)zbe

recitedzstanding”].zThezazânzorztheziqâmatzisznotzrecitedzforzthe

prayersz ofz namâzz calledz witr,z ’Iyd,z tarâwîhz orz janâza.z Itz isz not

sahîhztozcallzthezazânzbeforezthezprescribedztime;zitziszazgravezsin.

Thezazânzorziqâmatzwhichziszrecitedzbeforeztheztimez(ofzprayer)

beginsz mustz bez repeatedz afterz thez timez begins.z Itz isz not

permissibleztozcallzthezazânzlikezazsongzbyzaddingzvowelzpointszor

letterszorzprolongzthezletters,zorztozlistenztozthezazânzrecitedzorzthe

Qur’ânzreadzinzthiszmanner.

[ItziszwrittenzinzthezsectionzaboutzMedinazofzthezbookzMir’ât-ul-

[1] Informationz conveyedz throughz anz unbrokenz chainz ofz trustworthy

Muslimz scholarsz throughoutz thez centuriesz sincez thez timez ofz our

blessedzProphet,zMuhammadz‘alaihis-salâm’.

–z197 –

harâmeyn [1] : “CallingzthezazânzcommencedzinzMedînazinzthezfirst

yearz ofz thez Hegîra.z Beforez thatz timez onlyz thez wordsz Assalâtu

jâmi’azwerezutteredzatzprayerztimes.zItzwaszBilâl-izHabashîzwho

saidzthezazânzinzMedînazfirst.zAndzHabîbzbinzAbdurrahmânzwas

firstztozsayzitzinzMekka.zThezprimaryzazânzforzFridayzprayerzisza

sunnatz ofz hadratz ’Uthmân.z Formerlyz thisz initialz azânz alsoz was

beingz recitedz inz thez mosque.z Hadratz Ebbânz binz ’Uthmân,

governorzofzMedînazinztheztimezofzAbdulmalîk,zhadzitzrecitedzon

thez minaret.z Inz thez yearz 700,z Melikz Nâserz binz Mansûrz hadz the

salât-u-salâmzcalledzonzminaretszbeforezthezazânzofzFridayzprayer.

ProphetszofzIsrâilzwouldzsayztheztesbîhzbeforezthezazânzofzmorning

prayer.z Maslamaz binz Mahled,z onez ofz thez Sahâba,z asz hez was

governorzofzEgypt,zbeingzcommandedzbyzhadratzMu’âwiyya,zhad

thezfirstzminaretzbuiltzinz58zA.H.,zandzgotzthezmuazzinzSharhabîl

binzÂmîrztozsayzthezsalât-u-salâmzbeforezthezmorningzazân.”zItzis

writtenz inz Durr-ul-mukhtâr: “Sayingz thez salât-u-salâmz afterz the

azânzwaszcommencedzbyzSultânzNasserzSalâhuddîn’szcommandzin

Egyptzinzthezyearz781.”z[Itzisznotzwrittenzinzdependablezbookszthat

deathszmustzbezannouncedzbyzsayingzsalât-u-salâmzonzminarets.zIt

isz anz uglyz bid’at.z Itz shouldz notz bez practised.]z Itz isz writtenz in

Mawâhib-ieladunniyya: “InzthezfirstzyearzofzthezHegira,zRasûlullah

‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zconsultedzwithzthezSahâba.zSomezof

themz said,z ‘Let’sz ringz az bellz toz announcez prayerz timesz asz the

Nasârâzdid.’zSomezsuggestedzthatzazhornzmightzbezsoundedzlike

Jews.zAndzotherszputzforwardzthezideazofzmakingzazfirezandzlifting

itzup.zRasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zwouldznotzaccept

these.z Abdullahz binz Zaydz binz Sa’labaz andz hadratz ’Umarz told

aboutztheirzdreamszinzwhichztheyzhadzseenzthezazânzbeingzcalled.

Rasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zlikedzitzandzcommanded

thatzthezazânzbezsaidzatzprayerztimes.”zSoziszitzwrittenzinzthezbooks

Madârij-un-nubuwwa [2]

andz Tahtâwî [3] ,z whichz informz alsoz that

puttingzlightszonzminarets,zbeingzsomethingzlikezthatzwhichzwas

practisedzbyzfire-worshippers,ziszbid’at.z[Hencezitziszinferredzthatzit

[1] AzhistoryzbookzofzfivezvolumeszwrittenzinzthezTurkishzlanguagezby

EyyûbzSabrîzPâshaz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z1308z[1890zA.D.],)

onez ofz thez admiralsz ofz Abd-ul-Hamîdz Khânz IIz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâ

’alaih’,z(1258z[1842zA.D.]z–z1336z[1918],z‹stanbul,)zthezthirty-fourth

OttomanzSultânzandzthezninety-ninthzKhalîfazofzMuslims.

[2] AzcommentaryztozthezbookzMishkât,zwrittenzinzthezFârisîzlanguagezby

’Abd-ul-HaqqzDahlawîz(958z[1551zA.D.]z–z1052z[1642],zDelhi.)

[3] AnzannotationztozthezbookzDurr-ul-mukhtâr,zrenderedzbyzAhmadzbin

MuhammadzIsmâ’îlzTahtâwî,z(d.z1231z[1815zA.D.].)

–z198 –

isz az gravez sinz toz lightz lampsz onz minaretsz inz orderz toz announce

prayerztimes.]

[ItziszwrittenzinzthezbookszTabyîn-ul-haqâiq [1] andzTahtâwî that,

“Rasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zsaidztozBilâl-izHabashî,

‘Pute youre twoe fingerse one youre ears,e soe thate youre voicee wille be

louder.’e Itz isz goodz toz putz thez handsz onz thez ears.z Doingz soz isz a

sunnatzintendedztozaugmentzthezvoice,zthoughzitzisznotzazsunnat

belongingztozthezperformancezofzazân,zsincezthezangelzwhozsaid

thezazânzinzthez(above-namedzSahâbîs’)zdreamzdidznotzdozso.zIt

waszmadezazsunnatznotzinzorderztozbeautifyzthezazânzbutzinzorder

tozincreasezthezvoice.zForzthezcausalzclause,z‘sozthatzyourzvoicezwill

bezlouder,’zpointsztozthezreason,zthezhikmatzforzdoingzso.zIfzthe

fingerszareznotzputzonzthezears,zthezazânzwillzbezwell-performed.zIf

theyz arez putz onz thez ears,z makingz thez voicez louderz willz bez welldone.”zItziszseenzthatztozputzthezfingerszonzthezearszisznotzazsunnat

forzthezazân,zalthoughzitzincreaseszthezvoice.zBut,zbecausezitzhas

beenz commanded,z itz isz notz az bid’at,z either.z Hence,z the

loudspeakerszusedzinzsomezmosquesztoday,zalthoughztheyzincrease

thezvoice,zareznotzsunnatzforzthezazânzandzarezbid’at,zandzbesides

that,ztheyzcausezthezsunnatzofzraisingzthezfingersztozthezearsztozbe

omitted.z Itz isz seenz thatz minaretsz arez notz constructedz forz some

mosquesz onz whichz loudspeakersz arez placed.z [Itz isz statedz inz the

threez hundredz andz twenty-secondz pagez ofz thez fifthz volumez of

Fatâwâ-yi-Hindiyya: “Itziszpermissibleztozbuildzazminaretzinzorder

toz havez thez quarterz hearz thez voice.z Itz isz notz permissiblez ifz itz is

unnecessary.”zThiszcomesztozmeanzthatzusingzazloudspeakerzisznot

permissible.]

ItziszwrittenzinzRadd-ul-muhtâreandzinz’Uqûd-ud-durriyya (by

Ibn-i-’Âbidîn)zthat,z“Thezazânzcalledzbyzseveralzmuazzinsztogether

onzazminaretzorzduringzJum’azkhutbazisznamedzthezAzân-ieJawq.

Toz callz itz togetherz inz orderz toz increasez thez voicez isz az sunnat-i

hasanaeandzjâizz(permissible)zbecausezitziszmutawârith,zi.e.zitzhas

beenz practisedz forz centuries.z Allâhuz ta’âlâz likesz whatz Muslims

like.”zItziszalsozwrittenzinzBerîqa’eonzpagez94zthat,z“WhatzMuslims

findz nicez isz nicez accordingz toz mujtahids,z too.z Itz makesz no

differencez whetherz non-mujtahidsz likez itz orz not.”z Seez Endless

Bliss,z 5thz fascicle,z chapterz 1.z [Hencez itz isz quitez clearz thatz some

ignorantztrendyzavantzgardes’zrecommendingzthezutilityzofzloud-

[1] Az commentaryz toz Abdullahz binz Ahmadz Nasafî’sz bookz Kenz-uddeqâ’iq,zrenderedzbyz’Uthmânzbinz’AlîzZeylâ’î,z(d.z743z[1343zA.D.],

Egypt.)

–z199 –

speakersz inz callingz thez azânz isz ofz noz value.z Itz isz az bid’at,z and

thereforezazgravezsin,ztozchangezthezactszofzworshipzwithztheznonmujtahids’zapprovalszandzpractices.]

Sayingz thez iqâmatz isz betterz thanz (saying)z thez azân.z Thez azân

andztheziqâmatzmustzbezsaidztowardszthezqibla.zOnezmustznotztalk

whilezsayingzthem,znorzacknowledgezanyzspeechzofzgreeting.zIfzyou

talk,zyouzwillzhaveztozsayzthezbothzagain.

Whatzprayerszofznamâzzdozwezperform thezazânzandztheziqâmat

for?zWezwillzexplainzthiszinzthreezdifferentzarticles:

1z -z Forz qadâz prayers:z Whenz performingz qadâz prayers

individuallyzorzinzjamâ’atzinzthezcountryside,zinzfields,zitziszsunnat

forzmenztozsayzthezazânzandztheziqâmatzaloud.zPeople,zgenies,zrocks

thatzhearzthezvoicezwillzbearzwitnesszonzthezRisingzDay.zHezwho

performszazcouplezofzqadâzprayerszonezafterzanotherzshouldzsayzthe

azânz andz thez iqâmatz first.z Then,z beforez performingz eachz ofz the

followingzqadâzprayerszhezshouldzsayztheziqâmat.zItzwillzbezallzright

ifzhezdoesznotzsayzthezazânzforzthezfollowingzprayerszofzqadâ.

Womenzdoznotzsayzthezazânzorztheziqâmatzforzaznamâz;zneither

forz az namâzz performedz withinz itsz prescribedz time,z norz forz one

performedzaszqadâ,zi.e.zafterwards.

Hezwhozmakeszqadâzinzazmosquezsayszthezazânzandztheziqâmat

onlyzaszloudlyzaszhezhimselfzcanzhear.zIfzazcouplezofzpeoplezmake

qadâzofzaznamâzzinzjamâ’atzinzazmosque,ztheyzdoznotzsayzthezazân

orztheziqâmat.zIfzallzthezpeoplezinzazmosquezarezgoingztozmake

qadâzofzaznamâzzinzjamâ’at,zthezazânzandztheziqâmatzarezsaid.zThe

fact,zhowever,ziszthatzitziszmakrûhztozperformzaznamâzzofzqadâzin

jamâ’atzinzazmosque.zFor,zitzbeingzazgravezsinztozleavezaznamâzzto

qadâz(tozpostponezitztillzafterzitszprescribedztimeziszover),zitzisznot

permissibleztozpublicizezit.zPerformingzazprayerzofzqadâzinzjamâ’at

requireszthatzthezimâmzandzthezjamâ’atzmustzbezperformingzthe

samezprayerzofzthezsamezday.zForzexample,zazpersonzwhoziszgoing

tozmakezqadâzofzazcertainzSunday’szearlyzafternoonzprayerzcannot

followzandzbezjamâ’atzforzazpersonzwhozwillzmakezqadâzof,zsay,

Tuesday’sz earlyz afternoonz prayerz orz whoz performsz early

afternoonz prayerz ofz thez presentz dayz evenz ifz itz happensz toz be

anotherzSunday.

Hezwhozmakeszqadâzinzhiszhomezsayszthezazânzandztheziqâmat

asz loudlyz asz wouldz bez heardz inz thez room,z soz asz toz increasez the

numberzofzwitnesses.z[Sozdoeszazpersonzwhozperformszqadâzofza

fardzprayerzinsteadzofzazsunnatzprayer.]

–z200 –

2z-zHezwhozperformsztheztime’sznamâzzatzhomezindividuallyzor

inzjamâ’atzdoesznotzhaveztozsayzthezazânzorztheziqâmat.zFor,zthe

azânzandztheziqâmatzsaidzinzmosqueszarezcountedzaszbeingzsaidzin

homes,ztoo.zHowever,zitziszbetterztozsayzthem.zItzisznotznecessaryzto

hearzthezmuazzin’szvoice.zIfzthezazânzisznotzsaidzinzmosques,zorzifzit

isz notz sahîhz becausez theyz havez notz observedz itsz conditions,z the

personzwhozperformsznamâzzindividuallyzinzhiszhomezsayszthezazân

andztheziqâmat.

Afterztheztime’sznamâzziszperformedzinzazlocalzmosquezorzinza

mosquezwhosezjamâ’atzarezcertainzpeople,zazpersonzwhozperforms

itzindividuallyzdoesznotzsayzthezazânzorztheziqâmat.zAfterzeachzof

dailyz prayersz isz performedz inz jamâ’atz withz thez imâmz onz the

mihrâbzinzsuchzmosques,zotherzjamâ’atszcanzbezmadezagain.zWhile

tellingzaboutzbeingzanzimâmzonzthezthreezhundredzandzseventyfirstzpage,zitzsayszthatzifzthezimâmszforzthezfollowingzjamâ’atszstand

onzthezmihrâb,ztoo,zthezazânzandztheziqâmatzareznotzsaid.zIfzthe

imâmszdoznotzstandzonzthezmihrâbzthezazânzandztheziqâmatzmust

bezsaidzaszloudlyzasztozbezheardzbyzthez(Muslimszthatzmakezupzthe)

jamâ’ats.

Inz mosquesz onz roadsz orz inz thosez whichz havez noz imâmsz or

muazzinsz orz certainz jamâ’ats,z variousz peoplez whoz comez inz at

variousz timesz makez variousz jamâ’atsz forz thez namâzz ofz thez same

prayerztime.zTheyzsayzthezazânzandztheziqâmatzforzeachzjamâ’at.

Also,zhezwhozperformsznamâzzindividuallyzinzsuchzazmosquezsays

thezazânzandztheziqâmatzaszloudlyzaszhezhimselfzhears.

3z-zMusâfirs [1] ,zwhenztheyzperformznamâzzinzjamâ’atzaszwellzas

whenz eachz performsz namâzz individually,z sayz thez azânz andz the

iqâmat.z Ifz az personz whoz isz performingz namâzz individuallyz has

friendszwithzhimzwhozarezperformingznamâz,ztoo,zhezmayznotzsay

thez azân.z Az musâfirz saysz thez azânz andz thez iqâmatz whenz he

performsznamâzzindividuallyzinzazhouse,ztoo.zFor,zthezazânzandzthe

iqâmatzsaidzinzthezmosquezdoznotzincludezhisznamâz.zIfzsomezofzthe

musâfirszsayzthezazânzinzazhouse,zthosezwhozperformzthez(same)

namâzzlaterzatzthezsamezplace,zdoznotzsayzit.zAtzleastzthreezpeople

oughtztozsetzoutzforzazlong-distancezjourney,zandzonezofzthemzmust

beztheirzemîre(commander).

Thezazânzsaidzbyzanz’âqile(discreet)zboy,zazblindzman,zazperson

illegitimatez inz birth,z orz anz ignorantz villagerz whoz knowsz prayer

[1] Azpersonztakingzazlong-distancezjourneyzdealtzwithzinzchapterz15,zis

calledz‘musâfir’.

–z201 –

timeszandzhowztozsayzthezazân,ziszpermissiblezwithoutzanyzkarâhat

(orzkerâhat).zItzisztahrîmîzmakrûhzforzazjunubzpersonztozsayzthe

azânz orz thez iqâmat,z forz az personz withoutz anz ablutionz toz sayz the

iqâmat,zforzazwoman,zazfâsiqzorzdrunkzperson,zazchildzwhozisznot

’âqilztozsayzthezazân,zorz(forzanyone)ztozsayzthezazânzsitting.zInzsuch

cases,zthezperformancezofzazânzmustzbezrepeated.zThezazân’szbeing

sahîhzrequireszthezmuazzin’szbeingzanz’âqilzMuslimzwellzawarezof

thezprayerztimeszandzanz’âdilzMuslimztozbeztrusted.z(Byz’âqilzwe

meanzonezwhozhaszreachedzthezagezofzdiscretion).z[Likewise,zone

mustzbezsurezthatzthezcalendarszgivingzthezprayerztimeszhavezbeen

preparedz byz suchz az Muslim,z or atz leastz suchz az Muslimz should

witnessztheirzaccuracy.zThezprayerztimeszonzthezcalendarszwhich

werezpreparedzbyzsâlihzMuslimszandzfollowedzbyzallzMuslimszfor

centuriesz shouldz notz bez altered.]z Forz az namâzz beingz sahîhz one

shouldzknowzthezexactztimezforzperformingzit.zThezreasonzwhyzthe

azânzofzazfâsiqzperson,z–zthatzis,zhezwhozconsumeszalcohol,zgambles,

lookszatznâmahramzwomen,zallowszhiszwifezandzdaughterztozgozout

withoutzcoveringzthemselvesz–,zisznotzsahîh,ziszbecausezhiszwordzon

worshipszisznotzdependable.

[Asziszseen,zitzisznotzpermissibleztozsayzthezazânzonzthezradiozor

withz loudspeakersz onz minaretsz orz toz sayz itz beforez itsz prescribed

timez orz toz listenz toz itz asz azân.z Doingz thesez thingsz isz both

unacceptablezandzsinful.zAnzazânzperformedzlikewisezmustzbezsaid

againz andz compatiblyz withz itsz conditions.z Soundsz producedz by

electricityzactivatedzbyzthezvoicezofzanzunknown,zunseenzperson,

andzforzthezsamezmatterzsoundszproducedzbyzrecordsz(orzCDs),zcan

byz noz meansz bez saidz toz bez anz azân.z Moreover,z Rasûlullahz ‘sall-

Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zstated: “Thoseewhoedoenoteworshipeasewe

doeareenoteineourecommunity.”eAzânzmustzbezsaidzatzazhighzplace

byz az piousz Muslimz asz hez (thez Prophet)z hadz itz performed.z For

instance,z whenz thez azânz forz thez earlyz afternoonz prayerz isz said

beforezitszprescribedztime,zthezearlyzsunnatzofzthezearlyzafternoon

prayerz isz performedz atz az karâhatz time.z Insistingz onz venialz sins

developszintozazgravezsin.]

Itziszsunnatzforzazpersonzwhozhearszthezazânztozrepeatzsilently

whatz hez hears,z evenz ifz hez isz junubz orz readingz (orz reciting)z the

Qur’ânzal-kerîm.zHezdoesznotzsayzanythingzelse,zdoesznotzrespond

tozazspeechzofzgreeting,zdoesznotzdozanyzwork.zItziszwâjibzforzmen

tozstopzworkingzandzgoztozthezmosquezwhenztheyzhearzthezazân.

Onezcanzmakezjamâ’atzwithzone’szhouseholdzatzhome.zYetzitzis

betterz toz goz toz thez mosquez [ifz therez isz az sâlihz imâmz inz the

mosque].

–z202 –

[Itz isz writtenz inz thez bookz Jawhara [1] :z “Itz isz writtenz inz the

commentaryzofzKerhîethatzthezazânzsaidzinzthezPersianzlanguagezis

notzsahîh.zThisziszazclearzandzaztruestzstatement.”zItziszwrittenzin

Marâqifalâh [2]

thatz itz isz notz permissiblez toz sayz thez azânz inz any

languagezotherzthanzArabiczevenzifzitzwouldzbezunderstoodzthatzit

iszthezazân.]

ThezazânzisznotzrepeatedzwhilezlisteningztozthezKhutba,zwhile

one’szawratzpartszarezexposed,zwhilezeating,zorzstudyingzanzIslamic

lessonz orz whilez readingz (orz reciting)z thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz inz a

mosque.z But,z ifz thez azânz isz notz beingz saidz compatiblyz withz the

sunnat,ze.g.zifzsomezofzitszwordszarezchangedzorztranslatedzorzifzitzis

beingzsaidzpartlyzmelodiously,z–zorzifzthezsoundzofzazânziszcoming

fromzazloudspeakerz–,zhezwhozhearszitzdoesznotzrepeatzanyzofzits

words.zHowever,zas iszwrittenzinztheztwenty-fourthzchapter, evenzso

itzmustzbezlistenedztozwithzreverence.

[Inzthez1031stzandz1062ndzpageszofzBerîqa,zitziszwritten:z“A

personzwhoziszunawarezofzprayerztimeszofznamâzzorzwhozsays

azânz melodiouslyz isz notz eligiblez forz callingz thez azân.z Itz isz not

permissiblez butz gravelyz sinfulz toz appointz suchz anz ineligible

personzaszazmuezzin.zItziszwrittenzinzBezzâziyyaethatzitziszharâm

byz unanimityz toz recitez thez Qur’ân,z dhikrz orz prayerz (du’â)

melodiouslyz likez singing.z Soz isz thez casez withz callingz thez azân

melodiouslyz andz sayingz itz beforez itsz time.z Taghannî [3]

is

permittedzinzthezazânzsolelyzwhilezsayingztheztwoz‘Hayyaealâ...’

TheztaghannîzpermittedzinzrecitingzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzmeans

thatz itz shouldz bez recitedz fearingz Allâhuz ta’âlâz andz isz done

accordingz toz thez sciencez ofz tajwîd.z Otherwise,z taghannîz by

alteringz soundsz orz wordsz orz spoilingz thez meaningz orz versez is

unanimouslyz harâm.z Tarjî’,z thatz is,z recitationz byz repetitively

magnifyingz andz loweringz thez voice,z inz thez Qur’ânz andz azânz is

prohibitedz inz az hadîth-i-sherîf.z Listeningz toz suchz recitationsz is

alsoz harâm.”]z Also,z hez whoz hearsz anz azânz saidz beforez its

[1] Jawhara-t-un-nayyira,z thez abridgedz versionz ofz Sirâj-ul-wahhâj,z by

Abûz Bakrz binz ’Alîz Haddâdz Yemenîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z (d.

800z[1397zA.D.].)zItzshouldznotzbezmistakenzforzJawhara-t-ut-tawhîd,

azvaluablezworkzwrittenzinzthezsciencezofzKelâmzbyzthezgreatzscholar

andzWalîzIbrâhîmzLaqânîzMâlikîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z1041

[1632zA.D.].)

[2] WrittenzbyzAbul-IkhlâszHasanzbinzAmmârzShernblâlîz‘rahmatullâhi

ta’âlâz’alaih’,z(994-1069z[1658zA.D.],zEgypt.)

[3] Chanting,zsinging. Pleasezseeztheztwenty-fourthzchapter.

–z203 –

prescribedz timez orz melodiouslyz orz inz az languagez otherz than

Arabiczorzorzbyzazjunubzpersonzorzazwoman,zdoesznotzrepeatzit.

Ifzazpersonzhearszandzrepeatszthezazânzsaidzatzsomezplace,zhe

doesz notz repeatz itz againz whenz hez hearsz itz saidz atz somez other

place.z Uponz hearingz thez partsz ofz “Hayyae alâ...”,z youz doz not

repeatz them,z butz say,z “Lâe hawlae walâe quwwatae illâe billâh.”

Afterzsayingzthezazânzyouzsayzthez(prayerztermed)zsalawâtzand

thenzsayzthezprescribedzprayerzofzazân.zAfterzsayingzEsh’ehadu

annaeMuhammadaneRasûlullahethezsecondztime,zitziszmustahab

tozkissztheznailszofzbothzthumbszandzrubzthemzgentlyzonzthezeyes.

Thoughzazhadîth-i-sherîfzstatingzthiszfactziszwrittenzinzTahtâwî’s

HâshiyatueMarâqi’l-falâh,zthiszhadîth-i-sherîfziszreportedztozbe

da’îfzinzRaddeal-muhtâr andzHazînateul-ma’ârif [1] (pagez99).zThis

isz notz donez whilez sayingz thez iqâmat.z Itz isz notz sunnatz butz itz is

mustahabz forz az personz whoz hearsz thez iqâmatz toz repeatz it.z A

personzwhozenterszthezmosquezwhileztheziqâmatziszbeingzsaidzsits

down.zHezdoesznotzwaitzstanding.zHezstandszupzaszallzthezothers

dozaszthezmuazzinzsays,z“Hayya-alal-felâh.”

Ibniz’Âbidîn,zwhilezexplainingzthezsunnatszofznamâz,zstateszthat

itziszsunnatzforzthezimâmztozraisezhiszvoicezloudzenoughztozbezheard

byzthezjamâ’atzwhenzbeginningztheznamâz,zwhenzpassingzfromzone

ruknztozanother,zwhenzperformingzthezsalâmz(tozfinishztheznamâz).

Itz isz makrûhz toz raisez itz louder.z Thez imâmz mustz sayz thez tekbîr

(Allâhuzakbar)zforzthezpurposezofzstartingztheznamâz,zandzmustznot

thinkzofzhavingzitzheardzbyzthezjamâ’at.zOtherwise,zhisznamâzzwill

notz bez sahîh.z Whenz allz thez jamâ’atz doz notz hearz thez imâm,z itz is

mustahabzalsozforzthezmuazzinztozraisezhiszvoicezaszloudzasztozbe

heardzbyzthezjamâ’at.zIfzthezmuazzinzdoesznotzthinkzofzbeginning

theznamâzzbutzshoutszonlyzinzorderztozgetzthezjamâ’atztozhear,zhis

namâzzwillznotzbezsahîh,znorzwillztheznamâzzofzthosezwhozdoznot

hearzthezimâmzbutzbeginztheznamâzzbyzthezmuazzin’szvoicezonly.

For,z inz thatz casez theyz willz havez followedz someonez whoz isz not

performingztheznamâz.zItziszmakrûhzalsozforzthezmuazzinztozshout

morez loudlyz thanz enoughz forz thez jamâ’atz toz hear.z Asz informed

unanimouslyzbyzthezsavantszofzthezfourzMadhhabs,zwhilezallzthe

jamâ’atzhearzthezimâm’szvoicezitziszmakrûh, andzaznastyzbid’at,ztoo,

forzthezmuazzinztozrepeatztheztekbîrzaloud.zInzfact,zitziszwrittenzin

Bahr-ul-fatâwâ,z byz Qadizâda,z Muftîz ofz Erzurum,z inz Fath-ul

[1] Writtenz byz Muhammadz ’Ubaydullahz Serhendîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâ

’alaih’,z(1038z[1628zA.D.]z–z1083z[1672],zSerhend.)

–z204 –

Qadîr [1] ,zandzinzthezfinalzpartzofzthezbookletzUstuwânî [2] ,zwhichzis

writtenzonzthezmarginszofzthezbookz(Miftâh-ul-Cennete‹lmihâl) [3] ,

“Inzsmallzmasjids,zifzthezmuazzinzsaysztheztekbîrzaloudzthoughzthe

imâm’sztekbîrzcanzbezheard,zhisznamâzzwillzbeznullified.”

[Inzadditionztozthezfactzthatzitziszsinfulztozraisezthezvoicezmore

thanz necessary,z whatz isz producedz byz thez loud-speakerz isz notz the

imâm’szorzthezmuazzin’szvoice.zTheirzvoicezturnszintozelectricityzand

magnetism.zSozwhatziszheardziszthezsoundzproducedzbyzelectricity

andzmagnetism.zItzisznecessaryztozfollowzthezvoicezofzazpersonzwho

iszperformingzthezsameznamâz.zTheznamâzzofzthosezwhozfollowzthe

voicez ofz someonez whoz isz notz performingz thez samez namâz,z orz the

soundzproducedzbyzanyzapparatus,zisznotzsahîh.zItziszwrittenzonzthe

fivezhundredzandzseventeenthzpagezofzthezfirstzvolumezofzthezbook

Radd-ul-muhtâr: “Ifzazhâfiz’szvoicezspreadszoutzandzgetszreproduced

onzmountains,zinzwilds,zinzforestszorzthroughzanyzotherzmeans,zthe

soundsz replicatedz therebyz willz notz bez recitationz ofz thez Qur’ânz alkerîm.zItzisznotznecessaryztozperformzsajda-i-tilâwat

[4] withzthezâyat

ofzsajdazheardzfromzthem.”zItziszwrittenzinzHalabî-yi-kebîr thatzthese

recitalsz arez notz humanz recitals,z butz theyz arez likez humanz recitals.

ThesezclearzstatementszbyzspecialistszofzIslamzshowzthatzitziszwrong

tozsayzorzreadzorzlistenztozthezazânzorzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzthrough

radioszorzloud-speakerszorztozperformznamâzzbyzfollowingzthem.zIt

iszwrittenzinzdetailzonzpagez2361zofzthezthirdzvolumezofzthezbookzof

TafsîrzwrittenzbyzMuhammadzHamdizEfendizofzElmal›zthatzitzisznot

permissibleztozcallzthezazânzorztozrecitezthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzthrough

azloudspeakerzorzonzthezradio.zEspecially,zitziszbothznotzsahîhzandzan

abominablezbid’atztozfollowzanzimâmzinzanotherzbuildingzthroughza

loudspeaker.zItziszazgravezsin.zPleasezseeztheztwentiethzchapterzfor

thezconditionsztozbezfulfilledztozfollowzthezimâm,zandzpleasezreview

thezsecondzchapter.

Thez loud-speakerz putz onz minaretsz hasz becomez az meansz of

slothzforzsomezpeoplezandzcausedzthemztozsayzthezazânzsittingzin

darkz roomsz insteadz ofz observingz thez sunnat.z Itz isz writtenz in

[1] Writtenz byz Ibniz Humâm,z Kemal-ad-dînz Muhammadz binz ’Abd-ul-

Wâhidz Sivâsîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z (790z [1388z A.D.]z –z 861

[1456],)zaszazcommentaryztozthezbookzHidâya.

[2] Writtenz byz Muhammadz binz Ahmadz Ustuwânîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâ

’alaih’,z(d.z1072z[1662zA.D.],zDamascus.)

[3] WrittenzbyzMuhammadzbinzQutb-ud-dînzIznîkîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâ

’alaih’.

[4] Pleasezseezthezsixteenthzchapterzforzkindszofzsajdaz(prostration).

–z205 –

Fatâwâ-yi-Hindiyya:z “Itz isz makrûhz toz callz thez azânz beforez the

prayerztimezcomes,ztozsayzitzinsidezthezmosque,ztozsayzitzsitting,

tozraisezthezvoicezmorezthanzone’sznormalzpuissance,znotztozsay

itzinzthezdirectionzofzqibla,zorztozsayzitzmelodiously.zAzperson

whoz arrivesz asz thez iqâmatz isz beingz said,z sitsz down.z Thenz he

standsz upz togetherz withz allz thez othersz asz thez muazzinz says

‘hayya’alal-felah.’z”zIbniz’Âbidînzstateszatzthezbeginningzofzthe

subjectzaboutznamâz: “Thezazânzcalledzatzitszprescribedztimezis

thezIslamiczazân.zThezazânzcalledzbeforezitsztimezisznozmorezthan

az talk.z Itz meansz toz makez funz ofz Islam.”z Andz minarets,z our

spiritualz ornamentsz thatz havez beenz soaringz inz thez skyz for

centuries,z havez beenz madez az mastz ofz loud-speakerz becausez of

thisz atrociousz bid’at.z Islamicz savantsz havez alwaysz approvedz of

scientificzinventions.zSozitziszdoubtlesszthatzusefulzbroadcasting

viazTV’s,zradios,z(satellites,znetworkzmedia,)zandzloud-speakers

everywhereziszanzinventionzwhichzIslamznotzonlyzcountenances,

butz alsoz encouragesz asz az meansz forz itsz teachingz purposes.z A

meritoriousz actz asz itz isz toz exploitz allz sortsz ofz mediaz asz wellz as

loudspeakerszforzutilitarianzbroadcastingzpurposes,z–sincezIslam

termsz suchz blessedz actsz asz ‘thawâb’–,z performancez ofz Islamic

actszofzworshipzamidstzthezlaceratingzyowlszofzloud-speakerszhas

beenz strictlyz ruledz out.z Itz isz unnecessaryz prodigalityz toz install

loud-speakersz inz mosques.z Whenz thisz apparatusz didz notz exist,

whichzclatterszaszifzitzwerezazchurchzbellzinsteadzofzthezvoiceszof

piousz Believersz thatz wouldz impressz heartsz withz îmânz divinely,

thezazânszsaidzonzminaretszandzthezvoiceszofztekbîrzinzmosques

usedztozmovezevenzforeignersztozenthusiasm.zThezjamâ’atszthat

filledz thez mosquesz uponz hearingz thez azânsz calledz atz every

quarterz usedz toz performz theirz namâzz inz khushû’e (deepz and

humblezreverence),zaszhadzbeenzinztheztimezofzthezSahâba.zThis

heavenlyz effectz ofz thez azânz thatz wouldz movez Believersz to

rapturesz hasz beenz fadingz awayz inz thez metallicz ululationsz of

loudspeakers.]z[ThezsixthzbookletzinzthezbookzGhâyat-ut-tahqîq,

byz Muhammadz Hayât-i-Sindîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z (d.

1163z [1749z A.D.],z Medîna,)z isz entitledz Hâd-ud-dâllîn.z Inz a

hadîth-i-sherîfzquotedzinzthiszbookletzandzborrowedzfromzImâmi-AbûzNu’aymzIsfahânî’szbookzentitledzHilyat-ul-Awliyâ,

which

inzitszturnzquoteszitzonzthezauthorityzofzAbdullahzibnizAbbâs [1] ,

[1] AbdullahzibnizAbbâsz‘radiy-Allâhuz’anhuma’zwaszthezsonzofzAbbâs,

whoz wasz Rasûlullah’sz youngestz paternalz uncle.z Hez wasz bornz in

Mekka,zandzpassedzawayzinzTâifzinz68zA.H.z[687].zHezwasztall,zwhitecomplexioned,zandzhandsome.z(Seâdet-i-ebediyye,

p.z1043)

–z206 –

Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’z stated:z “Whene Iblîs

(thezdevil) wasemadeetoedescendetoetheeearth,eheeaskedeAllâhu

ta’âlâ:e‘WheneÂdame(’alaihissalâm)ewasemadeetoedescend,eYou

gaveehimeBookseandeProphetsetoeshoweYoureborneslavesetheeway

toe Paradisee ande happiness.e Whate aree thee Bookse ande the

Prophetse Youe aree goinge toe givee him?’e Allâhue ta’âlâe declared:

‘Theye aree thee Angels,e thee well-knowne Prophets,e ande thee four

well-knowneBooks.’eTheedevilesaid:e‘Whatebookseandeprophets

aree Youe goinge toe givee mee soe thate Ie maye misleade Youre born

slaves?’e Allâhue ta’âlâe declared:e ‘Youre bookse aree poetrye and

musice thate provokee thee nafse intoe inordinatee behaviour.e Your

prophetseareesoothsayers,efortune-tellerseandesorcerers,eandeyour

food,ewhicheunderminesepeople’sementalecapacityeandeblackens

theirehearts,eisewhatetheyeeateandedrinkewithoutetheeBasmala,e(i.e.

withoutzsayingztheznamezofzAllah,) andeintoxicatingedrinks.eYour

adviceeiselies,eyourehomeeisesportsefieldseandepublicebaths,eyour

snarese aree girlse whoe goe oute naked,e ande youre mosquese are

assemblagese ofe fisqe (sinning).e Youre muazzinse aree mizmârs

[musicalzinstruments].’e”eInzotherzwords,zthezinstrumentszusedzby

muazzinszarezguideszthatzwillzleadztozHell.zHence,zitziszazgravezsin

toz usez radiosz andz loudspeakersz inz religiousz practicesz because

Allâhuz ta’âlâz andz ourz Prophetz callz themz ‘thez devil’sz azânz and

muazzin’.]

Hezwhozdislikeszorzmakeszfunzofzanyzazânzsaidzcompatiblyzwith

thez sunnat,z orz whoz discreditsz itz byz wordsz orz actions,z becomesz a

disbeliever.zButzhezwhozmockszazmuazzinz(onlyzaszazperson)zdoes

notzbecomezazdisbeliever [1] .

Beingzanzimâmziszbetterzthanzbeingzazmuazzin,zandzsayingzthe

iqâmatziszbetterzthanzsayingzthezazân.

How fortunate is a lad,

Who reads the Qur’ân;

When he hears azân and iqâmat,

His heart swells with îmân.

[1] Itzgoeszwithoutzsaying,zatzthiszpoint,zthatzitziszazgravezsinztozmockza

person.zPleasezseezthezlastzparagraphzofzthezfirstzfasciclezofzEndless

Bliss,zthezlastzthreezparagraphszofzthezforty-thirdzchapterzofzthezsame

book,zandzthezquotationzfromzthezbookzJilâ-ul-qulûb inztheztwentyfirstzchapterzofzthezfifthzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss.

–z207 –

12e–eFIRSTeVOLUME,e303rdeLETTER

Thise lettere (byz hadratz Imâm-iz Rabbânî),z writtene fore Muazzin

HadjieYûsuf,eexplainsetheemeaningeinetheewordseofeazân:

Bez itz knownz thatz therez arez sevenz [withz repetitions,z fifteen]

wordszinzthezazân:z[Azânz(orzAdhân)zmeansztozsayzandzhearzthese

fifteenz words.z Thesez wordsz arez notz heardz whenz thez azânz isz said

melodiouslyzthroughzanzamplifier.zItzturnszintozanzunintelligible,

hummingz sound.z Thus,z anz amplifierz annihilatesz thez azânz rather

thanzhelpzitszperformance].

ALLÂHUeAKBAR:eAllâhuzta’âlâziszgreat.zHezneedsznothing.

HeziszsozgreatzthatzHezdoesznotzneedzthezworshipszofzHiszslaves.

WorshipszarezofznozbenefitztozHim.zInzorderztozsettlezthiszwellzin

minds,zthiszutteranceziszrepeatedzfourztimes.z[Atzthezfirstzandzthe

thirdzutteranceszofzthezwordz‘Allâhuzakbar’,zthezfinalzconsonantz‘r’

iszeitherzmadezjazm,z(whichziszazrulezthatzmustzalwayszbezobserved

atz thez secondz andz fourthz utterances,)z orz youz mayz applyz wasl,z in

whichz casez thez finalz ‘r’z atz thez firstz andz thirdz utterancesz is

pronouncedz‘ra’ [1] .]

ASH’HADUe ANe LÂe ‹LÂHAe IL-LAL-LÂH:e Thoughz on

accountz ofz Hisz greatnessz Hez doesz notz needz anyone’sz worship,z I

bearzwitnesszandzcertainlyzbelievezthatznonezbesideszHimziszworthy

ofzbeingzworshipped.zNothingziszlikezHim.

ASH’HADUeANNAeMUHAMMADANeRASÛLULLÂH:eI

bearz witnessz andz believez thatz hadratz Muhammadz ‘alaihiz waz ’alâ

âlihissalâtuzwazsallam’ziszthezProphetzsentzbyzHim,zthatzheziszthe

communicantzofzthezwayzofzthezworshipszlikedzbyzHim,zthatzonly

thosez waysz ofz worshipz communicatedz andz shownz byz himz are

worthyzofzAllâhuzta’âlâ.

HAYYA’ALASSALÂH-HAYYA’ALALFALÂH:eThesezare

thez twoz wordsz invitingz Believersz toz thez namâz,z whichz brings

happinesszandzsalvation.

ALLÂHUeAKBAR:eNozonezcouldzmanagezthezworshipzworthy

ofzHim.zHeziszsozgreat,zsozfarzfromzanybody’szworshipzbeingzworthy

ofzHimzorzsuitablezforzHim.

LÂe ILÂHAe IL-LAL-LÂH:e He,z alone,z hasz thez rightz toz be

worshippedzandzforzusztozhumiliatezourselveszbefore.zAlongzwith

thezfactzthatznozonezcanzdozthezworshipzworthyzofzHim,znozone

[1] ‘Jazm’z meansz notz toz addz az vowelz toz az finalz consonant,z andz ‘wasl’

meansz toz combinez az finalz consonantz withz thez vowelz soundz ofz the

followingzword.

–z208 –

besideszHimziszworthyzofzbeingzworshipped.

Greatnesszofzthezhonourzinznamâzzcanzbezunderstoodzfromzthe

greatnesszofzthesezwordszselectedzforzinvitingzeverybodyztoznamâz.

AzPersianzlinezinzEnglish:

Howeprolificetheeyearewillebeeisepredictableebyeitsespring.

OzourzAllah!zIncludezuszamongzthosezwhozperformznamâzzas

Thouzlikestzthemzto.zÂmîn.

[ItziszwrittenzinztheztafsîrzbookzSâwî,zinzitszexplanationzofzthe

Sûrat-ul-Inshirâh: “Allâhuzta’âlâzdeclared:z‘Ieshalleraiseeyourename

inetheeEasteandeinetheeWest,ealleoveretheeworld’.”eWhenzweztravel

onezdegreezofzlongitudeztowardzthezwest,ztheztimeszofznamâzzfall

fourz minutesz back.z z Everyz twenty-eightz kilometresz westward

carriesztheztimezofzthezsameznamâzzonezminutezbackwardzandzthe

azânziszrepeated.zThus,zeveryzmoment,zallzoverzthezworldzthezazân

iszbeingzcalledzandztheznamezofzMuhammadz’alaihissalâmziszbeing

heardzeverywhere,zeveryzmoment.zItziszwrittenzinzthezcommentary

ofz Shir’at-ul-Islâm [1] :z “Whenz someonez camez toz hadratz Abdullah

ibniz’Umarzandzsaid,z‘IzlikezyouzveryzmuchzforzAllah’szsake,’zhe

answered,z‘AndzforzAllah’szsakezIzdon’tzlikezyouzatzall,zbecausezyou

sayzthezazânzmelodiouslyzlikezsinging.’z”]

13e–eIMPORTANCEeOFeNAMÂZ

ThezbookzDurr-ul-mukhtâr,zatzthezbeginningzofzitszdiscourse

aboutz namâz,z andz Ibniz ’Âbidîn,z whilez explainingz itz onz thez two

hundredz andz thirty-fourthz pagez ofz thez bookz Radd-ul-muhtâr,

state:

Sincez Âdamz ‘’alaihissalâm’,z therez wasz namâzz oncez az dayz in

everyzsharî’at.zAllzthatzhadzbeenzperformedzwerezbroughtztogether

andzwerezmadezfardzforzus.zAlthoughzperformingznamâzzisznotzone

ofz thez principlesz ofz îmân,z itz isz essentialz forz îmânz toz believez that

namâzziszfard.z‘Namâz’zmeansz‘duâ’.zThez’ibâdat (actzofzworship)

thatz isz commandedz byz Islam andz whichz wez allz knowz hasz been

namedz‘namâz’z(salât).zPerformingzthezfivezdailyzprayerszofznamâz

isz fard-ie ’ayn forz everyz Muslimz whoz hasz reachedz thez agez of

discretionz andz puberty.z Thatz itz isz fardz isz openlyz statedz inz the

[1] WrittenzbyzMuhammadzbinzAbîzBakrz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.

573z[1178zA.D.].)zItszcommentaryzwaszwrittenzbyzYa’qûbzbinzSayyid

’Alîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaihz (d.z 931z [1525z A.D.],)z andz was

publishedzinzIstanbulzinz1288z[1871zA.D.].zHakîkatzKitâbevi,zFâtih,

Istanbul,zreproducedzthezcommentaryzbyzwayzofzoffsetzprocesszinz1413

[1992zA.D.].

–z209 –

Qur’ânzal-kerîmzandzhadîth-i-sherîfs.zFivezdailyzprayerszofznamâz

becamez az commandmentz onz thez Mi’râjz night.z Thez Mi’râj

happenedzonztheztwenty-seventhznightzofzthezmonthzofzRajabza

yearzbeforezthezHegira.zBeforezthezMi’râj,zonlyzmorningzandzlate

afternoonzprayerszwerezbeingzperformed.

Azchildzmustzbezorderedztozperformznamâzzatzthezagezofzseven,

andzshouldzbezdisciplinedzby slightly pattingzwithzthezhandzifzitzdoes

notzperformzitzatzthezagezofzten.zThezteacherzatzthezschool,ztoo,zmay

patz thez studentz threez timesz withz hisz handsz forz thez purposez of

makingzthezstudentzstudy.zHezcannotzbeatzhimzmorezthanzthat.zNor

canz hez beatz himz withz az stick.z [Therez cannotz bez bastinadosz in

Islamicz schools.z Cudgellingz mayz havez takenz placez inz az police

stationz orz inz az jail.z Forz thez purposez ofz estrangingz younger

generationszfromzIslam,zthezenemieszofzIslamzwritezfilmzandzdrama

scenarioszinzwhichzMuslimzteachersz(khodjas)zinflictzbastinadozon

studentszandzwhichzarezmadeztozriseztozazcrescendozfictionalizedzso

asztozleadztoztheirzfallaciouszremarks:z“AbolitionzofzIslamiczlessons

andzschoolszhaszsavedzthezyouthzfromzbastinadozandzcudgelling.”zIt

iszazdeliberatezlie,zazslanderzagainstzIslam.zItziszopenlyzwrittenzin

Islamicz booksz thatz Islamz proscribesz beatingz thez studentz withz a

stick.z Ourz Prophetz strictlyz prohibitedz evenz beatingz morez than

threeztimeszwithzthezhand.]zItziszalsoznecessaryztozteachzotherzforms

ofzworshipztozchildrenzatzthiszage,ztozaccustomzthemztozdoingzthem,

andztozpreventzthemzfromzsinning.

Forz thez purposez ofz showingz thez importancez ofz fardz namâz,

MuhammadzRabhâmîz‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’zwrotezthezPersianzbook

Riyâd-un-nâsihîn,z az collectionz fromz fourz hundredz andz forty-four

books,zinzIndiazinz853zA.H.zHezsayszinztheztwelfthzchapterzofzthe

firstzsectionzofzthezsecondzpartzofzthezbook:

“Inz thez twoz fundamentalz booksz ofz Islamz calledz Sahîhayn [1]

[BukhârîeandzMuslim],zRasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’

askedzinzazhadîth-izsherîfzreportedzbyzJâbirzbinzAbdullahz‘radiy-

Allâhuz’anh’:z‘Ifethereewereeaeriverebeforeeone’sehouseeandeifehe

washedehimselfeinethiseriverefiveetimeseeveryeday,ewouldethereebe

anyedirtelefteonehim?’ Wez[Jâbirzibnz’AbdullahzandzotherzSahâbîs

[1] Twozgreatzbookszofzhadîth-i-sherîfs.zBukhâri-i-sherîf waszwrittenzby

BukhârîzMuhammadzbinzIsmâ’îlz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(194z[810

A.D.],zBukhâraz–z256z[870zA.D.],zSamarkand);zSahîh-i-Muslim was

writtenz byz Abul-Husaynz Muslimz binz Hajjâjz Qouraishî,z (206z [821

A.D.]z–z261z[875zA.D.]z–zNîshâpûr.)zTheztwozgreatzscholarszmetzat

Nîshâpûr.

–z210 –

presentz there]z said,z “No,z oz Rasûlallah.”z Thez Prophetz said,

‘Likewise,eminoresinseofethoseewhoeperformetheefiveedailyeprayers

areeforgiven.’ [Somezignorantzpeople,zuponzhearingzthiszhadîth-isherîf,zsay,z‘Then,zIzwillzbothzperformznamâzzandzamusezmyselfzas

Iz wish.z Myz sinsz willz bez forgivenz anyhow.’ Thisz thoughtz isz not

correct,z becausez az namâzz thatz isz performedz observingz its

conditionszandzâdâbzandziszacceptedzwillzcancelzsins.zInzfact,zeven

ifz minorz sinsz arez forgiven,z continuingz toz commitz orz insistingz on

minorz sinsz willz becomez gravez sins.z Andz insistingz onz committing

gravezsinszwillzcausezkufrz(disbelief.)]zIbnzJawzîzwrotezinzhisztafsîr

Almugnî:eAbûzBakr-izSiddîqz‘radiy-Allâhuz’anh’zsaidzthat,zwhen

theztimezofzazdailyzprayerzofznamâzzcomes,zangelszsay,z‘Ozthezsons

ofz Âdam,z standz up!z Byz performingz namâz,z extinguishz thez fire

preparedz toz burnz humanz beings.’z ”z Inz az hadîth-iz sherîf,z itz was

stated:z“TheedifferenceebetweenetheeBelievereandetheeunbelievereis

namâz,”ethatzis,zthezBelieverzperformsznamâz,zandzthezunbeliever

doesz not.z Munâfiqs,z however,z sometimesz performz itz and

sometimeszdoznot.zMunâfiqszwillzundergozveryzbitterztormentzin

Hell.z ’Abdullahz ibnz ’Abbâsz ‘radiy-Allâhuz ’anh’,z az masterz of

mufassîrs,z saidz thatz hez heardz Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz wa

sallam’zsay,z“ThoseewhoedoenoteperformenamâzewillefindeAllâhu

ta’âlâeangryeonetheeDayeofeResurrection.”

Thezimâmszofzhadîthzunanimouslyzstated:z“Azpersonzwhozdoes

notzperformzaznamâzzwithinzitszprescibedztimezintentionally; that

is,z ifz hez isz notz sorryz forz notz performingz az namâzz whilez its

prescribedztimeziszending,zwillzbecomezazkâfirzorzwillzlosezhiszîmân

duringz hisz death.z Whatz willz becomez ofz thosez whoz doz not

rememberz namâzz orz seez namâzz asz az duty?”z Thez Ahlz as-Sunnat

savantsz unanimouslyz said,z “Ibâdâtz (worships)z arez notz az partz of

îmân.”zButztherezwasznotzazunanimityzconcerningznamâz.zThezfiqh

imâmsz Imâmz Ahmedz Ibnz Hanbal,z Is’hâqz ibnz Râheweyh,

’Abdullahz ibnz Mubârak,z Ibrâhîmz Nehâî,z Hakemz ibnz Huteyba,

AyyûbzSahtiyânî,zDâwûdzTâî,zAbûzBakrzibnzShaybazandzZubeyr

ibnzHarbzandzmanyzotherzgreatzsavantszsaidzthatzazMuslimzwho

intentionallyz omitsz az namâzz becomesz az kâfir.z Then,z oz Muslim

Brother,zdoznotzmisszanyznamâzzandzdoznotzbezslack;zperformzit

withz love!z Ifz Allâhuz ta’âlâz punishesz accordingz toz thez ijtihâdz of

thesezsavantszonzthezDayzofzJudgement,zwhatzwillzyouzdo?zTafsîr-i

Mugnîesays: “Onezofzthezsuperiorszaskedzthezdevilzwhatzhezshould

doztozbecomezdamnedzlikezhim.zThezdevilzwaszpleasedzandzsaid,z‘If

youzwantztozbezlikezme,zdoznotzpayzattentionztoznamâzzandztakezan

oathz onz everythingz rightz orz wrong,z thatz is,z takez anz oathz very

–z211 –

much!’zThatzpersonzsaid,z‘Izwillzneverzneglectznamâzzandzwillznot

takezanyzoathzfromznowzon.z’z”zInzthezHanbalîzMadhhab,zazMuslim

whozdoesznotzperformzaznamâzzwithoutzanzexcusezwillzbezputzto

deathz likez az murtadd,z andz hisz corpsez willz notz bez washedz or

shrouded,znorzwillzhiszjanâzaznamâzzbezperformed.zHezwillznotzbe

buriedz inz Muslims’z cemetery,z andz hisz gravez willz notz bez made

distinguishable.zHezwillzbezputzinzazhollowzonzthezmountain.zInzthe

Shâfi’îzMadhhab,zonezwhozpersistszinznotzperformingznamâzzdoes

notzbecomezazmurtadd,zbutzthezpunishmentzwillzbezdeath.zThatzthe

MâlikîzMadhhabziszthezsamezaszthezShâfi’îzinzthiszrespectziszwritten

inzIbnie’Âbidîneandzonzthezsixty-thirdzpagezofztheztranslationzof

Milal-nihâl. AndzinzthezHanafîzMadhhab,zheziszimprisonedzuntil

hez beginsz namâzz orz beatenz untilz bleeding.z [However,z hez who

attachesznozimportanceztoznamâzzorzwhozdoesznotzknowzitzasza

dutyzwillzbezazkâfirzinzallzfourzMadhhabs.zItziszwrittenzinzthezsubject

ofz thez afflictionsz incurredz byz thez tonguez inz al-Hadîqae thatz he

becomesz az kâfirz accordingz toz thez Hanafîz Madhhab,z too,z ifz he

neglectsznamâzzintentionallyzandzdoesznotzthinkzofzperformingzits

qadâzandzdoesznotzfearzthatzhezwillzbeztormentedzforzthis.]zAllâhu

ta’âlâzdidznotzcommandznon-Muslimsztozperformznamâzzorztozfast.

TheyzareznotzhonouredzwithzthezcommandmentszofzAllâhuzta’âlâ.

Theyz arez notz punishedz forz notz performingz namâzz orz forz not

fasting.zTheyzonlyzdeservezHell,zwhichziszthezpunishmentzforzkufr.

InzthezbookzZâd-ul-muqwîn,eitziszsaid:z“Earlyzsavantszwrotezthat

hezwhozdoesznotzdozfivezthingsziszdeprivedzofzfivezthings:

1)zHezwhozdoesznotzpayzthezzakâtzofzhiszpropertyzwillznotzget

anyzbenefitzfromzhiszproperty.

2)z Inz thez landz andz earningz ofz az personz whoz doesz notz payz its

’ushr,ztherezwillzbeznozabundancezleft.

3)zHealthzwillzbezabsentzinzthezbodyzofzazpersonzwhozdoesznot

givezalms.

4)zPersonzwhozdoesznotzprayzwillznotzattainzhiszwish.

5)zPersonzwhozdoesznotzwantztozperformzaznamâzzwhenzitsztime

comeszwillzfailztozsayzthezkalima-ieshahâdateatzhiszlastzbreath.zA

personzwhozdoesznotzperformznamâzzbecausezofzlazinesszalthough

hezbelieveszthatzitziszthezfirstzduty,ziszazfâsiq.zHezisznotzsuitablezfor

az marriagez partnershipz withz az sâliha [1]

girl;z thatz is,z hez doesz not

deservezherzandzisznotzsuitablezforzher.”

[1] Femininezequivalentzforzthezwordz‘sâlih’,zwhichzinzturnziszdefinedzinza

footnotezwithinztheztenthzchapter.

–z212 –

Asziszseen,znotzperformingzthezfardznamâzzcauseszoneztozdie

withoutz îmân.z Continuingz toz performz namâzz causesz the

enlightenmentz ofz thez heartz andz thez attainmentz ofz endlessz bliss.

OurzProphetz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zdeclared: “Namâzeis

nûr,”ethatzis,zitzbrightenszthezheartzinzthezworldzandzilluminates

thezSirâteinzthezHereafter.zDozyouzknowzwhatzhappensztozAllah’s

belovedz onesz inz namâzz andz howz theyz attainz theirz wishesz in

namâz?

Story:z ’Abdullahz ibnz Tâhir,z thez Governorz ofz Khurasan,z was

veryzjust.zHiszgendarmeszcapturedzsomezthieveszandzreportedzthem

tozthezGovernor.zOnezofzthezthieveszescaped.zAzblacksmithzfrom

HiratzwaszcaughtzonzhiszwayzbackzfromzNîshâpûrzatznight.zHezwas

broughtz toz thez presencez ofz thez Governorz withz thez thieves.z The

Governorz said,z “Imprisonz them!”z Thez blacksmithz performedz an

ablutionzandznamâz.zHezstretchedzhiszhandszandzsupplicated,z“O

myzAllah!zYouzalonezknowzthatzIzamzinnocent.zOnlyzYouzcanzfree

mez fromz thisz jail.z Oz myz Allah!z Protectz me!”z Thatz night,z the

Governorzwokezupzjustzaszfourzstrongzmenzwerezaboutztozturnzhis

thronez upside-downz inz hisz dream.z Hez immediatelyz madez an

ablutionzandzperformedztwozrak’atszofznamâz.zHezwentztozsleep

again.zHezagainzwokezupzuponzdreamingzthatzthosezfourzmenzwere

aboutz toz pullz hisz thronez down.z Hez realizedz thatz hez hadz been

oppressingzsomeone.zAszazmatterzofzfact,zthezpoemzsays:

Thousands of cannons and rifles can never make,

What the tears have made at the time of dawn,

The bayonets that make the enemy flee,

Are usually made into dust by a Believer’s plea.

YâzRabbîz(OzourzRabb,zAllah)!zOnlyzYouzarezGreat!zYouzare

sozgreatzthatzsuperiorszandzinferiors,zwhenzinztrouble,zentreatzonly

You.zThosezwhozentreatzonlyzYouzcanzattainztheirzwish.

ThezGovernorzimmediatelyzcalledzthezdirectorzofzthezjailzatzthat

nightzandzaskedzhimzwhetherztherezwaszazprisonerzkeptzunjustly.

Whenzthezdirectorzsaid,z“Izcannotzknowzhim.zButzthereziszsomeone

whoz performsz namâz,z praysz muchz andz shedsz tears.”z The

blacksmithz wasz broughtz toz thez presencez ofz thez Governor,z who

askedz himz questions,z realizedz thatz hez wasz innocent,z beggedz his

pardonzandzsaid,z“Pleasezforgivezmezforzhavingzdonezanzinjustice

tozyou,zacceptzmyzgiftzofzonezthousandzsilverzcoinszandzcomezto

mezwheneverzyouzhavezazwish!”zThezblacksmithzsaid,z“Izforgive

youz andz acceptz yourz gift.z Butz Iz cannotz comez toz youz for my

–z213 –

problems orz wishes.”z Whenz hez wasz askedz itsz reason,z hez said,

“Doeszitzbefitzazslavezlikezme,zazhumblezperson,ztoztakezmyzwishes

toz someonez otherz thanz myz Proprietorz whoz severalz times

overturnedzthezthronezofzazSultanzlikezyou?zHezmadezmezattainzso

manyzwisheszofzmine.zHowzcouldzIztakezrefugezinzsomeonezelse?

WhilezmyzRabbzhaszopenedzthezdoorzofzzHiszzTreasurezofzzEndless

Mercyz andz spreadz Hisz Tablez ofz Infinitez Endowmentz for

everybody,zhowzcanzIzhavezrecourseztozothers?zWhozhaszasked

andz Hez hasz notz given?z Whoz hasz comez toz Himz andz returned

empty-handed?zOnezcannotzattainzifzonezdoesznotzknowzhowzto

ask.zIfzonezdoesznotzenterzHiszPresencezwithzproperzmanners,zone

cannotzattainzHiszMercy.zPoem:

Whoever puts his head on the threshold of worship one night;

The Darling’s Kindness certainly opens thousands of doors for him.

Râbiat-ul-Adwiyyaz ‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaihâ’,z onez ofz thez great

Awliyâ,zheardzazmanzpray,z“OzAllah!zOpenzYourzDoorzofzMercy!”

Shezsaidztozhim,z“Ozyouzignorantzperson!zHaszAllâhuzta’âlâ’szDoor

ofzMercyzbeenzclosedzupztoznowzsozthatzyouzwantzitztozbezopened

now?”z[ThoughzthezsourcezofzMercyziszalwayszopen,zitziszthezhearts,

thezreceiverszthatzareznotzalwayszopen.zWezshouldzprayzsozthatzthey

shouldzopen!]

Yâz Rabbî!z You,z alone,z arez thez Onez whoz rescues everybody

fromzdistress.zDoznotzleavezuszinzdistresszinzthiszworldzandztheznext!

OnlyzYouzarezthezOnezwhozsendszeverythingztozthezneedy!zSend

auspicious,zusefulzthingsztozuszinzthiszworldzandztheznext!zDoznot

leavezuszinzneedzofzanybodyzinzthiszworldzandztheznext!zÂmîn.”

TranslationzfromzRiyâd-un-nâsihîneiszcompletedzhere.

Whilezbeginningzitszdiscoursezaboutznamâz,zthezbookzKitâb-ulfiqhe’alal-madhâhib-il-arba’aesays:z“Namâzziszthezmostzimportant

ofzthezarch-stoneszofzIslam.zAllâhuzta’âlâzmadeznamâzzfardzsozthat

HiszslaveszwouldzworshipzHimzonly.zThezhundredzandzthirdzâyatzof

Sûratz an-Nisâ’z purportsz thatz namâz,z withz itsz dailyz times

pronounced,z becamez fardz forz thez Believers.z Az hadîth-iz sherîf

declares: ‘Allâhue ta’âlâe hase madee ite farde toe performe namâze five

timese daily.e Allâhue ta’âlâe hase promisede thate Hee wille sende to

Paradiseeaepersonewhoeperformsenamâzefiveetimesedailyeesteeming

itehighlyeandeobservingeitseconditions.’eNamâzziszthezmostzvaluable

ofzworships.zAzhadîth-i-sherîfzdeclares: ‘Heewhoedoesenoteperform

namâze hase noe sharee frome Islam!’e Az hadîth-iz sherîfz quotedz in

Mishkât,e andz inz Kunûz-ud-daqâiq,e andz inz thez Sahîhayn,e andz in

Halabîe declares:z “Discrepancye betweene mane ande disbeliefe ise to

–z214 –

giveeupenamâz!”eItzdoesznotzmean,z“Manzandzdisbeliefzareztwo

separatezbeings.zBetweenzthemzliesznotztozperformznamâz.zWhen

notz toz performz namâzz goesz awayz fromz betweenz them,z thatz is,

whenzazpersonzperformsznamâz,zthezconnectionzbetweenzhimzand

disbeliefzgoeszup,ztheztwozcanznotzbezunited,zandzmanzwillznotzbe

azdisbeliever.”zButzitzmeans,z“Disbeliefziszazproperty.zItzdoesznot

existzalone.zItzexistszwithzsomezpeople.zPeoplezwhozhavezdisbelief

havez ‘(notz performingz namâz)’.z Butz peoplez whoz doz notz have

disbeliefz doz notz havez ‘(notz performingz namâz)’.z Difference

betweenzazpersonzwhozhaszdisbeliefzandzonezwhozdoesznotzhave

disbeliefzisznotzperformingzorzperformingznamâz.”zThiszhadîth-i

sherîfziszlikezthezstatement,z“Differencezbetweenzmanzandzdeathzis

‘notztozbreathe.’z”zAzpersonzwhozhaszdeathzdoesznotzbreathe.zBut

azpersonzwhozdoesznotzhavezdeath,zdoesznotzhavez(thezstatezof)

“notz breathing.”z Whenz az personz doesz notz breathe,z itz willz be

understoodz thatz hez isz dead.z Thisz hadîth-i-sherîfz vehemently

threatensz thosez whoz arez lazyz inz performingz namâz.z Toz perform

namâzzisztozrealizezone’szinferiorityzbeforezAllâhuzta’âlâ,zthinking

ofzHiszgreatness.zAzpersonzwhozrealizeszthiszalwayszdoeszwhatzis

good.zHezcanzneverzdozevils.zTheznamâzzwhichziszperformedzbyza

personzwhozfollowszhisznafsziszfruitless,zevenzifzitzmayzbezsahîh.

ThezheartzofzazpersonzwhozintendszthatzheziszinzthezAudiencezof

hiszRabbzfiveztimeszeachzdayzgetszfilledzwithzikhlâs.zEveryzaction

thatzonezhaszbeenzcommandedztozdozinznamâzzprovideszuseszfor

one’szheartzandzbody.zPerformingznamâzzinzjamâ’atzinzmosques

attacheszMuslims’zheartsztozonezanother.zItzprovideszlovezbetween

them.zThusztheyzrealizezthatztheyzarezbrethren.zThezelderzbecome

mercifulz towardsz thez younger.z Andz thez youngerz become

respectfulztowardszthezelder.zThezrichzbecomezhelperszforzthezpoor

andzthezpowerfulzforzthezweak.zThezhealthyzones,zwheneverzthey

doznotzseeztheirzacquaintaceszinzthezmosque,zvisitzthemzinztheir

homes,zthinkingzthatztheyzmayzbezill.zTheyzracezwithzonezanother

forzattainingzthezgladztidingszinzthezhadith-i-sherîf,z‘Allâhueta’âlâ

ise thee helpere ofe ae persone whoe runse toe thee aide ofe hise brothere in

Islam’.”

Azhadîth-izsherîf,zquotedzinzthezbookzQurratul’uyûn,edeclares:

“Ife ae persone doese note performe namâze thoughe hee hase noe good

excuse,eAllâhueta’âlâewillegiveehimefifteenekindseofeplague.eSixeof

themewillecomeeinetheeworld,ethreeewillecomeeatetheetimeeofedeath,

threeewillecomeeinetheegrave,eandethreeewillecomeewhenerisingefrom

theegrave.eTheesixeplagueseinetheeworldeare:

1e-ePersonewhoedoesenoteperformenamâzewillenotehaveebarakat

–z215 –

inehiselifetime.

2e -e Hee wille note havee thee beauty,e thee lovablenesse peculiare to

thoseewhoeareelovedebyeAllâhueta’âlâ.

3e -e Hee wille note bee givene thawâbe fore anye goode hee does. [This

hâdîth-izsherîfzshowszthatzthezsunnatszofzthosezwhozdoznotzperform

thezfardzprayerszinztimezareznotzacceptable.zThatzis,ztheyzwillznotzbe

givenzthawâbzforztheirzsunnats.]

4e-eHiseprayerse(duâs)zwillenotebeeaccepted.

5e-eNoeoneewillelikeehim.

6e-eBlessingsethate(other)zMuslimseinvokeeonehimewilledoehimeno

good.

Kindseofetormenteheewillesufferewhenedyingeare:

1e -e Hee wille expiree ine ane abhorrent,e unsightly,e repugnant

manner.

2e-eHeewilledieehungry.

3e-eMuchewatereaseheemayehave,eheewilledieewithepainfulethirst.

Kindseofetormenteheewillesuffereinetheegraveeare:

1e-eTheegraveewillesqueezeehim.eHisebonesewilleintertwine.

2e-eHisegraveewillebeefilledewithefire,ewhichewillescorchehimeday

andenight.

3e-eAllâhueta’âlâewillesendeaehugeeserpentetoehisegrave.eIteisenot

likeeterrestrialeserpents.eItewillestingehimeateeveryeprayeretimeedaily.

Itewillenevereleaveehimealoneeanyemoment.

Kindseofetormenteheewillesuffereaftererisingeare:

1e-eAngelseofetormentethatewilledragehimetoeHellewillenevereleave

himealone.

2e-eAllâhueta’âlâewillemeetehimewithewrath.

3e-eHiseaccountewillebeesettledeineaeveryevehementemanner,eand

heewillebeeflungeintoeHell.”

–z216 –

14e–eHOWeDOeWEePERFORMeNAMÂZ

Whenzbeginningznamâz,zmenzraisezbothzhands.zTipszofzthumbs

touchz earlobes.z Palmsz mustz bez turnedz towardsz thez qibla.z Saying

Allâhueakbareiszstartedzaszhandszleavezearszandzfinishedzasztheyzare

foldedzunderznavel.

NIYYATe(intention)ziszmadezwhilezsayingztheztakbîrzofziftitâh

(beginning).zItziszpermissibleztozmakezniyyatzbeforezthat,ztoo.zIn

fact,zitziszpermissiblezifzazpersonzwhozhaszleftzhiszhomezinzorderzto

performznamâzzinzjamâ’atzfollowszthezimâmzwithoutzniyyat.zButzon

thezwayzhezmustn’tzdozonezofzthezthingszthatzwouldznullifyznamâz.

Walkingzorzmakingzablutionzdoesznotzgivezharm.

Toz makez niyyatz forz namâzz meansz toz passz throughz heartz its

name,ztime,zqibla,ztozwishztozfollowzthezimâmz(whenzperforming

namâzzinzjamâ’at),ztozmeanztozperformznamâz.zKnowledgezonly,

thatzis,zknowingzwhatzisztozbezdonezwillznotzbezniyyat.zInzthezShafi’î

Madhhabz itz isz necessaryz toz rememberz thez ruknsz ofz namâz,z (i.e.

actionszthatzarezfardzduringzthezperformancezofznamâz.)zIfzazperson

whozarriveszforzthezjamâ’atzinzthezmiddlezofznamâzzcannotzmake

outzwhetherztheyzarezperformingzthezfardzofznightzprayerzorzthe

tarâwîh,zhezmakeszniyyatzforzthezfardzandzfollowszthezimâm.zIfzthe

tarâwîhz isz beingz performed,z hisz namâzz becomesz nâfila

(supererogatory)zbecausezitzhaszbeenzperformedzbeforezthezfard.

For,z thez tarâwîhz cannotz bez performedz beforez thez fard.z He

performszthezfardzindividuallyzatzoncezandzthenzperformszsomezof

thez tarâwîhz togetherz withz thez jamâ’at.z Nextz hez performsz the

remainingz rak’atsz individually.z Thenz hez performsz thez namâzz of

witr.

Thez niyyatz madez afterz thez takbîrz ofz iftitâhz isz notz sahîhz and

namâzzperformedztherebyzisznotzacceptable.zWhenzmakingzniyyat

forzprayerszthatzarezfardzorzwâjib,zitzisznecessaryztozknowzwhich

fardzorzwâjibztheyzare.zForzexample,zitzisznecessaryztozknowzthe

namez ofz thez fardz andz toz say,z forz instance,z “Toz performz today’s

earlyz afternoonz prayer,”z or,z “thez presentz time’sz fard.”z When

performingztheznamâzzofz’Iyd,zwitr,zorznazr,zitzisznecessaryztozthink

ofzitszbeingzwâjibzandzitszname.zItzisznotznecessaryztozmakezniyyat

forztheznumberzofzrak’ats.zWhenzperformingzazsunnatzthezniyyat

“Toz performz namâz”z willz suffice.z Thez niyyatz forz thez namâzz of

janâzaziszmadezasz“TozperformznamâzzforzAllah’szsakezandztozpray

forzthezdeceased.”zIfzazpersonzmakeszniyyatzforzthezfardzofzearly

afternoonz prayerz whenz performingz thez firstz sunnatz ofz early

afternoonz prayer,z hez willz havez performedz thez fardz ofz early

–z217 –

afternoonzprayer.zTheznamâzzthatzhezperformszafterzthatzbecomes

nâfila.zThezimâmzdoesznotzhaveztozmakezniyyatztozbezthezimâmzfor

men.zButz(ifzhezdoesznot)zhezwillznotzattainzthezthawâbzofznamâz

inzjamâ’at.zIfzhezmakeszniyyatztozbezthezimâmzhezwillzattainzthis

thawâb,ztoo.zWhilezazpersonziszperformingznamâzzindividually,zit

iszpermissiblezforzsomeonezelseztozcomezonzandzbeginztozfollow

him.z Thez jamâ’atz mustz alsoz makez thez niyyatz asz “Iz followz the

presentzimâm.”zThezimâmzhasztozmakezthezniyyatzasz“Tozbecome

thez imâmz forz women,”z (whenz hez isz toz conductz thez jamâ’atz of

women).zItzisznotznecessaryzforzthezjamâ’atztozknowzthezimâm.zAs

thezimâmzsaysztheztakbîrztheyzmustzmakezthezniyyatztozfollowzhim

andz beginz thez namâzz immediately.z Itz isz goodz asz wellz toz make

niyyatztozfollowzthezimâmzwhenzheztakeszhiszplacezandztozbeginzthe

namâzztogether.

Asz youz performz az namâzz thatz youz havez startedz considering

thatz itz isz thez presentz time’sz namâzz andz withz thez intentionz to

performzthezfardzofzthezpresentztime’sznamâz,zifztheztimezbecomes

overzwithoutzyouzknowingz(thatzitziszover),ztheznamâzzwillznotzbe

sahîh.zIfzyouzintendedztozperformz‘today’szfard’,zitzwouldzbezsahîh

andzyouzwouldzhavezmadezqadâ.zNamâzzperformedzbeforezitsztime

comesziszsupererogatory.zIfzitziszperformedzafterzitsztimezhaszbeen

over,zitzbecomeszqadâ.zThatzis,zthezpersonzwhozmakeszhiszniyyatzas

“Tozperformztoday’szearlyzafternoonzprayer”zwillzhavezmadezqadâ

ofzthezearlyzafternoonzprayerzifzitsztimezhaszbeenzover.zLikewise,zif

hezthinkszthatztheztimeziszoverzandzmakeszhiszniyyatzasz“Tozmake

qadâzofztoday’szearlyzafternoonzprayer”zhezwillzhavezmadezadâ [1] of

thezearlyzafternoonzprayerzwhenzhezfindszoutz(later)zthatzitsztime

wasznotzover.zInzbothzcaseszhezhaszmadezhiszniyyatzforzthezsame

prayerzbutzhaszbeenzwrongzinztheztime’szbeingzover.zHowever,za

prayerzwhichzhezperformszwithzthezintentionzofzmakingzqadâzof

hisz pastz earlyz afternoonz prayerz doesz notz standz forz thez present

day’szearlyzafternoonzprayer.zFor,zhezhasznotzmadezhiszniyyatz“for

today’sz prayer.”z Byz thez samez token,z (today’s)z earlyz afternoon

prayerzperformedzwithzthezintentionzofzadâzdoesznotzstandzforzany

pastz earlyz afternoonz prayerz thatz wasz omitted.z Likewise,z ifz a

[1] Tozmakezadâzofzazcertainzdailyzprayerzmeansztozperformzitzwithinzits

prescribedztime.zTozmakezqadâzofzazcertainzdailyzprayer,zonzthezother

hand,zisztozperformzitzafterwards.zTozleavezazcertainzdailyzprayerzto

qadâz meansz toz omitz it,z i.e.z notz toz performz itz withinz itsz prescribed

time.zItziszonezofzthezgravestzandzworstzsinsztozleavezazfardzprayerzto

qadâz withoutz onez ofz thez goodz reasonsz (termedz ’udhr)z dictatedz by

Islam.

–z218 –

personz makesz hisz niyyatz toz followz thez imâmz andz thinksz thatz the

imâmzis,zsay,zZayd,zwhereaszthezimâmzisznotzZaydzbutzsomeone

else,z hisz namâzz willz bez accepted.z Butz ifz hez makesz hisz niyyatz to

followzZaydzandzifzthezimâmziszsomeonezelse,zhisznamâzzwhichzhe

performsz byz followingz himz willz notz bez accepted.z Ifz az personz has

performedz earlyz afternoonz prayerz beforez itsz timez hasz begunz for

manyzyearszandzeachztimezhaszmadezhiszniyyatzasz“Tozperformzthe

earlyzafternoonzprayerzwhichziszfardzforzme”zwithoutzthinkingzof

thez presentz day’sz earlyz afternoonz prayer,z eachz dayz hez has

performedzthezpreviouszday’szearlyzafternoonzprayer.zInzthiszcase

thezonlyzearlyzafternoonzprayerzhezwillzhaveztozreperformziszthezlast

day’szearlyzafternoonzprayer.zIfzeachzdayzhezhaszmadezhiszniyyatzfor

thezpresentzday’szearlyzafternoonzprayer,zregardlesszofzwhetherzor

notzhezhaszusedzthezwordz“adâ”zinzhiszniyyât,zhezhaszperformedzthe

presentz day’sz earlyz afternoonz prayer;z butz becausez hez has

performedz themz allz beforez thez beginningz ofz theirz time,z nonez of

themzhaszbeenzthezfardzofzearlyzafternoonzprayer.zTheyzallzhave

beenz nâfila.z Hez hasz toz makez qadâz forz themz all.z Asz isz seen,z itz is

necessaryztozknowztheztimeszofznamâzzandztozknowzalsozthatzyou

havezperformedzthemzinztheirzprescribedztimes.

Niyyatzisznotzsomethingztozbezconfinedztozcertainzwordszuttered

inztheznamezofzintention.zAllzfourzMadhhabszarezunanimouszinzthat

actszofzworshipzperformedzwithoutzthezniyyatzmadezbyzheartzare

notz sahîh.z Noz onez heardz Rasûlullah,z thez Sahâba,z thez Tâbi’în,z or

evenzthezfourzimâms,zmakezniyyatzverbally.z[Pleasezseezchapterz2,

par.z15.]zHadratzImâm-izRabbânîz‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’zsayszinzthe

hundredzandzeighty-sixthzletterzofzthezfirstzvolumezofzMaktûbât:

“Niyyatziszmadezbyzheart.zItziszbid’atztozmakezniyyatzverbally.zThis

bid’atz hasz beenz calledz hasanaz (good,z useful).z Butz thisz bid’at

annihilatesznotzonlyzthezsunnatzbutzalsozthezfard.zFor,zmanyzpeople

havez beenz makingz niyyatz onlyz byz tongue,z withoutz passingz the

niyyatzthroughztheirzheart.zThuszniyyatzthroughzheart,zonezofzthe

fardsz (principles)z ofz namâz,z hasz beenz neglected,z andz namâzz has

beenznullified.zThiszfaqîrz(hadratzImâm-izRabbânîzmeanszhimself)

doz notz recognizez anyz bid’atz asz ‘Hasana’.z Iz seez noz beautyz inz any

bid’at.”zItziszsunnatztozmakezniyyat (also) orallyzinzShafi’îzandzin

HanbalîzMadhhabs.zItziszstatedzinzIbniz’Âbidîn: “Thatzitziszfardzto

makezniyyatzwhenzbeginningznamâzzhaszbeenzstatedzunanimously.

Niyyatziszmadezonlyzwithzthezheart.zItziszbid’atztozmakezitzonlyzin

words.z Itz isz permissiblez forz az personz whoz makesz niyyatz withz his

heartz toz makez niyyatz verballyz alsoz inz orderz toz bez safez against

doubts.”

–z219 –

TAHRÎMAe meansz toz sayz Allâhue akbare whenz beginning

namâz,zandziszfard.zNozotherzwordztozreplacezitziszacceptable.zSee

chapterz21.zThisztakbîrzofziftitâhziszonezofzthezessentials ofznamâz.

Itzisznotzazrukn.

Womenzraiseztheirzbothzhandszaszhighzasztheirzshoulderszandzsay

theztakbîrzofziftitâh.zThenztheyzputztheirzhandszonztheirzbreasts,zright

handzonztopzofzthezleft.zTheyzdoznotzgraspztheirzwrist.zIfztheztakbîrzis

saidztoozlong,zlikezAAAllâhuzinzthezbeginningzorzakbaarzatzthezend,

namâzzwillznotzbezaccepted.zAzperson’sznamâzzwillznotzhavezstarted

ifz hez uttersz thez wordz ‘akbar’z beforez thez imâmz does,z (when

performingznamâzzinzjamâ’at.)zWhenzstanding,zitziszsunnatz(forzmen)

tozputzrightzhandzonzleftzhand; tozformzazringzaroundzleftzwristzwith

thezthumbzandzthezsmallzfingerzofzrightzhand; tozsayzthezSubhânaka

and; whenz performingz individually,z toz sayz thez A’ûdhuz andz the

BasmalazafterzthezSubhânaka.zHezwhoziszlatezforzthezjamâ’at,z(that

is,zwhozarriveszinzthezmosquezafterzthezcongregationalzprayerzhas

started,)zsayszthezSubhânakazifzthezîmâmziszrecitingzsilently,zandzsays

thezSubhânakazagainzwhenzhezstandszupzafterzthezimâmzmakeszthe

finalizingzsalâm.

HezwhozperformsznamâzzindividuallyzsayszthezFâtiha.zAfterzthe

FâtihazitzisznotznecessaryztozsayzthezBasmala.zButzitzwillzbezgoodzif

hezdoes.zThosezHanafîszwhozimitatezthezShâfi’îzMadhhabzhavezto

sayzthiszBasmala.zThenzhezsayszonezsûrazorzthreezâyats.zAfterzthe

Fâtihaz bothz thez imâmz andz thez jamâ’atz sayz “Âmîn”z silently.z A

personzwhozperformsznamâzztogetherzwithzthezimâmzdoesznotzsay

thez Fâtihaz orz thez sûra.z “Âmîn”z meansz “(Pleasez do)z acceptz (this

invocation).”

QIYÂMeiszthezfirstzofzthezfivezruknszofznamâz.zQiyâmzmeans

tozstand.zHezwhozisztoozillztozstandzperformsznamâzzsitting,zandzif

toozillztozsitzhezlieszdownzonzhiszbackzandzperformszitzwithzhiszhead

(byzmoving,znodding,zetc.,zhiszhead).zAzpillowzmustzbezputzunder

hisz headz soz thatz hisz facez willz bez towardsz thez qiblaz insteadz of

towardszthezsky.zHezbendszhiszknees,zwithzhiszlegsztowardszthe

Qibla.zItziszwrittenzinzIbnie’Âbidîn:z“AccordingztozImâm-iza’zam,

itz isz permissiblez forz az healthyz personz toz performz namâzz thatz is

fardzsittingzonzboardzazshipzorzonzaztrainzwhenzitziszinzmotion.

However,z thez Imâmeynz saidz thatz itz wouldz notz bez permissible

whenz therez isz noz ’udhr.z Thez (conclusivez scholarlyz instruction

termed)zfatwâziszinzfavourzofzthezsecondzijtihâd.z[Pleasezseezthe

fifteenthzandztwenty-thirdzchapters.]zWhenzstanding,ztheztwozfeet

mustz bez fourz timesz az finger’sz widthz apartz fromz eachz other.z A

personzwhozisztoozillztozstand,zorzwhozwillzfeelzdizzyzorzhaveza

–z220 –

headachezorztoothachezorzpainzatzsomezotherzpartzofzhiszbodyzor

cannotzcontrolzhiszurinationzorzwind-breakingzorzbleedingzwhen

hezstands,zorzwhozfearszthatzhiszenemyzmayzseez(andzharm)zhimzor

hiszbelongingszmayzbezstolenzwhenzhezstands,zorzwhosezfastzwill

breakzorzspeechzwillzbezslurredzorzawratzpartszwillzbezexposed in

casezhezstands,zperformsznamâzzsitting.zAlso,zifzanzillzpersonzinfers

fromzhiszownzexperienceszorzisztoldzbyzazspecializedzMuslimzdoctor

thatzstandingzwillzmakezhiszillnesszworsezorzdelayzhiszhealing,zhe

performsznamâzzsitting.zYetzthezdoctorzwhoztellszhimzsozshould

notzbe a fâsiqzpersonzcommittingzsinszorzharâmszfloutingly.zSuch

peoplezmayzsitzonzthezfloorzinzazmannerzthatzcomeszeasyztozthem;

crosszlegged,zorzkneeszdrawnzupzwithzarmszfoldedzroundzthezlegs

orzelsewise.zAzpersonzincapablezofzsittingzinzthatzmannerzonzits

own,zdoeszsozwithzsomeonezelse’szhelp.zForzthezrukû’ztheyzbend

forwardzazlittle.zForzthezsajdaztheyzputztheirzheadzonzthezground.

Az sickz personz whoz cannotz putz hisz headz onz thez groundz putsz his

headzonzsomethingzhardzandzlesszthanz25zcentimetreszhigh.zItzis

sahîhz toz doz thez sajdaz inz thisz manner.z Ifz itz isz higherz (thanz 25

centimetres)zorzsoft,zthezperformancezturnszintozîmâ (signs).zIfza

personzcannotzevenzputzhiszheadzonzsomethingzhard,zhezsitszand

performsznamâzzbyzsigns,zevenzifzhezcouldzstand.zInzotherzwords,

performingznamâzzsitting,zhezbendszazlittlezforzthezrukû’zandzbends

evenzmorezforzthezsajda.zIfzhiszbendingzforzthezsajdazisznotzmore

thanzhiszbendingzforzthezrukû’,zhisznamâzzwillznotzbezsahîh.zIfzhe

himselfzorzsomeonezelsezholdszsomethingzup,zandzhezmakeszthe

sajdazonzit,zhisznamâzzwillzbezsahîh,zbutzitzisztahrîmîzmakrûh.zIn

fact,zifzthatzthingzisznotzlowerzthanzhiszbendingzforzthezrukû’,zhis

namâzzwillznotzbezsahîh.”zPleasezseezchapterz23,zpar.z14.

QIRÂAT:eMeansztozrecitezorally.zRecitingzonlyzaszloudzaszone

canzhearziszcalledzkhafî.zItziszcalledzjahrî,zthatzis,zloudzifzitziszaudible

byzone’szcompany.z[ItziszstatedzaszfollowszinzthezbookzofzTafsîrzby

HamdizofzElmal›:z“Soundzproducedzbyzinstrumentszsuchzasztape

recorders,z(DVDzplayers),zandzloud-speakers,ziszbyznozmeanszthe

readingz(orzrecitation)zitself.zItziszmereznoise.”zAzânzorzQur’ânzalkerîmzrecitedzthroughzthemzisznotzsahîh.zInzfact,zitziszsinfulztozuse

themzforzthiszpurpose.]zItziszfardztozsayzanzâyatzofzthezQur’ânzalkerîmzwhilezstandingzatzeveryzrak’atzofzsunnatszandzofzthezwitr,

andz atz twoz rak’atsz ofz thez fardz whenz performingz namâz

individually.zItzbringszmorezthawâbztozsayzazshortzsûra.zAszqirâat,

itziszwâjibztozsayzthezFâtihazsûrazatzthesezpartszofzprayerszandzto

sayzalsozazsûrazorzthreezâyatszatzeveryzrak’âtzofzsunnatszandzofzwitr

prayerzandzatztwozrak’atszofzthezfard.zInzthezfard,z(i.e.zprayerszof

–z221 –

namâzzthatzarezobligatory),zitziszwâjibzorzsunnatztozsayzthezFâtiha

andz thez (other)z sûraz atz thez firstz twoz rak’ats.z Additionally,z itz is

wâjibztozsayzthezFâtihazbeforezthezsûra.zFurthermore,zitziszwâjibzto

sayzthezFâtihazoncezatzeveryzrak’at.zIfzonezofzthesezfivezwâjibszis

forgotten,zitzisznecessaryztozmakezsajda-i-sahw.zAccordingztozsome

morezdependablezinformation,zatzthirdzandzfourthzrak’atszofzthe

fard,zitziszsunnatzforzthezimâmzaszwellzaszforzazpersonzwhozperforms

namâzzindividuallyztozsayzthezFâtiha.zItzwillzbezallzrightzwhetherzhe

sayszthezadditionalzsûra,ztoo,zorzsaysznothingz(Ibnîe’Âbidîn,epage

343).zPleasezseezchapterz17.zInzthezotherzthreezMadhhabs,zitziszfard

tozsayzthezFâtihazinzeveryznamâzzandzatzeveryzrak’at.

Azsettledzpersonzwhozfollowszaztravellingzonezstandszupzwhen

thezimâmzmakeszthezsalâmzafterzthezsecondzrak’at,zandzperforms

twozmorezrak’ats,zbutzhezdoesznotzmakezthezqirâat.zThatzis,zhezdoes

notzsayzthezFâtihazorzthezotherzsûra.zHezdoesznotzsayzanyzprayerzas

ifzhezwerezperformingznamâzzbehindzthezimâm.zItziszwrittenzonzthe

seventy-thirdz pagez ofz Jâmî’-ur-rumûz [1]

andz onz pagez 106z of

Tâtârhâniyya [2] : “Accordingztozsomezsavants,zazsettledzpersonzwho

performsz namâzz behindz az travellingz imâmz doesz notz makez the

qirâat,zdoesznotzsayzanyzprayerzinzthezthirdzandzfourthzrak’ats.zBut

accordingz toz Shams-ul-aimmaz Abdul’azîzz Halwânîz andz other

’ulamâzhezhasztozmakezthezqirâat.zThen,zhezhadzbetterzbezprudent

andzsayzthem.”zBecausezthezqiyâmz(standingzinznamâz)ziszthezplace

forzqirâat,ztherezisznozharmzinzmakingzthezqirâat.zItziszwrittenzatzthe

endzofzHalabî-yiekebîr: “Ifzthezmedicinezwhichzyouzhaveztozusezto

diminishz(your)ztoothachezimpedesz(your)zrecitalz(ofzthezQur’ân)

andzifzitzisznearlyzthezendzofztheztimezofznamâz,zyouzfollowzanzimâm.

Ifzyouzcannotzfindzanzimâmzyouzperformztheznamâzzalonezwithout

recitingz anything.”z For,z toothachez isz az difficultyz thatz cannotz be

helped.

[1] Writtenz byz Shams-ad-dînz Muhammadz binz Husâm-ad-dîn

‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z (d.z 962z [1555z A.D.],z Bukhârâ,)z asz a

commentaryztozthezbookzNikâya,zwhichzitselfziszanzabridgedzversion

thatz ’Ubaydullahz binz Mas’ûdz binz Tâj-ush-sharî’az ’Umar

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z750z[1349zA.D.],zBukhârâ,)zwrotezasza

commentaryztozthezbookzVikâya,zwhichzinzturnzhadzbeenzwrittenzby

hisz grandfatherz Burkhan-ush-sharî’az Mahmûdz binz ’Ubaydullah

‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z (martyredz byz thez Mongolianz hordesz in

673z[1274zA.D.].)

[2] Az bookz ofz fatwâsz writtenz byz ’Âlimz binz ’Alâz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâ

’alaih’,z (d.z 688z [1289z A.D.].)z Thez bookz isz alsoz knownz withz thez title

Zâd-ul-musâfir.

–z222 –

Whenz makingz thez qirâat,z itz isz notz permissiblez toz recite

translationszofzthezQur’ân.

Asziszwrittenzinzthezthreezhundredzandzsixty-fourthzpagezofzIbni

’Âbidîn,zinzeveryzprayerzofznamâzzexceptzFridayzprayerzandz’Iyd

prayer,zitziszsunnatzforzthezimâmzthatzthezsûrazhezsayszinzthezfirst

rak’atz(afterzthezFâtiha)zbeztwicezaszlongzaszthezonezhezsayszinzthe

secondz rak’at.z Az personz whoz performsz namâzz individuallyz may

sayzazsûrazofzthezsamezlengthzinzeachzrak’at.zInzeveryzprayerzof

namâz,zitziszmakrûhztozsayzazsûrazinzthezsecondzrak’atzthreezayâts

longerzthanzthezsûrazsaidzinzthezfirstzrak’at.zItziszmakrûhzforzthe

imâmztozformzitzazhabitztozsayzthezsamezâyatszinzthezsamezrak’ats

ofzthezsamezprayerzofznamâz.zItziszsaidz(byzsavants)zthatzthisziszso

forz thosez whoz performz namâzz individuallyz toz doz soz inz every

prayer.zFromztimeztoztimezonezoughtztozsayzsomezotherzâyats.zItzis

tanzîhîzmakrûhztozsayzinzthezsecondzrak’atzthezsamezâyatszthatzyou

havezsaidzinzthezfirstzrak’at.zIfzyouzsayzthezQulza’ûdhuzbi-Rabbinnâs,z(thezlastzsûrazofzthezQur’ânzalzkerîm,)

inzthezfirstzrak’at,zyou

sayzitzagainzinzthezsecondzrak’at,zsincezitzwouldzbezworseztozsayzthe

previouszsûras.zInzthezsecondzrak’atzitziszbestztozsayzthezâyatzthatzis

immediately afterzthezonezsaidzinzthezfirstzrak’at.zInzthezsecond

rak’atzitziszmakrûhztozskipzthezshortzsûrazfollowingzthezsûrazsaidzin

thez firstz rak’at,z andz sayz thez onez immediately afterz it.z Itz isz not

makrûhztozsayzseveralzsuccessivezsûraszinzonezrak’at,zyetzitziszbest

tozsayzonezsûra.zInzthezsecondzrak’atzitziszmakrûhztozsayzthezâyats

orzsûraszthatzarezbeforezthezoneszyouzhavezsaidzinzthezfirstzrak’at.

ItziszalwayszwâjibztozreadzthezQur’ân’szsûraszorzâyatszinzthezorder

asztheyzarezwrittenzinzthezQur’ân.zOnly,zatzthezendzofzazkhatm [1] it

produceszmuchzthawâbztozreadzthezinitialzfivezâyatszofzthezsûraszof

Fâtiha andz Baqara immediately afterz readingz thez twoz âyats

beginningzwithzthezphrasezQul-a’ûdhu.zSayingzthreezâyatszaszlong

aszazshortzsûrazeachziszbetterzthanzsayingzazlongzsûra.zThatzis,zthere

iszmorezthawâbzinzit.

RUKÛ’:e Afterz thez sûraz youz bendz forz thez rukû’z sayingz the

takbîr.zInzthezrukû’zmenzopenztheirzfingerszandzputzthemzonztheir

knees.zTheyzkeepztheirzbackzandzheadzlevel.zInzthezrukû’zyouzsay

Subhânae rabbiyal-’adhîme atz leastz thrice.z Ifz thez imâmz raisesz his

headz beforez youz havez saidz itz threez timesz youz mustz raisez your

[1] TozreadzthezQur’ânzfromzbeginningztozend.zThereziszmuchzthawâbzin

it,z especiallyz inz thez holyz monthz ofz Ramadân.z Imâm-iz A’zâmz Abû

Hanîfa,zleaderzofzHanafîzMadhhab,zoftenzmadezthezkhatmzinzonezor

twozrak’atszofznamâz.zThatzis,zhezrecitedzthezwholezQur’ân.

–z223 –

head,ztoo,zimmediately.zInzthezrukû’zyourzarmszandzlegszmustzbe

straight.z Womenz doz notz openz theirz fingers.z Theyz doz notz keep

theirzheadzandzbackzlevel,zorztheirzarmszandzlegszstraight.zItzis

sunnatzforzthezimâmzaszwellzaszforzazpersonzwhoziszperforming

namâzz byz himselfz toz sayz Sami’e Allâhue limane hamidehe while

straighteningz upz fromz thez rukû’.z Thez jamâ’atz doz notz sayz it.

Immediately afterzsayingzit,zazpersonzwhoziszperformingznamâz

byz himself,z andz thez jamâ’at,z uponz hearingz thez imâmz recitez it,

mustz say:z Rab-banâe lakale hamd,e andz standz upright,z andz then,

sayingz “Allâhue akbar”e whilez kneelingz downz forz thez sajda,z put

firstzthezrightzkneezandzthenzthezleftzknee,zfollowedzbyzthezright

andzleftzhands,zonzthezfloor [1] .zFinally,ztheznosezandzthezforehead

boneszarezputzonzthezfloor.

SAJDA:e Atz thez sajda,z fingersz mustz bez closed,z pointing

towardsz thez qiblaz inz linez withz thez ears,z andz thez headz mustz be

betweenzhands.zItziszfardzthatzthezforeheadzbeztouchingzsomething

clean,zsuchzaszstone,zsoil,zwood,zcloth,zandzitziszsaidz(byzsavants)

thatzitziszwâjibztozputztheznosezdown,ztoo.zItzisznotzpermissiblezto

putz onlyz thez nosez onz thez groundz withoutz az goodz excuse.z Itz is

makrûhztozputzonlyzthezforeheadzonzthezground.zInzthezsajdazyou

mustzsayzSubhânaerabbiyal-a’lâeatzleastzthrice.zThezShi’îszsayzthat

itziszbetterztozmakezthezsajdazonzazbrickzmadezfromzthezclayzof

Kerbelâ [2] .zItziszeitherzfardzorzwâjibztozputztwozfeetzorzatzleastzone

toezofzeachzfootzonzthezground.zTherezarezalsozsomezsavantszwho

sayzthatzitziszsunnat.zThatzis,zifztwozfeetzareznotzputzonzthezground,

namâzz willz eitherz notz bez sahîhz orz itz willz becomez makrûh.z If,

duringzthezsajda,zthezforehead,znose,zorzfeetzarezraisedzfromzthe

groundzforzazshortzwhile,zitzwillzcauseznozharm.zAtzthezsajda,zitzis

sunnatz toz bendz thez toesz andz turnz themz towardsz thez qibla.z Itz is

writtenzinzRadd-ul-muhtârethatzthosezwhozsayzthatzitziszfardzor

wâjibzarezwrong.zMenzmustzkeepztheirzarmszandzthighszawayzfrom

theirzabdomen.zItziszsunnatztozplacezthezhandszandzthezkneeszon

thez ground.z Itz isz sunnatz toz keepz thez heelsz az four-finger-width

awayzfromzeachzotherzatzthezqiyâm,zbutzatzthezrukû’,zqawma, and

sajdaz theyz mustz bez keptz together.z Itz isz writtenz inz thez three

hundredz andz fifteenthz pagez ofz Halabî-yie kebîre andz alsoz inz the

bookz Durr-ul-mukhtâr:e “Onez ofz thez sunnatsz atz thez rukû’z isz to

keepzthezheel-bonesztogether.”zForzdoingzthis,zwhenzbendingzfor

thezrukû,zthezheelzofzthezleftzfootziszbroughtznearzthezrightzfoot.

[1] Orzonzthezground,zifztheyzarezperformingzitzoutdoors.

[2] TheztownzofzKerbelâ,zIraq.

–z224 –

Theyzarezseparatedzagainzwhenzstandingzupzforzthezqiyâmzafter

thezsajda.

Althoughzitziszsahîhztozprostratezonzthezwindingzclothzofzone’s

turban,zorzonzthezedgeszofzone’szskullcap,zorzonzone’szhairzhanging

downzone’szforehead,zorzonzthezlowestzpartszofzone’szsleeveszor

skirts,z orz onz one’sz hands,z itz isz tanzîhîz makrûhz toz doz soz inz the

absencez ofz anz excuse.z Womenz alsoz shouldz keepz theirz forehead

uncoveredzduringznamâz.zItzwillzbezsahîhztozprostratezonzazcarpet,

azmat,zsomezwheatzorzbarley,zonzazcouch,zonzazsofa, orzonzazvehicle

thatz isz onz thez groundz onz conditionz thatz youz willz pressz onz them

untilzyouzfeelztheirzhardness,zthatzis,zuntilzyourzforeheadzcannot

movezdownwardzanyzmore.zHowever,zprostratingzonzanzanimal,

onzazswingzstretchedzbetweenztwoztrees,zorzonzricezorzmilletznot

packaged,z isz notz sahîh.z Becausez somethingz onez isz wearingz is

consideredz partz ofz one’sz body,z thez surfacez underz itz shouldz be

clean.z Forz thisz reason,z asz az personz withoutz anz ablutionz isz not

permittedztozholdzthezQur’ânzwithzhiszhands,zlikewise,zhezisznot

permittedztozholdzitzwithzthezendzofzhiszsleeves.zHeziszpermittedzto

holdzitzwithzthingszsuchzaszclotheszhezisznotzwearingzorzwithzaztowel

orzazhandkerchief.zNamâzzcanzbezperformedzonzthemzwhenzthey

arezspreadzonzaznajszplace.zLikewise,zazjanâzaznamâzzshouldznot

bez performedz whilez wearingz shoesz withz najsz solesz orz while

standing onzaznajszplace.zButzitzwillzbezsahîhzifzyouztakezoffzyour

shoesz withz najsz soles,z stepz onz theirz cleanz upperz parts,z and

thereafterzstartzperformingztheznamâz.

Itz isz writtenz inz Halabî:z “Whenz gettingz downz forz sajdaz itz is

makrûhz toz pullz upz thez skirtsz ofz yourz loosez longz robez orz your

trousers,zandzitziszmakrûhztozfoldzthemzbeforezbeginningznamâz.zIt

iszmakrûhztozperformznamâzzwithzfoldedz[orzshort]zsleeves,zcuffs,

orzskirt.”zItziszmakrûhztozperformznamâzzwithzazbarezheadzbecause

ofz lazinessz orz forz lackz ofz realizationz ofz thez importancez of

performingznamâzzwithzazcoveredzhead.zAndzitzcauseszdisbeliefzto

slightznamâz.zItzisznotzmakrûhznotztozcoverzone’szheadzinzorderzto

showz one’sz inferiorityz andz incapabilityz andz becausez onez fears

Allâhuzta’âlâ.z[Inzotherzwords,zifzazpersonzwhozturnszpale,ztrembles,

forgetszhimselfzandzeverythingzforzfearzofzAllâhuzta’âlâzandzdoes

notz coverz hisz head,z itz willz notz bez makrûh.]z However,z evenz such

peoplezhadzbetterzcoverztheirzheads.zFor,znotztozcoverzone’szhead

meansz toz disobeyz thez âyat-i-kerîmaz thatz purports:z “Takee your

ornamentedeclotheseandeputethemeoneforenamâz!”eItziszmustahabzto

wrapzazwhitezturbanzroundzthezhead.zThezfactzthatzRasûlullahz‘sall-

Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zusedzevenzazblackzturbanziszwrittenzinzthe

–z225 –

bookzMa’rifatnâma [1] .zHezwouldzallowztwozspanszfromzthezendzof

hiszturbanzhangzdownzbetweenzhisztwozshoulderblades.

Azpersonzwhozisztoozillztozprostratezforzthezsajda,zorzazhealthy

personzwhozcannotzfindzanzemptyzplacezinzthezmosque,zmustznot

prostratez onz anythingz higherz thanz twenty-fivez centimetres.

However,zthezpersonzwhozcannotzfindzanzemptyzplacezcanzmake

thez sajdaz onz thez backz ofz anotherz personz whoz isz performingz the

samezprayerzofznamâzzandzwhoziszmakingzthezsajdazonzthezground.

Butzhiszkneeszmustzbezonzthezgroundz(orzonzthezfloor).zHowever,

itziszmustahabzforzthatzhealthyzpersonztozperformztheznamâzzafter

thez crowdz thinsz out,z orz toz goz toz anotherz mosquez thatz isz not

crowdedzandzperformzhisznamâzzthere.zItzhaszbeenzinformedz(by

savants)zthatzitziszpermissibleztozmakezthezsajdazonzsomethingzless

thanztwenty-fivezcentimetreszhighzwhenztherezisznozcrowd,zbutzitzis

makrûh.zFor,zRasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zneverzmade

thezsajdazonzanythingzhigherzthanzfloorzlevel.z[Ibnîe’Âbidîn,zpage

338].zItziszwrittenzonzthezrightzhandzmarginzofzthezsixty-ninthzpage

ofz Jâmi’ur-rumûze andz inz thez annotationz ofz Tabyîne byz Shalbî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’zthatzitzisznotzpermissibleztozmakezthe

sajdaz evenz onz somethingz whichz isz onlyz az littlez higherz thanz floor

level.z[Forzthiszreason,zthosezwhozdoznotzhavezazgoodzexcusezmust

notz makez thez sajdaz evenz onz somethingz az littlez higherz thanz floor

level.zTozsayzthatzwezmustzmakezthezsajdazonzazhighzplacezandznot

onz thez groundz meansz toz changez thez (prescribed)z wayz of

worshipping.z Hez whoz wantsz toz changez worshipsz becomesz a

disbeliever.zDisbelievers,zenemieszofzIslam,zenemieszofzRasûlullah

wantz toz turnz mosquesz intoz churches.z Likez inz churches,z theyz are

tryingztozgetzpeopleztozsitzatztableszandzputztheirzheadszonztableszin

thez namez ofz sajda,z andz alsoz toz initiatez musicz andz musical

instrumentsz inz mosques.z Firstz theyz arez accustomingz peoplez to

makingz thez placez ofz sajdaz az littlez higherz andz toz performingz the

worshipsz withz loud-speakers.]z Ibn-iz ’Âbidînz ‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaih’

says:z “Istikbâl-ie qibla isz fardz forz namâz.z Thatz is,z namâzz is

performedzbyzturningztowardszthezdirectionzofzthezKa’ba.zNamâz

iszperformedzforzAllah.zSajdaziszdonezforzAllâhuzta’âlâzonly.zItzis

performedztowardszthezdirectionzofzKa’ba,zbutznotzforzthezKa’ba.

OnezwhozmakeszsajdazforzthezKa’bazbecomeszazdisbeliever.”

QA’DA-I-ÂKHIRA:eInzthezlastzrak’atzitziszfardztozsitzaszlong

[1] WrittenzbyzIbrâhîmzHaqqiz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z1195z[1751

A.D.],zSi’rid-Tillo.)zThiszgreatzIslamiczscholarziszonezofzthosezgreat

AwliyâzandzscholarszcalledzSôfiyya-i-aliyya.

–z226 –

asz itz wouldz takez toz sayz thez tahiyyât.z Itz isz writtenz inz Durr-ulmukhtâr:e“Youzdoznotzmakezazsignzwithzyourzfingerszwhilezsitting.

Thezfatwâzsayszso,ztoo.”zWhenzsitting,zmenzputztheirzleftzfootzflat

onzthezgroundzwithzitsztoeszpointingztowardszthezright.zTheyzsitzon

thiszfoot.zThezrightzfootzshouldzbezupright,zwithztheztoesztouching

thezgroundzandzpointingztowardszthezqibla.zItziszsunnatztozsitzinzthis

manner.z Womenz sitz byz tawarruk.z Thatz is,z theyz sitz withz their

buttocksz onz thez ground.z Theirz thighsz shouldz bez closez toz each

other.zTheirzfeetzshouldzjutzoutzfromztheirzright.

Whilez explainingz thez naturez ofz ezkâr,z itz isz writtenz in

MarâqilfalâheandzinzitszcommentaryzbyzTahtâwî:z“Itziszsunnatzin

thez Hanafîz Madhhabz toz standz upz andz performz thez sunnatz right

afterz thez fardz withoutz sayingz anythingz inz between.z After

performingzthezfard,zourzProphetzusedztozsitzaszlongzaszitztookzhim

toz sayz Allâhummae Anta-s-salâme wae minkas-salâme tabâraktae yâ

dhalejalâliewa-l-ikrâm;ethen,zhezwouldzbegin tozperformzthezsunnat

outright.z Hez wouldz notz sayz thez Âyat-al-kursîz orz thez tesbîhs

betweenz thez fardz andz thez sunnat.z Sayingz themz afterz the final

sunnatzproduceszthezsamezthawâbzaszwouldzbezattained byzsaying

themzafterzthezfard.zThezsamezrulezapplieszforzthezsunnatzbefore

thez fard;z sayingz anyz prayersz betweenz thez fardz andz thez sunnat

diminishesz thez thawâbz ofz namâz.z Itz isz makrûhz forz thez imâmz to

performzthezfinalzsunnatzatzthezsamezplacezwherezhezperformed

thezfard.zItzisznotzmakrûhzforzthezjamâ’at,zbutzitziszmustahabzfor

themz toz performz itz atz somez otherz placez (inz thez mosque).z The

namâzz ofz az personz whoz neglectsz thez mustahabz willz notz be

deficient,zbutzhezwillzbezdeprivedzofzitszthawâb.zAfterzperforming

thezfardzifztherezisznozfinalzsunnatzafterzthezfard,zorzafterzthezfinal

sunnat,zitziszmustahabzforzthezimâmztozturnzrightzorzleftzorztowards

thezjamâ’at.zHezmayzaszwellzleavezthezmosquezatzoncezifzhezhas

somezworkztozdo.zItziszstatedzinzazhadîth-i-sherîf: ‘Ifeaepersonesays,

“Astaghfirullâh-al’azîme allazîe lâe ilâhae illâe huw-al-hayy-alqayyûmaewaeatûbueilayh”,eaftereeveryeprayereofenamâz,eallehisesins

willebeeforgiven.’eAlsozitziszmustahabz(forzthezimâmzandzforzthe

jamâ’at)ztozsayzthezÂyat-al-kursî,ztozsay,z“subhân-Allah,” thirtythreez

times,z “al-hamd-u-l-illâh,” thirt-threez times,z andz “Allâhu

akbar,” thirty-threez times,z andz thenz toz sayz thez kalima-i-tehlîl

once,zandzthenztozsay,z“lâeilâhaeil-l-Allâhuewahdahuelâesherîkaelehulemulkuewaeleh-ulehamduewaehuwae’alâekullieshay’ineqadîr,”

and

thenztozraiseztheirzhandszaszhighzasztheirzchestzandzinvokezblessings

onz themselvesz andz onz allz Muslims.z Az hadîthz declares:

“Invocationse offerede aftere thee fivee dailye farde namâze wille be

–z227 –

accepted.”eButzthezprayerszmustzbezdonezwithzazvigilantzheartzand

silently.zItziszmakrûhztozpronouncezinvocationszonlyzafterznamâz

orz atz certainz timesz orz toz memorizez certainz invocationsz andz say

themzrepetitivelyzlikezpoems.zAfterzofferingzyourzinvocations,zitzis

sunnatztozrubzthezhandszgentlyzonzthezface.zRasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhu

’alaihizwazsallam’zusedztozpronouncezinvocationszduringznamâz,

duringztheztawâfz(visitingzthezKa’ba),zafterzmeals,zandzwhenzgoing

tozbed.zInzthesezinvocationszofzhiszhezwouldznotzraisezhiszarms,znor

wouldzhezrubzhiszhandszonzhiszface.zInvocationszandzallzotherztypes

ofzdhikrzarezbestzwhenztheyzarezpronouncedzsilently.zAccordingzto

thez unanimityz (ofz savants),z itz isz harâmz toz doz asz somez menz of

tarîqatzdo,zsuchzasztozdancezorzwhirl,ztozclapzhands,ztozplayzstringed

instruments,z tambourines,z smallz drums,z flutes.”z Asz isz seen,z itz is

bestz ifz thez jamâ’atz andz thez imâmz pronouncez theirz invocations

togetherzsilently.zItziszalsozpermissiblezforzthemztozpronounceztheir

invocationsz separatelyz orz toz leavez thez mosquez without

pronouncingztheirzinvocations.zAfterzthezinvocations,zthez(sûra)

Ikhlâsziszsaidzelevenztimeszandztheztwozsûraszbeginningzwithzthe

phrasez “Qul-a’ûdhu...” arez saidz once.z Muhammadz Ma’thûm

‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaih’z statedz inz thez eightiethz letterz ofz thez second

volumez thatz afterz thisz prayerz hez saidz onlyz Astaghfirullahe sixtysevenz

times.z Finally,z thez (three)z âyatsz beginningz asz “Subhâna

Rabbika...”earezsaid.

Thez bookz Durr-ul-mukhtâr,e afterz explainingz thez Namâze of

Tahiyyat-ul-masjid,e says:z “Talkingz betweenz thez sunnatz andz the

fardz doesz notz nullifyz thez sunnat,z butz itz diminishesz thez thawâbs.

Suchz isz thez casez whenz sayingz anyz prayer.z Accordingz toz some

savants,zthezsunnatzwillznotzbezacceptedzandzitzwillzbeznecessaryzto

performzthezsunnatzagain.”zAfterzexplainingzthatzitziszpermissible

forzazpersonztozfollowzanzimâmzwhoziszconductingztheznamâzzwhile

sitting,zthezbookzstates:z“Whenzthezimâm’szvoicezdoesznotzreach

everywhere,zitziszpermissiblezforzmuazzinsztozrepeatzloudlyzsozthe

jama’atz canz hear,z butz shoutingz tooz loudlyz nullifiesz theirz own

namâz.z Sayingz thez prayersz tooz loudlyz resemblesz az worldly

conversation.z Thez imâm’sz sayingz thez prayersz morez loudlyz than

necessaryzinzaznamâzzdoesznotznullifyztheznamâz,zyetzitziszharâm.”

Hence,zitziszharâmzforzmuazzinsztozdistractzthezotherzworshippers

byz shoutingz tooz loudly.z Itz isz writtenz inz thez bookz Ma’ârij-unnubuwwa:

[1]

“Hadratz Awzâ’îz wasz askedz aboutz whatz invocations

werezofferedzinzorderztozmakeztawbazafterzmakingzthezsalâm.z‘Say

[1] WrittenzbyzMollazMithkînzMuhammadzMu’în,z(d.z954.)

–z228 –

astaghfirullahzthreeztimes’,zhezsaid.”z[Thezfactzthatzitziszbid’atzto

sayzprayerszloudlyziszwrittenzonzthezfifty-ninthzpagezofzthez1375

(1956)z editionz ofz thez bookz al-Ibdâ’,e byz Shaikhz Alîz Mahfûz,z a

memberzofzthezassemblyzofzKibâr-i-ulamâzinzEgypt].zOurzProphet

‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zstated:z“SayetheeÂyat-al-kursîealso

whene goinge toe bed.”e Hez alsoz statedz thatz wez shouldz sayz prayers

afterznamâz.

Invocationse toe bee offerede aftere namâz:e Whenz sayingz duâs

(invocationszafterznamâz),zmenzraiseztheirzarmszupztozthezlevelzof

theirzchest.zThezarmszshouldznotzbezbentzveryzmuchzatzthezelbows.

Afterz offeringz theirz invocations,z theyz shouldz recitez thez âyat,

Subhânazrabbika......,zandzrubztheirzhandszgentlyzonztheirzfaces.zA

personz whoz cannotz liftz hisz handsz becausez ofz anz illnessz orz cold

weather,zmakeszazsignzzwithzhiszpointingzfinger.zFingerszarezturned

towardsz thez qibla.z Armsz arez notz openedz apartz inz thez right-left

direction.zTheyzarezheldzparallelztozeachzother,zforward.

[Afterzeachzfardznamâz,zitziszmustahabzforzthezimâmzandzthe

jamâ’atztozsayzthezistighfârzcompletelyzthreeztimes,ztozrecitezthe

Âyatzal-kursî,ztozmakeztheztesbîhzninety-nineztimes,zthenztozoffer

invocationsz andz thenz toz recitez thez (sûraz called)z Ikhlâsz eleven

timesz andz thez twoz sûrasz beginningz withz thez phrase,z “Qula’ûdhu...”z

andz toz say,z “Astaghfirullah”z sixty-sevenz times.z The

hadîth-i-sherîfzcommandingztozrecitezthezIkhlâszelevenztimesziszon

thezlastzpagezofzthezfirstzvolumezofzBerîqa. Itziszstatedzinzazhadîthi-sherîfzthatzazpersonzwhozsayszthezfollowingzprayerztenztimeszafter

morningzprayerzwillzbezgivenzmuchzthawâb:z“Lâeilâhaeil-l-Allah

wahdahue lâe sherîkae lehe lehul-mulkue wae lehul-hamdue yuhyîe wa

yumîtewaehuwae’alâekullieshey’ineqadîr.”e(Imdâd) [1] .zThezÂyat-alkursîz

andz thez tesbîhsz mustz neverz bez omitted,z (asz isz mostlyz the

case)zwhenzthereziszazjanâzaz(azdeadzMuslimzthatzmustzbezinterred

accordingztozprescribedzIslamiczrituals).zCannotzazjanâzazthatzis

delayedzforzhourszforzvariouszreasonszbezdelayedzazfewzminutes

longerz inz orderz toz sayz thesez prayers?z Thosez whoz preventz the

jamâ’atz fromz sayingz thesez prayersz mustz fearz veryz muchz being

placedz amongz thosez cruelz peoplez whoz arez declaredz inz thez one

hundredzandzfourteenthzâyatzofzBaqârazsûraztozbezthosezwhozwill

beztormentedzbitterlyzinzHell.zHowzluckyzforzthosezpiouszimâms

[1] Abul-IkhlâszHasanzbinzAmmârzShernblâlîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,

(994-1069z[1658zA.D.],zEgypt,)zwrotezazbookzentitledzNûr-ul-îdhâh,

andzanotherzbook,zentitledz‘Marâqilfalâh’,zwhichzwaszazcommentary

toz thez former,z andz whichz isz alsoz knownz withz thez titlez Imdâd-(ul-

Fattâh).

–z229 –

andzmuazzinszwhozdoznotzpreventzthezjamâ’atzfromzsayingzthese

prayers!z Atz eachz prayerz ofz namâzz theyz getz thez blessingsz forz a

hundredzmartyrs.zFor,zourzProphetz‘sall-Allâhuzta’âlâz’alaihizwa

sallam’zdeclared:z“Heewhoerecoverseoneeofemyeforgottenesunnats

willeattainetheeblessingseforeaehundredemartyrs.”eInzorderztozbe

safez againstz bid’ats,z muazzinsz shouldz sayz thez azânz loudlyz on

minaretszandztheziqâmatzinsidezthezmosques,zandztheyzshouldzsay

theztakbîrszofznamâzzloudlyzonlyzwhenznecessary,zwithoutzusing

loud-speakers.zThezÂyatzal-kursî,ztheztesbîhszandzthezKelima-itehlîlzshouldzbezsaidzsilently,zafterzthezfinalzsunnatzinzthezHanafî

MadhhabzandzimmediatelyzafterzthezfardzinzthezShâfi’îzandzMâlikî

Madhhabs.z Whilez offeringz anz invocation,z thez factz thatz itz is

mustahabztozsayzsalâtzandzsalâmzforzRasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhuzta’âlâ

’alaihizwazsallam’ziszwrittenzinzthezchapterzaboutzWitrzprayerzin

Tahtâwî’s commentaryzto thezbookzImdâd-ul-Fettâh.

Thez factz thatz itz isz harâmz (forbidden)z toz prostratez (toz make

sajda)z afterz namâz,z (whichz isz az malpracticez rifez amongz some

Muslimzcommunities,)ziszwrittenzinzthezbookzDurr-ul-mukhtâr,ein

itszchapterzaboutzthezsajdazofztilâwat.zItziszbid’atzforzthezimâmzand

thez jamâ’atz toz greetz eachz otherz byz puttingz theirz handsz onz their

chests.z Islamz doesz notz recognizez anyz kindz ofz greetingz donez by

movingzthezhandszorzthezbody.zIbnizNujaymzZaynalz’ÂbidînzMisrî

‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z (926-970z [1562z A.D.],z Egypt,)z states

thatz suchz greetingsz arez sinful.z Pleasez readz thez finalz partz ofz the

fifteenthzchapterzofzthezfifthzfasciclezofzEndlesszBliss.

Itz isz writtenz inz thez (bookz Mafâtih-ul-jinân,z whichz isz a)

commentaryz toz thez bookz Shir’at-ul-islâm:z “Az hadîth-iz sherîf

declares:z‘Anyeduâemadeeatetheetimeeofedawneandeafteretheeprayers

ofe namâz,e wille bee accepted.’e Itz isz sunnatz toz beginz thez duâz with

hamd-u-thanâ [1] andzsalawât [2] andztozrubzbothzpalmszgentlyzonzthe

facezafterzthezduâ.”zItziszwrittenzinzthezfifthzchapterzofzFatâwâ-i

Hindiyya:e “Whilez makingz duâ,z bothz handsz shouldz bez opened

towardszthezsky,zapartzfromzeachzother,zandzonzazlevelzwithzthe

chest.”zItziszwrittenzinzBezzâziyyaethatzperformingzaznamâzzwhich

iszsunnatziszbetterzthanzmakingzduâ.z[ShiiteszandzWahhabîszmake

duâzbyzraisingztheirzhandszaszhighzaszthezchestzturningzthezpalms

towardsz thez face,z bringingz themz togetherz withz theirz fingers

closed.]

[1] Thank,zpray, andzlaudzAllâhuzta’âlâ.

[2] PrescribedzblessingzinvokedzonzthezProphet’szblessedzsoul.

–z230 –

ItziszwrittenzinzNi’mat-ieIslâm: [1] “Whenzbeginningztozperform

namâz,zazwomanzraiseszbothzhandszupztozthezlevelzofzherzshoulders.

Whilezstandingzshezputszherzrightzhandzonzthezleftzhand.zButzshe

doesznotzgraspzherzleftzwristzwithzthezfingerszofzherzrightzhand.zShe

putszherzhandszonzherzbreast.zWhilezmakingzrukû,zherzhandszare

placedzonzherzknees,zbutzshezdoesznotzgraspzthem.zShezdoesznot

keepzherzfingerszwidezapart.zShezdoesznotzkeepzherzlegszstraight,

norz herz backz level.z Whilez makingz sajda,z shez lowersz herself,

bringingzherzarmsztozherzsideszwhilezshezkeepszherzabdomenzplaced

overz herz thighs.z Shez sitsz onz thez buttocks,z herz feetz juttingz out

towardszright.zAzwomanzcannotzbezanzimâmzforzmen.zItziszmakrûh

forzazwomanztozbezanzimâmzforzotherzwomen.zIfztheyzfollowzazman

aszimâm,ztheyzshouldzbezinzthezlastzlinezofzthezjamâ’at.zIfzazwoman

isz kissedz (whilez performingz namâz),z herz namâzz willz bez nullified.

Whilezperformingznamâzzinzjamâ’at,zifzazwomanzstandszbesidezorzin

frontzofzazman,zthezman’sznamâzzwillzbezfâsidz(nullified).zThezman

shouldzsignalztozthezwomanztozmovezbehind.zIfzshezdoesznotzdozas

sheziszbeckoned,zinzthatzcase,zonlyzthezwoman’sznamâzzwillzbecome

fâsid.z Inz casez ofz az babyz cryingz orz ofz foodz boilingz overz thez fire,

leavingztheznamâzziszpermissiblezforzazwoman.”zAzwomanzdoesznot

stretchzherzhandszforwardzwhilezmakingzduâ,zbutzshezkeepszthem

inclinedztowardszherzface.

[1] Writtenz byz Hâdjiz Muhammadz Zihnîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,

(1262-1332z[1914zA.D.],zBeylerbeyi,zIstanbul.)

–z231 –

15e–eNAMÂZeDURINGeLONG–DISTANCEeJOURNEYS

Safarîe orz Musâfire meansz (az person)z makingz az long-distance

journey.zIfzazpersonzintendsztozgoztozazplacezthatzwouldztakeza

manzthreezdayszonzfootzorzbyzcamel’szpacezduringzthezshortzdays

ofzthezyear,zhezbecomeszazmusâfirzaszsoonzaszhezreacheszbeyond

thezlastzhouseszofzthezplacezhezliveszinzorzonzonezorzbothzsideszof

hiszway.zIfzhezsetszoutzwithoutzintendingztozgoztozazplacezthatzis

threezdays’zway,zhezdoesznotzbecomezazmusâfirzevenzifzheztravels

allzoverzthezworld.zAnzexamplezofzthisziszthezcasezofzsoldierszin

questz ofz thez enemy.z Butz hez willz becomez az musâfirz onz hisz way

back.zIfzazpersonzwhozhaszstartedzoffzwithzthezintentionzofzgoing

toz az placez thatz isz twoz days’z way,z intendsz onz thez wayz orz after

reachingzthezplaceztozgoztozanotherzplacezwhichzisztwozdays’zway

fromzhiszfirstzdestination,zhezdoesznotzbecomezazmusâfirzwhenzhe

isz onz thez wayz toz thez placez whichz isz fourz days’z way.z Supposez a

personzsetzoutzforzazplacezthreezdays’zwalkzfromzhiszhome,zmade

aztemporaryzstayzsomewherezonzhiszway,zandzthenzleftzthatzplace

withz thez intentionz ofz goingz toz anotherz placez threez days’z walk

away;zthiszpersonzbecomeszazmusâfirzaszsoonzaszhezpasseszbeyond

thezlastzhouseszonzbothzsideszonzhiszway.zThezlastzhousezdoesznot

haveztozbezoutzofzsight.zHezdoesznotzhaveztozhavezreachedzbeyond

thezhouseszthatzarezonlyzonzonezsidezofzthezway.zNomadszcamping

atzthezseasidezorznearzazforestzbecomezmusâfirszwhenztheyzleave

theirztents.zIfztherezarezvillageszthezroadzbetweenzwhichzandzthe

cityziszlinedzwithzhouseszonzonezsidezorzboth,zthesezvillageszalso

mustz havez beenz leftz behind.z Itz isz notz necessaryz toz havez gone

beyondzemptyzfields,zvineyards,zpastures,zorzvegetablezgardens

adjacentz toz thez city.z Evenz ifz therez arez farmers’z orz watchmen’s

housesz inz thez fieldsz orz vegetablez gardens,z theyz orz thez villages

beyondzthemzareznotzcountedzaszpartszofzthezcity.zOfzthezempty

fields,zthosezlargezcemeterieszthatzarezcloseztoztownzandzcalled

finâ,z groundsz whichz thez townsfolkz usez forz threshingz grain,z for

horse-riding,zforzdiversion,zandzpartszofzazlakezorzseazwhichzthey

usezforzhuntingzetc.,z[factoryzbuildings,zschools,zandzbarracks]zare

countedzaszpartzofztheztown.zThatzis,ztheyzmustzhavezbeenzpassed.

Ifzazfinâziszmorezthanztwozhundredzmetreszawayzfromztheztownzor

ifzthereziszazfieldzinzbetween,zitzisznotzazpartzofztheztown.zButzitzis

sahîhztozperformzthezprayerszofzFridayzandz’Iydzatzazfinâzthatzis

farzaway.zVillageszandzcitieszbetweenzwhichzandzthezcityziszazfinâ

areznotzcountedzaszpartszofzthezcity.zItzisznotznecessaryztozhave

passedz beyondz suchz villages.z Onez becomesz safarîz whenz one

reachesz beyondz thez finâz only.z Withz largez cities,z az finâz isz still

–z232 –

countedzaszazpartzofztheztownzwhenzitziszmorezthanztwozhundred

metreszfromztheztown.zItziszwrittenzinzTahtâwî’szcommentaryzto

Imdâd-ul-Fettâh thatz accordingz toz az narrationz (report)z called

Mukhtâr,zevenzifztherezarezhouseszorzazfinâzinzbetween,zhaving

gonezbeyondzthezvillageszisznotzazcondition.

Thez walkz (toz meetz thez three-dayz standardz establishedz inz this

Islamiczrule)zdoesznotznecessarilyzhaveztozbezazcontinuouszwalkztill

latez evening.z Onz az shortz day,z az walkz fromz thez timez ofz morning

prayerzuntilztheztimezofzthezearlyzafternoonzprayerzwillzsuffice.zThis

journeyz isz called,z merhala,z manzîl,z orz qonaqe (stage).z An

interveningz waysidez haltz isz permissible.z Evenz ifz onez goesz onz a

journeyzofzthreezdayszonzazfastzvehicle,zsuchzaszaztrain,zwhichzwill

naturallyz takez muchz lessz time,z onez stillz becomesz az musâfir.

[Majalla [1] ,z1664]zIfztherezareztwozwayszofzgoingztozazplace,zonezof

thez waysz beingz shorterz thanz thez other,z thez personz whoz goesz the

shorterzwayzdoesznotzbecomezazmusâfir.zIfzthezlongerzwayztakes

threez daysz byz walking,z az personz whoz goesz byz thatz wayz onz any

vehiclezbecomeszazmusâfir.

Ibn-ie ’Âbidîne says:z “Allz ’ulamâz havez describedz thez “wayz of

threez days”z byz az unitz calledz farsâh (parasang),z thez distance

travelledzinzonezhour.zSomezofzthemzsaidzazwayzofzthreezdayszwas

21zfarsâhs;zsomezsaidzitzwasz18zfarsâhs;zandzotherszsaidzitzwasz15

farsâhs.z Thez fatwâz hasz beenz givenz accordingz toz thez second

judgement.”z Inz thez z fatwâz ofz thez majority,z onez marhâla,z the

distanceztravelledzinzonezday,ziszsixzfarsâhszonzazsmoothzroute.

Onezfarsâhziszequalztoz3zmiles.zOnezmarhâlaziszequalztoz18zmiles,

sozthreeztimeszmarhâlazisz54zmiles.zItziszwrittenzinzIbn-ie’Âbidîn,

withinzthezsubjectzofztayammum,zthatzonezmileziszequalztoz4,000

dhrâ’s,zthatzthezreportzsayingzthatzitzisz4,000zstepsziszweakzandzthat

1z dhrâ’z isz az lengthz equalz toz thez totalz widthz ofz asz manyz asz the

numberz ofz lettersz inz thez Kalimaz at-tawhîd,z i.e.z twenty-four,

fingers.zAzfingerziszaboutz2zcmzwide.zHence,zonezdhrâ’zisz48zcm,

andzonezmilezisz1920zm.zThusz1zfersâhzisz5760zm.zThen,z1zmarhâla

isz34,560zm,zandzazwayzofzthreezdaysziszaboutz104zkmz(103,680zm).

[Az Geographicalz milez isz az lengthz equivalentz toz onez (angular)

[1] Az world-famousz bookz onz Islamicz jurisprudence writtenz byz Ahmad

JawdatzPâshaz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(1238z[1823zA.D.],zLowiczz–

1312z [1894],z Istanbul.)z Twoz otherz valuablez booksz writtenz byz that

scholarlyzpersonagezarezQisâs-i-Anbiyâ (AzHistoryzofzProphets),zand

Ma’lûmât-i-nâfi’a (Usefulz Information),z whichz wasz translatedz into

Englishz andz addedz toz thez bookz Thee Sunnie Path,z onez ofz the

publicationszofzHakîkateKitâbevi,zIstanbul.

–z233 –

minutezofzequatiorialzarc,zi.e.z1852zm.]zAzpersonzwhozgoeszfrom

Küçükçekmece,z az suburbz ofz Istanbul,z toz Tekirdağz becomes

safarî.z Itz isz writtenz inz al-Fiqhue ’ala’l-madhâhib:e “Inz thez Shâfi’î,

MâlikîzandzHanbalîzMadhhabszthezdistancezforzbecomingzsafarî

iszequalztoz2zmarhâlasz(qonaq).zThiszisz16zfarsâhs,zwhichzmakesz48

miles.zFor,z1zfarsâhz(league)zisz3zmiles.zOnezmileziszequalztoz6,000

dhrâ’z [thez lengthz ofz az man’sz arm].z Distancez (toz bez gone)z for

becomingzsafarîzisz80,640zm.”zInzthatzcase,zonezmilezshouldzequal

4,000zdhrâ’zandzonezdhrâ’zshouldzequalz42zcm.zAszazmatterzofzfact,

itz isz writtenz inz anz annotationz toz thez Shâfi’îz fiqhz bookz al-

Muqaddimatu’l-hadramiyya [1]

(secondz ed.,z 1404/1984):z “Inz the

Shafi’îzMadhhab,zthezdistancezforzbecomingzsafarîziszequalztoz4

barîds,zi.e.z2zmarhâlas.z1zbarîdziszequalztoz4zfarsâhs;z1zfarsâhzis

equalztoz3zmiles;z1zmileziszequalztoz1,000zbâ’sz[qolachesz–z ~ 1.050

fathoms].z1zbâ’zisz4zdhrâ’sz[forearms].z1zdhrâ’zisz2zqarishesz(z– ~ 2.1

spans).”zAccordingztozthiszannotation,zthezdistancezforzbecoming

safarîziszequalztoz16zfarsâhs,zi.e.z48zmiles,zandz1zmileziszequalzto

4,000zdhrâ’s.zOnzpagez523,zMir’ât-ieMedina [2] states:z“Inzthisztext,

thezunitzdhrâ’ziszthezlengthzofzazman’szforearm,zwhichziszequalzto

7/8zofzthezironzmeasurezusedzinzEgyptzandzinzthezHijâzztoday.zIt

iszaboutz2zspans.”zThiszunitzofzironzmeasureziszthezdhrâ’zusedzin

thezHanafîzfiqhzbookszandzisztheztotalzwidthzofz24zfingers.zItzisz48

cm.,z andz soz 7/8z ofz itz makesz 42z cm.z Asz isz seen,z inz thez Shafi’î

Madhhab,zonezmileziszequalztoz4,000zdhrâ’s,zwhichzmeansz1,680

m.z48ztimeszazmilezisz80zkm.zandz640zm.zDistancezofzsafarzdoesznot

necessarilyz havez toz reachz exactlyz thisz numberz inz kilometres.z It

willzbezenoughzifzthezdistanceziszknownztozbezsozorzifzonezstrongly

estimateszitztozbezso.

Inzthezsea,zthezspeedzofzazsailing-boatzthatzsailszinzazweather

withzazmediumzwindziszessential.zAccordingly,zazpersonzwhozgoes

tozMudanyazfromzIstanbulzdoesznotzbecomezsafarî.zYetzazperson

whozgoeszfromzIstanbulztozBursazbecomeszsafarî.zOnezwhozflies

onzazplaneziszsupposedztozhavezgonezonzthezroadzorzseazbelowzthe

plane.zSupposingzthreezpeoplezsetzoutzforzazlongzdistancezjourney

fromzIstanbul;zthezfirstzpersonzonzazbuszfromzFâtih,zthezsecond

[1] Writtenz byz ’Abdullahz binz ’Abd-ur-Rahmânz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâ

’alaih’.

[2] Thez bookz Mir’ât-ul-Harameyn,z writtenz inz Turkishz byz Eyyûbz Sabri

Pâshaz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z (d.z 1308z [1890],)z consistsz ofz five

volumes.z Thez quotationz abovez isz fromz thez Medînaz sectionz ofz the

book.

–z234 –

onez fromz Aksaray,z andz thez thirdz personz fromz Üsküdâr;z andz a

fourthzpersonzleftzIstanbulzwithzthezintentionzofzgoingztozazplace

thatz isz inz Anatoliaz andz 104z kilometresz away;z thez firstz person

becomeszsafarîzwhenzhezreacheszbeyondzthezcemeteryzofzEdirnekap›,z

asz ofz todayz thez secondz personz whenz hez getsz beyondz the

cemeteryzofzTopkap›zor,zifzhezgoeszbyzthezcoastalzroute,zbeyond

thez Yedikulez gate,z thez thirdz onez whenz hez hasz passedz thez area

betweenzthezgreatzmilitaryzbuildingznamedzSelimiyezK›şlas›zand

thezKaracazAhmedzcemetery,zandzthezfourthzpersonzaszsoonzaszhe

setsz footz onz thez otherz sidez ofz thez Bosphorus.z Performingz two

rak’atszofzthosezprayerszofzfardznamâzzthatzcontainzfourzrak’atszis

wâjibz forz az safarîz personz inz thez Hanafîz Madhhab,z sunnat-imuakkadazinzthezMâlikîzMadhhab,zandzpreferrablezinzthezShâfi’î

Madhhab.z Followingz az muqîm [1] imâmz isz permissiblez onlyz when

makingzadâzaccordingztozthezHanafîzMadhhab,zpermissiblezboth

whenzmakingzadâzandzwhenzmakingzqadâzaccordingztozthezShâfi’î

Madhhab,z andz makrûhz inz eitherz casez accordingz toz thez Mâlikî

Madhhab.zItziszexplainedzinzthezpreviouszchapterzhowzazsettled

(muqîm) personzperformsznamâzzbehindzazsafarîzimâm.zForzthree

dayszpluszthreeznights,zhezcanzmakezmasahzonzhiszmests.zHezcan

breakzhiszfastz(withinztime).zItzisznotzwâjibzforzhimztozperformzthe

Qurbân.zIfzazmusâfirziszcomfortablezenough,zhezshouldznotzbreak

hisz fast.z Evenz az personz whoz setsz outz onz az journeyz forz sinful

purposeszbecomeszazmusâfir.zPleasezseez9 th chapter!

Anybody,z whetherz settledz orz safarîz [onz az longz distance

journey],z whetherz withz anz excusez orz not,z mayz performz a

supererogatoryznamâzzwhilezsittingzonzthezbackzofzanzanimalzaszit

walkszaszwellzaszwhenzitzstandszstill,zaszlongzasztheyzare outside of

aztownzorzvillage.zThezsunnatszthatzarezbeforezandzafterzthezfive

dailyzprayerszofzfardznamâzzarezsupererogatory.zOnlyzthezsunnatzof

morningzprayerzisznotzsupererogatory.zAlthoughzitziszveryzgoodzto

putzthezhandszunderztheznavelzwithzthezrightzhandzclaspingzonzthe

leftzwhenzsayingzthezFâtihazandzthezotherzsûras,ztheyzmightzaszwell

bezputzonzthezthighs.zAnyzkindzofzsittingzpostureziszpermissible.z–

Nozoneziszpermittedztozperformznamâzzwhilezhezhimselfziszwalking;

walkingz nullifiesz namâzz [Jawhara].z Seez chapterz 19!z –z Hez can

performznamâzzinzthatzmannerzaszhezgoeszthroughzthezcitieszonzhis

way.zHowever,zitziszmakrûhzforzhimztozperformzitzinzthatzmannerzin

hisz hometown.z Hez bendsz forz thez rukû’z andz makesz thez sajdaz by

signs.zHezdoesznotzputzhiszheadzonzsomething.zItzisznotznecessaryzto

[1] ‘Muqîm’zmeansz‘settled’,z‘notzsafarî’.

–z235 –

turnztowardszthezqiblazwhenzbeginningzorzwhilezperformingznamâz.

Hezhasztozperformzitzinzthezdirectionztowardszwhichzthezanimalzis

walking.zEvenzifzthereziszazgreatzdealzofznajâsatzonzthezanimalzorzon

itszhalterzorzsaddle,ztheznamâzzwillzbezacceptable.zYetzitzwillznotzbe

acceptablezifzhezsitszonzthezplacezsmearedzwithztheznajâsat.zAlso,zit

isznecessaryztoztakezoffzthezshoeszifztheyzareznajs.zControllingzthe

animalzwithzsmallzmovementszsuchzaszspurringzitzwithzthezfeetzor

byzpullingzitszreinszdoesznotznullifyztheznamâz.zItziszpermissiblezfor

azpersonzwhozhaszbegunzhiszsupererogatoryznamâzzonzanzanimalzto

dismountzquicklyzandzfinishztheznamâzzonzthezground.zYetzitzisznot

permissibleztozbeginzitzonzthezgroundzandzfinishzitzonzthezanimal.

Itzisznotzpermissibleztozperformzaznamâzzthatziszfardzorzwâjibzon

anz animalz unlessz therez isz az darûrat.z Thez bookz Halabîe says:

“Performancez ofz farzz prayersz onz anz animalz isz thez samez as

performingzthezsunnatsz(onzanzanimal).zYetzitziszpermissiblezonly

whenz thez excusesz makingz tayammumz permissiblez arez present.”

Hencezitziszunderstoodzthatzwhenzyouzarezsettledzorztravellingzyou

canzperformzthezfardzprayerszonzanzanimalzoutsidezofztownzwhen

thereziszazdarûratzforzdoingzso.zExampleszofzazdarûratzthatzmakes

upzazgoodzexcusezare:zhazardztozone’szbelongings,zlife,zorzanimal,

likelihoodz thatz one’sz animalz orz one’sz belongingsz thatz onez is

keepingzonzone’szanimalzorzonzoneselfzmayzbezstolenzinzcasezone

dismountsz thez animal,z perilsz suchz asz wildz animalsz andz enemy

attacks,zinconvenienceszsuchzaszmudzonzthezgroundzandzheavyzrain,

illnesszthatzmayzworsenzorzlingerzonzaccountzofzthezphysicalztoilzof

dismountingz andz remountingz thez animal,z anz exposedz position

whereinzonezwillzbezleftzbyzone’szcompanionszinzcaseztheyzshould

notzwaitzforzone,zandzanzapprehensionzofzinabilityztozremountzthe

animalzwithoutzazhelpingzhandzifzonezshouldzdismountzit.zAzlittle

mudzdoesznotzsufficezforzanzexcuse.zItzbecomeszanzexcusezwhenzit

isz deepz enoughz forz one’sz facez toz goz inz andz becomez covered.z A

personzwithoutzanzanimalzperformsznamâzzstandingzandzbyzmaking

signszwhenzthereziszazgreatzdealzofzmud.zThezImâmeynzsaidzthatzif

azpersonzwhozcannotzmountzanzanimalzhaszsomeoneztozhelpzhim,

inabilityz toz mountz thez animalz willz noz longerz bez az validz excuse.

Whenzperformingzaznamâzzthatziszfardzorzwâjib,zitzisznecessaryzto

getzthezanimalztozturnztowardszthezqibla.zIfzonezcannotzmanagezit,

onezmustzdozone’szbestzatzleast.

Ifzazmusâfir [1] expectszthatzhiszexcusezwillzbezgoneztowardszthe

endzofzthezprayerztime,zhezhadzbetterzwaitzandzperformzhisznamâz

[1] ‘Musâfir’zisztheznounzformzofzthezadjectivez‘safarî’.

–z236 –

onzthezground;zhowever,zitziszstillzpermissiblezforzhimztozperformzit

onzthezanimalzaszwell.zLikewise,zazpersonzwhozexpectsztozfindzwater

isz permittedz toz performz namâzz atz itsz earlyz timez byz makingz a

tayammum.z Performingz namâzz onz thez twoz chestsz calledz Mahmil

(litter)zthatzarezonzanzanimalziszlikezperformingzitzonzthezanimal

itself.zAzpersonzwhoziszableztozdismountzcannotzperformzthezfard

namâzzonzazmahmil.zIfzthezlegszofzthezmahmilzarezloweredzdownzto

thezground,zitzserveszaszazdivan.zInzthat casezitzbecomeszpermissible

forzhimztozperformzthezfardzstandingzonzit.zButzhezcannotzperform

itzsitting.

Sincez az two-wheeledz cartz cannotz remainz levelz onz thez ground

unlesszitzisztiedztozanzanimal,zitziszlikezanzanimalzbothzwhenzmoving

andz whenz still.z Anyz carriagez withz threez orz fourz wheelsz thatz can

remainzlevelz[suchzaszazbus,zaztrain]ziszlikezazdivan,zifzitzisznotzin

motion.zItziszpermissibleztozperformzthezfardznamâz,zstanding,zon

it.zIfzthezcarriageziszmovingzitziszlikezanzanimal.zItzisznotzpermissible

tozperformzthezfardzonzitzwithoutzazgoodzexcuse.zYouzmustzstopzit

andzperformznamâzzstandingztowardszthezqibla.z[Ifzyouzcannotzstop

it,zorzifzyouzarezonzazvehiclezwhichzyouzridezbyzpayingzsomezfare,

youzgetzoffzatzazconvenientzplace.zIfzthezvehiclezleaveszyou,ztakezthe

nextz onez orz anotherz vehiclez thatz startsz fromz thatz town.z When

gettingzonzthezfirstzvehiclezyouzshouldznegotiatezaccordingly.zIfzthis

isz notz possible,z either,z itz isz permissiblez toz performz namâzz by

makingzsigns,zsitting,zaszyouzwouldzdozinznamâz,zandzyouzmustzturn

towardszthezqiblazaszwellzaszpossible.]

Itzisznotzpermissiblezforzanzillzorztravellingzpersonztozperformzthe

fardznamâzzbyzsignszwhilezsittingzonzazdivanzorzonzazchairzwithzhis

legszhangingzdown.zAnzillzpersonzshouldzperformzhisznamâzzonzthe

floorzorzonzazdivânzpositionedzlengthwisezinzthezdirectionzofzqibla,

turningzhimselfztowardszthezqibla.zzSeezchapterz23.zItziszbetterzforza

personz whoz isz safarîz toz imitatez thez otherz threez Madhhabsz and

performz thez earlyz andz latez afternoonz prayersz togetherz andz the

eveningz andz nightz prayersz together,z standingz towardsz thez qibla

whenzthezvehiclezstopszonzthezway.zAccordingztozthezMâlikîzand

Shâfi’îz Madhhabs,z inz az safar (longz distancez journey) thatz isz not

sinfulz andz whichz isz az distancez ofz morez thanz eightyz kilometres,

taqdîm,z whichz meansz toz performz latez afternoonz prayer

immediatelyz afterz earlyz afternoonz prayerz inz thez timez ofz early

afternoonz prayerz orz toz performz nightz prayerz immediatelyz after

eveningzprayerzinztheztimezofzeveningzprayer,zandzta’khîr,zwhich

meansz toz postponez earlyz afternoonz prayerz tillz thez timez ofz late

afternoonz prayerz andz performz themz togetherz orz toz perform

–z237 –

eveningzandznightzprayerszlikewise,zarezpermissible.zThiszpracticezis

notz permissiblez beforez thez journeyz starts. Az placez wherez one

intendsztozstayzforzlesszthanzfourzdayszbecomeszazsafarîzplace.zWhen

atzazplacezofzthiszsort,zonezcanzmakezqasrz(performingzearlyzandzlate

afternoonzprayersztogether);zandzinzcasezofzharaj,zjem’z(performing

eveningzandznightzprayersztogether)ziszpermissible.zMakingzjem’i

taqdîmzinzjamâ’atzinzazmosquezonzaccountzofzrainziszpermissible,zyet

therez arez sevenz conditionsz toz bez fulfilled.z Therez isz noz unanimity

amongzscholarszasztozwhetherzitziszpermissiblezforzanzillzpersonzto

makezjem’.z[TozimitatezanotherzMadhhabzdoesznotzmeanztozchange

yourz Madhhab.z Az Hanafîz personz whoz imitatesz Imâm-iz Shâfi’î

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’zdoesznotzleavezthezHanafîzMadhhab.]zIt

iszstatedzinzthezfatwâzofzShamsuddînzMuhammadzRemlî,zazShafi’î

savant,zandzalsozinzthezbookzI’ânat-ut-tâlibîne’alâ-hall-ieelfâz-ieFathil-mu’în

[1] ,zthatzbeforezstartingzthezjourneyzandzwhenzthezjourneyzis

overz onez cannotz performz twoz rek’atsz ofz thosez prayersz ofz fard

namâzz thatz containz fourz rek’atsz andz thatz twoz prayersz ofz namâz

cannotzbezperformedzwithinzthezperiodzofztimezallottedzforzeither

onez ofz them.z Thisz fatwâz isz printedz inz thez marginsz ofz thez book

Fatâwâ-ieKubrâ [2] .

Namâzzcannotzbezperformedzinzjamâ’atzonzdifferentzanimals.zIt

canzbezperformedzonzazmahmil,zcarriage, orzbus,zinzjamâ’at,zlike

performingzitzinzazroom,zprovidedzallzthezMuslimszinzthezjamâ’atzbe

onzthezsamezmotionlesszmahmil,zcarriage,zorzbus.

Itz isz writtenz inz Halabî-ie kebîr:z “Asz Shamsul’aimmaz Halwânî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z456z[1064zA.D.],zBukhâra,)zsaid,zif

youz startz performingz namâzz standingz towardsz thez qiblaz onz an

animalzandzthenzthezanimalzturnszawayzfromzthezqibla,ztheznamâz,

ifzitziszfard,zwillznotzbezaccepted.zYouzmustznotzremainzdeviated

fromzthezdirectionzofzqiblazaszlongzaszthezdurationzofzonezrukn.z[So

iszthezcasezwhenzonzazbuszorztrain.]

Accordingz toz thez Imâmeyn,z whenz onz az sailingz shipz itz isz not

permissiblez toz performz thez fardz namâzz sittingz withoutz az good

excuse.z Dizzinessz isz az goodz excuse.z Imâm-iz a’zamz ‘rahmatullâhi

’alaih’zsaidzthatzevenzazdizzyzpersonzhadzbetterzperformzitzstanding.

Ifzpossible,zitziszbetterztozgetzoffzthezshipzandzperformzthezprayerzon

land.zAzshipzanchoredzoutzinzthezseaziszlikezazsailingzshipzifzitzis

rollingz badlyz withz thez wind.z Ifz itz isz rollingz slightly,z orz ifz itz is

[1] WrittenzbyzAbûzBakrzShatâz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z1310).

[2] WrittenzbyzIbnizHajar-i-Mekkîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(899z[1494

A.D.]z–z974z[1566],zMekka.)

–z238 –

alongsidezthezshore,zitzisznotzpermissibleztozperformzthezfardznamâz

sitting.z Ifz az shipz hasz runz aground,z itz isz alwaysz permissiblez to

performznamâzzstandingzonzit.zIfzthezshipzisznotzstranded,zmajority

ofzIslamiczscholarszsayzthatzitzisznotzpermissibleztozperformzthezfard

namâzzonzitzifzitziszpossibleztozgetzoff.zSuchzazshipziszlikezanzanimal.

Azstrandedzship,z[azbridgezorzazwharfzbuiltzonzmastszinzwaterzor

fastenedzwithzchainsztozthezbottom]ziszlikezaztablezorzdivanzonzland.

Whenzbeginningznamâzzonzazsailingzshipzitzisznecessaryztozstand

towardszthezqiblazand,zaszthezshipzturns,ztozturnztowardszthezqibla

duringz thez namâz.z For,z turningz towardsz thez qiblaz onz az shipz is

compulsoryzlikezwhenzyouzarezinzazroom.zItzisznotzpermissiblezforza

personz whoz isz ablez toz makez thez rukû’z andz thez sajdaz toz perform

evenzthezsupererogatoryznamâzzbyzsignszonzazship.”

ItziszwrittenzinzMarâqilfalâh:z“Itziszpermissibleztozperformzthe

supererogatoryzprayerszinzsittingzposturezevenzwithoutzanzexcuse.

Butzthezsunnatzofzmorningzprayerzyouzmustzperformzstanding.zIf

youzperformzsupererogatoryzprayerszsittingzyouzwillzbezgivenzonly

halfzofzthezthawâbs.zWhenzdoingzsozyouzbendzforzthezrukû’zand

placezyourzheadzonzthezgroundzforzthezsajda.zOrzyouzstandzupzto

makez thez rukû’z andz thenz bendz intoz thez rukû’.z Hez whoz cannot

performzitzstandingzperformszitzsitting.zHezbendszforzthezrukû’,zand

placeszhiszheadzonzthezgroundzforzthezsajda.zHezwhozcannotzplace

hiszheadzonzthezgroundzforzthezsajdazperformsznamâzzbyzmaking

signs.”

ItziszwrittenzinzHidâya [1] andzinzNihâya: [2] “Itziszpermissiblezto

performzthezfardznamâzzonzazdockedzship.zButzitziszbetterztozgetzout

andzperformzitzonzland.”zItziszwrittenzinzBahja: [3] “Whenzgoingzfrom

IstanbulztozÜsküdarzonzazsmallzsailingzship,zifztheztimezofzthezearly

afternoonzprayerziszaboutztozend,zitziszpermissibleztozperformzearly

afternoonzprayerzsitting,zsincezitziszimpossibleztozgetzoffzthezship.”

SincezazMuslimzonzboardzthatzshipzisznotzsafarî,zhezcannotzperform

thezearlyzafternoonzprayerztogetherzwithzthezlatezafternoonzprayer

byzimitatingzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab.

Onz thez nightz ofz thez Mi’râj, [4]

eveningz prayerz wasz arrangedz as

[1] AzbookzofzFiqhzwrittenzbyzBurhân-ad-dînzMerghinânîz‘rahmatullâhi

’alaih’,zmartyredzinz593z[1197zA.D.]zbyzthezhordeszofzDzengizzKhân.

[2] WrittenzbyzHusaynzbinz’Alîz‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’.

[3] Bahja-t-ul-fatâwâ,zbyzAbdullahzRûmîz‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’,z(d.z1156

[1743zA.D.],zKanl›ca,zBosphorus.)

[4] Hadratz Muhammad’sz ascentz toz heaven.z Therez isz detailedz information

aboutzMi’râjzinzthezfirstzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss andzinzBeliefeandeIslam.

–z239 –

threezrak’atszandzthezotherzfardzprayerszasztwozrak’ats.zAzsecond

commandmentz inz thez blessedz cityz ofz Medinaz increasedz allz five

prayers,zexceptzmorningzandzeveningzprayers,ztozfourzrak’ats.zIn

thezfourthzyearzofzthezHegirazthesezprayerszwerezreducedzagainzto

twozrak’atszforzazmusâfir.zInzthezHanafîzMadhhabzitziszsinfulzforza

musâfirztozperformzthemzaszfourzrak’atsz(Durr-ul-mukhtâr).

Ifz az musâfirz performsz thez fardz asz fourz rak’ats,z thez lastz two

rak’atsz becomez supererogatoryz prayers.z Butz hez becomesz sinful

becausez hez hasz disobeyedz thez commandment,z becausez hez has

omittedz thez takbîrz ofz iftitâhz (beginning)z forz thez supererogatory

prayer,zbecausezhezhaszomittedzthezsalâmzofzthezfard,zandzbecause

hezhaszmixedzthezsupererogatoryzprayerzwithzthezfard.zHezmayzgo

toz Hellz ifz hez doesz notz makez tawba.z Az personz whoz forgetsz and

performsz fourz rak’atsz mustz makez thez sajda-iz sahw.z Ifz az musâfir

conductszaznamâzzinzjamâ’atzaszthezimâmzandzperformszfourzrak’ats

byzmistake,ztheznamâzzofzazsettledzpersonzwhozhaszfollowedzhim

becomesz fâsid.z Ifz hez doesz notz sitz inz thez secondz rak’at,z hisz fard

namâzzwillznotzbezaccepted.zIf,zbeforezmakingzthezsajdazofzthezthird

rak’at,zhezintendsztozstayzforzfifteenzdayszinzthatzcity,zhezwillzhave

tozperformzthatzfardznamâzzaszfourzrak’ats.zButzitzwillzbeznecessary

forz himz toz repeatz thez qiyâmz andz thez rukû’z ofz thez thirdz rak’at

becausezhezhaszperformedzthoseztwoz(thezqiyâmzandzthezrukû’)zas

partszofzazsupererogatoryzprayer.zAnzactzofzworshipzperformedzas

supererogatoryz cannotz takez thez placez ofz az fard.z [Hence,

supererogatoryzprayerszorzthezsunnatszofzdailyzprayerszcannotztake

thezplacezofzthosezfardzprayerszthatzhavezbeenzleftztozqadâ.]zPlease

seeztheztwentiethzchapter.zAzmusâfirzsayszshortzsûras.zHezmakes

thez tesbîhsz noz lessz thanz threez times.z Duringz thez journey,z i.e.z at

timeszofzdifficulty,zhezcanzomitzthezsunnatszexceptzthezsunnatzof

morningzprayer.zItziszpermissibleztozomitzthezsunnatszbecausezofzan

’udhr. [Hence,zthezsunnatszcanzbezperformedzwithzthezintentionzof

performingzthezqadâzofzthezomittedzfardzprayers.]

Ifzazpersonzintendsztozgozbackzbeforezhavingzgonezazdistancezof

threez days,z hez automaticallyz goesz outz ofz thez statez ofz beingz a

musâfir.zHezbecomeszmuqîm.zIfzazpersonzwhozhaszleftzthezcityzwith

thezintentionzofzgoingzazwayzofzthreezdayszenterszhiszownzcityzafter

havingz gonez morez orz lessz thanz az threez days’z journey,z orz ifz he

intendsztozstayzforzfifteenzdayszatzsomezotherzplace,zhezbecomes

muqîmzagain.zIfzhezintendsztozstayztherezlesszthanzfifteenzdays,zor

ifzhezstaysztherezforzyearszwithoutzintendingzatzall,zheziszazmusâfir.

Ifzazsoldierzinzthezdâr-ul-harbzintendsztozstayzatzsomezplacezeven

forz fifteenz days,z hez doesz notz becomez settledz (muqîm).z Alsoz a

–z240 –

musâfirzwhozintendsztozstayzforzfifteenzdayszonzazshipzoutzinzthezsea

orz onz anz uninhabitedz islandz doesz notz becomez settled.z Az sailor

doesznotzbecomezsettledzevenzifzhiszpossessions,zwifezandzchildren

arezonzthezship.zAzshipzisznotzazhome.zThosezwhozintendztozstayzfor

fifteenz daysz altogetherz inz differentz placesz suchz asz Mekka,z Minâ

andzArafât,zdoznotzbecomezsettled.zThosezwhozarezunderzorders,

suchzaszwomen,zstudents,zsoldiers,zofficers,zworkers,zandzchildren

actz notz uponz theirz ownz intentions,z butz uponz theirz husbands’z or

mahramz relatives’,z teachers’,z commanders’,z orz employers’

commands.zIfztheirzcommanderzintendsztozstayzatzsomezplacezfor

fifteenz days,z theyz remainz safarîz untilz theyz hearz ofz the

commander’sz intention.z Uponz knowingz thez intention,z they

becomez settled.z Soldiersz whoz invadez anz enemyz countryz orz who

besiegez az fortressz fromz landz orz seaz becomez safarîz evenz ifz they

intendzforzfifteenzdays.zThosezwhozgoztozanzenemyzcountry,zbut

notz forz war,z becomez safarîz orz muqîm,z dependingz onz their

intention.zAzpersonzwhozhasznewly becomezazMuslimzinzthezDârul-harb

iszsettledzifzhezisznotzunderzpersecution.zThosezwhozlivezin

tentszbecomezsettledzwhenztheyzintendztozstayzinzazwildernesszfor

fifteenzdays.zOtherszdoznotzbecomezsettledzinzazwilderness.

Hezwhozsetszoutzforzazjourneyztowardszthezendzofztheztimezofza

certainz namâzz performsz that namâzz in twoz rak’atsz ifz hez didz not

performz itz (beforez settingz out).z Hez whoz arrivesz atz hisz home

towardszthezendzofzazprayerztimezperformszfourzrak’atszifzhezdidznot

performzitz(duringzthezjourney).

Thezplacezwherezazpersonziszsettledzorzwherezhezhaszsettledzhis

homeziszcalledzazWatan (home).zTherezarezthreezkindszofzwatans

in the HanafîzMadhhab.zThezfirstzone,zWatan-ieaslî,zazperson’szreal

home,ziszthezplacezwherezthezpersonzwaszbornzorzmadezazmarriage

orzwherezhezestablishedzhiszhomezwithzthezintentionzofzlivingzthere

permanently.zIfzhezintendsztozleavezthezplacezyearszlaterzorzwhen

somethingzhezexpectszhappens,zhezhasznotzsettledztherezevenzifzhe

livesztherezforzyears.zIfzazpersonzgetszmarriedzatzazplace,zevenzif

withoutz intendingz toz stayz therez forz fifteenz days,z thatz place

becomesz hisz watan-iz aslî.z Hez becomesz settledz there.z Whenz a

personzwhozhaszwiveszlivingzinztwozdifferentzcitieszgoesztozonezof

thosez cities,z itz becomesz hisz watan-i-’aslî.z Hez becomesz settledz in

thosezcities.zIfzhiszwifezdies,zthatzplacezisznozlongerzhiszwatan-i-’aslî,

evenzifzhezhaszhouseszorzlandzthere.zIfzhezgoesztozazplacezwherezhe

didznotzgetzmarriedzandzintendsztozestablishzhiszhomezthere,zthe

placezbecomeszhiszwatan-izaslî.zEvenzifzthezplacezwherezthezparents

ofzazboyzatzthezagezofzpubertyzliveziszatzthezsameztimezthezplace

–z241 –

wherezhezwaszborn,zifzhezleaveszthezplacezandzsettleszinzsomezother

placezwherezhezintendszneverztozleave,zorzifzhezgetszmarriedzthere,

thatz placez becomesz hisz watan-iz aslî.z Whenz hez visitsz hisz parents,

theirzresidencezdoesznotzbecomezthezboy’szwatan-i-’aslî unlesszhe

intendsztozre-establishzhiszhomezthere.zHiszwatan-i-’aslî iszwhere

hez gotz marriedz orz wherez hez finallyz settled.z Whenz settlingz atz a

place,zhiszformerzwatan-i-’aslîs,zwherezhezsettledzbeforezandzwhere

hezwaszborn,zbecomezinvalid,zevenzifzthezdistancezbetweenzthemzis

lesszthanzthreezdayszorzevenzifzhezdidznotzsetzoutzwithzthezintention

ofzbeingzsafarî.zIfzazpersonzwhozhaszleftzhiszwatan-i-’aslî inzorderzto

settlez inz anotherz placez changesz hisz wayz toz settlez atz somez other

place,zhezperformsz(thosezprayerszof)znamâzz(consistingzofzfour

rak’ats)z inz theirz origionalz length,z i.e.z fourz rak’ats,z asz hez goes

throughzhiszfirstzplace;z(hezdoesznotzshortenzthemztoztwozrak’ats)

becausezhezhasznotzacquiredzaznewzhomezyet.zIfzhezmakeszhiszwife

settlezinzonezplacezandzthenzhezhimselfzsettleszinzanotherzplace,

bothz placesz becomez hisz watan-i-’aslî.z Whenz az personz entersz his

watan-izaslîzhezbecomeszsettled.zHezdoesznotzneedztozintendztozstay

therezforzfifteenzdays.

ThezsecondzwatanziszcalledzWatan-ieiqâmat,etransientzhome.zA

placez wherez onez intendsz toz stayz continuouslyz forz fifteenz daysz or

morez inz thez Hanafîz Madhhabz andz forz fourz daysz orz morez inz the

Shâfi’îz andz Mâlikîz Madhhabs,z excludingz thez daysz ofz arrivalz and

departure,zandzthenzleave,ziszcalledzazTransientehome. Ifzazperson,

whilezintendingztozstayzatzazplacezforzthezaforesaidznumberzofzdays,

intendszalsoztozgoztozsomezotherzplacezandzthenzreturnztherezwithin

thesezdays,zthatzplacezdoesznotzbecomezhisztransientzhome.zIfzhe

intendsztozspendztheznightsztherezandzthezdayszatzsomezotherzplace,

thezformerzbecomeszhiszwatan-iziqâmat.zIfzhezintendsztozstayzatza

placezforzyearszinzorderztozreceivezanzeducationzorztozdozsomezjob

therezandzthenzleavezafterzfinishingzit,zthezplacezbecomeszhiszwataniziqâmat.zIfzhezsettledztherezwithzthezintentionzofzneverzleaving,zit

wouldzbecomezhiszwatan-i-’aslî.zThreezthingszinvalidatezthezwataniziqâmat:zWhenzonezgoesztozanotherzwatan-iziqâmatzthezfirstzwataniz

iqâmatz becomesz invalid,z evenz ifz onez didz notz setz offz withz the

intentionz ofz az safarz (long-distancez journey),z evenz ifz thez distance

betweenzbothzplacesziszlesszthanzthreezdays’zwalk.zSecondly,zgoing

toz one’sz watan-i-’aslîz invalidatesz it.z Ifz az personz inz thez Hanafî

MadhhabzstayszinzthezblessedzcityzofzMekkazforzfifteenzdayszand

thenzgoesztozMinâzandzgetszmarriedzthere,zMinâzbecomeszhiszwatanizaslî.zThezblessedzcityzofzMekkazisznozlongerzhiszwatan-iziqâmat.

Thezthirdzcausezisztozsetzoutzonza long-distance journeyz(withzthe

–z242 –

intentionzofzazsafar).zThatzis,zifzazpersonzleaveszhiszwatan-iziqâmat

withz thez intentionz ofz goingz toz az placez ofz threez daysz plusz three

nights’z way,z thez firstz placez isz noz longerz hisz watan-iz iqâmat.z Ifz he

wentz andz camez backz withz thez intentionz ofz az shorterz journey,z his

watan-iziqâmatzwouldznotzbecomezinvalid.zIfzhezleaveszhiszwatan-i

iqâmatzwithoutzanzintentionz(forzsafar)zbutzatzanotherzplacezintends

tozgoztozazplacezthatziszthreezdays’zway awayzandzthenzenterszhis

watan-iziqâmatzagainzbeforezhavingzwalkedzforzthreezdays,zhiszbeing

safarîzbecomeszinvalid,zandzhezbecomeszsettled.zIfzhezenteredzthere

afterzhavingzwalkedzazdistancezofzthreezdayszfollowingztheztimezhe

hadzmadezhiszintentionz(forzazsafar),zorzifzhezneverzwentzthroughzhis

watan-iz iqâmat,z hez wouldz notz becomez settled.z Inz thez Shâfi’î

Madhhab,zifzazpersonz(goingzonzazsafar)zknowszthatzthezbusinesszhe

isz goingz toz doz therez isz goingz toz takez noz lessz thanz fourz days,z he

becomeszmuqîmz(settled)zaszsoonzaszhezreacheszhiszdestinationzeven

ifzhezdoesznotzmakezniyyat.zIfzhezdoesznotzknowzwellzhowzlongzitzwill

take,zhezbecomeszsettledzeighteenzdayszlater.

SupposeztwozMuslimszinzthezHanafîzMadhhab,zoneztravelling

fromzIstanbulztozBaghdadzandzthezotherzfromzthezblessedzcityzof

MekkaztozKûfa,zbothzintendztozstayzatztheirzrespectivezdestinations

forz fifteenz daysz andz laterz leavez thosez places,z whichz havez now

becomeztheirzrespectivezwatan-iziqâmats,zandzthenzgoztozazplace

calledzQasr; neitherzofzthemzbecomeszsafarîzonztheirzwayztozQasr.

For,zthezplacezcalledzQasrziszbetweenzBaghdadzandzKûfazandzisza

twozdays’zwalkzfromzeitherzplace.zIfztheyzintendztozstayzinzQasrzfor

fifteenz days,z Baghdadz andz Kûfaz arez noz longerz theirz watan-i

iqâmats.z For,z thez cityz calledz Qasrz hasz nowz becomez theirz new

watan-iziqâmat.zIfztheyzgozfromzQasrztozKûfazfifteenzdayszlater,

theyzdoznotzbecomezsafarî.zIfztheyzleavezKûfazazdayzlaterzandzgozto

Baghdadz throughz Qasr,z theyz neverz becomez safarîz onz theirz way

becausezQasrziszthezwatan-iziqâmatzforzbothzofzthem.zWhenzthey

leaveztherezwithoutzintendingzforzazjourneyzofzthreezdayszandzthen

comez back,z theyz doz notz becomez safarî.z Whenz theyz firstz left

Baghdadz andz Kûfe,z ifz theyz intendedz forz az wayz ofz fourz days,

meetingzinzQasrzandzthenzgoingztozKûfaztogetherzandzstayingzthere

onezdayzandzthenzleavingzforzBaghdad,ztheyzwouldzbezsafarîzthe

entirez timez becausez theyz wouldz havez intendedz forz az journeyz of

threezdays.zThezonezfromzIstanbulzwouldzhavezwalkedzthatzentire

distance.zAndzwhenzthezonezfromzthezblessedzcityzofzMekkazsetzoff

onz thez journey,z Kûfaz wouldz havez noz longerz beenz hisz watan-i

iqâmat.zSincezthezcityzofzQasrzisznotztheirzhometown,ztheirzgoing

throughz itz wouldz notz causez themz toz becomez settled.z Ifz thez one

–z243 –

fromzIstanbul,zafterzstayingzinzKûfazforzfifteenzdays,zleftzwithzthe

intentionzofzgoingztozMekkazandzthenzreturnedztozKûfazforzsome

businessz beforez havingz gonez az wayz ofz threez days,z hez wouldz not

havez becomez settled.z For,z uponz hisz leavingz thez cityz withz the

intentionzofzgoingzazthreezdays’zway,zthezcityzofzKûfazwouldzhave

lost thezstatezofzbeingzhiszwatan-iziqâmat.zKûfaziszsouthzofzBaghdad

andzKerbelâ.

Thezthirdzkindzofzhome,zWatan-iesuknâ,eiszthezplacezwherezone

haszstopped,zintendedztozstayzlesszthanzfifteenzdays,zorzwherezone

haszlivedzforzyearszthoughzonezmayzhavezintendedztozleavezthereza

dayzafterzone’szarrival.zAzsafarîzpersonzmustzalwayszperformztwo

rak’atszofzthezfardzprayerszinzthezwatan-izsuknâ.zIfzazpersonzarriving

inzazcityzorzazvillagezintendsztozstayzthereztenzdayszandzifzafterzten

dayszhezintendszagainztozstayztherezsevenzdayszlonger,zhezdoesznot

becomezsettled.

Beingz inz one’sz watan-iz iqâmatz orz watan-iz suknâz doesz not

invalidatez one’sz watan-iz aslî.z Settingz outz forz az journeyz doesz not

invalidatezone’szwatan-izaslî,zeither.zBeingzinzazwatan-izsuknâzdoes

notzinvalidatezone’szwatan-iziqâmat.zButzitzinvalidateszone’szformer

watan-izsuknâ.

Az safarîz personz doesz notz becomez settledz whenz hez isz inz a

watan-iz suknâ.z Az personz whoz isz notz safarîz isz settledz inz az place

wherez hez makesz hisz watan-i-suknâ.z Ifz az personz whoz hasz leftz his

townzinzorderztozgoztozazvillagezthatzisznotzsozfarzaszazsafar [1] from

hisztownzstayszinzthezvillagezforzlesszthanzfifteenzdays,zthezvillage

becomeszhiszwatan-iesuknâ. Hezdoesznotzbecomezsafarîzthere.zHe

performsz thez fardz prayersz completely.z Then,z ifz hez leavesz the

villagezwithoutzintendingzforzazsafarzandzintendszforzazsafarzonzthe

wayzbeforezarrivingzinzhiszownztownzorzinzanotherzwatan-izsuknâ,

hezmustzperformztwozrak’atszofzthezfardzprayerszonzthezway.zIfzhe

enterszthezvillagezhezbecomeszsettled.zFor,zhiszwatan-i-suknâzhas

notzbecomezinvalidzbecausezhezhasznotzenteredzhiszwatan-i-aslîzor

anotherzwatan-i-süknâzandzbecausezhezdidznotzintendzforzazsafar.

Asz isz seen,z invalidationz ofz thez watan-iz suknâz isz similarz toz the

invalidationz ofz thez watan-iz iqâmat.z One’sz beingz settledz inz the

watan-izsuknâzrequireszthatzthezwatan-izsuknâzbezwithinzazdistance

lessz thanz az safarz [threez days’z walk]z fromz one’sz watan-iz aslîz or

watan-iziqâmat.

Az personz isz going,z say,z fromz Kûfaz toz Qadsiya.z Thez distance

betweenzthemziszlesszthanzthreezdays’zwalk.zHezleaveszQadsiyazfor

[1] Azjourneyzthatzwouldztakezthreezdayszpluszthreeznightszbyzwalking.

–z244 –

Hira.z Alsoz thez distancez betweenz thesez twoz isz lessz thanz az wayz of

threezdays.zThenzhezreturnsztozQadsiyazbeforezarrivingzinzHira.zHe

willzpickzupzsomethingzhezhaszforgottenzandzthenzgoztozDamascus.

HezdoesznotzgozthroughzKûfa.zHezmustzperformzthezfardznamâz

completelyz inz Qadsiyaz becausez whenz leavingz therez hez didz not

intendztozbezsafarî,znorzdidzhezenterzHira;zhence,zQadsiyaziszstillzhis

watan.zHiraziszfivezkilometreszsoutheastzofzKûfa,zandzQadsiyazisza

littlezfartherzdownzsouth.

Ifzazpersonzsetszoffzforzazjourneyzofzthreezdays’zwalkzandzstays

atzazvillagezlesszthanzfifteenzdayszbeforezhavingzgonezazwayzofzthree

dayszbutzleaveszthezvillagezandzthenzreturnsztherezagain,zhezdoes

notz becomez settled.z Thisz isz becausez hez wasz safarîz whenz hez first

arrivedzthere,ztoo.zIfzazmenstruatingzwomanzwhozdoesznotzhavezher

husbandzorzazmahramzrelativezwithzherzsetszoffzforzazjourneyzwith

thezintentionzofzazsafar,zthiszintentionziszofznozvalue.zShezdoesznot

becomezsafarîzatzazplacezwherezshezstayszbeforeztravellingzforzthree

morezdayszafterzherzmenstruationziszover.

ItziszwrittenzinzthezbookszBerîqaeandzHadîqa:e“Itziszharâmz[in

thezthreezMadhhabs]zforzazfreezwomanztozgozonzazjourneyzofzthree

dayszalonezorzwithzotherzwomen,zorzwithzherzmahramz(andzmale)

relativezunlesszheziszazsâlihzMuslimzatzthezagezofzdiscretionzand

puberty,z withoutz herz husbandz orz onez ofz herz eternallyz mahram

(andzmale)zrelativesztozaccompanyzher.zInzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab,

womenzmayzjoinzotherzwomenzandzgozoutzforzazhajjzthatziszfard

withoutzanyzonezofztheirzmahramz(andzmale)zrelativeszwithzthem.

Itziszmakrûhzforzonezmanzorztwozmenztozgozonzazsafar.zItzisznot

makrûhzforzthreezmen.zItziszsunnatzforzfourzmenztoztravelztogether

andz forz themz toz choosez onez fromz amongz themselvesz toz bez the

commander.”z Thez bookz Hindiyya,z inz itsz chapterz aboutz nafaqa,

andzthezbookszTahtâwî,eDurr-ul-mukhtâr,zandzDurr-ul-munteqâ,

inzthezchapterszdealingzwithzhajjz(pilgrimage),zstate:z“Azwoman

canzsetzoffzonzazsafarzwithzazmurâhiq,ethatzis,zherzmahramzrelative

whozisztwelvezyearszoldzandzwhozhaszalmostzreachedzthezstatezof

puberty.”zThezbookzQâdî-Khân states:z“Azwomanzcanzsetzoffzonza

safarzwithzazgroupzofzsâlihzMuslims”z[Itziszpermissibleztozactzupon

Mecca

Damascus

Kûfa

Istanbul

Kasr

Qadsiya

Baghdad

Hîra (An Najaf)

–z245 –

theseztwozjudgementszwhenzthereziszazdarûrat.]zThezbookzMajalla,

inz itsz 986thz article,z states:z “Thez agez ofz pubertyz virtuallyz begins

whenz az boyz isz over twelvez andz whenz az girlz isz over nine.z The

extremezlimitziszfifteenzforzbothzofzthem.zWhenzthezagezofzfifteen

isztranscended,ztheyzarezsaidztozhavezreachedzthezagezofzpuberty.

Thosez whoz havez transcended thez agesz ofz twelvez andz nine,

respectively,zbutzwhozhaveznotzexperiencedzthezstatezofzpuberty

arezcalledzmurâhiq.”

Aggrieved I am, from Khudâ I demand remedy for my distress;

Incapable I am, from true Forgiveness I demand favour and kindness.

With a black face, sins teeming, I’ve always been disobedient;

From the Janâb-i Kibriyâ I demand pardon and forgiveness.

Heartfelt resolved I am to keep in the right path,

And so I demand a chance to attain His grace.

A diver I have been into the ocean of Islam;

From ocean I demand pearls, corals at each dive into deepness.

–z246 –

16e–eWÂJIBSeofeNAMÂZ,eSAJDA-IeSAHW

Thezwâjibszofznamâzzare: tozsayz(thezsûrazof)zFâtiha; tozsayzone

additionalzsûrazorzâyatzafterzthezFâtiha; tozsayzthezadditionalzsûra

inz thez firstz andz secondz rak’atsz ofz thez fardz prayersz andz inz every

rak’atzofzthezsunnats; tozmakezthez(two)zsajdaszonezimmediately

afterzthezother; tozsitzaszlongzasztheztashahhudzinzthezsecondzrak’at;

tozsayzthezAttahiyyâtu duringzthezsittingzposturezinzthezlastzrak’at;

tozmakezthezta’dîl-iearkân,zi.e.ztozbezstillzaszlongzas (itzwouldztake)

tozsayz‘Subhânallah’; [Itziszsunnat forzit tozbezstillzlongerzthanzthat;]

tozsayz“essalâmu...”zatzthezendzofznamâz; tozsayzthezqunûtzprayer;

forz thez imâmz toz say thez âyatsz loudlyz inz thez prayersz ofz morning,

Friday,z’Iyd,zTarawih,zWitr,zandzinzthezfirstztwozrak’atszofzevening

andznightzprayers; andzfinallyztozrecite,zforzthezimâmzaszwellzaszfor

azpersonzperformingznamâzzbyzhimself,zthezâyatszonzthezlevelzofza

whisperzinzthezearlyzandzlatezafternoonzprayers,zinzthezthirdzrak’at

ofz thez eveningz prayerz andz inz thez thirdz andz fourthz rak’atsz ofz the

nightzprayer.zItziszwrittenziszBezzâziyya thatzitzisznotzmakrûhzfor

one’szrecitationztozbezinzazwhisperzthatzwould bezheardzbyzonezor

twozpeoplezandzthatz‘recitingzloudly’zmeanszdoingzsozaszloudlyzas

tozbe heardzbyzseveralzpeople.

Itzdoesznotzbreakznamâzztozomitzonezofzthezwâjibszofznamâz

knowingly.zYetzitziszsinful.zHezwhozforgetszorzomitszonezofzthem

mustz makez thez sajda-ie sahw.z Hez whoz forgetsz thez zamm-ie sûra

(additionalzsûra)zinzthezfirstzandzsecondzrak’atszofzazfardzprayerzof

namâzz mustz sayz itz inz thez thirdz andz fourthz rak’ats,z andz hez must

makezthezsajda-izsahwz(atzthezendzofztheznamâz).zIfzyouzremember

duringzthezrukû’zthatzyouzhavezforgottenztozmakezthezqirâat,zyou

immediatelyz straightenz up,z makez thez qirâatz andz thenz makez the

rukû’.zAlso,zazpersonzwhozhaszmadezazfardzorzwâjibzbeforezorzafter

itszprescribedztimezhasztozmakezthezsajda-izsahw.zForzexample,zif

azpersonzsayszonezpartzofzthezadditionalzsûrazinzthezrukû’zorzdelays

thezthirdzrak’atzbyzsayingzazsmallzprayerzafterzthezAttahiyyâtu,zor

ifzthezimâmzreciteszâyatszveryzsoftlyzinsteadzofzloudlyzorzvicezversa,

thezsajda-izsahwzbecomesznecessary.zThezsûraszthatzarezwâjibzfor

thez imâmz toz recitez loudlyz arez permissiblez forz az personz who

performsznamâzzbyzhimselfztozrecitezloudlyzaszwellzaszsoftly.zIn

casez severalz sajda-iz sahwsz arez necessary,z makingz onez willz be

enough.zWhenzthezimâmzmakeszthezsajda-izsahw,zthezjamâ’atzalso

haveztozdozit.zIfzonezpersonzinzthezjamâ’atzmakeszazmistakezhe

doesz notz makez thez sajda-iz sahw.z Az personz whoz arrivesz forz the

jamâ’atzafterzthezfirstzrak’atzmakeszthezsajda-izsahwztogetherzwith

thez imâm,z andz thenz completesz hisz namâz.z Whenz az person

–z247 –

(performingznamâzzindividually)zforgetsztozsitz(atzthezendzofzthe

secondzrak’at)zandzthenzrememberszitzwhilezstandingzupzforzthe

thirdzrak’at,zifzhiszkneeszhavezalreadyzleftzthezground,zhezdoesznot

sitz down,z butz insteadz makesz thez sajda-iz sahw.z Whenz az person

standsz upz insteadz ofz sittingz atz thez endz ofz thez lastz rak’at,z ifz he

rememberszbeforezprostrating,zhezimmediatelyzsitszdownzandz(at

thez end)z makesz thez sajda-iz sahwz becausez hez hasz delayedz the

sittingzposture.zIfzhezrememberszafterzprostrating,z(thezextrazpart

of)zhisznamâzzwhichziszfardzbecomeszsupererogatory.zMakingzone

morezrak’at,zhezsitszforzthezsixthzrak’atzandzthenzcompleteszit.zIf

hez sitsz forz thez fourthz rak’atz asz longz asz thez tashahhudz andz then

standszupzforzthezfifthzrak’atzinsteadzofzmakingzthezsalâmzandzthen

remembersz thisz beforez goingz downz forz thez sajda,z hez sitsz down,

reciteszwhatzhezhasznotzrecitedzofztheztashahhudzandzthenzmakes

thez salâmz andz thereafterz thez sajda-iz sahw.z Ifz hez hasz already

prostratedzforzthezsajda,zhezcompleteszthezsixthzrak’atzandzmakes

thez sajda-iz sahw.z Thusz hez hasz completedz thez fard,z thez lastz two

rak’atsz beingz supererogatory.z But,z asz isz declaredz (byz savants),

thesez twoz rak’atsz doz notz replacez thez finalz sunnatz ofz thez early

afternoon,zeveningzorznightzprayer.zFor,zthezsunnatszarezstarted

withztheztakbîrzofztahrîma.zItziszpermissiblezforzazlatezcomerztozthe

mosqueztozbeginzfollowingzthezimâmzevenzaszthezimâmzmakeszthe

sajda-izsahw.zItziszwâjibzforzazpersonztozrepeatztheznamâzzinzwhich

hez hasz knowinglyz omittedz thez sajda-iz sahw,z orz hasz knowingly

omittedzonezofzthezwâjibszofztheznamâz,ze.g.zrecitingzthezFâtiha.zIf

hezdoesznotzperformzitzagainzhezbecomeszsinful.zInzFridayzandz’Iyd

prayers,zthezimâmzhadzbetterznotzmakezthezsajda-izsahw.

Tozmakezthezsajda-izsahw; afterzmakingzthezsalâmztozonezside

(atzthezendzofztheznamâz),zyouzmakeztwozsajdaszandzthenzsitzdown

tozcompleteztheznamâz.zItziszalsozpermissibleztozmakezthezsajda-i

sahwz afterz makingz thez salâmz toz bothz sidesz asz wellz asz without

makingzthezsalâmzatzall.

Ifzazpersonzforgetszhowzmanyzrak’atszhezhaszperformed,zandzif

thisziszthezfirstztimezitzhaszhappened,zhezmustzmakezthezsalâmzand

performztheznamâzzagain.zIfzitziszhiszhabitztozgetzconfused,zhezthinks

andzperformszitzaszhezstronglyzguessesztozbezcorrect.zIfzhezcannot

guesszstrongly,zhezmustzjudgezfromzthezpointzofzviewzthatzhezhas

performedzlesszofztheznamâzzthanzhezshouldzhave,zandzcompletezit.

Ifz az personz doubtsz whetherz hez hasz performedz az namâz,z he

performszitzifztheztimezisznotzoverzyet.zIfztheztimeziszover,zhezdoes

notzperformzit.

Ifzazperson,zgettingzconfusedzonzhowzmanyzrak’atszofznamâzzhe

–z248 –

hasz performed,z thinksz andz thusz extendsz onez ruknz byz one

additionalzruknzandztherebyzdelaysztheznextzrukn,zhezhasztozmake

thez sajda-iz sahw,z evenz ifz hez saidz somez âyatsz orz tesbîhsz inz the

interim.z Thez fardz (rulesz thatz mustz bez observed)z inz namâzz are

calledzrukn. Sayingzonezâyat,zthezrukû,ztheztwozsajdas,zandzsitting

inzthezlastzrak’atzarezeachzazrukn.zThinking,zwhenzitzdelayszazfard

orz wâjib,z necessitatesz az sajda-iz sahw.z Forz instance,z ifz az person

sittingzatzthezendzofzthezlastzrak’atzthinkszandzdelayszthezsalâm,zthe

sajda-izsahwzwillzbeznecessary.zWhenzthezextrazsalawâtszandzduâs

whichz onez saysz arez notz intendedz toz bez sunnatsz butz arez duez to

wanderingz thoughtsz andz reveries,z delayingz thez wâjibz becomesz a

guilt.z Ifz onez wondersz whetherz onez hasz performedz somez other

prayerzofznamâz,zorzifzonezthinkszofzazworldlyzaffair,zthezsajda-i

sahwz willz notz bez necessary,z evenz ifz itz delaysz onez rukn.z Ifz after

finishingzaznamâzzyouzhavezdoubtszasztozhowzmanyzrak’atszyou

havezperformed,zthiszstateziszcalledzhavingzdoubts.zJustzignorezit.

If,zafterzyouzhavezfinishedzaznamâz,zanz’âdil [1] Muslimzsayszthatzyou

havezperformedzitzwrongly,zyouzhadzbetterzperformzitzagain.zIfztwo

’âdilzMuslimszwitnesszthezsame,zitziszwâjibzforzyouztozperformzit

again.zIfzthezMuslimzisznotzanz’âdilzone,zyouzmustzdisregardzwhat

hezsays.zIfzthezimâmzsayszthatztheyzperformedztheznamâzzcorrectly

whilezthezjamâ’atzsayszthatztheyzperformedzitzwrongly,zifzthezimâm

trustszhimselfzorzifzhezhaszazwitness,ztheznamâzzdoesznotzhaveztozbe

performedzagain.

Ifzitziszdoubtfulzwhetherzdoingzsomethingziszwâjibzorzbid’at,zitzis

betterztozdozit.zIfzthezdoubtziszonzwhetherzitziszbid’atzorzsunnat,zit

mustznotzbezdone.z[Seezchapterz1].

Ifzyouzdoubtzwhetherzyouzsaidztheztakbîrzofziftitâh,zwhetherzyou

madezanzablution,zwhetherzyourzclotheszarezclean,zorzwhetherzyou

havezmadezmasahzonzyourzhead,zandzifzthiszdoubtzhappenszforzthe

firstztime,zyouzbreakztheznamâzzandzperformzitzagain.zButzyouzdo

notzhaveztozperformzanzablution,znorzdozyouzhaveztozwashzyour

clothes.zHowever,zifzthiszhappenszallztheztime,zyouzdoznotzbreakzthe

namâz,zbutzgozonzandzcompletezit.

SALÂT-IeWITRe—eItziszwrittenzinzMawqûfât:z“Imâm-iza’zam

‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’zsaidzthatztheznamâzzofzwitrziszwâjib,zbutzthe

twoz imâmsz saidz thatz itz isz sunnat.z [Itz isz sunnatz inz thez Mâlikîz and

Shâfi’îz Madhhabs,z too.]z Neitherz thez azânz norz thez iqâmatz isz said

beforez it.z Beforez bowingz forz thez rukû’z inz thez thirdz rak’at,z itz is,

always,zwâjibztozsayzanzArabiczprayer.zHezwhozdoesznotzperformzit

[1] Pleasezseezchapterz10zforzazdefinitionzofz’âdilzMuslim.

–z249 –

duringzitszappointedztimezhasztozmakezqadâzofzit.zItzisznecessaryzto

makez itsz niyyatz (intention)z asz ‘thez Witr’.z Thez namâzz ofz witr

consistszofzthreezrak’ats.zYouzmakezthezsalâmzafterzthezthirdzrak’at

iszfinished.zYouzsayzthezFâtihazandzthezadditionalzsûrazinzallzthree

rak’ats.z Inz thez thirdz rak’at,z afterz sayingz thez zamm-iz sûra

(additionalzsûra),zyouzraisezbothzhandszupztozyourzearszwithout

hangingz themz downz alongz yourz sides,z andz sayz ‘Allâhuz akbar.’

Then,z afterz fasteningz yourz handsz withoutz hangingz themz down

alongzyourzsides,zyouzsayztheztwozwell-knownzprayerszofzQunût,

performancezofzwhichziszwâjib.zAzpersonzwhozdoesznotzknowzthese

prayerszofzQunûtzreciteszthezistighfârzthreeztimes.zForzinstance,zhe

says,z‘Allahummaghfirzlî.’zOrzhezsayszthezâyatzofz‘Rabbanâzâtinâ...’

upztozthezendzonce.zPrayerszofzQunûtzareznotzsaidzinzanyznamâz

otherzthanzthezWitrznamâz.zOnlyzinzRamadân,zthezWitrznamâzzis

performedz inz jamâ’at.z Inz Ramadân,z thosez whoz havez not

performedzthezfardzofztheznightzprayerzinzjama’atzmayznotzperform

theztarâwihzandzthezwitrzinzjamâ’at.zFor,zthezMuslimszwhozarezto

performztheztarâwihzinzjamâ’atzhaveztozbezthezsamezpeoplezwho

havez performedz thez (fardz ofz the)z nightz prayerz inz jamâ’at.z Itz is

writtenz inz Hindiyya:z “Az personz whoz performedz thez fard

individuallyz joinsz thez jama’atz performingz thez tarâwih.z Laterz he

completeszthosezrak’atszofztarâwihzthatzhezmissed.zAzpersonzwho

wasznotzableztozperformztheztarâwihzinzjamâ’atzmayzperformzthe

witrz behindz thez imâmz withz whomz hez performedz thez fard.

Accordingztozazreport,zitziszsahîhzforzazpersonzwhozgoesztozanother

mosquez afterz performingz thez witrz inz jamâ’atz toz followz another

imâmz byz intendingz forz thez fardz orz tarâwihz whilez thez imâmz is

performingzthezfardzorztarâwih,zrespectively.zIfzhezseeszthatzthe

tarâwihziszbeingzperformed,zandzifzhezhasznotzperformedzthezfard,

hezperformszthezfardzindividuallyzinzazrecesszandzthenzfollowszthe

imâm.zIfzthezimâmzbowszforzthezrukû’ztoozearlyz(forzhimztozrecite

thezSubhânaka...),zhezmustzcatchzupzwithzthezimâmzinzthezrukû’zby

sayingz(thezSubhânaka...)zquicklyzorzbyzleavingzitzhalf-finished.zHe

whozforgetszthezqunûtz(aszhezperformszthezwitrzindividuallyzdoes

notzsayzitzafterzthezrukû’,zbutzmakeszthezsajda-izsahwzatzthezendzof

theznamâz.zIfzthezimâmzdoesznotzsayzthezqunût,zthezjamâ’atzdoes

notzsayzit,zeither.zWhenzanzimâmzinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhabzsayszthe

qunûtzafterzstraighteningzupzfromzthezrukû’zinzthezmorningzprayer,

azpersonzinzHanafîzMadhhabzwhozhaszbeenzfollowingzhimzdoesznot

sayz thez qunût,z butz waitsz standing.z Thoughz itz isz veryz blessedz to

performzthezwitrznamâzzafterzmidnight,zhezwhozwillznotzbezablezto

wakezupzmustzperformzitzearly,zimmediatelyzafterzthezfinalzsunnat

–z250 –

ofztheznightzprayer.”zItzisznotzsahîhztozperformztheznamâzzofzwitr

beforezthezfardzofztheznightzprayer.zTozperformzthemzinzthiszorder

iszwâjibzaccordingztozImâm-iza’zam.zAzpersonzwhozperformedzit

beforezthezfardzbyzmistakezdoesznotzperformzitzagain.zAccording

toztheztwozImâms,zhowever,ztheznamâzzofzwitrziszcontingentzonzthe

nightz prayer.z Itz shouldz bez performedz againz byz thez personz who

performedzitzbeforezthezfardzofztheznightzprayer.

SAJDA-IeTILÂWATe—eTherezarezâyatszofzsajdazatzfourteen

placeszinzthezQur’ânzal-kerîm.zForzanyonezwhozreadszorzhearszone

ofzthem,zevenzifzhezdoesznotzunderstandzitszmeaning,zitziszwâjibzto

makez onez sajdaz (prostration).z Ifz az personz isz inz az placez where

someonezelseziszreadingzit,zbutzdoesznotzhearzit,zhezdoesznotzmake

thezsajda.zAzpersonzwhozwriteszorzspellszanzâyatzofzsajdazdoesznot

makezthezsajda.zAzpersonzwhozhearszorzreadszitsztranslationzmakes

thezsajdazifzhezunderstandszthatzitziszanzâyatzofzsajda.

Itz isz wâjibz forz thosez peoplez forz whomz itz isz fardz toz perform

namâzztozmakezthezsajdazuponzhearingzanzâyatzofzsajda-iztilâwat.

Forzthiszreason,zevenzazdrunkzorzjunubzpersonzwhozhearszanzâyat

ofzsajdazhasztozmakezsajdazwhenzhezperformszanzablutionz(later).

Ifzazpersonziszsozdrunkzthatzheziszunconscious,zitzisznotzwâjibzfor

himztozmakezthezsajdazneitherzwhenzhezhimselfzsayszthezâyatznor

whenzhezhearszit.zAccordingztoz(some)zscholars,zwhenzazsleeping,

unconsciouszorzmadzpersonzsayszanzâyatzofzsajda,zitziszwâjibzfor

thosezwhozhearzhimztozmakezthezsajda.zButzitziszmorezacceptable

thatzwhenzsuchzpeoplezorzbirdszrecitezthezâyat,zthezsajdazshould

notzbezmade.zThezreasonzforzthisziszthatztheirzreadingz(orzreciting)

isznotzreal,zcorrectzreadingz(orzreciting).zRealzreadingz(orzreciting)

iszthatzwhichzyouzarezdoingzinzazstatezofzrealizationzthatzyouzare

readingz(orzreciting)zthezQur’ânzal-kerîm.zIfzazchildziszoldzenough

tozrealizezwhatzheziszdoing,zthosezwhozhearzhiszrecitingzthezâyat

haveztozmakezthezsajda.zIfzheziszsmaller,zitzisznotznecessary.zTozbe

exemptedzfromzperformingznamâz,zazmadzpersonzmustzhavezbeen

madzforz(azdurationzofztimezcovering)zatzleastzsixzprayerztimes.zTo

bez exemptedz fromz fasting,z hez mustz havez beenz insanez dayz and

nightzforzazmonth,zandzexemptionzfromzpayingzzakâtzrequireszhim

havingz beenz insanez continuouslyz forz onez year.z However,z no

matterzwhatztime,zifzhezreadszthezâyatzwhilezheziszinsane,zthezsajda

isz notz necessary.z Ifz hez saysz itz whilez hez isz sane,z thez sajdaz is

necessary.zThezsajdazisznotzwâjibzforzthosezwhozhearzthezechozof

thezâyatzreflectedzfromzmountains,zwildernesses,zorzelsewhere,zor

forzthosezwhozhearzitzfromzbirds.zWhenzthezâyatzofzsajdaziszreadzor

writtenzsyllablezbyzsyllable,zthezsajdazisznotznecessary.zItziszwâjib

–z251 –

forzMuslimsztozmakezthezsajdazwhenztheyzhearzazdisbelieverzread

thez âyat.z Itz isz writtenz inz Durr-ul-muntaqâ [1]

thatz “Itz mustz bez a

humanzvoice.”zThezsoundzthatziszheardzonzthezradio,zaszitzwillzbe

explainedzwithzmorezdetailzlater,zisznotzhumanzvoice,zbutzitziszthe

reproductionzofzlifelesszmetalzwhichzsoundszsimilarztozthezvoicezof

thezpersonzreadingz(orzreciting)zthezQur’ânzal-kerîm.zTherefore,zit

isz writtenz inz al-Fiqh-u-’alal-Madhhâhib-il-erba’a thatz “Itz isz not

wâjibzforzazpersonzhearingzthezâyatzofzsajdazreadzonzazphonograph

[gramophone,z tapez recorderz orz radio]z toz makez thez sajdaz of

tilâwat.”

Toz makez thez sajdaz ofz tilâwat,z withz anz ablution,z youz stand

towardszthezqibla,zsayzAllâhueakbar withoutzliftingzyourzhandszto

yourzears,zandzprostratezforzthezsajda.zInzthezsajdazyouzsayzSubhâna

rabbiyal-a’lâ threeztimes.zThenzwhilezstandingzupzyouzsayzAllâhu

akbaretozcompletezthezsajda.zItzisznecessaryztozmakezthezniyyatzfirst.

Withoutzthezniyyatzitzisznotzacceptable.zInzcasezyouzhaveztozsayz(an

âyatzofztilâwat)zwhilezperformingznamâz,zyouzimmediatelyzmake

anzadditionalzrukû’zorzsajda,zandzthenzstandzupzandzgozonzwithzyour

recitationz(ofzthezQur’ân).zIfzyouzbowzforzthezrukû’zofznamâzzafter

sayingzazcouplezofznormalzâyatszafterzthezâyatzofzsajdazandzifzyou

intendz forz thez sajdaz ofz tilâwatz whilez doingz so,z thez rukû’z orz the

sajdasz ofz thez namâzz willz standz forz thez sajdaz ofz tilâwat.z When

performingznamâzzinzjamâ’at,zinzthezeventzthatzthezimâmzsayszan

âyatz ofz sajda,z youz makez anz additionalz rukû’z andz twoz sajdas

togetherzwithzthezimâm,zevenzifzyouzdidznotzhearzthezimâmzsayzthe

âyat.z Thez jamâ’atz mustz makez niyyatz inz thez rukû’.z Outsidez of

namâz,z thez sajdaz ofz tilâwatz mayz bez postponedz untilz somez other

time.zAlso,zazpersonzwhoziszjunubzorzwithoutzanzablutionzorzdrunk

hasz toz makez it afterz purifyingz himself.z Whenz az womanz inz her

monthlyzperiodzhearszthezâyatzitzisznotzwâjibzforzherztozmakezthe

sajda.zHezwhozreadszthezsamezâyatzofzsajdazseveralztimeszatzone

sitting,zorzwhozhearszitzread,zmakeszonezsajdazforzallzthezreadings.

Soz isz thez casez withz sayingz thez prayerz ofz salawâtz uponz sayingz or

hearingz thez blessedz namez ofz Hadratz Muhammadz ‘sall-Allâhu

’alaihizwazsallam’.zIfztwozâyatszofzsajdazarezreadzinzonezgathering,

twoz sajdasz arez necessary.z Az personz whoz hearsz anz âyatz ofz sajda

beingz readz whilez hez isz performingz namâzz makesz thez sajdaz after

namâz.zItzisznotzpermissibleztozmakezthezsajda-i-tilâwatzduringzone

ofz thez threez periodsz ofz time,z (definedz inz tenthz chapter,)z during

[1] Writtenz byz ’Alâ’uddînz Haskafîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z (1021,

Haskafz–z1088z[1677zA.D.].)

–z252 –

whichzitziszharâmztozperformzaznamâz.

Itziszwrittenzatzthezendzofzthezchapterszconcerningzthezsajda-i

tilâwatz inz thez booksz Durr-ul-mukhtâre andz Nûr-ul-îzâh:e “Imâm-i

Nasafîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’ saysz inz hisz bookz Kâfîe thatz ifz a

person,z inz orderz toz relievez himselfz fromz sorrowz andz distress,

entreatszAllâhuzta’âlâzbyzheart,zreciteszthezfourteenzâyatszofzsajda

[standing],zandzprostrateszforzthezsajdazimmediatelyzafterzreciting

each,zAllâhuzta’âlâzwillzprotectzhimzagainstztroubleszandzdisasters.”

Whenzstandingzupzafterzthezlastzsajda,zhezholdszoutzhiszhands,zand

praysz soz thatz hez himselfz andz allz Muslimsz willz bez rescuedz and

protectedzfromzthezdisasterszandztroubleszfallingzuponztheirzworld

andzuponzIslam.

ThezSajdaeofeShukre(gratitude)ziszlikezthezsajdazofztilâwat.zItzis

mustahabzforzazpersonzwhozhaszbeenzgivenzazblessingzorzwhozhas

beenz rescuedz fromz az calamityz toz makez thez sajdaz ofz shukrz for

Allâhuzta’âlâ.zInzthezsajdazhezfirstzsays,z“Al-hamd-u-lillâh.” Then

hezsaysztheztesbîhszofzsajda.zItziszmakrûhztozmakezazsajdazofzshukr

afterznamâz.zItziszwrittenzinzthezhundredzandztwenty-fourthzletter

ofzthezfirstzvolumezofzMaktûbât-ieMa’thûmiyya.zAlso,zitzisztahrîmî

makrûhztozdozthosezmubâhsz(things,zactionszpermittedzbyzIslam)

whichz thez ignorantz mayz thinkz sunnatz orz wâjib.z Itz causesz further

inventionzofzbid’ats.

WhilezdescribingztheznamâzzofzWitr,zthezbookzRadd-ul-muhtâr

states:z “Commandmentsz thatz arez fardz (necessary,z compulsory)

bothztozbelievezandztozdozarezcalledzfard.zHezwhozdenies azfard

becomesz az disbeliever.z Hez whoz doesz notz performz itz willz be

tormentedz inz Hellz ifz hez doesz notz repentz andz makez hisz tawba.

Thosezcommandmentszthatzareznotzfardzbutzwâjibztozbelievezand

fardztozdozarezcalledzwâjib.zHezwhozdenies thezfactzthatzsomething

isz wâjibz doesz notz becomez az disbeliever.z Hez whoz doesz notz doz a

wâjibz willz bez tormentedz inz Hell,z too,z ifz hez doesz notz makez his

tawba.zHezwhozdenies thezfactzthatzthezwâjibziszanzactzofzworship

andznecessaryztozperform,zbecomeszazdisbeliever.zFor, itzhaszbeen

declaredz unanimouslyz andz indispensablyz (byz Islamicz scholars)

thatz itz isz wâjib.z Thosez commandmentsz thatz arez declaredz inz the

Qur’ânz al-kerîmz clearlyz andz whichz allz Islamicz scholarsz have

understoodz unanimouslyz andz byz wayz ofz definitee documentation

arez calledz fard.z Thosez commandmentsz thatz arez declaredz by

doubtfulzdocumentation,zi.e.zunclearly,zinzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzor

whichz havez beenz communicatedz byz onlyz onez Sahâbîz arez called

wâjib.

Therez arez fourz groupsz ofz witnessesz andz documentsz teaching

–z253 –

thezAhkâm-i-Islâmiyya.zThezfirstzgroupzarezdefinitezbothzinzthubût

andzinzdelâlat.zInzthiszgroupzarezthosezâyatszthatzarezunderstood

clearlyz andz thosez hadîthsz thatz havez beenz communicatedz by

tawâtur,ethatzis,zunanimously,zandzwhichzarezclearlyzunderstood.

Thezsecondzgroupzarezdefinitezinzthubûtzbutzinferredzinzdelâlat.

Thosezâyatszthatzcannotzbezunderstoodzclearlyzarezinzthiszcategory.

Thez thirdz groupz arez inferredz inz thubûtz butz definitez inz delâlat.

Thosez clearz hadîth-i-sherîfsz reportedz byz onlyz onez Sahâbîz arez in

thiszgroup.zThezfourthzgroupzarezinferredzbothzinzthubûtzandzin

delâlat.zInzthiszgroupzarezhadîth-i-sherîfszthatzarezreportedzbyzone

Sahâbîzandzwhichzcannotzbezunderstoodzclearly.zThezfirstzgroup

includeszthezfardszandzthezharâms;zthezsecondzandzthezthirdzgroups

includezthezwâjibszandztheztahrîmîzmakrûhs,zandzthezfourthzgroup

includesz thez sunnats,z thez mustahabsz andz tanzîhîz makrûhs.z Itz is

bid’at tozrefusezazreportzfromzonezSahâbî,zorzazqiyâs,zwithoutza

scientificallyzsoundzexplanation.”

Come on, let’s make namâz, and wipe the rust off our hearts;

There’s no approach to Allah, unless namâz is performed!

Where namâz is performed, sins are all dumped;

Man can never be perfect, unless namâz is performed!

Allâhu ta’âlâ praises namâz much in Qur’ân al-kerîm;

“I won’t love thee,” He says, “unless namâz is performed!”

A hadîth-i-sherîf reads: Symptom of îmân will not

Manifest itself on man, unless namâz is performed!

To omit one single namâz is a sin, a gravest one;

Tawba will not absolve thee, unless qadâ is performed!

He who slights namâz will lose his îmân, outright;

One cannot be a Muslim, unless namâz is performed!

Namâz’ll purify thine heart, and keep thee from evils;

Thou canst never be enlightened, unless namâz is performed!

–z254 –

17e–eTHINGSeTHATeNULLIFYeNAMÂZ

TheefollowingewritingeisetranslatedefromeDurr-ul-mukhtâr:

Thingsz thatz nullifyz namâzz arez calledz itsz mufsids.z Anz actz of

worship’s beingz fâsidz orz bâtilz isz thez same;z itz meansz itz isz broken,

nullified.z Inz mu’amalât [1] ,z however,z theyz arez notz thez same.z The

followingzarezthezthirty-onezmufsidszofznamâz:

1z-zToztalk.zEvenzonezwordznullifiesznamâz.zItzalwaysznullifies

namâzz regardlessz ofz whetherz itz isz saidz intentionallyz or

inadvertentlyzorzunderzduresszorzbyzforgetting.zHowever,zitzdoes

notz nullifyz namâzz toz sayz thez salâmz atz thez endz ofz thez firstz sitting

posture,z mistakingz itz forz thez secondz sitting.z Yetz ifz youz say,

“Assalâmu,”zthinkingzthatztheznamâzziszofztwozrak’ats,zorzifzyouzsay

itz whilez standing,z yourz namâzz becomesz nullified.z Toz respondz to

someone’szgreeting,zinzanyzmannerzwhatsoever,znullifiesznamâz.

2z-zWithoutzazgoodzexcuse,zcoughingzthroughzthezthroatznullifies

namâz.zIfzitzhappenszinvoluntarily,zitzdoesznotznullifyznamâz.zIfzyou

dozitzinzorderztozfacilitatezyourzrecitation,zitziszharmless.

3z-zTozsayzprayerszinznamâzzthatzdoznotzexistzinzâyatszorzhadîths

nullifiesznamâz.zItziszwrittenzinzDurr-ul-mukhtâr:z“Thezprayerztozbe

saidzbeforezmakingzthezsalâmzhasztozbezinzArabic.zItziszharâmzto

prayz inz anyz otherz languagez duringz namâz.”z Atz thisz pointz Ibni

’Âbidînz explains:z “Imâm-iz Abûz Yûsufz andz Imâm-iz Muhammad

saidz thatz namâzz performedz inz anyz languagez otherz thanz Arabic

wouldznotzbezsahîh.zImâm-iza’zam’sz‘rahmatullâhiz’alaihim’zlater

ijtihâdztallieszwithzit.”

4z-zTozmoanzorztozsayz“Ouch!”zetc.znullifiesznamâz.

5z-zTozsay,z“Ugh!”zinzorderztozexpresszannoyanceznullifiesznamâz.

6z-zCryingzforzreasonszsuchzaszazpainzorzsorrowznullifiesznamâz.

Ifz youz weepz silently,z orz cryz loudlyz becausez ofz thez thoughtz of

ParadisezandzHell,zyourznamâzzdoesznotzbecomeznullified.zIfzazsick

personz cannotz helpz sayingz “Ouch,z ugh!”z orz crying,z theirz namâz

doesznotzbecomeznullified.

7z-zItznullifiesznamâzztozsay, “Yerhamukallah,”etozazpersonzwho

sneezeszandzsays,z“Al-hamdulillâh.”eWhenznotzperformingznamâz,

itziszfardzkifâyaztozsayzthezformerzimmediatelyzafterzeachzofzthe

threezinstanceszofzthezlatter,zandzitziszmustahabzafterzthezthirdztime

[Riyâdeun-nâsihîn].

[1] Thez fifthz fasciclez ofz Endlesse Bliss,z fromz itsz twenty-eighthz chapter

onwards,zdealszwithz‘mu’amalât’.

–z255 –

8z-zTozsay,z“Innâelillâhewa...,”euponzhearingzbadznewsznullifies

namâz.zItziszsunnatztozsayzitzwhileznotzperformingznamâz.

9z-zTozsayz“JallaeJalâluh”eandz“Sall-Allâhue’alaihiewaesallam,”

uponzhearingztheznameszofzAllâhuzta’âlâ orzthezProphetz‘sall-Allâhu

’alaihizwazsallam’,zrespectively, nullifiesznamâz.zOutsidezofznamâz,

sayingzorzwritingzthemziszwâjibzforzthezfirstztimezandzmustahabzfor

thoseztimeszafterwardszofzsaying,zhearingzorzwritingztheirznames.

10z-zTozsayz“Âmîn”zforzazprayerzsaidzbyzanyonezbutzthezimâm

nullifiesznamâz.z[Forzthiszreason,zifzthezimâmziszconductingzaznamâz

inz jamâ’atz (seez chapterz 20)z withz az loudspeaker,z whenz hez says,

“Walad’dâllîn,” thereziszthezdangerzthatztheznamâzzofzthosezwho

say,z “Âmîn”z mayz becomez nullified.z For,z thez soundz producedz by

thezloud-speakerzisznotzthezimâm’szvoice.zItziszsomezotherzsound

producedzbyzazmetalzplatezthatzvibrateszbecausezofzthezmagnetic

powerzactivatedzbyzelectricity.zSuchzsounds,zwhichzarezoriginally

causedz byz thez humanz voice,z arez indistinguishablez fromz their

producers’zvoices; butzinzactualzfactztheyzareznotztheirzvoices,zas

willzbezexplainedzinzdetailzinzChapterz24].zWhenzthezimâmzfinishes

recitingzthezFâtiha,zitziszmakrûhzforzthezimâmzandzforzthezjamâ’at

tozsayz“Âmîn”zloudly.zTheyzmustzsayzitzinzazwhisper.

11z-zTozchangezyourzplacezorztozmakezroomzforzaznewcomer

withzsomeonezelse’szwarningznullifiesznamâz.zButzyourzmovingzof

yourzownzwillzazlittlezsomeztimezlaterzdoesznotznullifyzit.

12z-zTozcorrectzanzerrorzmadezbyzanyonezexceptzthezimâmzyou

followznullifiesztheznamâzz(ofzthezpersonzwhozmakeszthezcorrection).

13z -z Evenz ifz az little,z orz byz forgetting,z eatingz orz drinkingz by

somethingzthatzyouzputzintozyourzmouthz(afterzstartingztozperform

namâz)z nullifiesz namâz.z Itz doesz notz nullifyz namâzz toz swallow

somethingzsmallerzthanzazchick-peazthatzhaszremainedzbetweenzthe

teeth.zItzdoesznotzbreakzazfast,zeither.zTozchewzsomethingzsmallzin

yourzmouthzthreeztimeszorztozswallowzitzafterzmeltingzitznullifies

namâz.

14z-zTozsayzthezprayerszbyzreadingzandzlearningzthemzfromzthe

Qur’ânzal-kerîmzorzfromzsomezotherzpaperznullifiesznamâz.zTozdo

soz wouldz meanz toz learnz thez prayersz fromz someonez else.z Imâm-i

MuhammadzandzImâm-izAbûzYûsufzsaidzthatzitzwouldzbezmakrûh.

Theyzaddedzthatzitzwouldznotzevenzbezmakrûhzifzitzisznotzintended

tozimitatezazdisbelieverzwithzazHeavenlyzBook.

Lookingzatzazpiecezofzwritingz[orzsomethingzorzitszpicturezon

thezwall]zwithoutzunderstandingzit,zdoesznotznullifyznamâz.zYou

–z256 –

wouldz havez committedz anz actz ofz makrûhz ifz youz understoodz it

(whenzyouzlookedzatzit).zItzwouldznotzbezmakrûhzifzitzonlyzmet

yourzeyeszbyzchance.

[Doingzthezcustomszofzdisbelievers,zifznotzwithzthezintentionzof

beingzlikezthem,zifztheyzareznotzharâmzorzevilzcustoms,zandzifzthey

arez useful,z isz permissible.z Eatingz andz drinkingz likez themz isz an

examplezofzthis.zItziszharâmzifzitziszdonezinzorderztozbecomezlike

them,zorzifztheyzarezharâmzandzbadzcustoms.

ItziszwrittenzinzUyûn-ul-basâir [1] :z“Ifzazpersonzdrawszazportrait

orzmakeszazstatuezofzazmanzandzsayszorzdoeszsomethingztozexpress

hiszreverenceztozthezpicturezorzthezstatue,ze.g.zprostrateszhimself

beforez itz becausez hez believesz thatz thez manz representedz inz the

picturezorzbyzthezstatuezpossesseszonezofzthezattributeszofzdivinity,

althoughzhezknowszthatzthatzpersonziszanzunbeliever,zorzifzhezwears

azgirdlezlikezthezonezwhichzhaszbeenzwornzbyzJewszandzChristians,

orzuseszsomethingzrepresentingztheirzreligiousztenets,zhezbecomes

azdisbeliever.zIfzazpersonzwearszclothingszpeculiarztozdisbelievers

inz orderz toz trickz themz inz warfare,z hez doesz notz becomez a

disbeliever.”z Attributesz thatz exclusivelyz belongz toz Allâhuz ta’âlâ

arezcalledzattributeszofzdivinity.zItziszexcusablezifzhezwearszthem

onlyzlongzenoughztozsavezhiszlife,zproperty,zandzsustenance.zItzis

disbeliefz toz wearz themz anyz longer.z Asz isz writtenz inz mostz ofz the

booksz ofz Aqâidz (belief)z andz fiqh,z particularlyz inz Durer [2] ,z inz its

chapterzprecedingzthezsubjectzofzNikâh:z“Ifzazperson,zrepletezwith

îmânzaszhiszheartzmayzbe,zsayszazwordzcausingzdisbeliefzwillingly

andzwithoutzazdarûrat,zhezbecomeszazdisbeliever.zThezîmânzinzhis

heartz willz bez ofz noz usez then.z For,z az person’sz disbeliefz isz judged

fromz hisz words.z Whenz hez saysz az wordz causingz disbelief,z he

becomesz az disbelieverz bothz amongz peoplez andz inz thez viewz of

Allâhuzta’âlâ.”zItziszwrittenzinzthezthirdzchapterzofzthezsixthzsection

ofzthezbookzSharh-iemawâqifethatzthezcaseziszthezsamezwithzthe

kufr-ie hukmîe (judgedz disbelief)z causedz byz actionsz andz waysz of

dressing.]

Itz isz disbeliefz toz doz thingsz whichz disbelieversz practisez as

[1] Writtenz byz Ahmadz Hamawî,z (d.z 1098z [1686z A.D.]).z Itz isz a

commentaryz toz Eshbâh,z az valuablez bookz writtenz byz Ibniz Nujaym

Zeyn-ul-’âbidînz binz Ibrâhîmz ibniz Nujaym-i-Misrîz ‘rahmatullâhi

’alaih’,z926z–z970z[1562zA.D.],zEgypt.)

[2] Durerz vez Ghurer,z az splendidz bookz ofz Fiqhz writtenz byz thez third

OttomanzShaikh-ul-Islâm,zMollazHusrevz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,

(d.z885z[1480zA.D.],zIstanbul,zburiedzinzBursa.)

–z257 –

worships,ze.g.ztozplayzorgans,ztozringzbellszinzmosqueszaszChristians

dozinzchurches,zorztozusezthingszthatzIslamzjudgesztozbezsymptoms

ofz disbelief;z usingz suchz thingsz removesz îmânz unlessz therez isz a

darûratzorzcompulsionztozdozso.z[Pleasezseezthezfinalzpartzofzthe

fifthy-eighth chapterzofzthezthirdzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss.]

15z -z Extraz movementsz thatz arez notz partsz ofz namâzz nullify

namâz.zMakingzthezrukû’zorzthezsajdaszmorezthanzthezprescribed

numberz orz goingz outz toz makez ablutionz doesz notz nullifyz it.

Excusablezextrazmovementszsuchzaszkillingzazscorpionzorzazsnake

doesz notz nullifyz it,z either.z [Seez thez seventeenthz andz thez twentysixthzmakrûhs!]zIfzazhandzmoveszlesszthanzthreeztimes,zitzdoesznot

nullifyz namâz.z Itz hasz beenz saidz (byz savants)z thatz onez movement

withzbothzhandsznullifiesznamâz.zRaisingzthezhandszupztozthezears

forztheztakbîrszinznamâzzdoesznotznullifyznamâz.zYetzitziszmakrûh.

16z -z Toz standz or toz makez thez sajdaz atz az najsz placez nullifies

namâz.zIfzyouzspreadzsomethingzoverztheznajszplace,zyourznamâz

willznotzbecomeznullified.zShoeszandzclotheszthatzyouzarezwearing

arezlikezpartszofzyourzskin.zYouzcannotzmakezthezsajdaebyzplacing

thezskirtzofzyourzovercoatzoverzaznajszplace.zYouzmustztakezitzoff

andzspreadzitzonzthezground.z[Youzcannotzperformzazjanâzaznamâz

ifzthezshoeszyouzarezwearingzarezsmearedzwithznajâsat.]

17z-zIfzyourzawratzpartszremainzopenzlongzenoughzforzyouztozsay

“Subhân-Allâh”z threez timesz inz onez rukn,z ifz therez existsz a

prescribed amountz ofz najâsatz toz nullifyz namâzz onz yourz skinz or

clothes,zifzyouzperformznamâzzaheadzofzthezimâm,zor ifzyouzarezin

thez samez linez withz az womanz [whoz hasz beenz followingz thez same

imâm],zyourznamâzzbecomesznullified.zIfzyouzyourselfzdozallzthese,

yourznamâzzwillzbezbrokenzimmediately.z[Seezchapterz20,zNamâz

inzJamâ’at!]

18z-zTozperformznamâzzonzsomethingzthatzyouzhavezspreadzon

az najsz placez andz whichz letsz colour,z odorz andz moisturez through,

nullifiesz namâz.z Ifz itz doesz notz letz themz through,z namâzz willz not

becomez nullified.z Performingz itz afterz coveringz thez placez with

plentyzofzearthzdoesznotznullifyznamâz.

19z -z Turningz yourz chestz awayz fromz thez qiblaz withoutz az good

excusezbreaksznamâzzimmediately.zTurningzyourzfacezorzanyzother

limbzawayzdoesznotznullifyznamâz,zyetzitziszmakrûh.zIfzyouzcannot

helpzturningzaway,zitznullifiesznamâzzifzyouzremainzsozaszlongzaszone

rukn.zWalkingzonezlinez(onezmetrezandzhalf)ztowardszthezqibla,zdoes

notznullifyznamâz.zIfznotzinzthezdirectionzofzthezqibla,zorzifzyouzwalk

morezthanzthatzcontinuouslyzinzthezdirectionzofzthezqibla,zitznullifies

–z258 –

namâz.zHence,zitzisznotzpermissibleztozperformznamâzzwalking.

20z -z Whenz az womanz isz kissedz orz heldz lustfully,z herz namâz

becomesznullified.

21z-zTheznamâzzofzazpersonzwhozapostateszbyzheartzbecomes

nullified.z[Thatzis,zifzhezsayszthroughzhiszheart,z“Ifzsuchzandzsuchza

thingzhappens,zsozandzso’szwordzprovesztrue,zandzthezQur’ânzalkerîmz

provesz toz bez –mayz Allâhuz ta’âlâz protectz usz againstz such

thoughts!–zuntrue,”zorzifzazgirlzdecidesztozmarryzazdisbeliever,zhe,

(inzthezfirstzexample,)zorzshe,z(inzthezsecondzexample,)zbecomesza

disbelieverz immediately.]z Az personz whoz intendsz toz becomez a

disbelieverz inz thez futurez orz whoz believesz somethingz causing

disbeliefzbecomeszanzunbeliever,zi.e.zazrenegade,zimmediately.

22z-zWhilezperformingznamâz,zitziszharâmztozdozsomethingzthat

willzbreakzyourzablutionzorzghusl.zIfzazpersonzdoeszanyzonezofzthem

beforez havingz satz asz longz asz thez tashahhudz inz thez lastz rak’at,z his

namâzzimmediatelyzbecomesznullified.zIfzhezdoeszitzafterzhavingzsat

aszlongzasztheztashahhud,zhisznamâzzwillzbezallzright.zIfzhiszablution

breakszbyzitself,zhezmayzrenewzitzandzthenzcontinuezwithzhisznamâz,

butzitziszbetterztozperformzitzagainzfromzthezbeginning.z[Inzcasezit

shouldzbreakz(byzitself)zagain,zandzinzcasezofzdifficultyzinzrenewing

yourz ablution,z (itz isz recommendedz that)z youz imitatez thez Mâlikî

Madhhabz asz youz startz performingz namâz.z For,z accordingz toz the

MâlikîzMadhhab,ztheznamâzzofzanzinvalidzorzagingzMuslimzwillznot

becomeznullified.zAfterzhavingzsatzaszlongzasztheztashahhud,zifzyour

ablutionzbreakszbyzitself,zandzifzuponzthiszyouzmakezanzablutionzat

oncezandzthenzmakezthezsalâm,zwhichziszwâjib,zor,zwithoutzmaking

anzablution,zifzyouzyourselfzdozsomethingzbreakingztheznamâz,ze.g.

makezthezsalâm,zyourznamâzzwillzremainzunimpaired.

23z-zIfzazpersonzomitszonezruknzandzdoesznotzperformzitzduring

thez(same)znamâz,zhisznamâzzbecomesznullified.

24z-zIfzazpersonzbeginszandzfinisheszazruknzbeforezthezimâm

beginszit,zhisznamâzzbecomesznullified.zButzifzthezimâmzbeginszthe

ruknzlaterzandztheyzfinishzitzatzthezsameztime,zorzifzhezwithdraws

beforezthezimâmzbeginszthezruknzandzthen,zwhenzthezimâmzbegins

thez rukn,z makesz thez ruknz againz togetherz withz thez imâm,z his

namâzz willz notz becomez nullifed,z yetz itz isz makrûh.z Ifz az person

beginsz az ruknz afterz thez imâmz hasz finishedz it,z hisz namâzz willz be

acceptable.

25z-zAzperson whozmisseszthezfirstzrak’atzofzaznamâzzin jamâ’at

iszcalledzazmasbûk.zIfzazmasbûk,zafterzhavingzsatzaszlongzasz(tozsay

thez prayerz called)z thez tashahhudz andz beforez thez imâmz having

–z259 –

madez thez salâm,z standsz upz and,z afterz makingz thez sajdaz ofz the

rak’atzhezhaszmissed,zseeszthezimâmzmakingzsajda-izsahwzandzhe,

too,z makesz thez sajda-iz sahwz withz thez imâm,z hisz namâzz willz be

nullified.z Insteadz ofz resumingz followingz thez imâmz (uponz seeing

thezimâmzmakingzthezsajda-i-sahw),zhezshouldzhavezcompletedzhis

namâzzandzthezsajda-i-sahwzonzhiszown.zIfzhezstoodzupzbutzdidznot

makezsajda,zinzthatzcasezitzwouldzbezwâjibzforzhimztozsitzbackzand

makezthezsajda-izsahwzwithzthezimâm.

26z -z Ifz az personz whoz forgotz toz makez thez sajdaz remembersz it

duringzthezrukû’,zhezprostrateszhimselfzoutrightzfromzthezposition

ofz rukû’z andz makesz thez sajda,z instead,z andz (ifz hez remembersz it)

duringzthez(following)zsajda,zhezmakeszthezsajdaz(thatzhezforgot)

afterzsittingzafterzthezregularzsajdaz(whereinzhezrememberedzabout

thezforgottenzsajda);zthen,z(inzbothzcases,)zhezreperformszthezrukû’

andzthezsajdazthatzhezperformed.zThenzhezmakeszthezsajda-izsahw.

Or,z atz thez endz ofz orz duringz thez finalz sittingz hez makesz thez sajda

whichz hez rememberedz orz whichz hez remembersz duringz thez final

sitting,zthenzhezsitszagainzandzsayszthezTahiyyât,zandzthenzmakes

thez sajda-iz sahw.z Ifz hez doesz notz sitz again,z hisz namâzz becomes

nullified.

27z -z Ifz az personz doesz notz performz againz thez ruknz thatz he

performedzsleeping,zhisznamâzzbecomesznullified.

28z-zIfzduringztheztakbîrszinznamâzzazpersonzprolongszthezfirst

hamza [1] (A)zwhenzsayingz“Allâhu,”zhisznamâzzbecomesznullified.

Ifzhezprolongszitzwhenzbeginningznamâz,zhiszbeginningztheznamâz

isznotzsahîh.

29z -z Ifz sayingz thez âyatsz melodiouslyz defilesz thez meaning,z it

defileszyourznamâz,ztoo.zTozrecitezthezQur’anzmelodiouslyzmeans

tozprolongzitszletterszinzorderztoztunezthemztozmusicalznotes.zFor

example,z itz defilesz thez meaningz toz prolongz thez letterz (a)z asz in

“Alhamd-u-lillâhiz râbbil.”z (Thez fourthz ‘a’z inz thisz example.)

Likewise,z sayingz “Râbbanâlakalhamd,”z (thez firstz ‘a’z inz this

example,)z asz somez muazzinsz do,z defilesz thez meaning.z For,z râb

(with az prolongedz ‘a’)z meansz stepfather;z soz insteadz ofz saying,

“Praisez andz gratitudez bez toz ourz Allah,”z theyz say,z “Praisez and

gratitudez bez toz ourz stepfather.”z Ifz thez meaningz isz notz defiled

namâzzdoesznotzbecomeznullified.zButzifzyouzextendzsuchzvowels

aszElif,zWawzandzYâztoozlong,znamâzzbecomesznullified,zevenzif

thez meaningz isz notz defiled.z Asz isz seen,z ifz sayingz thez words

[1] Elif,zthezfirstzletterzofzthezArabiczalphabet.

–z260 –

melodiouslyzdoesznotzdefileztheirzmeaning,zifzthezletterszareznot

prolongedz byz az lengthz ofz twoz vowels,z andz ifz itz isz intendedz to

beautifyz thez voicez andz toz embellishz thez recitation,z itz is

permissible.z Inz fact,z itz isz mustahabz toz doz soz whenz performing

namâzzaszwellzaszwhenznotzperformingznamâz.

ItziszwrittenzinzthezfatwâzofzAbussu’ûdzEfendi [1] ‘rahmatullâhi

ta’âlâz’alaih’:z“Ifzthezimâm’szsingingzbecomesz’amal-iekethîr [2] ,zorzif

hezprolongszonezletterzaszlongzaszthreezvowels,zhisznamâzzbecomes

nullified.z‘Teghannî’zmeansztozresonatezyourzvoicezinzyourzlarynx

sozasztozproducezvariouszsounds.”

30z -z Anz incorrectz recitationz nullifiesz namâz.z Thez errorz may

happenzinzfourzdifferentzways.zThezfirstzerrorzinvolveszi’râb,zthatzis,

itztakeszplacezinzvowelzpointszorzsignszofzquiescence.zForzinstance,

whenzyouzdon’tzdoublezthezletterzwithzthezshadda [3] orzwhenzyou

shortenzthezprolongedzones,zandzvicezversa.

Thezsecondzkindzofzerrorztakeszplacezinzthezletterszthemselves.

Forz example,z youz changez thez placez ofz az letter,z addz orz deductz a

letter,zorzmovezazletterzforwardzorzbackward.

Thezthirdzerrorzinvolveszconfusionzofzwordszorzsentences.zAnd

finally,zthezfourthzerrorzconcernszthezwaqf-wasl [4] ;zthatzis,zwhenzyou

gozonzwherezyouzmustzpausezorzpausezwherezyouzmustzgozon.zThis

fourthzkindzofzerrorzdoesznotznullifyznamâzzevenzifzthezmeaningzis

changed.

Ifz thez firstz threez kindsz ofz errorsz changez thez meaningz and

producez az meaningz thatz causesz disbelief,z namâzz becomes

nullified.z Onz thez otherz hand,z whenz youz changez thez placez ofz a

sentence,z ifz youz pausez forz az while,z namâzz doesz notz become

nullified.z Ifz somez newlyz producedz meaningz doesz notz cause

disbeliefzbutzifzitzdoesznotzhavezazlikenesszinzthezQur’ânzal-kerîm,

namâzz becomesz nullified.z Toz sayz ‘gubâr’z insteadz ofz ‘gurâb,’z to

[1] ThezthirteenthzOttomanzShaikh-ul-Islâm.

[2] Kethîrzmeanszmany.z’Amalzmeanszaction,zmovement.z’Amal-izkethîr

meansz morez thanz onez movements.z Doingz ’amal-i-kethîrz inz namâz

nullifiesznamâz.

[3] Germinationz mark.z Whenz youz seez thatz markz abovez anz Arabic

consonantzletter,zyouzdoublezthezconsonant.

[4] Waqfz meansz pause.z Whenz readingz orz recitingz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîm,

youzhaveztozpausezwhenzyouzseezcertainzsymbols.zThesezsymbolszare

calledz Waqf.z Waslz meansz toz linkz thez finalz consonantz ofz anz Arabic

wordztozthezfirstzvowelzofzthezwordzfollowingzit.zSymbolszindicating

suchzlinkagezarezcalledzWasl.

–z261 –

sayz‘Rabinâs’zinsteadzofz‘Rabbinnâs,’ztozsayz‘zalelnâ’zinsteadzof

‘zallelnâ,’ztozsayz‘emâratun’zinsteadzofz‘emmâratun,’ztozaddzthe

wordz“wazkefera”zbyzsayingz“amilazsâlihanzwazkefera fazlehum

ejruhum,”ztozsayz‘mesânîna’zinsteadzofz‘mesânî’,zor,zaccordingzto

az dependablez report,z toz sayz “essirâtellezîna”z orz “iyyâ

kena’budu,”z[thatzis,ztozdividezonezwordzandzaddzitszfinalzpartzto

thez followingz word],z toz forgetz “wa”z whenz sayingz “waz mâ

khalaqazzekera,”z nullifiesz namâz.z Ifz thez wordz becomes

meaninglesszandzifzitzdoesznotzhavezazlikenesszinzthezQur’ânzalkerîm,zitznullifiesznamâz.zForzinstance,ztozsayz‘serâil’zinsteadzof

‘serâir,’ztozsayz‘laqnâ,’zinsteadzofz‘khalaqnâ’,ztozsayz‘alnâ’zinstead

ofz ‘ja’alnâ.’z Ifz thez wordz hasz az likenessz inz thez Qur’ânz butz ifz its

meaningziszdifferent,znamâzzdoesznotzbecomeznullifiedzaccording

toz Imâm-iz Abûz Yûsuf’sz ijtihâd.z Butz itz becomesz nullified

accordingz toz thez Tarafain,z [i.e.z Imâm-iz a’zamz andz Imâm-i

Muhammad.]z Thez fatwâz agreesz withz thez secondz ijtihâd.z Ifz the

wordz hasz noz likenessz butz ifz itsz meaningz isz notz changed,z they

judgedz itz thez otherz wayz round.z Thez fatwâz agreesz withz the

Tarafain’s.z Forz example,z whenz youz sayz “ihdinelsirâta”z or

“Rabilâlemin”zorz“‹yâka,”zorzwhenzyouzsayz“yâzmâlî”zinsteadzof

“yâzmâlik,”zorzwhenzyouzsayz“ta’al”zwhilezsayingz“ta’âlâzjeddu

Rabbinâ,”z namâzz doesz notz becomez nullified.z [Whenz youz say

“ahat”z insteadz ofz “ahad”z namâzz becomesz nullified.

(Bezzâziyya).]

Savantsz ofz thez laterz generationz saidz thatz errorsz inz thez i’râb

wouldznotznullifyznamâz.zThezfirstziszazwayzofzprudence,zandzthe

secondziszazwayzofzlatitude.

Pronouncingzonezletterzlikezanotherzletter,zifztheztwozletterszare

quitezdifferent,znullifiesznamâz.zAnzexamplezofzthiszisztozpronounce

thezletterz“Ta”zinsteadzofzthezletterz“Sât,”zaszinz“tâlihât”zinsteadzof

“sâlihât.”zIfzthereziszazsmallzdifferencezbetweenzthezletterszandzif

thez meaningz isz changed,z “namâzz becomesz nullifiedz ifz youz didz it

intentionally,”z saidz mostz savants.z Butz ifz itz slippedz out

inadvertently,z “namâzz doesz notz becomez nullified,”z theyz said.

Exampleszofzthiszareztozpronouncezthezletterz“Z›”zinsteadzofz“Dat,”

“Sât”zinsteadzofz“Sin,”zorz“T›”zinsteadzofz“Te.”zThoughzthezfatwâ

sayszso,zonezmustzbezcautious.zSoziszthezcasezwithzsayingz“zâllîn”

insteadzofzsayingz“dâllîn.”z[Forzmorezdetailszseezchapterz20,zNamâz

ineJamâ’at.]

Whenzyouzaddzazword,zifzthezmeaningzdoesznotzchangezandzif

thez wordz addedz existsz inz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîm,z namâzz doesz not

becomez nullified.z Anz examplez ofz thisz isz toz sayz “waz bilwalideynî

–z262 –

ihsânanzwazberren.”zNamâzzdoesznotzbecomeznullifiedzevenzifzthat

wordzdoesznotzexistzinzthezQur’ânzal-kerîm.zAnzexamplezisztozsay,

“waz nahlunz waz tuffâhunz waz rum’mân.”z Butz Abûz Yûsuf

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’zsaidzthatzaddingzazwordzthatzdoesznot

existzinzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzmakeszyourznamâzznullzandzvoid.

Whenz az wordz isz forgotten,z ifz thez meaningz isz notz deflected

namâzzdoesznotzbecomeznullified.zForzinstance,zwhilezsayingz“wa

jazâuzseyyiatinzseyyiatunzmisluhâ,”zifzyouzomitz“seyyiatun”zyour

namâzz doesz notz becomez nullified.z Ifz thez meaningz isz deflected,

namâzz becomesz nullified.z Forz example,z whenz sayingz “lâ

yu’minûn,”zifzyouzomitz“lâ,”zitzbecomesznullified.

Whenzyouzchangezazletterzitselfzorzitszplace,zifzthezmeaningzis

notzchangedzandzifztheznewzwordzhaszazlikenesszinzthezQur’ânzalkerîm,znamâzzdoesznotzbecomeznullified.zForzinstance,zifzyouzsay

“innelmuslimûna”zinsteadzofz“innelmuslimîna,”zyourznamâzzdoes

notzbecomeznullified.zIfzitzdoesznotzhavezazlikenesszinzthezQur’ân

al-kerîmz“namâzzdoesznotzbecomeznullified”zaccordingztoztheztwo

imâms.z Forz example,z whenz youz sayz “kayyâmîne”z insteadz of

“kawwâmîne,”z yourz namâzz doesz notz becomez nullified.z Ifz the

meaningziszdeffected,z“itzbecomesznullified,”zsaidztheztwozimâms.

Imâm-izAbûzYûsufzsaidzthatznamâzzwouldzbecomeznullifiedzifzthe

wordz hadz noz likenessz inz thez Qur’ân.z Accordingz toz thatz great

scholar’sz(AbûzYusûf’s)zijtihâd,zyourznamâzzbecomesznullifiedzif

youzsay,zforzinstance,z“eshâbeshshaîr”zinsteadzofz“es-hâbessa’îr”;

andznotzifzyouzsay,zforzinstance,z“inferejet”zinstead,zofz“infejeret”

orz“eyyâb”zinsteadzofz“awwâb.”

Whenz youz repeatz az word,z namâzz becomesz nullifiedz ifz the

meaningziszchanged.zYourznamâzzbecomesznullifiedzwhenzyouzsay,

“Rabbiz Rabbil’âlemîn,z mâlikiz mâlikiz yawmiddîn.”z Butz ifz youz do

notzknowzthatzthezmeaningziszchangedzorzifzyouzletzthezwordzout

inadvertentlyzorzifzyouzrepeatzthezwordzinzorderztozpronounceza

letterzmorezcorrectly,zyourznamâzzdoesznotzbecomeznullified.

Ifzchangingzazwordzchangeszthezmeaning,ztoo,znamâzzbecomes

nullifiedz evenz ifz thez newz wordz hasz az likenessz inz thez Qur’ânz alkerîm.zItzdoesznotzbecomeznullifiedzifzthezmeaningzisznotzchanged.

ThezfollowingziszazpoemzwrittenzbyzAhmadzIbnizKemâlzPâsha

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’zonzthezsejâwandse(markszofzpause)zin

thezQur’ânzal-kerîm.

Jim: Permissible to pass by it, and proper, too;

Better stop when you see it, though.

–z263 –

Ze: You are free to stop, and so have they [1] done.

But they have deemed it better to read on.

Ta: It is an absolute sign of stop;

Wherever you see it be sure to stop!

Sat: “Stopping is permissible,” they [1] have said;

So they have allowed you to take a breath.

Mim: Absolutely necessary to stop for it;

Fear of disbelief is in passing by it!

Lâ: “No pause!” is its meaning, everywhere;

Never stop! Nor breathe, anywhere!

Now perfect your reading with this recipe,

And gift its thawâb to Muslims before thee!

[Letterz “’ayn”z meansz rukû’.z Itz meansz thatz whenz conducting

namâzzinzjamâ’at,zHadratz’UmarzFârûqz‘radiy-Allâhuz’anh’zusedzto

discontinuezhiszstandingzpositionzinznamâzz(whenzhezcameztozthe

endzofzanzâyatzterminatedzwithzthiszmark,zandzhezwouldzpresently

bowzforzthezrukû’.zThiszsign,z’ayn,zalwayszcomeszatzthezendzofzâyats.

Ifz youz stopz atz thez placez wherez thez signz lâz is,z youz mustz resume

readingz(orzreciting)zbyzbeginningzwithzthezlastzwordzofzthezpart

youzhavezreadz(orzrecited).zWhenzyouzstopzatzthezendzofzanzâyat

terminatedzwithzsignz‘lâ’,zyouzdoznotzhaveztozrepeatzthezprevious

finalz word.z Pleasez seez thez twenty-firstz chapterz ofz thez second

fasciclezofzEndlesseBliss!]

31z -z Ifz az personz whoz hasz omittedz fewer thanz fivez prayersz of

namâzzrememberszthatzhezdidznotzperformzthezpreviouszprayer,zhis

namâzz becomesz nullified.z [Forz detailedz informationz seez the

beginningzofztheztwenty-thirdzchapter!]

Whetherz outdoorsz orz atz anyz placez withinz az bigz orz small

mosque,zifzazwomanzorzazmanzorzazdogzpasseszclosezbyzorzfarzin

frontz ofz az personz whoz isz performingz namâz,z hisz namâzz never

becomesznullified.zHezwhozpasseszbetweenzthezworshipper’szfeet

andzthezplacezofzsajdazoutdoorszorzinzazbigzmosque,zorzbetween

hisz feetz andz thez wallz ofz thez qiblaz inz az roomz orz smallz mosque,

becomeszsinful.zAnyzmosquezbetweenzwhosezqiblazwallzandzback

wallz isz lessz thanz twentyz metresz isz calledz az smallz mosque.z Ifz a

personzbelowzthezlevelzofzazbankzorzsofazwherezanotherzpersonzis

[1] Thez earlyz savants,z whoz knewz howz toz readz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîm

correctly.

–z264 –

performingz namâzz passesz beforez thez worshipper,z hez becomes

sinfulzifzhiszheadziszabovezthezworshipper’szfeet.

Whenz performingz namâzz atz placesz wherez othersz mayz pass

beforez thez worshipper,z itz isz sunnatz forz thez imâmz orz forz the

individualz worshipperz toz erectz az stickz longerz thanz halfz az meter

beforezhimselfzinzlinezwithzhiszleftzeyebrow.zIfzhezcannotzsetzthe

stickzuprightzhezmayzlayzitzonzthezgroundztowardszthezqiblazorzonly

drawz az line.z Itz isz permissiblez toz preventz az personz fromz passing

beforezyouzbyzmakingzazgesturezorzbyzraisingzyourzvoice;zyet,zitzis

betterznotztozpreventzthem.

Itz isz writtenz inz Halabî-i-kebîr:z “Swallowingz bloodz oozingz out

fromzbetweenzthezteethzdoesznotznullifyznamâzzunlesszitzequalsz(or

exceeds)z az mouthful.”z One’sz ablutionz isz notz brokenz evenz ifz one

swallowszmouthfully.

Howztozdealzwithzsituationszwhenztherezarezwomenzamongzthe

jamâ’atziszwrittenzinzchapterz20.zItziszfardztozperformzagainzazfard

namâzzthatzwaszfâsid.zItziszwâjibztozperformzagainzanyzprayerszin

whichz tahrîmiz makrûhsz tookz placez andz alsoz thosez sunnatsz and

supererogatoryz prayersz thatz havez becomez fâsid.z Pleasez seez the

twenty-thirdzchapter.

“So you have reached that age; what deeds have you done?

“Now you reproach yourself, for your life is gone?

“Fie upon you, after all that you have done!”

If Allah says so, how will you answer Him?

“I showed you two choices, and gave you wisdom;

“To pick one of choices, I gave you freedom.

“Behind your nafs, you ignored Islam’s dictum!”


“Hot as well as cold kept you from ablution.

“To namâz you preferred mundane delusion.

“Lingering junub, you ignored ablution.”


“Why didn’t you make wudû and perform prayer?

“What kept you from begging and praying Creator?

“Making ghusl was binding summer and winter!”


–z265 –

18e–eMAKRÛHSeOFeNAMÂZ

Mostz ofz thez followingz informationz hasz beenz translatedz from

Durr-ul-mukhtâr,e andz fromz itsz commentaryz entitled Radd-ulmuhtâr.

Thezmakrûhszofznamâzzarezofztwozkinds.zWhenzusedzalone,zthe

wordzmakrûhzmeanszTahrîmîemakrûh,zwhichziszazprohibitionzthat

hasz beenz determinedz byz deductionz (zann)z fromz itsz dalîlz (prooftext).zSomethingzforzwhosezprohibitionztherezisznozproof-textzor

witnesszbutzwhichzitziszgoodznotztozdoziszcalledzTanzîhîemakrûh.zIt

isz (Tahrîmî)z makrûhz notz toz doz thez wâjibsz [andz thez muakkad

sunnats]zandz(tanzîhî)zmakrûhznotztozdozthez[sunnatszthatzareznot

muakkad]zwithinznamâz.zTanzîhîzmakrûhziszcloserztoz(being)zhalâl

andzTahrîmîzmakrûhziszcloserztoz(being)zharâm.zThoughztheznamâz

performedzinzaz(mediocre)zmannerztermedzmakrûhziszsahîh,zitzwill

notzbezacceptedz(maqbûl); thatzis,zonezwillznotzreceivezthezblessings

promised.z Pleasez reviewz thez finalz part ofz thez previousz chapter.

Belowzarezthezforty-fivezmakrûhszofznamâz:

1z-zItziszmakrûhztozdrapezyourzcoatzoverzyourzshoulderszinstead

ofzproperlyzwearingzit.zItzisznotzmakrûhztozleavezthezfrontzofzyour

coatzbuttonedzorzunbuttoned.

2z-zWhenzprostratingzforzthezsajda,zitziszmakrûhztozpullzupzyour

skirtszorzyourztrouserzcuffs.

3z -z Itz isz makrûhz toz beginz namâzz withz yourz skirts (orz cuffs) or

sleevesz rolledz up.z Ifz youz madez anz ablutionz inz az hurryz inz orderz to

catchzthezimâmzandzaszazresultzleftzthemzrolledzup,zyouzshouldzunroll

themzslowlyzduringznamâz.zLikewise,zifzazperson’szheadgearzfallszoff

aszhezperformsznamâz,zhezhadzbetterzputzitzbackzonzhiszhead.z[Hence,

itziszmakrûhztozbeginznamâzzwithzshortzsleeveszthatzonlyzgozdownzto

thezelbows,zwithzazflannel,zorzwithzshortztrouserszthatzarezjustzbelow

thezknees.zItziszwrongztozsay:z“Itziszmakrûhztozperformznamâzzwithza

shirtzwithzlongzsleeveszthatzarezrolledzup,zbutzitzisznotzmakrûhzwithza

shortzsleevedzshirt.”zEveryzfiqhzbookzreferszto:z“pulledzupzcuffszand

sleeves.”zFor,zcuffszareznotzrolledzup.zButztheyzarezliftedzupzsozaszto

uncoverz thez legs.z Thez bookz Ni’mat-ie islâme saysz concerningz the

eleventhzofzthezmakrûhszofznamâz:z“Itziszmakrûhzforzazmanztozbegin

namâzzwithzbarezarms.”zAlso,zitziszwrittenzonztheztwozhundredzand

sixty-eighthz pagez ofz thez bookz Ma’rifatnâmae thatz itz isz makrûhz to

performznamâzzwithzbarezarms.]zSleeveszthatzarezabovezthezelbows

arez evenz worse.z Ifz az personz rollsz upz hisz trouser-cuffsz orz sleeves

duringznamâz,zhisznamâzzbecomesznullified.

4z-zUselesszmovements,zsuchzaszplayingzwithzyourzclothes,zare

–z266 –

makrûh.z Butz usefulz movementsz doz notz bringz harmz uponz your

namâz,z e.g.z wipingz thez sweatz offz yourz foreheadz withz yourz hand.

Whenz yourz trousersz orz loosez robez stickz onz yourz skin,z itz isz not

makrûhztozpullzthemzawayzfromzyourzskinzlestzthezshapezofzyour

awratzpartszshouldzbezseen.zItziszmakrûhztozshakezoffzdust.zTherezis

azhadîthzprohibitingzuselesszmovementszinznamâzzandzlaughingzinza

cemetery.z Itz isz notz uselessz toz scratchz yourselfz duringz namâz,z but

raisingzyourzhandzthreeztimeszwithinzonezruknznullifieszyourznamâz.

5z-zItziszmakruhztozperformznamâzzcladzinzclotheszthatzyouzwear

atz workz orz whichz youz couldz notz wearz ifz youz werez toz seez your

superiors.zYetzitzisznotzmakrûhzifzyouzhaveznozotherzclothes.z[Ifzyou

havez enoughz moneyz youz shouldz buyz extraz clothes.]z Itz isz not

makrûhztozperformznamâzzinzpyjamaszorzanyzotherzclothingzthat

youzwearzwhenzgoingztozbed.

6z-zItziszmakrûhztozhavezsomethingzinzyourzmouthzthatzwillznot

preventz youz fromz recitingz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz correctly.z Ifz it

preventszyouzfromzpronouncingzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzcorrectlyzyour

namâzzbecomesznullified.

7z-zTozperformznamâzzbare-headed.zIfzazpersonzdoesznotzcover

hiszheadzbecausezhezslightszthezimportancezofzcoveringzhiszheadzin

namâz,zitziszmakrûh.zButzifzhezignoreszitzbecausezhezmeansztozslight

namâzzitself,zhezbecomeszazdisbeliever.zKeselz(indolence)zmeans

notztozdozsomethingzbecausezyouzdoznotzwantztozdozit.zButzinability

meansznotztozdozsomethingzbecausezyouzcannotzdozitzthoughzyou

wantz toz doz it.z Ifz yourz headgearz fallsz offz yourz head,z itz is

recommendableztozputzitzbackzonzyourzheadzwithzazsinglezaction.

Therez isz noz harmz inz performingz namâzz bare-headedz whenz itz is

intendedztozshowzyourzhumbleness,zyetzyouzstillzhadzbetterzcover

yourzhead.zItziszalsozmakrûhztozuncoverzyourzheadzseekingzcomfort

andzreliefzfromzheat.z[Youzcanzcoverzyourzheadzwithzazheadgearzof

anyzcolourzwhenzperformingznamâz.zIslamiczbookszof Fiqh doznot

containzthezstatementzthatzthezblackzheadgearziszwornzbyzJewszin

synagogues.zItziszsunnatztozwearzazblackzheadgear.zPleasezseezthe

twenty-seventhz chapterz ofz thez thirdz fascicle,z andz alsoz thez eighth

chapterzofzthezsixthzfascicle,zofzEndlesseBliss!]

[Rasûlullahz andz thez Sahâbaz performedz namâzz withz their

blessedzna’lsz[pattens]zon.zNa’lszarezshoeszwithzleatherzsoles.zItzis

writtenzinzthezbookzTerghîb-us-salât:z“Itzhaszbeenzsaidzbyzsavants

thatzazpersonzsittingzinznamâzzbarefooted,zwithoutzsockszon,zshould

usez hisz rightz handz toz coverz thez solez ofz hisz foot.z For,z itz isz bad

mannersz toz showz yourz solesz toz otherz Believersz atz anyz time.z In

–z267 –

namâzz itz isz evenz morez distasteful.z Accordingz toz somez other

savants,zonezmustznotzcoverzone’szbarezfootzwithzone’szhandzduring

namâz.zFor,zitziszsunnatztozkeep one’szhandszonzone’szthighszduring

the sitting posture inznamâz.zAndzthezpersonzsittingzbehindzyou,zin

turn,zshouldzlookzdownzatzhiszownzlapzinzadherenceztozthezsunnat.

Whenzbothzindividualszsitzinzaccordancezwithzthezsunnatznozbad

mannerszwillzoccur.”zAszitzcanzbezseen,zevenzaccordingztozthose

savantszwhozsayzthatzonezshouldznotzcoverzone’szfootzwithzone’s

handz whenz sitting,z beingz barefootedz isz repugnant.z Accordingz to

thosezsavants,zsincezitziszmakrûhztoztakezone’szhandszawayzfrom

one’szthighszwhilezsitting,zonezshouldznotzcommitzazsecondzmakrûh

inzorderztozmakezupzforzthezmakrûhzofzbeingzbare-footed.zIfzthe

personzbehindzyouzlookszatzhiszlap,zyouzwillzbecomezsecurezagainst

annoyingz thez personz sittingz behindz you.z Asz isz writtenz inz Halabî

kabîr,zitziszmakrûhznotztozkeepzthezhandszinzthezpositionzspecified

asz sunnatz whenz standing,z inz thez rukû,z inz thez sajdas,z andz when

sitting.zAndzitziszforzthiszreasonzthatzitziszwritten:z“Itziszmakrûhzto

omitzazwâjibzorzazsunnat.zThereforezitziszmakrûhzforzmenztozcover

theirz barez feetz withz theirz handz asz theyz makez thez sajda,”z inz the

beginningzofzthezmakrûhszofznamâzzinzthezbookzMarâq-il-falâheand

atzthezendzofzthezmakrûhszinzHalabî.zThezbookzBahjat-ul-fatâwâ,

whichzcorroborateszitszeveryzfatwâzwithzproofszfromzbookszofzfiqh,

haszbeenzunableztozprovidezanyzproofzforzthiszwrongzfatwâzandzhas

leftzthezspacezforzazproofzblank.zIbnie’Âbidîn sayszatzthezendzofzthe

makrûhsz ofz namâz:z “Itz isz betterz toz performz namâzz withz na’lsz or

mestszthanzdoingzsozbare-footed.zObservingzthiszsunnatzwouldzalso

bezazwordlesszexpressionzofzdisagreementzwithzazJewishzrite,zforza

hadîth-izsherîfzdeclares:z‘Performenamâzewithena’lseon,elesteyouebe

likeeJews.’eRasûlullahzandzthezSahâbazwouldzperformznamâzzwith

na’lsz whichz theyz worez outdoors.z Theirz na’lsz werez clean,z andz the

floorzofzMasjid-izNebîzwaszcoveredzwithzsand.zItzwasznotzforzthem

tozenterzthezMasjîdzwithzdirtyzna’ls.”zWhenzyourzshoeszarezsmeared

withznajâsat,zyouzmustznotzenterzazmosquezwithzthemzon.zYouzcan

observezthezsunnatzbyzwearingzsocks.zAndzazpersonzwhosezsocks

areznajszorzwhozdoesznotzhavezanyzsocksztozwearzshouldzperform

namâzzwithzazloosezrobezthatzhangszdownztozhiszheel-bones.zAlso,

itziszwrittenzinzthezbookszHalabî,zBerîqa,zandzHadîqa thatztherezare

numerouszblessingszinztheznamâzzthatziszperformedzwithzcovered

feet.

Itz isz notz permissiblez toz performz namâzz withz barez headz and

feet,ztozmakezthezsajdazonzazhigherzplace,zorztozforcezthosezwho

arez underz yourz commandz toz performz namâzz inz thisz mannerz by

–z268 –

saying,z“Non-Muslimszprayzwithzbarezheadzandzfeetzinzchurches.

Asztheyzdo,zwezmustzprayzinzazcivilizedzmanner.”zItziszmakrûhzto

imitatez disbelieversz inz mannersz ofz worship.z Andz hez who

disapprovesz ofz thez mannersz dictatedz byz Islamz becomesz a

disbeliever.]

8z -z Itz isz makrûhz toz beginz namâzz whenz youz needz toz urinate,

defecate,zorzwhenzyouzneedztozbreakzwind.zIfzthezneedzhappens

duringz namâz,z youz mustz breakz thez namâzz youz arez performing.

Otherwise,zyouzwillzbecomezsinful.zItziszbetterztozbreakztheznamâz

evenz ifz itz willz causez youz toz missz thez jamâ’at.z Ratherz than

performingznamâzzinzazmannerzthatziszmakrûh,zitziszbetterztozmiss

thezjamâ’at,zwhichziszsunnat.zButzitzisznotzmakrûhz(notztozbreakzthe

namâz)z lestz thez prayerz timez willz expirez orz lestz youz willz missz the

namâzzofzjanâza.

9z-zItziszmakrûhzforzmenztozbeginznamâzzwithztheirzhairztiedzin

az knotz onz thez backz ofz theirz neck,z woundz roundz theirz head,z or

gatheredzonztheztopzofztheirzheadzandzfastenedzwithzthread.zIfza

manzdoeszsozduringznamâz,zhisznamâzzbecomesznullified.zNamâzzis

performedzbareheadedzwhenzyouzarezinzthezihrâmzinzMekka [1] .

10z-zDuringznamâz,zitziszmakrûhztozsweepzstoneszorzsoilzaway

fromz thez placez ofz sajda.z Ifz suchz thingsz arez givingz youz trouble

makingz thez sajda,z itz isz permissiblez toz getz ridz ofz themz withz one

movement.z Thez wiserz choice,z however,z wouldz bez toz cleanz them

awayzbeforeznamâz.

11z -z Whenz joiningz az linez ofz worshippersz inz orderz toz perform

namâzzinzazmosque,zwhenzbeginningznamâz,zorzduringznamâz,zitzis

makrûhztozcrackzyourzfingerszbyzbendingzthemzorzbyzinsertingzthe

fingerszofzbothzhandszbetweenzeachzother.zIfzitzisznecessary,zitzisznot

makrûhztozcrackzyourzfingerszbeforezgettingzreadyzforznamâz.

12z-zItziszmakrûhztozputzyourzhandzonzyourzflankzduringznamâz.

Incidentally,z insertingz thez fingersz ofz bothz handsz betweenz each

otherzisztahrîmîzmakrûhzaszyouzperformznamâz,zaszyouzlistenztoza

religiouszsermonzorzazmawlid,zandzaszyouzsitzinzazmosque;zandzitzis

tanzîhîzmakrûhzelsewhere.

13z-zItziszmakrûhztozturnzyourzheadz(face)zaroundzandztanzîhî

mekrûhztozlookzaroundzbyzturningzyourzeyes.zIfzyouzturnzyourzchest

awayzfromzthezqibla,zyourznamâzzbecomesznullified.

14z -z Inz thez tashahhudsz (sittingz andz recitingz certainz prayers

[1] PleasezseezthezseventhzchapterzofzthezfifthzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss for

Hajj.

–z269 –

duringznamâz),ztozsitzlikezazdog,zthatzis,ztozsitzonzyourzbuttockszwith

erectedzthighszwhilezbringingzyourzkneeszinztouchzwithzyourzchest

andzputtingzyourzhandszonzthezfloor,ziszmakrûh.

15z-zInzthezsajdazitziszmakrûhzforzmenztozlayztheirzforearmszon

thezfloor.zButzwomenzmustzlayztheirzforearmszonzthezfloor.

16z-zItziszmakrûhztozperformznamâzztowardzazperson’szface.zItzis

makrûhzevenzifzthezpersonziszfarzawayzfromzyou.zItzisznotzmakrûh

ifzthereziszsomeonezinzbetweenzwhosezbackziszturnedztowardszyou.

17z-zItziszmakrûhztozacknowledgezsomeone’szgreetingzwithzyour

handzorzhead.zItzisznotzmakrûhztozanswerzsomeone’szquestionzwith

yourzhandzorzhead.zAnzexamplezofzthiszis,zwhenzsomeonezaskszyou

howz manyz rak’atsz youz havez performed,z toz answerz usingz your

fingers.zButzifzyouzchangezyourzplacezorzmoveztozthezlinezinzfront

immediatelyz uponz someone’sz demand,z yourz namâzz becomes

nullified.z[Seezthezeleventhzofzthezmufsîdszofznamâz!]

18z-zItziszstatedzinzTerghîb-us-salâtethatzitziszmakrûhztozyawn

outsidezofznamâzzaszwellzaszduringznamâz.zThezlowerzlipzmustzbe

squeezedz betweenz thez teeth.z Ifz youz cannotz helpz it,z youz should

coverz yourz mouthz withz thez outerz partz ofz yourz rightz handz when

standingzinznamâzzandzwithzyourzleftzhandzinzthezotherzruknszor

whenz notz performingz namâz.z Unnecessaryz yawningz isz causedz by

Satan.zProphetsz‘alaihimussalâm’zdidznotzyawn.

19z-zItzisztanzîhîzmakrûhztozclosezyourzeyeszduringznamâz.zItzis

notzmakrûhzifzyouzdozitzlestzyourzmindzwillzbezdistracted.

20z -z Itz isz makrûhz forz thez imâmz toz standz inz thez mihrâb.z The

hollowedz outz partz inz thez wallz ofz thez qiblaz isz calledz thez mihrâb.

Whenzhiszfeetzarezoutsidezofzthezmihrâb,zitzisznotzmakrûhzforzhim

toz makez thez sajdaz inz thez mihrâb.z Az personz isz consideredz toz be

locatedzinza placezifztheirzfeetzarezwithinzthatzplace.zThiszlimitation

isz intendedz toz keepz (Muslims)z clearz ofz Christianz ritualsz wherein

priestsz conductz publicz worshipsz byz stayingz alonez inz anz isolated

room.zInzazmosque,zitziszmakrûhzforzthezimâmzofzthezfirstzjamâ’at

notztozconductztheznamâzzbyzstandingzonzthezmihrâb.

21z-zItzisztahzîhîzmakrûhzforzthezimâmztozbeginznamâzzalonezat

azplacezhalfzazmetrezhigherzthanzthezfloorzwherezthezjamâ’atzare.

Thiszprohibitionziszintendedztozeliminatezthezpossibilityzofzanzimâm

resemblingzChristianzpriests.

22z-zAlsozitziszmakrûhzforzanzimâmztozbeginznamâzzalonezatza

lowerzplace.

23z-zItziszmakrûhztozperformznamâzzinzthezbackzlinezwhilezthere

–z270 –

isz roomz inz thez frontz linez orz toz performz itz alonez inz thez backz line

becauseztherezisznozroomzinzthezfrontzline.zWhenztherezisznozroom

inzthezfrontzline,zyouzwaitzforzazprobableznewcomerzuntilzthezrukû’

insteadzofzperformingzitzalone.zIfznozonezcomeszyouzmakezyourzway

gentlyzintozthezfrontzline.zIfzyouzcannotzgozintozthezfrontzlinezyou

getzsomeonezyouztrustzinzthezfrontzlineztozmovezbackztozthezrear

linezwithzyou.zIfztherezisznozonezyouzcanztrust,zthenzjoinzthezjamâ’at

byzstandingzalone.

24z-zItzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozperformznamâzzwithzclotheszthat

havez az picturez orz picturesz ofz livingz thingsz onz them,z [suchz as

pictureszofzhumanzbeingszorzanimals.]zItzisznotzmakrûhzifztherezare

pictureszofzlifelesszthingszonzthem.zWhetherzforzreverencezorzfor

execration,z whetherz smallz orz big,z itz isz harâmz toz drawz orz paint

picturesz orz makez statuesz ofz livingz things.z Seez thez sixtiethz and

eighty-fifthzletterszinzthezbookzMekâtîb-iesherîfa! [1] Translationzof

thez eighty-fifthz letterz existsz inz fifty-eighthz chapterz ofz thez third


[Itziszwrittenzinzthezsectionzdealingzwithzthezafflictionszincurred

byzhandszinzthezbookzHadîqa:z“Itziszalwayszmakrûhztozwearzclothes

withzazpicturezofzazlivingzcreaturezonzthem,zevenzif youztakezthem

offz whenz youz arez toz performz namâz.z Itz isz permissiblez toz carry

picturesz withz you,z providedz theyz arez encased.”z Itz isz understood

fromzthiszinformationzaszwellzaszfromzthez(Warning)zonztheztwo

hundredzandzthirty-eighthzpagezofzthezfifthzvolumezofzIbnie’Âbidîn

thatz itz isz permissiblez toz havez yourz picturez takenz forz identity

papers,z documents,z essentialz deeds,z andz otherz necessities

providedz youz willz keepz themz covered.z Az hadîth-i-sherîfz onz the

twenty-sixthzpagezofzZawâjiredeclares:z“Wheneyouefindepictures

tearethem,edestroyethem!”eHowever,zifzitzinvolveszmeddlingzwith

others’zbusiness,zwhichzinzturnzwouldzcausezfitnazandzhostility,zwe

shouldzrefrainzfromzdoingzso.zNonezofzthezProphets,zthezSahâba,

orz thez greatz menz ofz Islamz hadz az photograph.z Picturesz thatz are

shownzinznewspaperszandzinzmotionzpictureszandzwhichzarezmeant

tozrepresentzthosezblessedzpeople,zarezallzfalse.zTheyzarezfashioned

inzorderztozearnzmoneyzandztozdeceivezMuslims.zAlongzwithzthe

factzthatzitziszharâmzalsoztozhangzpictureszofzblessedzpeoplezhigh

onzwalls,zitziszhâramztozputzthemzatzlowzplaces.zSincezitziszharâmzto

drawzpictureszofzlivingzthingszanywhere,zwhetherzwithzbarezawrat

partszorzwithzcoveredzawratzparts,zwhetherzsmallzorzbig,zlikewise,

[1] Writtenz byz Sayyidz Abdullahz Dahlawîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,

(1158z[1744zA.D.],zPunjabz–z1240z[1824],zDelhi.)

–z271 –

thez moneyz receivedz inz returnz forz themz isz alsoz harâm.z This

prohibitionzhaszbeenzintendedztozforestallzidolatry.zItziszwrittenzin

thezTahtâwî’szannotationztozthezbookzImdât-ul-Fettâh thatzwhen

youzareznotzperformingznamâzzalso,zitziszmakrûhztozwearzclothes

withzpictureszofzlivingzthingszonzthem.

SayyidzAbdulhakîm-izArwâsîz‘quddîsazsirruh’zsayszinzonezofzhis

letters:z“Itziszpermissibleztozusezthingszsuchzaszhandkerchiefszand

coinszthatzhavezpictureszofzlivingzthingszdrawnzonzthem.zFor,zsuch

thingsz arez earthly,z profane;z theyz arez notz esteemed.”z Thisz factz is

writtenz alsoz inz thez thirdz volumez ofz Al-fiqh-u-alal-Madhâhib-ilerba’â.zHadratzIbnizHajar-izHaytamîzMekkîz‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’

sayszinzhiszfatwâ:

“Existencez ofz picturesz ofz livingz thingsz onz suchz articlesz as

handkerchiefszandzcoinszisznotzharmful.zFor,zitzisznotzpermissiblezto

usez picturesz ofz livingz thingsz onz respectedz articles,z yetz itz is

permissiblez toz usez themz onz non-spiritualz things.”z Then,z itz is

permissibleztozhavezthemzonzthezfloor,zonzthingszlaidzonzthezfloor,

onz cushions,z mats,z handkerchiefs,z bills,z stamps,z inz closedz places,

suchzaszpockets,zbags,zclosets,zonzthosezpartszofzone’szclotheszthat

arezbelowzone’sznavel;zyetzitziszharâmztozkeepzthemzorztozhangzthem

aboveztheznavel.zItziszharâmztozusezpictureszofzwomenzorzpictures

withzexposedzawratzpartszevenzwithoutzlustzatzanyzplacezorztozlook

atzthemzlustfully.

Itz isz writtenz onz thez sixz hundredz andz thirty-thirdz pagez ofz the

secondzvolumezofzHadîqa:z“Itzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozputzorzlayzon

thezfloorzanyzpiecezofzpaperzorzclothzorzprayerzrugzthatzhaszsome

writingzorzevenzonezletterzonzit.zFor,zitziszinsultingztozusezthemzfor

anyz purposez whatsoeverz orz toz layz themz onz thez floor.z Andz itz is

disbeliefz toz layz themz onz thez floorz orz toz usez themz forz thez sheer

purposezofzinsultingzthem.zItzhaszbeenzsaidzthatzitziszpermissiblezto

writezthemzonzwallszorztozhangzframedzpieceszofzwritingzonzwalls.”

Hence,zitzisznotzpermissibleztozlayzprayerzrugszwithzpieceszofzwriting

orzpictureszofzthezKa’bazorzmosqueszonzthemzonzthezfloorzinzorder

tozprayzonzthem.zHowever,zitziszpermissibleztozhangzthemzonzwalls

forzdecoration.

Asziszseen,zIslamzhaszprohibitedzpictureszandzstatueszofzhuman

beingszthatzservezaszinstrumentsztozridiculezhumanzbeings,zwhich

arezusedzforzworshippingzlivingzthings,zandzwhichzdriftzyoungsters

towardsz fornicationz andz causez seductionz ofz marriedz people.

However,zIslamzpermitszpictureszofzthezanatomicalzpartszofzliving

things,z ofz plants,z andz allz kindsz ofz picturesz asz practicalz aidsz in

–z272 –

physics,zchemistry,zastronomyzandzengineering.zItzhaszcommanded

drawingz andz utilizationz ofz picturesz thatz arez necessaryz for

knowledgez andz science.z Islam,z asz always,z hasz classifiedz pictures

intoztwozgroups:zusefulzandzharmful,zandzhaszcommandedzusezof

thezusefulzoneszwhilezprohibitingzthezharmfulzones.zThen,zitzisza

blindzclaimzandzazslanderzforzthezenemieszofzthezreligionztozsay,

“Muslimszsayzthatzpictureszarezprohibited;zthisziszretrogression.”]

25z-zIfza picturezofzazlivingzthingziszdrawnzonzthezwallzorzonzpieces

ofzclothzorzpaperzhangingzorzputzonzazwallzjustzabovezthezhead,zin

front,z orz immediatelyz toz thez rightz orz leftz ofz az personz whoz is

performingz namâz,z itz isz makrûh.z Evenz ifz notz inz az livingz form,z a

picturezofzthezcrossziszlikezthezpicturezofzazlivingzthing.zForzitzmeans

toz imitatez Christians.z Itz isz makrûhz toz imitatez theirz evilz practices,

evenzifznotzinzorderztozbezlikezthem,zorztozimitateztheirzunharmful

habitszwithzthezintentionzofzresemblingzthem.z[Inzfact,zitziszwritten

inz thez booksz Terghîb-us-salât andz Nisâb-ul-ahbâr,z (thez latterz by

Muhammadz ’Ushî,)z thatz itz isz makrûhz toz performz namâzz atz such

placesz asz wellz asz placesz wherez peoplez arez consumingz alcohol,

gamblingzorzplayingzmusicalzinstruments,zandzinvocationszoffered

atzthesezplaceszwillznotzbezaccepted.zApparatuseszthroughzwhich

musicalzinstrumentszarezheardzandzpictureszthatzarezharâmztozlook

atz arez watched,z arez likez musicalz instruments.]z Ifz thez picturez ofz a

livingz orz lifelessz thingz isz onz somethingz uponz whichz az personz is

standing,zsittingzorzleaning,zhisznamâzzdoesznotzbecomezmakrûh.zIf

thezpictureziszonzthezwallszbehindzthezpersonzperformingznamâzzor

onz thez (partz ofz the)z ceilingz (remainingz behindz thez location

overheadzthezworshipper),zitziszkhafîfe(light)zmakrûh.

Itz isz notz makrûhz toz performz namâzz onz prayerz rugsz orz mats

possessingzpictureszofzlivingzthingszonzthezpartszotherzthanzwhere

prostrationz isz made,z sincez layingz themz onz thez floorz means

belittlingz themz (Durer).z [Hence,z itz isz notz permissiblez toz layz the

carpetsz withz picturesz ofz thez Kâ’ba,z mosquesz orz piecesz ofz holy

writingzonzthezground,zorztozusezthem,zorzotherzthingszcontaining

picturesz orz embroideriesz liablez toz causez mentalz distraction,z as

prayerzrugs.]

Ifz thez picturez isz underz thez footz ofz thez personz performing

namâz,zonzthezplacezwherezheziszsitting,zonzhiszbodyzorzinzhiszhand,

itziszmakrûh.z[Hence, pictureszinzone’szpocketzdoznotzmakezone’s

namâzzmakrûh.]zFor,zthezplacezwherezonezstandszorzsitsziszlikezthe

clothesz onez isz wearing.z Az picturez hangingz onz one’sz wristz is

makrûh.z Forz itz preventsz onez fromz placingz one’sz handsz as

prescribedzbyzthezsunnat.

–z273 –

Ifzthezpicturezonzazcoinzorzringzorzelsewhereziszsmall,zthatzis,zif

whenzitziszputzonzthezfloor,zazpersonzstandingzcannotzmakezoutzits

limbs,z namâzz doesz notz becomez makrûh.z Whenz covered,z itz isz not

makrûhzevenzifzitziszbig.zIfzthezheadzofzthezlivingzthingz(inzthezpicture)

hasz beenz cutz off,z orz ifz itsz face,z chestz orz bellyz hasz beenz erasedz or

coveredzwithzsomething,znamâzzdoesznotzbecomezmakrûh.

Withzpictureszofzlifelesszthings,zsuchzasztreeszandzsceneries,zno

matterzwhereztheyzare,znamâzzdoesznotzbecomezmakrûh.zFor,zsmall

orzheadlesszpictureszorzpictureszofzlifelesszthingszhavezneverzbeen

worshipped.z Therez werez peoplez whoz worshippedz thez sun,z the

moon,z thez stars,z greenz trees,z butz theyz worshippedz thosez things

themselves.zTheyzdidznotzworshipztheirzpictures.zItziszalsozmakrûh

tozperformznamâzztowardszthesezthings.

Angelszofzcompassionzdoznotzenterzazhousezwherezthereziszazbig

picturez ofz az livingz thingz placedz atz az respectedz place,z az dog,z orz a

personzwhoziszjunub.zButzthezangleszofzHaphaza leavezazpersonzonly

duringzsexualzintercoursezandzwhenzhezgoeszintozthezrestroom.zThe

twozangelszcalledzKirâmanekâtibîn,zwhozarezonzazperson’szshoulders

andzwhozwritezdownzhiszgoodzandzbadzdeeds,zandzthosezangelszwho

protectz az personz againstz geniesz arez calledz Angelse ofe Haphaza.

Allâhuz ta’âlâz informsz thez angelsz ofz whatz az personz doesz inz the

restroom,zandzthezangelszwritezdownzhiszactionszwhenzhezcomeszout

ofzthezrestroom.zThezangelszdoznotzwritezonzanythingzorzinzletters.

Aszwezgatherzinformationzinzourzmindzandzmemory,zlikewisezthey

keepzazrecordzofzazperson’szactionszatzsomezplace.zTodayztherezare

variousz waysz ofz writing,z suchz asz thez recordingz ofz voicesz onz an

apparatuszthatzwezcallzaztapezrecorder,zonzsoundzfilms,z(orzonzCDs.)

Inzthezheavensztherezarezangelszwritingzwithzpensz(tools)zthatzare

unknownz toz us.z Asz forz disbelievers,z onlyz theirz evilz deedsz are

recorded.zTherezarezgenieszaroundzeveryonezwhoztryztozharmzthem

whilezangelszprotectzthemzagainstzthosezgenies.

ItziszpermissiblezaccordingztozImâm-izAbûzYûsufztozbuyzdolls

forzchildrenztozplayzwith.

26z-zItzisztanzîhîzmakrûhztozcountzâyats,zorztasbîhszwithzthezhand

duringznamâz.zItziszpermissibleztozcountzthemzthroughzthezheartzor

byzmovingzthezfingers.zOutsidezofznamâzzitziszpermissibleztozcount

themz withz fingersz orz toz usez beads.z Oncez Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhu

’alaihizwazsallam’zsawzazwomanzcountingztheztasbîhszwithzseedszand

didznotzforbidzher.zItziszmakrûhztozusezbeadszforzostentation.

Itzdoesznotznullifyznamâz,znorziszitzmakrûh,ztozkillzazsnakezorza

scorpionzthatziszslitheringzorzcrawlingztowardszyouzandzmayzsting

–z274 –

you.zItziszmustahabztozkillzitzwithzyourzleftzshoe.zAzwhitezsnakezthat

crawlszstraightzwithoutztwistingziszazgenie.zYouzmustznotzkillzhimzif

hezdoesznotzharmzyou.zButzitziszpermissibleztozkillzhim,ztoo.zFor

geniesz promisedz Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’z that

theyzwouldznotzenterzMuslims’zhomes.zEnteringzazhome,ztheyzwill

havezgonezbackzonztheirzword.zFirstzyouzshouldzwarnzhimzbyzsaying

“Irji’ebi-idhnillâh.”eThen,zifzhezwillznotzgozaway,zyouzshouldzkill

him.zButzyouzcannotzwarnzhimzifzyouzarezperformingznamâz.zNot

killingzazgeniezdisguisedzaszazsnakezimmediatelyzisznotzintendedzto

respectzthemzbut,ztozpreventztheirzharm.

27z -z Itz isz notz makrûhz toz performz namâzz againstz thez backsz of

sittingzorzstandingzpeople,zevenzifztheyzareztalking.zItziszmakrûhzto

performzitzagainstzazperson’szfacezorzagainstzthezbackszofzpeople

whozareztalkingzloudly.

28z-zItzisznotzmakrûhztozperformznamâzzagainstzthezQur’ânzalkerîm,zazsword,zazcandle,zazcandle-lamp,zanyzlamp,zflames,zagainst

instrumentszofzwarzsuchzaszpistols,zorzagainstzazpersonzwhoziszlying

asleep.z For,z nonez ofz thesez creaturesz hasz everz beenz worshipped.

Magiansz worshipz fire,z notz flames.z However,z itz isz makrûhz to

performzitzagainstzazfire,zalsozwhenzitzhaszflames.

29z -z Itz isz tahrîmîz makrûhz toz performz namâzz byz wrapping

yourselfzinzaztowelzfromzheadztozfoot.

30z-zItzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozperformznamâzzwithztheztopzofzyour

headzbarezbyzwindingzazturbanzroundzyourzhead.

31z-zItzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozperformznamâzzbyzcoveringzyour

mouthzandznose.zMagianszworshipzinzthatzmanner.z[Youzmustznot

performz namâzz withz az mask,z gloves,z orz spectaclesz thatz prevent

yourzforeheadzfromztouchingzthezfloor.zUnlesszthereziszazdarûrat

youz mustz notz performz namâzz withz anythingz thatz preventsz your

forehead,z nosez orz handsz fromz touchingz thez floor,z thatz is,z from

doingzanyzfardzorzsunnat.zTherezisznoznecessityzforzwearingzsuch

thingszduringznamâz,zevenzforzwomen.]

32z-zItziszmakrûhztozcoughzupzphlegmzfromzthezthroatzwithoutza

strongznecessity.zIfzbloodzformedzinzyourzmouthzisznotzazmouthful,

neitherzitszformationznorzswallowingzitznullifieszyourzablutionzor

namâz.zSoziszthezcasezwithzvomitting.z[Halabî-iekebîr andzFatâwâi-Hindiyya.]

33z -z ’Amal-ie qalîl,z thatz is,z movingz onez handz oncez orz twice,z is

makrûh.z [Seez thez fifteenthz ofz thingsz thatz nullifyz namâz!]z Itz is

permissibleztozkillzazlousezorzfleazwithzamal-izqalîl,zbutzitziszmakrûh

–z275 –

tozcatchzorzkillzitzifzitzisznotzbitingzyou.zItziszharâmztozleavezsuch

insectszinzthezmosque,zalivezandzdeadzoneszalike.

34z-zItziszmakrûhztozomitzonezofzthezsunnatszofznamâz.

Therez arez twoz groupsz ofz sunnat.z Thez firstz groupz isz Sunan-i

hudâ.z Theyz arez thez muakkade [emphasized]z sunnats.z Thez second

groupz isz Sunan-ie zawâid.z Theyz arez thez sunnatsz thatz arez not

muakkad.z Thez mustahabsz andz thez mandûbsz arez inz thisz (second)

category,zaccordingztozanzauthenticzscholarlyzreport.

Itzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozomitzazmuakkadzsunnatzinznamâz.zItzis

tanzîhîz makrûhz toz omitz az sunnatz thatz isz notz muakkad.z Itz isz not

makrûhz butz khilâf-iz awlâz toz omitz az mustahab.z Thatz is,z itz isz a

blessingztozdozthezmustahabs,zandzitzisznotzsinfulznotztozdozthem;

only,zinzthatzcasezyouzwillzbezdeprivedzofztheirzblessings.

35z-zWithoutzazdarûrat,zitziszmakrûhztozbeginznamâzzwithzyour

childzinzyourzarms.zItzisznotzmakrûhzifzthereziszazdarûratztozdozso,

providedzthezchild’szclotheszarezclean.

36z -z Unlessz therez isz az darûratz itz isz makrûhz toz performz namâz

againstz thingsz thatz distractz yourz heartz andz preventz yourz khushû’,

suchzaszornamentedzthings,zplays,zmusicalzinstruments,zorzanyzfood

thatzyouzdesire.zItziszmakrûhztozleavezyourzshoeszbehindzyouzwhen

youzareztozperformznamâz.zThiszlastzmakrûhziszwrittenzonzthezone

hundredz andz eighty-sixthz page,z withinz thez subjectz ofz Hajj,z inz the

bookz Durr-ul-mukhtâr,z atz thez endz ofz Halabî-yie kebîr,z andz in

Bezzâziyya.zItziszalsozwrittenzinzdetailzwithinzthezsubjectzofzsuspicion

inztahârat,zatzthezendzofzeachzofzthezbookszBerîqaeandzHadîqa.

37z-zItziszmakrûhztozleanzonzazwallzorzmastzwhenzperformingzthe

fardznamâzzifztherezisznotzazdarûrat tozdozso.zItzisznotzmakrûhztozdo

sozwhilezperformingzthezsupererogatoryznamâz.

38z -z Itz isz makrûhz toz raisez yourz handsz upz toz yourz earsz when

bowingzforzthezrukû’zorzwhenzstraighteningzupzfromzthezrukû’.

39z-zItziszmakrûhztozcompletezthezqirâatzafterzbowingzforzthe

rukû’.

40z-zWhenzmakingzthezsajdaszandzthezrukû’,zitziszmakrûhztozput

yourzheadzdownzorztozraisezyourzheadzbeforezthezimâmzdoeszso.

41z-zItziszmakrûhztozperformznamâzzatzplaceszthatzarezlikelyzto

beznajs,zsuchzaszinzazcemetery,zinzazpubliczbathzorzchurch;zbutzitzis

notzmakrûhztozperformzitzafterzcleaningzorzwashingzsuchzplaces,zor

inzthezdressingzroomzofzazbathzorzinzazmosquezwithinzthezcemetery.

Inz casez youz cannotz performz namâzz atz anotherz placez becausez of

coldz weatherz orz forz somez otherz reason,z orz ifz youz cannotz find

–z276 –

anotherz place,z itz isz permissiblez toz performz itz inz az church

individuallyz orz inz jamâ’at.z Butz youz mustz leavez thez place

immediatelyz afterz namâz.z For,z az churchz isz az placez wherez devils

meetztogether.zIfzyouzpurgezazchurchzofzthezsymbolszofzdisbelief,zit

willz neverz bez makrûhz toz performz namâzz there.z Itz isz makrûhz to

performzitzagainstznajâsatzthatzisznotzcovered.

42z-zItziszmakrûhztozperformzitzagainstzazgrave.zWahhabiszsay

thatzitziszshirke(tozattributezazpartnerztozAllâhuzta’âlâ).

[Itziszwrittenzonzthezsixzhundredzandzthirtiethzpagezofzthezsecond

volumezofzHadîqa:z“Azhadîth-i-sherîfzdeclares:z‘Curseebeeuponethose

whoeperformenamâzeoneaegrave!’eTozperformznamâzzonzazgraveziszto

imitatezazJew.zThereforezitzhaszbeenzsaidztozbezmakruh.zItziszwritten

inzthezbookszKhâniyya [1] andzHâwî [2] thatzitzisznotzmakrûhztozperform

itz atz thosez partsz ofz az cemeteryz wherez therez arez noz graves.z Ifz the

graveziszbehindzthezworshipper,zorzinzfrontzofzhimzbutzsozfarzthatzit

wouldzbezpermissiblezforzsomeonezelseztozpasszbeforezhimzwithin

suchzazdistance,zitzisznotzmakrûh,zeither.zAlso,ztozturnzthezgraveszof

ProphetszorzpiouszMuslimszintozmosqueszisztozimitatezJews.zBecause

itziszlikezattributingzazpartnerztozAllâhuzta’âlâzwhilezworshipping,zour

Prophetzprohibitedzitzandzentreated:z‘YâeRabbî (OzmyzRabb,zAllâhu

ta’âlâ)!eDoenotemakeemyegraveeaneidolethateiseworshipped!’eButzifza

mosqueziszbuiltzatzazplacezcloseztozaz(dead)zpiouszMuslimzorzifzyou

performznamâzzatzazplacezcloseztozhiszgravezthinkingzthatzyouzwill

attainzAllah’szcompassionzthroughzhimzorzthatzyourzworshipzwillzbe

usefulztozhimzalso,zandzifzyouzdoznotzthinkzofzworshippingzhimzor

performingznamâzztowardszhim,zitzisznotzharmfulzatzall.zFor,zHadrat

Ismâîl’sz ‘’alaihissalâm’z gravez isz inz az placez calledz Hâtîm,z whichz is

closez toz Ka’ba.z Becausez thez mostz valuablez namâzz performedz in

Mesjîd-iz harâmz isz thez onez performedz atz thatz place,z hajjisz viez to

performz namâzz there.z Itz isz writtenz inz thez explanationz ofz Masâbih

thatzthisziszso.zItziszwrittenzonztheztwozhundredzandzsixty-eighthzpage

ofz Ma’rifatnâma:z ‘Itz isz makrûhz toz performz namâzz againstz az grave

thatz isz notz curtained.’z Itz isz writtenz onz thez threez hundredz and

twentiethzpagezofzthezfifthzchapterzofzFatâwâ-ieHindiyya:e“Itzisznot

[1] Fatâwâ-i-Khâniyya,z orz Majmu’â-i-Khâniyya,z byz Qâdîz Khânz Hasan

binzMansûrzFerghânîz‘rahmatullâhzta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z592z[1196zA.D.].)

ItzwaszprintedzonzthezmarginszofzthezbookzFatâwâ-i-Hindiyya inzEgypt

inz 1310z A.H.,z andz wasz reproducedz byz wayz ofz offsetz inz 1393z [1973

A.D.].

[2] Writtenzbyz’AlîzbinzMuhammadzWâwerdîz‘rahmatullâhîzta’âlâz’alaih’,

(364z[974zA.D.],zBasraz–z450z[1058],zBaghdâd.)

–z277 –

makrûhzifzthereziszazcurtainzbetweenzthezqiblazofzthezmosquezandzthe

gravezorzifzthezgraveziszonzonezsidezorzbehindzyou.”

Itz isz writtenz inz Fatâwâ-ie Fayziyya [1] :z “Therez arez threez kindsz of

piouszfoundations:zthosezthatzarezonlyzforzthezpoor;zthosezthatzare

primarilyzforzthezrichzandznextzforzthezpoor;zandzthosezthatzarezboth

forzthezrichzandzforzthezpoor.zSchools,zinns,zhospitals,zcemeteries,

mosqueszandzfountainszhavezbeenzestablishedzbothzforzthezrichzand

forz thez poor.”z Thez prohibitionz againstz makingz tombsz inz those

cemeterieszestablishedzbyzpiouszfoundationsziszintendedzsozasznotzto

occupyz thez placesz belongingz toz thez poor.z Therefore,z itz cannotz be

saidzthatzsuchzprohibitionszarezenforcedzbecauseztheyzarezharâm.]

43z-zItzisztanzîhîzmakrûhznotztozsitzinzaccordancezwithzthezsunnat

inz thez tashahhudse (sittingz postures).z Butz itz isz notz makrûhz ifz you

havezanzexcuse.

44z-zItzisztanzîhîzmakrûhztozrecitezinzthezsecondzrak’atzthezsame

âyatz youz havez recitedz inz thez firstz rak’at.z Itz isz tahrîmîz makrûhz to

recitezanzâyatzpreviousztozit.zThesezerrorszareznotzmakrûhzifzthey

arezdonezaszazresultzofzforgetfulness.zItziszmakrûhzinzthezsecond

rak’atz toz sayz threez âyatsz longerz thanz whatz wasz saidz inz thez first

rak’at.z[Seezfourteenthzchapter!].

45z -z Itz isz makrûhz notz toz standz upz forz thez finalz sunnat

immediatelyzafterzthezfardz[Terghîb-us-salât].

THEeFOLLOWINGeAREeREASONSeFOR

WHICHeITeISePERMISSIBLEeTOeBREAKeNAMÂZ:

1z-zInzorderztozkillzazsnake;

2z-zInzorderztozcatchzanzazrunawayzanimal;

3z-zInzorderztozrescuezazflockzfromzwolves;

4z-zInzorderztoztakezfoodzthatziszboilingzoverzawayzfromzthezfire;

5z-zInzorderztozprotectzyourzorzsomeonezelse’szpropertyzthatzis

worthznozlesszthanzonezdirhamzofzsilverzfromzdestruction;z[Seezthe

expressionzdirham-ieshar’îeinzthezfirstzchapterzofzthezfifthzfascicle.]

6z-zInzorderztozurinatezorztozbreakzwind;

7z-zWhenztherezisznozfearzthatzthezprayerztimezmayzexpirezor

thatz youz mayz bez latez forz thez jamâ’at,z inz orderz toz ridz yourselfz of

somethingz thatz mullifiesz namâzz accordingz toz anotherz Madhhab,

e.g.ztozcleanztheznajâsatzthatziszlesszthanzonezdirhamzorztozmakezan

[1] WrittenzbyzFayzullahzEfendiz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(martyredzin

Edirnezinz1115z[1703zA.D.],)zforty-sixthzOttomanzShaikh-ul-Islâm.

–z278 –

ablutionzwhenzyouzrememberzthatzyouzhaveztouchedzazwomanzwho

iszaznâmahram,zyouzcanzbreakzyourznamâz.

THEREeAREeTWOeREASONSeTHATeMAKE

ITeFARDe(NECESSARY)eTOeBREAKeANYeNAMÂZ:

1z -z Namâzz mustz bez brokenz inz orderz toz savez az personz who

screamszforzhelp,ztozsavezazblindzpersonzwhoziszaboutztozfallzdown

intozazwell,ztozsavezazpersonzwhoziszaboutztozburnzorzdrown,zorzto

putzoutzazfire.

2z-zWhenzyourzmother,zfather,zgrandmotherzorzgrandfatherzcalls

you,z itz isz notz wâjibz forz youz toz breakz az fardz namâz,z butz itz is

permissible;zyet,zyouzmustznotzbreakzitzifzitzisznotznecessary.zBut

supererogatoryznamâzz[evenzthezsunnats]zmustzbezbroken.zIfzthey

callzforzhelp,zitzisznecessaryztozbreakzthezfardznamâz,ztoo.zIfztheyzcall

youzalthoughztheyzknow thatzyouzarezperformingznamâz,zyouzmay

notzbreakzevenzthezsupererogatoryznamâz.zButzifztheyzcallzyouzand

doznotzknowzthatzyouzarezperformingznamâz,zyouzhaveztozbreakzit.

THEREeAREeFIVEeTHINGSeTHATeAREeMAKRÛH

TOeDOeWHENeNOTePERFORMINGeNAMÂZ:

1z-zItzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozturnzyourzfrontzorzbackztowardszthe

qiblaz whenz emptyingz thez bowelsz orz urinatingz inz az restroomz or

elsewhere.zItzisznotzmakrûhzifzyouzforgetzorzifzthereziszthezdanger

thatzyouzmayzdirtyzyourzclotheszorzifzthereziszsomezotherzdanger.

2z-zItzisztanzîhîzmakrûhztozturnzyourzfrontzorzbackztowardszthe

qiblazwhenzcleaningzyourselfzafterzrelievingznature,zorztozurinatezor

emptyzthezbowelsztowardszthezsunzorzthezmoon.

3z-zTozmakezazsmallzchildzrelievezitselfzbyzholdingzitztowardszone

ofzthesezdirectionsziszmakrûhzforzthezadultzwhozholdszit.zLikewise,

toz havez az smallz childz doz somethingz thatz isz harâmz forz adultsz is

harâmzforzthezadultzwhozhaszthezchildzdozit.zForzexample,zazperson

whozmakeszazboyzwearzsilkzclotheszorzornamentszitzwithzjewelszor

makeszitzdrinkzalcoholzcommitszazharâmzbyzdoingzso.

4z -z Itz isz tahrîmîz makrûhz toz stretchz yourz legsz orz onlyz onez leg

towardszthezqiblazwithoutzazgoodzexcuse.zYetzitzisznotzmakrûhzto

dozsozwithzanzexcuse (’udhr) orzbyzmistake.

5z-zAlsozitziszmakrûhztozstretchzyourzlegsztowardzazQur’ânzor

otherzIslamiczbooks.zItzisznotzmakrûhzifztheyzarezonzazhigherzlevel.

[ItziszwrittenzinzthezfifthzchapterzofzHindiyya:z“Itziszpermissible

andz evenz advisablez toz keepz thez Qur’ânz inz yourz housez onlyz for

blessingszandzabundancezwithoutzeverzreadingzit.zItziszmakrûhzto

–z279 –

writez inz Arabicz lettersz az disbeliever’sz namez andz insultz it,z for

Islamiczletterszhaveztozbezrespected.”]

Itziszwrittenzonzthezthirteenzhundredzandzsixty-eighthzpagezofzthe

bookzBerîqa:z“ItziszwrittenzinzthezbookzTâtârhâniyya [1] thatzanzold

andztornzcopyzofzthezQur’ânzthatzcannotzbezusedzmustznotzbezburned,

butzitzcanzbezwrappedzinzazcleanzpiecezofzclothzandzburied,zorzitzcan

bezputzinzazcleanzplacezthatzneverzbecomeszdusty.zThezbookzFatâwâi-Sirâjiyya

[2] sayszthatzitzcanzbezburiedzorzburned.zThezsameziszwritten

alsoz inz thez bookz Munyatul-muftî [3] .z Thez bookz Mujtabâ [4]

saysz that

buryingzitziszbetterzthanzleavingzitzinzflowingzwater.zAndzthezbook

Minhâj-ud-dîn,zwrittenzbyzHuseynzJurjânî,zazShafi’îzscholar,zsayszthat

itzisznotzforbiddenztozburnzit;zwhenzHadratz’Uthmânz‘radiy-Allâhu

’anh’zburnedzthezcopyzofzthezQur’ânzthatzcontainedzmansûkh [5] âyats

nonezofzthezSahâbaz‘radiy-Allâhuzta’âlâz’alaihimzajma’în’zexpressed

theirzdisapprovalzofzit.zBurningzitziszbetterzthanzremovingzthezwriting

byzwashingzit.zFor,zthezwaterzusedzinzwashingzitzwillzbeztroddenzon

sometimezlater,zaccordingztozsavants.zQâdîzHuseynzsaidzthatzitzwas

harâmztozburnzitzbecausezitzwouldzbezsacrilege.zAndzNawawîzsaid

thatzitzwouldzbezmakrûh.zAszwezinferzfromzallzofzthese,zitziszbetterzto

removez thez writingz byz washingz itz orz toz buryz itz thanz toz burnz it.

TranslationzfromzBerîqaehaszcomeztozanzend.zAsziszunderstoodzfrom

allzofzthesezcitations,zitziszinsultingzandzharâmztozleavezoldzcopieszof

thezQur’ânzal-kerîmzthatzcannotzbezusedzanyzmorezinzplaceszwhere

theyzwillzbeztrampledzunderfoot,ztozwrapzorzcoverzthingszwithzthem

orztozusezthemzinzmakingzpaperzbagszorzotherzthingszofzthiszsort.zItzis

necessaryztozburyzthemzinzplaceszwhereztheyzwillznotzbezdugzupzuntil

theyzrotzandzturnzbackzintozearthzor,zifzthisziszimpossible,ztozburn

themzandzburyzthezasheszorzthrowzthemzinzthezseazorzriver.zInzorder

toz savez themz fromz beingz disrespected,z itz isz permissiblez andz even

necessaryz toz burnz them.z Thisz isz understoodz alsoz fromz Fatâwâ-i-

Sirâjiyya,zfromzMinyatul-muftî,zandzfromzHâlimî.

[1] Thatzbook,zalsozknownzwithztheztitlezZâd-ul-musâfir,zwaszwrittenzby

’Âlimzbinz’Alâz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z688z[1289zA.D.].)

[2] Writtenzbyz’Alîz’Ûshîzbinz’Uthmanz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z575

[1180zA.D.])

[3] WrittenzbyzYûsufzbinzAhmadzSijstânîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(638

[1240zA.D.],zSivas.)

[4] WrittenzbyzMukhtârzbinzMahmûdzZâhidîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,

(d.z658z[1259zA.D.].)

[5] ÂyatzmeanszversezofzthezQur’ân.zSomezâyatszwerezchangedzbyzother

âyatsz thatz werez revealedz later.z Suchz changedz âyatsz arez called

Mansûkh.eThosezâyatszthatzchangedzthemzarezcalledzNâsikh.

–z280 –

19e–eTHEeNAMÂZeOFeTARÂWÎHeand

REVERENCEeDUEeTOeMOSQUES

THEe NAMÂZe OFe TARÂWÎHe –e Itz isz writtenz inz the

commentaryzofzthezbookzNûr-ul-izâh [1] andzalsozinzitszannotation:

“Itz isz sunnat-iz muakkadaz forz menz andz womenz toz performz the

tarâwîh,zwhichzconsistszofztwentyzrak’ats.zAzpersonzwhozdenieszthis

iszazhereticzandzhisztestimonyzisznotztozbezaccepted.zRasûlullahz‘sall-

Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zperformedzeightzrak’atszofztheztarâwîhzin

jamâ’atz forz severalz nights.z [Thereafterz hez wouldz goz homez and

completezthezsetzofztwentyzrak’ats.]zAccordingztozanotherzreport,

whenzalonezhezperformedztwentyzrak’atszofztarâwîh.z[Itzconsistszof

twentyz rak’atsz inz allz fourz Madhhabs.]z Hence,z itz wasz understood

thatzitziszazsunnat.zThezthreezKhalîfaszandzallzthezSahâbazofzthat

timez performedz twentyz rak’atsz ofz thez tarâwîhz inz jamâ’at.z Andz a

hadîthzcommandszusztozadaptzourselvesztozthosezKhalîfaszandzto

thezijmâ’z(unanimity)zofzthezSahâba.”

Theztarâwîhziszperformedzafterzthezfinal sunnatzofznightzprayer

andzbeforezthezwitr.z[Azpersonzcannotzperformztheztarâwîhzbefore

performingz thez nightz prayer.z (Ibnie Âbidîn, p.z 295)z Itz canz be

performedz afterz thez witr.z Itz canz bez performedz anyz timez until

morningzprayer.zItzcannotzbezperformedzafterzdawn.zItzcannotzbe

performedz asz az qadâz prayer,z either.z (Thatz is,z itz cannotz be

performedz laterz atz somez otherz time.)z For,z thez tarâwîhz isz an

emphasizedzsunnat,zbutznotzaszstronglyzaszthezfinalzsunnatszofzthe

eveningzandznightzprayers.zAndzthosezsunnats,zdespiteztheirzvalue,

arez notz performedz asz qadâ.z Qadâz isz necessaryz onlyz forz those

prayerszofznamâzzthatzarezfardzandzforzthezwitr.zTheztarâwihzis

performedzaszazqadâzprayerzinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab.zItziszsunnat-i

kifâyaz toz performz thez tarâwîhz inz jamâ’at.z Thatz is,z whenz itz is

performedzinzjamâ’atzinzazmosque,zotherszmayzperformzitzalonezin

theirz homes,z whichz isz notz sinful.z Yetz inz thatz casez theyz willz be

deprivedz ofz thez blessingsz ofz jamâ’atz inz thez mosque.]z Ifz they

performz itz inz jamâ’atz withz onez orz morez peoplez inz theirz homes,

theyzwillzearnztwenty-sevenztimeszthezblessingsztheyzwouldzattain

ifztheyzperformedzitzindividually.zTozperformztarâwîh,ztheyzstand

upzforzthezfollowingzrak’atzafterzmakingzthezsalâmzatzthezendzof

[1] Thisz book,z andz alsoz itsz commentaryz entitledz Imdâd-ul-Fettâh,z or

Merâq-il-felâh,z werez writtenz byz thez scholarz ofz Fiqhz inz thez Hanafî

Madhhabz Abul-Ikhlâsz Hasanz binz Ammarz Shernblâlîz ‘rahmatullâhi

ta’âlâz’alaih’,z(994-1069z[1658zA.D.],zEgypt.)zAhmadzbinzMuhammad

Ismâ’îlz Tahtâwîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z (d.z 1231z [1815z A.D.],)

wrotezanzannotationztozthezcommentaryzImdâd-ul-Fettâh.

–z281 –

everyztwozrak’ats.zOrztheyzcanzmakezthezsalâmzatzthezendzofzevery

fourzrak’ats.zTheyzsitzforzazperiodzequalingztheztimezitztakeszto

performzfourzrak’atszbetweenzeveryzfourzrak’atszandztheyzshould

recitez thez salawâtz orz thez tasbîhâtz orz thez Qur’ân-al kerîm.z They

mightzaszwell sitzsilently.zItziszbetterztozmakezthezsalâmzafterzevery

twozrak’atszandztozmakezthezniyyatz(intention)zbeforezeachztakbîr

ofz iftitâhz (beginning).z Peoplez whoz didz notz performz thez night

prayerzinzjamâ’atzcannotzcomeztogetherzandzperformztheztarâwîh

inzjamâ’at.zFor,zthezjamâ’atzperformingztheztarâwîhzhaveztozbezthe

samez jamâ’atz thatz performedz thez fard.z Az personz whoz didz not

performztheznightzprayerzinzjamâ’atzcanzperformzthezfardzalone

andzthenzjoinzthezjamâ’atzwhozarezperformingztheztarâwîh.z[See

theztwenty-thirdzchapter.]

Thezprayerztozbezsaidzbeforezstandingzupztozbeginztheznamâzzof

tarâwih:

Subhânae zi-l-mulkie wa-l-melekût.e Subhânae zi-l-’izzetie wa-l-

’azametie wa-l-jelâlie wa-l-jemâlie wa-l-jeberût.e Subhâna-l-meliki-lmevjûd.eSubhâna-l-meliki-l-ma’bûd.eSubhâna-l-meliki-l-hayyillezî

lâeyenâmuewaelâeyemût.eSubbûhunequddûsuneRabbunâewaeRabb-

ul-melâiketiewa-r-rûh.eMerhaben,emerhaben,emerhabâeyâeshehr-a-

Ramadân.eMerhaben,emerhaben,emerhabâeyâeshehr-al-bereket-iwa-l-ghufrân.eMerhaben,emerhaben,emerhabâeyâeshehr-et-tesbîhi

wa-t-tehlîlie wa-dh-dhikrie wae tilâwa-t-il-Qur’ân.e Awwaluhû,

âkhiruhû,ezâhiruhû,ebâtinuhûeyâemenelâeilâhaeillâehuw.

Thezprayerztozbezsaidzatzthezendzofztheznamâzzofztarâwih:

Allâhummae sallie ’alâe sayyidinâe Muhammadine wae ’alâe Âl-isayyidinâe

Muhammad.e Bi’aded-i-kull-i-dâine wae dewâine wae bârik

waesellime’alaihiewae’alaihimekethîrâ. Thiszprayerziszrecitedzthree

times.zAtzthezthirdztimezthezfollowingzprayerziszadded:z“waesalliewa

sellimewaebârike’alaihiewae’alaihimekethîranekethîrâ.”eYâeHannân,

yâeMennân,eyâeDeyyân,eyâeBurhân.eYâeZel-fadliewa-l-ihsânenerjulafwae

wa-l-ghufrân.e Wa-j-’alnâe mine utekâie shehr-i-Ramadâne bi

hurmet-il-Qur’ân.

THEREeAREeTWENTY-TWOeTHINGSeTHATeAREeNOT

PERMISSIBLEeTOeDOeINeAeMOSQUE:

Placesz wherez peoplez comez togetherz inz orderz toz worshipz are

calledz templese orz placese ofe worship. Jewishz templesz arez called

SynagogueseorzHawras. ChristianztempleszarezcalledzChurcheseor

Bî’aseorzSawme’as. MuslimztempleszarezcalledzMasjîdseorzJâmî’s.

Inztempleszmethodszofzworshipzandzreligiouszcommandmentszand

–z282 –

prohibitionsz arez taught.z Peoplez whoz arez responsiblez forz making

speecheszinztoday’sztempleszdwellzuponztwozthings:

1z -z Throughz bright,z squinnedz sermons, tragicz stories,

melodious,z touchingz recitalsz enhancedz withz musicalz instruments

andzloud-speakers,ztoday’szpreachersztryztozstirzthezaudienceztoza

levelzofzenthusiasmzandzcompassionzandztozconquerztheirzheartszso

thatztheyzwillzgivezthemselveszupzandzbezdrivenztowardszazcertain

purpose.

2z -z Toz teachz thez commandmentsz andz thez prohibitionsz ofz the

religion,zandztozgetzpeopleztozobeyzthem.

Todayz inz Christianz churchesz andz Jewishz synagoguesz onlyz the

firstzaimziszbeingzaccomplished,zwhichzresultszinzthezunityzofzegos

andzthoughts,zratherzthanzinzthezunityzofzheartszandzsouls.zAndzin

theznamezofzreligiouszobligations,ztenetszthatzwerezputzforwardzby

ancientzmenzofzreligionzarezbeingztaught,zbutzthesezthingszvaryzwith

timez andz place.z Consequently,z churchesz andz synagoguesz arez no

longerz templesz butz placesz forz politicsz andz conferences,z where

peoplez arez benumbedz andz draggedz behindz thez desiresz and

thoughtszofzleaderszandzchiefs.

Mosquesz alsoz havez manyz az timez andz aftz beenz sulliedz by

impostorsz whoz infiltratez religiousz institutionsz andz speakz for

politicalz andz financialz purposes.z Theyz arez religiouslyz ignorant

peoplez (yobaz)e whoz havez notz readz booksz z writtenz byz Islamic

scholars,z butz havez beenz deceivedz byz falsez booksz writtenz byz lâ-

Madhhabîz andz hereticalz people.z Theyz arez poorz peoplez who,z let

alonezteachingzreligiousztenetszandzhavingzthemzpractised,zhave

notz evenz learnedz themz forz themselves.z Thesez ignorantz and

schismaticzpeoplezdoznotzevenzknowzhowztozmakezanzablutionzor

ghuslz properlyz orz howz toz performz namâzz suitablyz withz its

conditions;z theyz havez misledz Muslimsz andz harmedz Islamz and

peoplez inz everyz century.z Theyz arez merez oratorsz andz lecturers,

who,z wearingz longz loosez gownsz andz bigz turbans,z impressz the

audiencez underz az rootlessz andz transientz influencez byz reciting

melodiously,z pronouncingz falselyz adornedz words,z andz telling

excitingzstorieszonzminbarszandzpreachingzpulpits.zLikezspeakers

forz politicalz parties,z dictatorialz andz fascistz administratorsz and

churches,ztheyzhavezdeceivedzpiouszpeoplezbyzdosingzthemzwith

ephemeralzenthusiasm.zIslamiczscholarszhavezreferredztozthemznot

aszmenzofzreligionzbutzaszthieveszofzfaithzandzîmân,zyobazes.zThose

truezmenzofzreligion,zwhozhavezalwayszpreachedzfromzthezbookszof

Islamicz scholarsz andz whosez words,z mannersz andz deedsz have

–z283 –

alwayszbeenzinzconformityzwithzthosezbooks,zhavezprotectedzIslam

againstztheirzharms.

Abussu’ûdzEfendiz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’zsayszinzhiszfatwâ:

“Ifz therez isz notz az mosquez inz az villagez orz districtz andz ifz the

inhabitantszdoznotzperformznamâzzinzjamâ’at,zthezgovernmentzhas

tozforcezthemztozmakezazmosque,zandzchastisezthosezwhozneglect

thezjamâ’at.zInzthezyearz940z(Hijrî)z[1533 A.D.] anzedictz(firman)

commandingzthiszcoursezofzactionzwaszsentztozeveryzprovincezby

thezKhalîfa.”zItziszwrittenzinzMajmû’at-iejadîda [1] :z“Ifzanzoldzmosque

cannotzcontainzthezentirezjama’at,zitziszpermissiblezforzthezpeople

livingzinzthatzquarterztozdemolishzitzandzbuildzazlargerzonezatztheir

ownzexpense.”

ItziszwrittenzonzthezsixzhundredzandzthirteenthzpagezofzHalabî-i

kebîr:z “Performingz namâzz inz az localz masjîdz isz betterz than

performingz itz inz largerz mosques,z evenz ifz thez peoplez makingz the

jamâ’atzarezfewerzthanzthatzinzlargerzones.zItziszbetterzforzsomeone

whoz isz latez forz thez jamâ’atz inz hisz localz majsîdz toz goz toz another

mosquez inz orderz toz performz thez time’sz prayerz withz thez jamâ’at

therein.z Ifz itz isz notz possible forz himz toz joinz anotherz jamâ’atz in

anotherzmosque,zitzwillzbezbetterzforzhimztozpreferzhiszownzlocal

masjîdz andz performz thez prayerz individually.z Ifz therez isz notz an

imâmzorzazmuazzinz(tozconductztheznamâzzinzjamâ’at)zinzazlocal

mosque,zonezofzthezMuslimszinzthezjamâ’atzmustzassumezthisztask.

Theyzshouldznotzgoztozanotherzmosque.zIfzthezimâmzofzyourzlocal

masjîdz performsz thez nightz prayerz tooz early,z i.e.z duringz thez time

whenz thez rednessz inz thez skyz wherez thez sunz hasz setz has

disappeared,z insteadz ofz waitingz forz thez whitenessz alsoz to

disappear,zitzwillzbezbetterzforzyouznotztozperformznamâzzwithzthat

imâmzinzjamâ’at,zbutztozperformzitzalonezwhenzthezwhitenesszhas

disappearedzaszwell.z[Nowadays,zthezazânszforznightzprayerszare

beingzcalledzratherzearlyzinzbigzcities.zThus,zthezijtihâdzofzImâm-i

a’zamz isz notz beingz followed.z Yet,z becausez theyz arez calledz in

compliancezwithzthezqawlzofzthezImâmeyn,zitziszbetterztozjoinzthese

jamâ’ats.]zIfzthezimâmzofzyourzlocalzmasjidzisznotoriouszforzfisq,

thatzis,zifzheziszknownztozcommitzanyzonezofzthezgravezsins,z[for

instance,zifzhezdoesznotzperformzthezazânzinzconformityzwithzthe

Sharî’at],z itz willz bez betterz forz youz toz goz toz anotherz mosquez to

performz thez prayerz inz jamâ’at.z For,z abstainingz fromz something

thatz isz makrûhz isz givenz priorityz whenz comparedz withz doing

[1] WrittenzbyzHasanzKhayrullahzEfendiz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.

1316).zPleasezreviewzthezfinalzpartzofzfourthzchapter.

–z284 –

somethingzthatziszsunnat.

Ibnie’Âbidînestates:

1z-zItziszmakrûhztozlockzthezdoorszofzazmosque.zItzisznotzmakrûh

ifzthereziszazdangerzofzburglars.

2z-zSexualzintercoursezonzazmosquezisztahrîmîzmakrûh.zAlsozitzis

makrûhz toz stepz onz thez Ka’baz orz onz az mosque.z Itz isz harâmz forz a

personzwhoziszjunubztozmountzthezmosque.

3z-zItzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozrelieveznaturezonzazmosque.z[Itzis

writtenzinzTerghîb-us-salâtethatzitziszmakrûhztozbuildzaztoiletzunder

azmosquezorzinzfrontzofzthezMihrâbzwall].zFor,zthezareazoverzthe

mosqueziszazmosquezallzthezwayzupztozheaven.zSoziszthezareazbelow

thezmosque.zHowever,zitziszpermissibleztozmakezazshadirvanzorza

publiczbathzunderzazmosque.

4z-zItziszpermissibleztozwalkzthroughzazmosquezsometimes.zButzit

iszmakrûhztozmakezitzyourzregularzroute.zItzisznotzmakrûhzifztherezis

az goodz reasonz toz doz so.z Atz yourz firstz passingz dailyz youz should

performz thez namâzz ofz Tahiyyatulmasjîd.z Youz doz notz havez to

performz itz duringz yourz subsequentz passings.z Hamawîz statesz inz his

(bookzUyûn-ul-besâir,zwhichzisza)zcommentaryztozthezbookzEshbâh:

“Itz isz az unanimously-reportedz sunnatz thatz anybodyz enteringz a

mosquez shouldz performz twoz rak’atsz ofz Tahiyyat-ul-masjîd.

Sometimeszthezwordzmustahabzmeanszsunnat.zIfzthezQur’ân-izkerîm

isz beingz recitedz aloudz inz thez mosque,z thenz thez tahiyyat-ul-masjîd

mustznotzbezperformedzbecausezitziszfardztozlistenztozthezQur’ânzalkerîmzbeingzreadzorzrecitedzaloud.zItziszawlâe(better)ztozomitzazsunnat

evenzforz(thezsakezofzdoing)zazfard-izkifâya.zReadingzthezQur’ânzalkerîmzmelodiouslyzand,zinzturn,zlisteningztozit,zarezharâm.z[Hence,zit

isz necessaryz toz performz thez sunnatsz ofz thez fourz dailyz prayersz of

namâzzwithzthezintentionzofzqadâ.]zItziszstatedzinzQâdî-Khân:z“Ifzthe

imâmz recitesz melodiously,z itz isz recommendablez toz goz toz another

mosque.zIfzheziszazfornicatorzorzazusurer,z[orzifzitziszknownzthatzhe

commitsz anotherz harâmz orz allowsz hisz wifez orz daughtersz toz goz out

withoutz coveringz themselvesz properlyz asz prescribedz byz Islam,]z it

becomeszazmustztozgoztozanotherzmosque.”zAzpersonzwhozmakeszit

azhabitztozwalkzthroughzazmosquezwithoutzazgoodzexcusezbecomesza

fâsiq.zHowzonezshouldzstepzinzandzoutzofzazmosqueziszwrittenzatzthe

beginningzofzchapterz20.

5z-zItziszmakrûhztozbringznajasâtzintozazmosque.zAzpersonzwho

hasznajâsatzonzhiszpersonzcannotzenterzazmosque.zItziszpermissible

tozburnzazlampzwithznajszoil.zItziszwrittenzinzFatâwâ-iefiqhiyya:z“A

personzwhozseesznajâsatzinzazmosquezhasztozcleanzitzimmediately.

–z285 –

Itziszsinfulztozdelayzthezcleaningzwithoutzanzexcuse.zAzpersonzwho

seesznajâsatzonzanotherzpersonzwhoziszperformingznamâzzorzonzthe

placezwherezheziszmakingzthezsajdazshouldzletzhimzknow.zLetting

himzknowzitzorzwakingzupzazpersonzwhoziszaboutztozmissznamâz

(becausezheziszsleeping)zisznotzwâjib,zbutzitziszsunnat.”

6z-zItziszmakrûhztozplasterzazmosquezwithzmortarzorzmudzmade

withznajszwater.zItzisznotzmakrûhztozplasterzitzwithzmudzmixedzwith

thezdungzofzazcow.zThisziszbecausezthereziszazdarûratzinzdoingzso

(Hindiyya). Pleasezseezchapterz6.

7z -z Itz isz makrûhz toz relievez one’sz naturez inz az containerz inz a

mosque.zThezsamezapplieszforzcupping.zItzisznotzmakrûhztozbreak

windzinadvertently.

8z-zItziszharâmztozletzmadzpeoplezorzsmallzchildrenzwhozwillzbring

najâsatzintozazmosquezenterzthezmosque.zItziszmakrûhzifzthereziszno

dangerzofznajâsat.

9z -z Itz isz tahrîmîz makrûhz toz setz upz markets,z toz talkz loudly,z to

makezspeeches,ztozquarrel,ztoztakezupzarms,zandztozpunishzothers

inz az mosque.z [Itz isz harâmz toz sayz thez khutbasz ofz Fridayz andz ’Iyd

prayerszaszthoughzoneziszmakingzazspeech.]

10z-zItziszmakrûhztozenterzazmosquezwithzna’ls,zi.e.zshoeszworn

outdoors.zItziszmuchzbetterzforzmenztozperformznamâzzwithzclean

mestsz orz na’lsz thanz toz performz itz withz theirz barez feet.z This

preferencez sustainsz az disapprovalz againstz imitatingz Jews.z Please

seezthezfifty-fourthzchapterzofzthezthirdzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss.

[Na’lsz orz na’laynz arez shoesz withz leatherz solesz andz straps.z Itz is

makrûhztozwalkzaroundzwearingzna’laynzwithzwoodenzsoles.]

Itz isz notz makrûhz toz relievez one’sz naturez orz toz havez sexual

intercoursezonzazhousezwherezonezroomzhaszbeenzmadezazmasjîdzor

onzazroomzcontainingzazcopyzofzthezQur’ânzal-kerîm.zSoziszthezcase

withz thosez placesz wherez namâzz ofz ’Iydz orz namâzz ofz janâzaz is

performed;z yetz thez jamâ’atz inz thez mosquez canz followz thez imâm

(whoz isz conductingz thez namâz)z atz onez ofz thosez places.z A

menstruatingz womanz orz az personz whoz isz junubz canz enterz such

placeszaszwellzaszmosque-yards,zmadrasaszandztekkes.

11z-zItziszpermissibleztozdecoratezthezwallszofzazmosque,zexcept

thezwallzofzthezqibla.zHowever,zitziszbetterztozspendzthezmoneyzfor

thez poor.z Itz isz makrûhz toz decoratez thez wallz ofz thez qiblaz with

valuablezthingszorzwithzcolours.zAlso,zexcessivezdecorationzofzthe

sidezwallsziszmakrûh.

Thez bookz Durr-ul-mukhtâre saysz atz thez endz ofz thez section

–z286 –

dealingzwithzthezmakrûhszofznamâz:z“Thezbestzofzmosquesziszthe

Ka’ba-izmu’azzama,znextzcomeszMasjîd-i-harâm,zwhichzsurrounds

it,z andz nextz comesz Masjîd-i-Nebî,z whichz isz inz Medîna-i

munawwara.z Thenz comesz Masjîd-i-aqsâe inz Jerusalem,z whichz is

followedzbyzthezmasjîdzofzKubâ,zwhichzisznearzthezblessedzcityzof

Medîna-izmunawwara.zMasjîd-izNebîzusedztozbezazhundredzdhrâ’

longzandzazhundredzdhrâ’zwide.zOnezdhrâ’ziszhalfzazmetre.zLaterzit

waszwidenedzinzthezcoursezofztime.zItszpresentzsizeziszgood,ztoo.”

[Thezmostzvaluablezsoilziszthezsoilzwhichziszinzcontactzwithzthe

Prophet’sz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zblessedzbodyzinzthezQabr-i

Sa’âdatz(thezProphet’szgrave);zitziszmorezvaluablezthanzthezArshzand

thanzGardenszofzParadise.zTimes,zplaces,zhiszchildren,zandzalsozall

otherzthingszthatzarezcloserztozhim,zarezmorezvaluablezandzbetter

thanzthosezthatzarezfartherzfromzhim.zMosqueszandzProphetszare

exemptzfromzthis.]

12z-zItziszharâmztozbegz[importunately]zinzazmosque.

13z-zItziszmakrûhztozgivezalmsztozazbeggarzwhozannoyszpeoplezin

azmosque.

14z-zItziszmakrûhztozlookzforzlostzthingszinzazmosque.

15z-zItzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozreadz(orzrecite)zazpoemzcontaining

az lampoonz againstz az Believer,z az lovez affairz orz indecency.z It

producesz thawâbz toz readz poemsz containingz preaches,z advice,

hikmat,zblessingszofzAllâhuzta’âlâ,zeulogieszpraisingzBelieversz[i.e.

ilâhîs,zmawlids]zwithoutzmelodies,zandzitziszpermissibleztozreadz(or

recite)z historicalz poemsz occasionally;z yet,z itz isz notz something

esteemablez toz busyz oneselfz withz poetry.z Itz isz permissiblez toz say

ilâhîszandzmawlîdszinzmosqueszsometimesz[providedzyouzwillznot

preventzotherszfromzperformingznamâz].zItzisznotzpermissibleztozdo

sozveryzoftenzorztozmakezitzazhabit.

16z-zItziszfard-izkifâyazforzpeoplezwithoutzanzexcuseztozlistenzto

thezQur’ânzal-kerîmzbeingzreadz(orzrecited)zaloud.zItziszsinfulzto

beginzreadingzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzaloudzinzazplacezwherezpeople

arezworking,zsleeping,zperformingznamâz,zorzifzthereziszsomeone

preaching.z[Byzthezsameztoken,zazpersonzwhozturnszupzthezvolume

ofzthezradiozorztheztapezrecorderz(orzthezCDzplayer)zbeingzusedzin

onez ofz thesez places,z andz thez person,z (e.g.z thez hafiz,)z whoz has

allowedz hisz voicez toz bez recorded,z sharez thez sinz forz notz having

properlyzrespectedzthezQur’ânzal-kerîm.]

17z -z Itz isz makrûhz toz splashz thez waterz usedz forz makingz an

ablutionzinzazmosque,ztozdirtyzazmosquezwithzphlegmzorzmucus.

–z287 –

However,zitziszpermissibleztozmakezanzablutionzatzazplacezspecially

preparedz(forzablution)zinzazmosque.

Itzisznotzpermissibleztozmakezanzablutionzorzazghuslzaroundzthe

wellzofzZamzam.zFor,zitziszwithinzthezareazofzazmosque.zAlso,zitzis

notzpermissiblezforzazpersonzwhoziszjunubztozenterzthere.

18z-zItziszmakrûhztozplantzunnecessaryztreeszinzazmosque.zItzis

permissiblez ifz theyz givez publicz benefits,z suchz asz absorbingz the

moisturezinzthezmosquezorzmakingzshades.zItziszmakrûhztozplant

themzforzone’szpersonalzuse.

19z-zItziszmakrûhztozeatzsomethingzorztozsleepzinzazmosque.zA

musâfirz isz exemptedz fromz this.z Whenz enteringz az mosque,z a

musâfirz mustz intendz forz i’tikâfe andz performz thez namâzz of

tahiyyatulmasjîdz first.z Thereafterz hez canz eatz andz talkz about

worldlyzmatters.zAzpersonzwhozmakeszi’tikâfzcanzeatzandzsleep.

I’tikâfziszsunnat-izmuakkada.zItziszwrittenzinzBerîqaethatzneglecting

thezi’tikâfzwithoutzazgoodzexcuseziszlikezomittingzthezsunnatszof

fivezdailyzprayers.

Azpersonzwhozeatszstrongzsmellingzthings,zsuchzaszonionszand

garlicsz [orz whoz smokes],z inz thez mosque,z mustz bez prohibited.

Butchers,zfishermen,zsellerszofzlivers,zoilzsellers,zz–zifztheirzclothes

arezdirtyzorzifztheyzsmellzbadlyz–zthosezwithzbadzsmellingzclothes

andzthosezwhozverballyzhurtzthezjamâ’atzmustzbezturnedzoutzofzthe

mosque.zAzpersonzwhozhaszeatenzsomethingzsmellingzforzazmedical

reasonz orz asz az resultz ofz inattentionz shouldz notz goz toz az mosque

becausezhezhaszanzexcuse.zAzbadzsmellzannoyszmenzandzangels.

20z-zMakingzazcontractzforzbuyingzandzsellingzinzazmosquezis

makrûh.zYetzitziszmustahabztozestablishzazcontractzforzaznikâh.

21z -z Itz isz tahrîmîz makrûhz toz busyz withz worldlyz conversations

insteadz ofz worshippingz inz az mosque.z Asz firez consumesz wood,

likewisez worldlyz conversationsz inz az mosquez removesz one’s

blessings.z Afterz worshipping,z itz isz permissiblez toz talkz on

permissiblez mattersz softly.z Itz isz neverz permissiblez toz talkz about

mattersznotzapprovedzofzbyzthezSharî’at.

22z -z Itz isz makrûhz toz reservez az certainz placez forz yourselfz inz a

mosque.zButzifzyouzleavezyourzcoatzinzyourzplacezlestzsomeonezelse

willz sitz therez whenz youz goz outz ofz thez mosque,z youz canz sitz there

againzwhenzyouzcomezback.zThezsamezrulezapplieszinzpubliczplaces,

inz Minâ,z onz Arafâtz [onz ships,z buses].z Thatz is,z ifz someonez elsez is

sittingzinzthezplacezwherezitziszyourzhabitztozsit,zyouzcannotzforce

himztozstandzup.zIfzyouzreservezmorezseatszthanzyouzneed,zsomeone

–z288 –

elsezmayztakezthezextrazseat.zIfztwozpeoplezaskzforzthezextrazseat,

thezonezwhomzyouzgivezthezseatzcanzsitzthere.zIfzbeforezeitherzofzthe

twozpeoplezaskszforzthezseatzonezofzthemzsitszthere,zyouzcannotztake

itzbackzandzgivezitztozthezotherzperson.zIfzyouzswearztoztellztheztruth

andzsay,z“Izreservedzthiszseatzforzhimzwithzhiszinstructionszandznot

forz myself,”z youz canz makez thez personz leavez thez seat.z Thez same

appliesztozcaseszinvolvingzplaceszwherezsellerszsetzupzinzazmarket

place;zazlatezcomerzcannotzforcezanzearlyzcomerztozleavezhiszplace.

Inz allz thesez publicz places,z ifz thez firstz occupantz hasz beenz causing

harmztozothers,zhezcanzbezforcedztozleavezhiszplace.

Ifz thosez whoz arez performingz namâzz arez tooz closelyz pressed

together,z theyz canz makez thosez whoz arez notz performingz namâz

leaveztheirzplaces.

Ifzazdistrictzmosquezisztoozsmallzforzazlargezjamâ’at,zthosezwho

doznotzlivezinzthatzdistrictzcanzbezmadeztozleavezthezmosque.

Itziszpermissiblez[andznecessary]zforzthezpeoplezinzazdistrictzto

appointzazmutawallîz[administrator]zwhozwillzcollectzincomezforzthe

mosquez andz whoz willz takez carez ofz itsz maintenancez andz other

expenditures.

Ifz az hâfizz isz recitingz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz onz onez sidez ofz the

mosquez andz az piousz Muslimz ofz thez Ahlz as-Sunnatz Madhhabz is

preachingzonzanotherzside,zitziszbetterztozlistenztozthezpreacher.z[In

fact,zifzthezhâfizziszazfâsiqzandziszrecitingzthezQur’ânzmelodiously,zit

isz notz permissiblez toz listenz toz him.z Az ‘mosque’z doesz notz meanz a

‘buildingzwithzazdomezonztopzandzazminaretzadjacentztozit’.zItzmeans

az‘buildingzwhereinznamâzzinzjamâ’atziszperformedzfiveztimeszdaily’.

Itz isz alsoz permissiblez toz preachz toz thez Muslimsz makingz upz the

jamâ’atzbeforezorzafterzthezprayers.zThezpreachingziszperformedzby

azpiouszMuslimzholdingzthezbeliefzofzAhlzas-sunnat;zhezperformszit

byzreadingzazpassagezfromzazbookzwrittenzbyzazscholarzofzAhlzassunnat,zorzbyzrecitingzazstatementzthatzwaszmadezbyzthatzscholar,zand

byzexplainingzwhatzhezhaszreadzorzrecited.zSpeecheszmadezbyzpeople

withoutzazcertainzMadhhabzorzbyzEnglishzspieszorzbyzmissionaries

areznotzcalledzpreaches;ztheyzarezcalledzorationszorzconferences.zItzis

notzpermissibleztozmakezspeecheszorzconferenceszinzmosqueszorzto

listenztozsuchzspeechesztherein.zEachzandzeveryzstatementzmadezby

azscholarzofzAhlzas-sunnatziszanzexplanationzbasedzonzthezQur’ânzalkerîmzandzhadîth-i-sherîfs.]

Itziszpermissibleztozscarezawayzbatszandzpigeonszinzazmosquezand

tozthrowzoutztheirznests.zOtherwiseztheyzwillzdirtyzthezmosque.zThey

arezexpelledzsozthatzthezmosquezwillzremainzclean.zItziszwrittenzin

–z289 –

Fatâwâ-ieqâri-ul-Hidâya [1] andzJawâhir-ul-fatâwa [2] :z“Itziszpermissible

tozkillzthezbirdszthatzdirtyzazmosquezifzitziszimpossibleztozexpellzthem.

Animalszthatzgiveztroubleztozpeoplezcanzbezkilledzanywhere.”zItzis

notzpermissibleztozdestroyzbirds’znestszoutsidezofzazmosque.

ItziszwrittenzinzthezfatwâzofzQâdî-Khâne‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’:z“If

thez adhânz (azân)z isz notz performed inz az cityz orz villagez or

neighborhood,zthezgovernmentzhasztozensurezthatzitziszperformed

evenzbyzusingzforce.”zItziszwrittenzinzFatâwâ-ieHindiyya:z“Thezazân

iszperformed outsidezofzthezmosque,zorzonzthezminaret.zItziszsunnat

tozsayzitzatzanzelevatedzplacezandznotztozexertzoneselfztozmakezone’s

voicez loud.”z Hence,z itz canz bez easilyz understoodz thatz therez isz no

needztozsayzthezadhânz(azân)zorztheziqâmatzthroughzazloudzspeaker.

For,zthezazânziszsaidzinzeveryzneighborhood.zItziszbid’atztozperform

actsz ofz worshipz withz tapez recorders,z (C.D.z players,)z radios,z or

loudspeakers.zBid’atszarezgravezsins.z[Thezazânzsaidzbyzthezmuazzin

andzqirâ’atz(recitalzofzazsûrazorzthreezâyatszofzthezQur’anzal-kerîm

duringzthezstandingzpositionzinzaznamâz)zperformedzbyzthezimâm

shouldzbezmadezinztheirznaturalzvoiceszandzloudzenoughztozbezheard

byzthezMuslimszaroundzthezmosquezandzbyzthezjamâ’atztherein.zItzis

makrûhz forz themz toz exertz themselvesz soz thatz theyz willz bez heard

fromz afar.z Thisz shouldz sufficez toz showz thez pointlessnessz ofz using

loudspeakerszinzmosques.zItziszwrittenzaszfollowszinzMunjid:z“Any

instrumentzthatziszusedztozproducezsoundziszcalledzaz‘mizmâr’.zA

drum,zaztambourine,zazwoodwindzinstrumentzsuchzaszazreedzflute,za

violin,zazlute,zazloud-speaker,zaztapezrecorder,zandzaztelevisionzset

arezazmizmârzeach.”zIbnizHajar-i-Mekkîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,

(899z[1494zA.D.]z–z974z[1566],zMekka,)zstateszinzhiszbookzKeff-urreâ’eanemuharremât-ilâelehw-i-wa-s-simâ’:z“Azhadîth-i-sherîfzreads:

‘Iehaveebeenecommandedetoeannihilateetheedrumeandetheemizmâr.’

Andz anotherz onez reads:z ‘Ae timee wille comee whene thee Qur’âne alkerîmewillebeereade(andzrecited)zthroughemizmârs.eAllâhueta’âlâewill

damnethoseewhoedoesoeandetheirelisteners.’e” Alsozinzthiszcategoryzis

tozsayzthezazânzorzthezmawlidz(byzusingzazloudspeaker).zPleasezsee

theztwenty-fourthzchapter.]

________________

No knowledge is so good as knowing your own shortcomings!

False is all your blessings; oh, world, you are so base;

Cold wind called ‘death’ destroys all your gifts in highness!

[1] Writtenzbyz’UmarzbinzIs-haqqz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’.

[2] WrittenzbyzRukn-ud-dînzAbûzBakrzMuhammadzbinzAbd-ur-Reshîd

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z565z[1169zA.D.].)

–z290 –

20e–eNAMÂZeINeJAMÂ’AT

Youz stepz inz az mosquez withz yourz rightz foot.z Whenz leavingz a

mosquezyouzstepzoutzwithzyourzleftzfootzfirst.zItziszwrittenzinzUyûnul-basâir:e

“Whenz enteringz az mosque,z youz takez offz yourz leftz and

thenzrightzshoezbeforezentering.zThenzyouzstepzinzwithzyourzright

footzfirst.zYouzputzonzyourzrightzshoezafterz[orzbefore]zleavingzwith

yourz leftz footz first.”z While explainingz thez afflictionsz incurredz by

one’szhandszandzfeet,zthezbookzHadîqaesays: “Aszimâm-izNawawî

saysz inz hisz commentaryz to Muslim,z itz isz mustahabz toz beginz with

yourzrightzsidezwhenzdoingzblessed,zhonouredzandzpurezdeeds.zYou

beginzwithzyourzrightzwhenzputtingzonzyourzshoes,ztrousers,zshirt,

whenz cuttingz orz combingz yourz hair,z whenz trimmingz your

moustache,zwhenzusingzazmiswâk,zwhenzcuttingzyourznails,zwhen

washingzyourzhandszandzfeet,zwhenzenteringzazmosque,zazMuslim’s

house,z az Muslim’sz room,z whenz goingz outz ofz az restz room,z when

givingz alms,z whenz eating,z andz whenz drinking.z Whenz doingz the

oppositeszofzthese; forzexample,zwhenztakingzoffzyourzshoes,zsocks,

clothes,z whenz goingz outz ofz az mosque,z orz az Muslim’sz house,z a

Muslim’sz room,z whenz enteringz thez restroom,z whenz expelling

mucusz fromz yourz nose,z whenz cleaningz yourselfz afterz relieving

nature,zitziszmustahabztozbeginzwithzyourzleft.zItzisztanzîhîzmakrûh

toz doz themz conversely,z becausez itz meansz omittingz thez sunnatz in

hey’ete (form).”z [Toz shavez thez beardz inz orderz toz followz thez local

regulationsziszanzexamplezofzthis. Pleasezseezthezfinalzexplanations

atzthezendzofzthezfollowingzeleventhzparagraph!]

Ibniz Âbidînz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’z says: “Therez arez two

typeszofzbeingzanzimâm.zLetzuszdiscusszImâmat-i-kubrâefirst.zThis

willzbezmentionedzagainzinzthezexplanationzofzbâghîsz(rebels)zon

thezthreezhundredzandztenthzpagezofzthezthirdzvolume.zItziszalso

writtenz onz thez onez hundredz andz forty-third,z twoz hundredz and

ninety-fourth,zandzthreezhundredzandzfifty-firstzpageszofzthezbook

Al-Hadîqat-un-nediyya,z writtenz byz Abdulghanîz Nablusî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’.zThezsecondztypezofzbeingzanzimâmzis

calledzImâmat-iesugrâ,zwhichzmeanszbeingzanzimâmztozconductza

namâzzthatziszfard.zItziszsunnatzforzmenzinzthezHanafîzandzMâlikî

Madhhabsztozperformzthezfardzofzthezfivezdailyzprayerszofznamâz

inzjamâ’at.zAndzitziszobligatoryz(fard)zforzthezprayerszofzFridayzand

’Iyd.zItziszmakrûhztozperformzthezsupererogatoryzprayerszofznamâz

inzjamâ’at.zInzthezfivezdailyzprayerszevenzonezpersonzwillzsufficezas

az jamâ’at.z Az personz whosez qirâate (recitationz ofz thez Qur’ân)z is

beautiful,zthatzis,zwhozknowszthezletterszofzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzand

whozknowszhowztozreadzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzwithztajwîd,zbecomes

–z291 –

thezimâm,zandznotzazpersonzwhosezvoiceziszgoodzandzwhozrecites

thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz melodiously!z Itz isz makrûhz forz az fâsiqz to

becomezthezimâm.zItzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozfollowzhimzevenzifzhezis

deeplyz learned.z Az hadîth-i-sherîfz declares:z “Ae persone who

performse namâze withe ae savante whoe ise muttaqîe hase performed

namâzeasethougheheewereewithetheeProphete‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwa

sallam’.”

Itz isz writtenz inz thez onez hundredz andz thirty-fifthz pagez ofz the

bookzUyûn-ulebasâir:z“Azpersonzwhozdoesznotzgoztozthezmosque

[thoughz hez doesz notz havez anz excuse],z butz insteadz makesz the

jamâ’atzwithzhiszwifezatzhome,zcannotzattainzthezblessingszofzthe

jamâ’atzinzthezmosque.zThatzis,zhezcannotzgetzthezextrazblessings

thatzarezpeculiarztozthezmosque.zButzhezgetszthezblessingszofzthe

jamâ’at,ze.i. thezblessingszthatzareztwenty-sevenztimesztheznumber

ofzthosezreceivedzforzperformingznamâzzindividually.zHowever,zwe

mustz addz thatz thisz isz soz whenz bothz ofz thez jamâ’atsz fulfillz the

conditionszandzsunnats.zIfzthezjamâ’atzatzhomeziszmorezacceptable,

itzisznecessaryztozperformzitzatzhome.”zThezsameziszwrittenzonzthe

fourzhundredzandzsecond,zthezsixzhundredzandzthirteenth,zandzthe

sixzhundredzandznineteenthzpageszofzHalabî-iekebîr.

[Aszitzcanzbezunderstood,zwezmustznotzperformznamâzzbehind

thosez imâmsz whoz doz notz observez thez conditionsz ofz namâz

properly.zTheirznamâzzisznotzsahîh.zItziszpermissiblezbutzmakrûh

tozperformznamâzzbehindzanzîmâmzwhozknowszandzrespectszthe

fardszofzablutionzandznamâzzthoughzhezcommitszsins,ze.g.zdrinks

alcohol,ztakeszinterestzforzthezmoneyzhezhaszlent,zlookszatzwomen

andz girls,z andz gambles.z Itz isz writtenz inz thez fatwâz ofz Ebussu’ûd

Efendizthatzthezhadîthz“Performenamâzebehindeaefâjireasewelleas

behindeaepiouseMuslim!”eiszmeantznotzforzthezîmâmszofzmosques

butzforzEmîrszandzgovernorszwhozconductzFridayzprayers,zsozthat

theyzwillzbezfollowedzandzobeyed.zWezmustznotzperformznamâz

behindzthosezimâmszwhozwezknowzarezcommittingzsins.zWezmust

notz followz anz imâmz whoz doesz notz havez thez conditionsz thatz an

imâmzmustzhavezandzwhozreadszthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzmelodiously.

Wezmustzgoztozthezmosquezofzanzimâmzwhoziszdevotedztozhiszfaith.

Wezmustzgoztozthezmosquezforzeveryznamâz,zbutzwhenzmeeting

withzanzimâmzwhoziszsinful,zignorant,zlâ-Madhhabî,zorzwhozisza

reformer ofz Islam,z wez mustz notz followz him.z Wez mustz notz stop

attendingzthezmosquezonlyzbecausezwezthinkzthatztherezmayzbe

suchz anz imâm.z Itz isz writtenz inz thez fatwâz ofz Ebussu’ûdz Efendi,

whichz existsz inz thez libraryz ofz Mollaz Murâdz (inz Istanbul)z with

numberz1114:z“Itziszwâjibztozdismisszanzimâmzwhozmakeszazliving

–z292 –

throughzharâmzandzwhoztakeszinterestzbyzlendingzmoney.zItziszfard

tozknowzhowztozreadzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzwithztajwîd.zHezwho

doesz notz knowz thez tajwîdz cannotz observez thez rulesz concerning

makhârij-iehurûfe(partszofzthezmouth,ztongue,zvelum, andzpharynx

wherezletterszandzsoundszarezarticulated).zThezQur’ânzal-kerîm

readz (orz recited)z andz thez namâzz performedz byz az personz who

cannotzobservezthezplaceszofzthezletterszinzthezarticulatoryzorgans

areznotzacceptable.”z[SeezEndlesszBliss,zII,zchapterz21.]zItziszevery

Muslim’szdutyztozstrivezsozthatzazpersonzwhozfulfillszthezconditions

forzbeingzanzimâmzwillzbecomezthezimâm.

Itz isz writtenz inz thez annotationz toz thez commentaryz ofz Nûr-ulîzâh:z

“Beinge ane imâme requirese fulfillinge sixe conditions.”e Namâz

shouldznotzbeznotzperformedzbehindzanzimâmzwhoziszknownznotzto

fulfilzonezofzthesezconditions:

1z-zTozbezazMuslim.zHezwhozdisbelieveszthezfactzthatzAbûzBakr

Siddîqzandz’UmarzFâruqzwerezKhalîfas,zorzwhozdoesznotzbelievezin

thezMi’râjzorztheztormentzinzthezgravezcannotzbezanzimâmzunlesszhe

iszknowledgeablezaboutzthezte’vîlz(explanation,zdocumentation)zof

thezmatter.

2z-zTozhavezreachedzthezagezofzpuberty.

3z -z Toz bez discreet.z Az drunkz orz senilez personz cannotz bez an

imâm.

4z-zTozbezazman.zAzwomanzcannotzbezanzimâmzforzmen.

5z -z Toz bez ablez toz recitez atz leastz thez Fâtiha-iz sherîfaz andz one

morezâyatzcorrectly.zAzpersonzwhozhasznotzmemorizedzonezayâtzor

whozcannotzrecitezwithztajwîdzthezâyatszhezhaszmemorizedzorzwho

reciteszthezâyatszmelodiouslyzcannotzbezanzimâm.

6z-zTozbezwithoutzanz’udhr.zAzpersonzwhozhaszanz’udhr cannot

bez imâmz forz thosez whoz doz notz havez anz ’udhr.z ’Udhrs are:

continuousz bleedingz atz somez partz ofz thez body,z incontinencez in

wind-breakingzorzurination,zrepeatedzpronunciationzofzthezletters

“te”zandz“fe”,zlisping,zthatzis,zpronouncingzthezletterz“sin”zasz“se”

(az letterz whichz isz pronouncedz withz “th”e sound),z orz dyslalia,z i.e.

pronouncingz thez letterz “ra”z asz “ghayn”z (thatz is,z voicedz postalveolarz

fricativez insteadz ofz voicedz post-alveolarz trill),z being

withoutzanzablutionzorzbeingzsmearedzwithznajâsatzinzexcesszofzone

dirham,zandzbeingzwithzbarezawratzparts.zAzpersonzwhozhaszanzeye

sorezbecomeszazpersonzwithzanz’udhr ifzhezcannotzcontrolzhisztears.

Anyzliquidzcomingzoutzofzthezears,znavel,znose,znippleszbecausezof

somezpainziszanz’udhr ifzitzexudes continuously.zThezsameziszthe

–z293 –

casezwithzblood,zfilth,zyellowzliquidzexuded byzthezabove-named

partszorzbyzazcutzorzsorezevenzwithoutzpain.zThosezwhozsharezthe

samez’udhr canzbezimâmzforzeachzother,zandzazpersonzwhozhaszone

’udhr canzbezimâmzforzazpersonzwhozhasztwo.zInzthezShafi’îzand

Mâlikîz Madhhabs,z az personz whoz hasz anz ’udhr canz bez imâmz for

thosezwhozdoznotzhavezanz’udhr.z[Azpersonzwhozmakeszazmasahzon

thezointmentzonzazwoundzorzonzazbandage,zorzwhozhaszhadzhiszteeth

crownedz orz filledz andz thereforez imitatesz thez Shafi’îz orz Mâlikî

Madhhabz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaihimâ’,zisznotzconsideredztozhave

anz’udhr.]

Itz isz writtenz inz thez threez hundredz andz seventy-sixthz pagez of

Durr-ul-mukhtâr:z “Itz isz makrûhz forz thosez whoz arez religiously

ignorantz[evenzifztheyzarezprofessors],zforzfâsiqs,zthatzis,zforzthose

whoz (habitually)z commitz gravez sins,z z –z drinkz alcohol,z commit

fornication,ztakezinterest,zallowztheirzwiveszandzdaughtersztozgozout

withoutzcoveringzthemselveszproperlyz–zandzforzblindzpeople,zto

becomezimâm.z[Itzisznotzsahîhzforzazfâsiqz(personzwhozsinszfrankly)

tozbezimâm,zaccordingztozthezMâlikîzMadhhabz(Halabî).]zWezhave

givenzthezfatwâzofzEbussu’ûdzEfendiz‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’zabove.zIf

azblindzpersonziszdeeplyzlearnedzhezcanzbezimâm.zAlso,zitziszmakrûh

forzazbastard,zthatzis,zonezwhozwaszbornzoutzofzazrelationzbetween

azcouplezwhozhadznotzperformedz(thezmarriagezcontractzprescribed

byz Islamz andz termed)z nikâh,z toz bez imâm.z Itz isz makrûhz forz a

beardlessz personz whoz hasz justz reachedz thez agez ofz pubertyz toz be

imâm,z evenz ifz hez isz deeplyz learned.z Forz itz causesz fitna.z Itz isz not

makrûhztozperformznamâzzbehindzazpersonzwhosezbeardzdoesznot

growzbutzwhozisznotzattractivelyzgoodzlooking.”z[Therefore,zbeing

anz imâmz doesz notz requirez havingz az beard.z Namâzz mayz be

performedzbehindzazpersonzwhozshaveszbecausezofzazgoodzexcuse.

Azpersonzwhosezbeardzdoesznotzhavezthezshapezprescribedzbyzthe

sunnatziszazbid’atzholder.zAzpersonzwhozslightszthezfactzthatzone’s

beardz mustz bez inz compliancez withz thez sunnatz becomesz a

disbeliever.zSeeztwenty-firstzchapter!]

Theree aree tene conditionse toe bee fulfillede toe followe thee imâm

correctly:

1z-zWhenzbeginningznamâz,zyouzmustzmakezthezniyyatz(intend)

tozfollowzthezimâmzbeforezsayingztheztakbîr.zItzisznotznecessaryzto

intendzwithztheznamezofzthezimâm.

2z-zThezimâmzhasztozintendztozbecomezthezimâmzforzwomenz(if

hez isz toz conductz az jamâ’atz ofz women).z [Ibniz Âbidînz saysz while

statingz thez makrûhsz ofz namâz:z “Itz isz notz permissiblez forz girls,

–z294 –

womenzorzoldzwomenztozgoztozazmosquezforzthezfivezdailyzprayers,

forzprayerszofzFridayzorz’Iyd,zorztozlistenztozsermons.zOfzold,zonly

oldzwomenzwerezallowedztozgoztozmosqueszforzeveningzandznight

prayers,zbutznowzitzisznotzpermissiblezforzthem,zeither.”zItziszharâm

forzwomenztozgoztozmosqueszwithzbarezheads,zarmszandzlegszforzthe

purposezofzlisteningztozmawlids,zsermonszandzhâfizes.zItziszazgrave

sin.zEvenzChristianzwomenzareznotzsozfreelyzdressedzwhenztheyzgo

tozchurch.zPlaceszwherezfreelyzdressedzwomenzarezmixedzwithzmen

areznotzcalledzmosques.zOnezdoesznotzgoztozsuchzplaceszevenzto

performznamâz.zAnzimâmzdoesznotzhaveztozmakezintentionztozbe

imâmzforzmen.zYetzifzhezdoeszhezwillzattainzthezblessingszofzthe

Jamâ’at,ztoo.zItziszwrittenzinzthezhundredzandzforty-eighthzpagezof

thezbookzHadîqa:z“SavantszofzFiqhzsaidzthatzifzthezimâmzdoesznot

makezhiszniyyatztozbecomezimâmzforzMuslimszwhozwillzfollowzhim

whenzbeginningznamâz,zitziszsahîhztozfollowzhim,zbutzhezhimselfzwill

notzbezgivenzthezblessingszforzconductingznamâzzaszimâm.zHezwill

bez givenz thez blessingsz ofz hisz ownz namâzz asz ifz hez performedz it

individually,z sincez hisz niyyatz (intention)z didz notz include

‘conductingz namâzz inz jamâ’at’.z Whenz hez makesz hisz niyyatz to

conductz thez namâzz hez willz alsoz bez givenz thez blessingsz forz being

imâm,z andz thez blessingz willz vary,z dependingz onz thez numberz of

peoplezinzthezjamâ’at.”]

3z-zHeelszofzthezpeoplezmakingzupzthezjamâ’atzmustztakezupzthe

rearzwithzrespectztozthezimâm’szheels.

4z-zThezimâmzandzthezjamâ’atzmustzbezperformingzthezsamezfard

namâz.zWhenzazpersonzwhozhaszalreadyzperformedzthezfardzofzthe

timezfollowszthezimâm,zhezwillzhavezperformedzazsupererogatory

namâz.

5z-zTherezmustznotzbezazlinezofzwomenzbetweenzthezimâmzand

thez jamâ’at.z Ifz thez womenz arez fewerz thanz enoughz toz formz a

completezlinezandzthereziszazcurtainzinzbetweenzorzifztheyzarezatza

lowerz orz higherz place,z itz willz bez permissible.z [Itz isz statedz in

Terghîb-us-salât:z Fourz womenz standingz sidez byz sidez (forz the

performancezofzthezsamezfardznamâzzbyzfollowingzthezsamezimâm

beingz followedz by thez restz ofz thez jamâ’at),z willz havez madez a

completezline.zInzthiszcaseztheznamâzzperformedzbyzallzthezmen

(makingzupzallzthezlines)zbehindzthatzlinezofzwomen,zwillzbecome

fâsid,z(i.e.znullzandzvoid.)zIfztherezarezthreezwomenzinzthezlinezin

question,zonlyztheznamâzzperformedzbyzfivezofzthezmen,zthreezof

themzonzthezlinezimmediatelyzbehindzthatzofzthezwomen,zeachzof

thezthreezmenzstandingzrightzbehindzonezofzthezthreezwomen;zand

twoz ofz themz onz eitherz sidez ofz thez linez ofz threez women,z will

–z295 –

becomez fâsid.z Ifz therez werez az pillarz orz az curtainz orz az wall

separatingzanyzofzthezmenzfromzthezwomanzimmediatelyzbefore

himzorzbesidezhim,zthenzhis namâzzwouldznotzbecomezfâsid.zThe

samez rulez appliesz toz relationsz betweenz bothz sexesz concerning

mattersz ofz beingz mahram.z Itz isz makrûhz forz womenz atz homez to

performz namâzz inz jamâ’atz amongz themselvesz withoutz (atz least)

onezofztheirzmalez(mahram)zrelativesz(tozconductztheznamâzzas

thezimâm).]

6z -z Az wallz (betweenz thez imâmz andz thez jamâ’at)z isz notz a

hindrancezaszlongzaszthezjamâ’atzseezorzhearzthezimâm.zHowever,

therezmustznotzbezazroadzorzazriverzwherebyzazcartzorzazboatzcould

passzthrough,zwhichziszazhindrance.zWhenztwozmorezlineszonzthe

roadzorzonzazbridgezoverzthezriverzfollowszthezimâmztheznamâzzof

thezjamâ’atzbehindzwillzbezaccepted.zPleasezscanztheztwenty-fourth

chapter!

7z-zFollowingzthezimâmzinzjamâ’atzisznotzacceptablezunlesszyou

canzhearzthezimâm’szorzthezmuazzin’szvoice,zorzseezthezactszofzother

peoplezwhozcanzhearzthem.zTherezmustznotzbezazwallzbetweenzthe

imâmzandzthezjamâ’atzwithoutzazwindowzconvenientzforzseeingzor

hearingzthezimâm.z

[Wezhavezalreadyzwrittenzinzthezsectionzconcerningzthezadhân

(azân)zthatzthezvoicezcomingzoutzofzazradio,zaztelevisionzorzazloudspeakerzisznotzazhumanzvoice.zThezimagezofzanzimâmzthatziszseen

tozbezconductingznamâzzinzjamâ’atzonzazmoviezscreenzorztelevision

isz notz thez imâmz himself.z Asz itz isz notz permissiblez toz followz that

image,zlikewisezanzactzofzworshipzperformedzinzaccordancezwith

soundszcomingzthereofzisznotzsahîhz(valid);zintozthezbargain,zitziszan

actzofzbid’atzandzazgravezsin.]

Itz isz writtenz inz al-Muqaddimat-ul-hadramiyya,e al-Anwâre lia’mâl-il-ebrâr,eal-Fiqh-u-’alal-madhâhib-il-erba’a,eandzMisbâh-unnajât:z“InzthezShafi’îzMadhhab,zifzsomeonezoutsidezofzthezmosque

followszthezimâmzwhoziszinside,zitzwillzbeznecessaryzforzhimztozsense

thezactionszofzthezimâmzeitherzbyzseeingzthezimâmzorzsomeonezwho

seeszhimzinzthezjamâ’at,zorzbyzhearingzthezimâm’szorzthezmuazzin’s

voice.zMoreover,zthezdistancezbetweenzhimzandzthezlastzlinezofzthe

jamâ’atz shouldz notz bez morez thanz threez hundredz dhrâs

[300x0.42=126zmeters]zapproximately.”zItziszstatedzinzTerghîb-ussalât:

“Ifzazpersonziszoutsidezofzthezmosque,zhiszfollowingzthezimâm

iszsahîhzonlyzwhenzthezmosqueziszfull.zIfzthezmosquezisznotzfullzorzif

itziszfullzbutzthereziszazdistancezlargezenoughzforzazcartz(orzcar)zto

passzbetweenzthezlastzlinezandzthezpersonzoutsidezofzthezmosque,

–z296 –

hisz followingz thez imâmz willz notz bez sahîh.”z Thez factz thatz those

prayerszperformedzbyzfollowingzthezvoicezinzazloudzspeakerzorzthe

imagez ofz thez imâmz onz televisionz arez notz sahîh,z isz writtenz inz the

twelfthz issuez ofz thez magazinez al-Mu’allim,z datedz Rabî’ul-awwal,

1406z [December,z 1985],z andz publishedz byz thez Indianz Muslim

scholarsz ofz thez cityz ofz Malappuram,z Kerala,z India.z Itz isz written

explicitlyzinzthezfifthzpagezofzthezbookzSuyûfullâh-il-ejilla [1] ,z(1401

[1981zA.D.],zPakistan,)zthatzitzisznotzpermissibleztozjoinzazjamâ’at

conductedz throughz az loudspeakerz byz thez imâm.z Thez bookz was

publishedzaszanzappendageztozthezbookzFitna-t-ul-Wahhâbiyya [2] by

HakîkateKitâbevi,zIstanbul.zSeezthezfatwâzofzYahyâzEfendi!

8z-zThezimâmzmustznotzbezonzanzanimalzwhilezthezjamâ’atzare

onzthezgroundzorzvicezversa.

9z-zThezimâmzandzthezjamâ’atzmustznotzbezaboardztwozdifferent

shipszthatzareznotzadjacentztozeachzother.

10z-zThezjamâ’atzthatziszfollowingzanzimâmzwhoziszinzanother

Madhhabz mustz notz knowz thatz somethingz thatz nullifiesz namâz

accordingztoztheirzownzMadhhabzexistszinzthezimâm.zForzexample,

becausezitzisznotzpermissiblezforzthezimâmztozbleedzorztozhavezmade

az masahz onz lessz thanz one-fourthz ofz hisz headz (whenz makingz an

ablution)zaccordingztozthezHanafîzMadhhab,zazShâfi’îzimâmzwhozis

knownztozhavezdonezsozmustznotzbezfollowed, accordingztozazgood

majorityz ofz scholars.z Thisz reportz isz (authenticz and)z sahîh.z Ifz the

Shafi’îzimâmziszseenzbleeding,zthenzifzhezdisappearszforzazwhilezand

thenzcomeszback,zhezcanzbezfollowed.zForzhezmayzhavezmadezan

ablutionz inz thez meantime.z Itz isz goodz toz havez (az goodz opinion

called)zhusn-i-zân.z[Also,zaccordingztozthezsamezscholars,zazHanafî

personzmustznotzfollowzazShâfi’îzimâmzwhozhaszbeenzseenztozhave

crownedz orz filledz teeth.]z Asz itz isz writtenz inz Radde al-muhtâr,z in

Tahtâwî’szannotationztozImdâd-ul-Fettâheandzinztheztwozhundred

andzseventeenthzpagezofzthezsecondzvolumezofzAhmadzHamawî’s

annotationztozEshbâhe(v.2,zp.217):z“Therezarezalsozsavantszsuchzas

MuhammadzHinduwânîzwhozsayzthatzazShâfi’îzimâmzwhoseznamâz

isz sahîhz accordingz toz hisz ownz Madhhabz canz bez followed.”z The

bookzNihâyaewriteszthatzthiszreportziszmorezconformableztozqiyâs,

adding:z “Accordingz toz thisz reportz az Shâfi’îz imâmz onz whom

somethingz notz permissiblez inz Hanafîz Madhhabz isz seenz mayz be

followed.”z Andz thatz thisz reportz isz sahîhz (valid)z isz writtenz in

[1] WrittenzbyzMuhammadzÂshiq-ur-Rahmân.

[2] Writtenz byz Ahmadz binz Sayyidz Zeynîz Dahlânz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâ

’alaih’,z(1231z[1816zA.D.],zMekka,z–z1304z[1886],zMedîna.)

–z297 –

Halabî-ie kebîr. Itz isz permissiblez inz thez Mâlikîz Madhhab,z too.

Accordingztozthosezsavants,zitziszpermissibleztozfollowzazShâfi’îzor

Mâlikîzimâmzwhozhaszbeenzseenztozhavezcrownedzorzfilledzteeth.

ThiszmeanszthatzazpersonzwhoziszinzthezHanafîzMadhhabzbutzwho

followszthezShâfi’îzorzMâlikîzMadhhabzbecausezhezhaszcrownedzor

filledzteethzcanzalso,zaccordingztozthosezsavants,zbezanzimâmzfor

thosez Hanafîsz whoz doz notz havez crownedz orz filledz teeth.z Thisz is

becausezheziszlikezanzimâmzwhozhimselfziszinzthezShâfi’îzorzMâlikî

Madhhab.z Intoz thez bargain,z hez adaptsz himselfz toz thez other

conditionsz ofz hisz Madhhabz andz performs,z forz instance,z thez witr

prayerz inz az statez ofz awarenessz ofz thez factz thatz itz isz wâjibz (inz his

Madhhab,zi.e.zinzthezHanafîzMadhhab.).zItzisznotzpermissibleztozask

orzinquirezifzhezhaszazcrowningzorzfilling,zor,zsupposingzhezhasz(a

crowningzorzfilling),zwhetherzheziszimitatingzShâfi’îzorzMâlikî.zIfzan

imâmzinzanotherzMadhhabzobserveszthezconditionszinzthezHanafî

Madhhab,ztoo,zfollowingzhimziszbetterz(forzpeoplezinzthezHanafî

Madhhab)zthanzperformingznamâzzindividually,zandzstill,zfollowing

az Hanafîz imâmz isz betterz thanz followingz him.z [Onez whoz has

crownedzorzfilledzteethzshouldznotzassumezazdutyzthatzwillzrequire

hiszconductingznamâzzinzjamâ’atzaszimâm.]

Ifzthezjamâ’atziszmadezupzofzonlyzonezperson,zhezstandszonzthe

right-handzzsidezofzthezimâm.zItziszmakrûhztozstandzonzhiszleft.zItzis

makrûhzalsoztozstandzbehindzhim.zUnless hiszheelziszaheadzofzthe

imâm’szheel,zhisznamâzzwillzbezsahîh.zWhenztherezareztwozorzmore

peopleztheyzmustzstandzbehindzthezimâm.zInzazjamâ’atzthezfirstzone

standszrightzbehindzthezimâm,zthezsecondzonezonzthezrightzofzthe

firstzone,zthezthirdzonezonzthezleftzofzthezfirst,zthezfourthzonezonzthe

rightzofzthezsecond,zthezfifthzonezonzthezleftzofzthezthird, andzsozon.

Ifzthezsecondzpersonzarriveszafterzthezimâmzhaszstarted,zhezstands

behindzthezimâm,zandzthezfirstzpersonzmustzmovezbackwardszand

standz behindz thez imâmz withoutz breakingz hisz namâz.z Thez imâm

doesznotzmovezforward.zPleasezseeztheztwenty-thirdzparagraphzof

thezeighteenthzchapter.

Ifzthereziszazspacezlargezenoughztozincludeztwozlineszorzazlarge

pondzbetweenzthezimâmzandzthezjamâ’at,zitziszpermissiblezforzthe

peoplezbehindzitztozfollowzthezimâm;zyetzitziszmakrûhztozperformzit

alonezinzthiszcase.zItzisznotzrequired forzthereztozbezjamâ’atz(people

performingz thez samez namâzz andz followingz thez samez imâm)z on

bothzsideszofzthezpondzorzthezspace.zSoziszthezcasezwithzopenzor

closedz placesz orz roomsz adjacentz toz a mosque.z [Tahtâwî’s

annotationz toz thez commentaryz entitledz Imdâd-ul-Fettâh].z Please

seeztheztwenty-fourthzchapter.

–z298 –

Azpersonzwhozmadezanzablutionzcanzfollow [1] anzimâmzwhozmade

aztayammum;zazpersonzwhozperformsznamâzzstandingzcanzfollowzan

imâmz performingz itz sitting;z andz onez performingz az supererogatory

namâzzcanzfollowzanzimâmzperformingzazfard.zOnezmustzsearchzfor

anzimâmzwhozknowszandzloveszIslamzandzfollowzhim.

Inzazmosquezbelongingztozazcertainzquarter,zthezazânzandzthe

iqâmatzarezsaidzbeforezonlyzonezofzthezperformanceszinzjamâ’atzof

eachzofzthez(five)zdailyzprayers.zHowever,zinzmosqueszalongzroads

andzinzmosqueszthatzdoznotzhavezappointedzimâmszandzmuazzins,

namâzziszperformedzwithzaznewzazânzandziqâmatzforzeachzjamâ’at.

Azgeniezcanzbezanzimâm.zAnzangelzcannotzbezanzimâmzbecausezan

angelzhasznotzbeenzenjoinedz(tozperformznamâz).zAnzangel,zazgenie

orzazchildzcanzmakezupzazjamâ’atzevenzifzitziszonlyzazjamâ’atzofzone,

(i.e.zevenzifztherezisznozonezelsezinzthezjamâ’at.)zWhenzazpersonzwho

isz performingz az supererogatoryz namâzz followsz az personz whoz is

performingzthezfard,zbothzattainzthezblessingzforzazjamâ’at.

Therez arez manyz savantsz whoz sayz thatz itz isz wâjibz toz perform

namâzz inz jamâ’at.z Accordingz toz thez (past)z savantsz ofz Iraq

‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaihimz ajma’în’,z itz isz sinfulz toz omitz az wâjib

evenzoncezwithoutzazgoodzexcuse.zAndzaccordingztozthezunanimity

ofzsavants,zonezbecomeszsinfulzifzonezmakeszitzazhabitztozomitza

wâjib.z Yetz itz isz notz sinfulz toz omitz az sunnat.z Itz isz mustahabz forz a

personzwhoziszlatezforzthezjamâ’atzinzonezmosqueztoztryzandzcatch

azjamâ’atzinzanotherzmosque.

Itzisznotznecessaryzforzazsickzorzparalyticzperson,zforzazperson

whosezonezfootzhaszbeenzcutzoff,zforzazpersonztoozoldztozwalk,zand

forzazblindzpersonztozgozoutzforzthezjamâ’at.zItzisznotznecessaryzeven

ifzhez(onezofzthesezpeople)zhaszhelperszandzvehicles.zRain,zmud,

veryzcoldzweatherzandzdarknesszarezexcuses,ztoo.zAzstrongzwindzis

anzexcusezonlyzatznight.zFearzofzlosingzone’szpossessionszbecausezof

thievesz orz otherz reasons,z az poorz person’sz fearz ofz thez personz to

whomz hez owes,z havingz troublez withz thez gasz inz one’sz stomachz or

bowels,zone’szfearzofzanzevildoerzwhozmayzcausezharmztozone’szlife

andz property,z az traveller’sz fearz ofz missingz thez vehicle,z constant

attendancezonzanzinvalidzperson,zfearzofzmissingzthezfoodzwhichzone

longszfor,zandzfearzofzmissingzanzopportunityztozlearnzknowledgezof

fiqhzarezexcuseszforznotzattendingzthezjamâ’at.zAlsozitziszanzexcuse

toz knowz thatz thez imâmz isz az bid’atz holderz orz thatz hez doesz not

observezthezprincipleszofzablution,zghuslzandznamâz.zAzpersonzwho

[1] Itzwouldzbezprudentztozremindzatzthiszpointzthatztozfollowzanzimâm

meansztozperformznamâzzaszthezjamâ’atzconductedzbyzhim.

–z299 –

knowszandzobserveszthesezprincipleszhaszprecedencezoverzotherszin

beingz preferredz asz thez imâm.z Afterz thisz thez onez whoz readsz the

Qur’ânzal-kerîmzwithztajwîdziszpreferable.zItzisznotznecessaryztozbe

azhâfiz.zIfztherezarezazfewzhâfizes,zthezonezwhozhaszmorezwara’zmust

bez chosen.z Wara’e meansz toz avoidz thingsz thatz arez doubtfulz (that

mightzbezsinful).zAfterzthis,zthezonezwhoziszolderzmustzbezpreferred.

Theznextzqualitieszthatzarezpreferablezinzchoosingzthezimâmzare:za

goodznature,zazbeautifulzface,znoblezdescent,zaznicezvoice,zandzgood

clothes.z Ifz therez arez az fewz suchz people,z thez onez whoz hasz much

propertyzandzazhighzrankzmustzbezchosen.zIfzthesezqualitieszarezalso

common,zazsettledzpersonzbecomeszimâmzforzazsafarîzone.zIfzthere

cannotzbezanzagreementzaboutzchoosingzthezimâm,zthezonezchosen

byzthezmajorityzbecomeszimâm.zWhilezthereziszsomeonezsuperior,zit

iszunpleasantztozchoosezsomeonezelse.zButzitzisznotzsinful.zSoziszthe

casez withz electingz az commanderz orz az governor.z However,z inz an

electionzofzKhalîfa,zitziszsinfulznotztozelectzthezmostzsuperiorzone.zIn

azhousezorzfeast,zthezhostzorzthezonezwhoziszgivingzthezfeastzbecomes

imâmzregardlesszofzchoice.zOrzthezpersonzchosenzbyzhimzbecomes

imâm.z Az tenantz isz thez hostz inz thisz respect.z Itz isz makrûhz forz a

dislikedzpersonztozbecomezimâm.

Itz isz tahrîmîz makrûhz forz az bid’atz holderz toz becomez imâm.z A

holderzofzazbeliefzdisagreeingzwithzthezbeliefzofzthezAhlzas-Sunnazis

calledz az lâ-Madhhabî.z Ifz az lâ-Madhhabîz disbelievesz orz doubts

somethingzclearlyzdeclaredzinzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzandzthezhadîthi-sherîfs,zitzwillzbezanzactzofzkufre(disbelief).zAndzitzwillzbezbid’ateto

makez wrongz interpretationsz ofz thosez indefinitez factsz thatz arez not

declaredz clearly.z Itz isz kufrz toz denyz thez factz thatz thez worldz was

createdzandztozsayzthatzitzwillzgozonzsozforth.zItziszbid’atztozdisbelieve

thatzBelieverszwillzseezAllâhuzta’âlâzinzParadise.zHowever,zdenialzof

(thez proof-texts termed)z Nassz isz bid’atz onlyz whenz itz happensz in

consequencez ofz misunderstanding.z Otherwise,z ifz az personz abhors

thezfactzbyzsaying,z“Itziszimpossible.zMyzmindzdoesznotzacceptzit,”zhe

becomeszazkâfir.zThezhadîth-izsherîfszaboutzbid’atzexistzinzthezinitial

pagesz ofz thez booksz Hadîqae andz Berîqae andz inz thez hundredz and

twenty-fifthz pagez ofz thez Persianz bookz Eshi’ate -ul-Leme’at [1] .z The

[1] AzcommentaryztozMuhammadzbinzAbdullahzTebrîzî’sz‘rahmatullâhi

ta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z749z[1348zA.D.],)zbookzentitledzMishkât-ul-mesâbih,

–whichz inz turnz wasz anz annotationallyz commentatedz versionz ofz the

bookzofzHadîthzentitledzMesâbih,zwrittenzbyzMuhy-is-sunnazHuseyn

binzMes’ûdzBaghâwîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z516z[1122zA.D.],

Bâg,z Khorasan,)–z wasz writtenz byz ’Abd-ul-Haqqz Dahlawî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(958z[1551zA.D.]z–z1052z[1642],zDelhi.)

–z300 –

oneszexistingzinzEshi’at-ul-Leme’atzhavezbeenztransferredzintozour

bookzMaz-hariyya [1] .zThezAhl-ieqibla,zthatzis,zazpersonzwhozperforms

namâz,zcannotzbezcalledzazkâfireunlesszhezsayszorzdoeszsomething

thatzcauseszdisbelief.zButzazpersonzwhozsayszorzdoeszsomethingzthat

iszdisagreeablezwithzsomethingzthatziszdeclaredzclearlyzinzthezQur’ân

al-kerîmz andz inz hadîth-i-sherîfsz andz whichz Muslimsz havez been

believingzforzcenturies,ziszcalledzazkâfir,zevenzifzhezperformsznamâz

andzdoeszallzkindszofzworshipzthroughoutzhiszlife.zForzexample,zifzhe

says,z“Allâhuzta’âlâzdoesznotzknowzeveryztinyzmote,ztheznumberzof

leaves,zorzsecretzthings,”zhezbecomeszazkâfir.zAzpersonzwhozspeaks

illz aboutz az Sahâbiz exceptz Abûz Bakrz andz ’Umarz ‘radiy-Allâhu

anhumâ’z forz somez religiousz reasonz becomesz az bid’atz holder [2] .z A

personz whoz saysz mubâhz (permissible)z aboutz az harâmz doesz not

becomez az kâfir,z ifz hez saysz soz sincerelyz dependingz onz anz âyat-ikerîmaz

orz az hadîth-i-sherîf.z Ifz hez saysz soz capriciouslyz without

dependingz onz Nassz (âyatsz andz hadîthsz withz clearz meanings),z he

becomeszazkâfir.zItziszbid’atztozsayzthatzitzwaszunjustztozelectzAbû

Bakrzandz’Umarzforzthezcaliphate.zButzitziszanzactzofzdisbeliefztozsay

thatztheyzhadznozrightsztozbecomezKhalîfas.

Az fatwâz hasz beenz givenz thatz ifz az personz whoz fulfillsz the

conditionszforzbeingzanzimâmzdoeszthezdutyzofzanzimâmzforzazwage

orz salaryz itz isz permissiblez toz performz namâzz behindz him.z Itz is

writtenz atz thez endz ofz Halabî-ie kebîre thatz itz isz necessaryz toz reperformzaznamâzzperformedzbehindzanzimâmzwhozmispronounces

orz recitesz melodiouslyz asz wellz asz onez performedz beforez itsz time.

[Onezmustzdozone’szbestztozbezsurezthatzanzimâmzwhozholdszthe

beliefzofzthezAhlzas-Sunnatzbezappointedztozthezoffice.zThiszwill

preventzonezwhozdoesznotzfulfillzthezconditionszforzbeingzanzimâm

andzwhoziszknownztozbezazlâ-Madhhabîzorzazreligionzreformerzfrom

gettingzthatzposition.]

[1] Maqâmât-i-Maz-hariyya isz az valuablez bookz whichz Abdullâh-i-

Dahlawîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaih’z wrote,z mostlyz aboutz hisz valuable

Murshîd,z Shems-ud-dînz Habîbullahz Maz-har-i-Jân-i-Jânân

‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaih’,z (1111z [1699z A.D.],z India-martyredz inz 1195

[1781],)zandzwhichzwaszreproducedzbyzHakîkatzKitâbevizinzIstanbul.

[2] Thisz scholarlyz statementz shouldz notz bez misconstrued.z Itz doesz not

meanzthatzitziszsomethingzlesszcriminalztozspeakzillzofzthezShaikhayn,

(i.e.z Abûz Bakrz as-Siddîqz andz ’Umarz ul-Fârûqz ‘radiy-Allâhu

’anhumâ’.)zOnzthezcontrary,zitziszmuchzmorezdangerouszevenztozdoubt

theirzsuperiority.zForzthatzmatter,zthezafore-quotedzstatementzshows

thatz speakingz illz offz thez blessedz Shaikhaynz ‘radiy-Allâhuz ’anhuma’

incursz az degradationz andz squalorz farz worsez thanz becomingz az bid’at

holder.

–z301 –

Itz isz tahrîmîz makrûhz forz thez imâmz toz sayz thez qirâatz andz the

tesbîhsz beyondz thez measurez prescribedz byz thez sunnatz when

conductingzthezfardznamâz,zevenzifzthezjamâ’atzwantzhimztozdozso.

Itzisztahrîmîzmakrûhzforzazwomanztozbecomezimâmzandzconductza

namâzzinzjamâ’atzmadezupzofzwomen.zWhenztherezareznozmenzitzis

notzmakrûhzforzthemztozperformzaznamâzzofzjanâzazinzjamâ’at.zFor,

ifztheyzperformzitzindividually,zthezwomanzwhozperformszitzfirstzwill

havezperformedzthezfard,zandzthezoneszwhozperformzitzlaterzwill

havezperformedzazsupererogatoryzprayer.zItziszmakrûhzaszwellzto

performzaznamâzzofzjanâzazaszazsupererogatoryzprayer.zItziszfardzto

performzaznamâzzofzjanâzazonce.zIfzazwomanzbecomeszimâmzfor

menzinzaznamâzzofzjanâza,zthezmenzdoznotzperformzitzagain.zThiszis

becausezonlyzthezwoman’sznamâzzhaszbeenzacceptedzandzthezfard

haszbeenzperformedzbyzonezperson.zIfzazwomanzbecomeszimâmzfor

women,zshezstandszinzthezmiddlezofzthezfirstzline.zItziszsinfulzforzher

tozstandzaheadzofzthezfirstzline.

Atzhomezazmanzcanzbezimâmzforzwomenzwhozarezhiszmahram.

Hezcannotzbezimâmzforzwomenzwhozareznâmahramztozhim.zForzit

wouldzbezhalwat.zIfzthereziszanotherzmanzorzthezimâm’szmahram

amongzthezjamâ’at,ztheznâmahramzwomenzcanzjoinzthezjamâ’at.zIn

thisz eventz asz wellz asz inz casesz ofz halwat,z itz isz makrûhz forz those

mahramz relativesz whoz arez relatedz toz thez imâmz throughz milk

(havingzbeenzbreastfedzbyzthezsamezmother)zorzthroughznikâhzto

bezyoung.zHalwatzdoesznotzoccurzinzazmosque.zAzwomanzstands

behindz thez imâm,z notz byz hisz side.z Ifz therez isz az man,z thez woman

standszbehindzthezmanzandzperformsznamâzzwithzthezimâm.

Inz Masjîd-iz harâm,z itz isz bestz forz thez imâmz toz standz inz the

Maqâm-izIbrâhîm.zAznewcomerztozthezmosquezshouldznotzwalkzto

thez frontz linesz lestz hez shouldz disturbz thez jamâ’at.z (Asz allz the

jamâ’atzstandzup)ztozbeginzthezfard,zhezcanzmoveztozazvacantzspace

inzthezlinezahead.zInztheznamâzzofzjanâzazthezbackzlineszarezmore

blessedzthanzthezfrontzlines.zAzpersonzwhozfindszthezimâmzmaking

thez rukû’z standsz inz thez lastz linez lestz hez willz missz thez rak’at.z He

shouldznotzwalkztozthezfrontzlines.zIfztherezisznozplacezinzthezlastzline

hezmustznotzstandzalone;zandzthiszinterdictionzapplieszevenzinzcases

thatzinvolvezhiszmissingzthezrak’at.zIfzthereziszanzemptyzspacezinzthe

firstzlinezandzifztherezisznozspacezavailablezinzthezsecondzline,zhezcan

makezhiszwayzthroughzthezsecondzlinezinzorderztozreachzthezfirst

line.zInzthiszcase,zitzisznotzsinfulztozpasszbeforezthezjamâ’at,zthatzis,

thosezwhozarezperformingznamâzzinzthezback.

Ifzazmanzperformingznamâzzinzjamâ’atzremainszaszlongzaszone

ruknz inz thez samez linez withz az womanz whoz isz followingz thez same

–z302 –

imâmzandzifztherezisznotzazthickzcurtainzorzazpolezmorezthanzone

fingerz(2zcm.)zthickzorzanzopenzspacezwidezenoughztozaccommodate

onez personz betweenz them,z thez man’sz namâzz becomesz nullified.

Whenzazwomanz(joinszthezjamâ’atzand)zperformsznamâzzinzazline,

onlyztheznamâzzofzthezthreezmen,ztwozofzthemzonzherzeitherzside,

andzonezrightzbehindzher,zbecomesznullified.zIfzthezonezbehindzher

iszfartherzbackzbyzmorezthanzninezfeet,zhisznamâzzdoesznotzbecome

nullified.z Itz isz makrûhz forz az manz andz az womanz whoz arez not

followingzthezsamezimâmztozperformznamâzzinzthezsamezline.zWhen

az manz seesz az womanz byz hisz sidez whoz isz preparingz (toz joinz the

jamâ’atzand)ztozfollowzthezimâm,zhezmustzgivezherzazwarningzwith

hisz handz toz standz behindz him.z Ifz shez doesz notz movez back,z the

woman’sznamâzzwillznotzbezaccepted.zButzthezman’sznamâzzwillznot

becomeznullified.zIfzthezwomanziszinzthezsamezlinezbutzonzazlevel

higherzorzlowerzbyzanzaveragezman’szstature,ztherezisznozharm.

Azpersonzwhozcannotzmakezthezrukû’zorzthezsajdaszcannotzbe

imâmz forz az personz whoz canz makez them.z Az personz whoz is

performingzazsupererogatoryzprayerzcannotzbezimâmzforzsomeone

whoziszperformingzazfard.

Az personz whoz isz alsaghe cannotz bez imâmz forz onez whoz isz not

alsagh.zAnzalsaghz(lisper)ziszazpersonzwhozpronounceszthezletterzsin

(voicelessz alveolarz fricative)z asz sez (voicelessz dentalz fricative)

(whichz isz pronouncedz like voiceless “th”).z Also,z az personz who

cannotzpronouncezotherzletterszcorrectlyzcannotzbezimâmzforzone

whoz prononucesz themz correctly.z Itz isz fardz forz suchz peoplez to

exercisez themselvesz dayz andz nightz toz acquirez anz abilityz to

pronouncez thez lettersz correctly.z Ifz az personz cannotz pronounce

themztryzhardzaszhezmay,zhiszindividualznamâzzwillzbezacceptable.

Ifzhezdoesznotztryztozpronouncezthem,zhisznamâzzbecomeszfâsid.zIf

hezperformszhisznamâzzindividuallyzwhilezitziszpossiblezforzhimzto

performzitzinzjamâ’atzbyzfollowingzanzimâmzwhozpronounceszthe

lettersz correctly,z inz thisz casez alsoz hisz namâzz isz notz acceptable

becausezhezhasznotzpronouncedzthezletterszcorrectly.zIfzthereziszan

âyatzwithznozletterszthatzhezcannotzpronouncezcorrectly,zhezmust

memorizez itz orz az fewz âyatsz ofz thatz nature,z andz recitez themz in

namâz.zWhilezthereziszanzâyatzthatzhezcanzpronouncezcorrectly,zif

hezdoesznotzmemorizezitzbutzreciteszonezthatzhezcannotzpronounce

correctly,zhisznamâzzwillznotzbezacceptable.zSincezitziszobligatoryzto

recitezthezFâtihazinzeveryznamâz,zhezmustztryztozpronouncezitzwell.

[Asziszseen,zifzonezletterzisznotzarticulatedzcorrectlyzthezQur’ânzalkerîmz

willz notz bez correctz andz thez namâzz willz notz bez accepted.

Becausezletterszareznotzproducedzcorrectlyzinzsoundszsentzthrough

radioszorzloud-speakers,zitzisznotzright,znotzacceptableztozreadz(or

–z303 –

recite)zthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzthroughzthem,ztozlistenztozâyatszread

(orzrecited)zthroughzthem,zorztozperformznamâzz(byzfollowingzan

imâmzreciting)zthroughzthem;zitziszsinful.]

Azpersonzwhozmakeszmasahzonzhiszmestszorzonzazbandagezcan

bezimâmzforzazpersonzwhozwasheszthezlimbszinvolved,zandzonezwho

isz performingz az fardz canz bez imâmz forz onez whoz isz performingz a

supererogatoryzprayer.zItziszwrittenzinzIbniz’Âbidînzthatzthezsame

rulez appliesz toz allz sunnatsz includingz thez tarâwîh.z Whenz az person

whoziszperformingzazsunnatznamâzzconsistingzofzfourzrak’atszfollows

anzimâmzwhoziszperformingzazfard,zhezperformszaznamâzzaszifzitzwere

thezfardznamâz.zRecitingzthezadditionalzsûrazinzthezthirdzandzfourth

rak’ats,z whichz isz wâjib,z becomesz supererogatoryz now.z Az person

whoziszperformingzazsupererogatoryznamâzzcanzbecomezimâmzfor

anotherzpersonzwhozalsoziszperformingzazsupererogatoryznamâz.

Azpersonzgoingztozperformzaznamâzzthatziszfardzinzjamâ’atzhaszto

intendzbyzalsozpassingzthezthoughtz“Ieamefollowingetheeimâmewhoeis

present”ethroughzhiszheart.zHezperformszitztogetherzwithzthezimâm

aszthoughzhezwerezperformingzitzindividually.zBut,zwhenzstandingzhe

doesznotzsayzazprayer,zregardlesszofzwhetherzthezimâmzsayszthezsûras

inzazwhisperzorzaloud.zOnlyzinzthezfirstzrak’atzhezsayszthezSubhânaka.

ItzisztahrîmîzmakrûhzinzthezHanafîzMadhhabztozrecitezthezFâtihazsûra

behindzthezimâm.zItziszfardzinzthezShafi’îzMadhhab.zInzMâlikî,zonzthe

otherzhand,zitzisztahrîmîzmakrûhzaszthezimâmzreciteszitzloud,zandzitzis

mustahabz asz thez imâmz recitesz itz inz az whisper.z Whenz thez imâm

finisheszsayingzthezFâtihazaloud,zhezsaysz“Âmîn”zinzazwhisper.zHe

mustznotzsayzitzloudly.zWhenzthezimâmzsays,z“Semi’-Allâhueliman

hamidah”ewhilezstraighteningzupzfromzthezrukû’,zhezsays,z“Rabbanâ

lakale hamd.”e Then,z hez prostratesz forz thez sajdaz togetherz withz the

imâm,zsaying,z“Allâhueakbar” (inzazwhisper)zwhilezdoingzso.zInzthe

rukû’,zinzthezsajdas,zandzwhilezsitting,zhezsayszthezprayerszaszhezwould

ifzhezwerezperformingznamâzzindividually.

Az personz whoz findsz outz thatz thez imâmz hasz somethingz (orz is

doingz something)z thatz nullifiesz az namâz,z performsz thez namâz

again.zIfzthezimâmzrememberszitzduringztheznamâzzorzifzsomething

nullifyingznamâzzhappenszwhilezperformingztheznamâz,zthezimâm

mustz immediatelyz informz thez jamâ’at.z Ifz hez noticesz itz afterz the

namâz,zhezwrites,ztells, orzsendszsomebodyztozinformzthezoneszhe

remembersztozhavezjoinedzthezjamâ’at.zThezoneszwhozlearnzitzhave

toz performz thez namâzz again.z Thosez whoz doz notz hearz itz willz be

pardoned.z Accordingz toz anz authenticz reportz andz inz thez Shâfi’î

Madhhab,zthezimâmzdoesznotzhaveztozinformzthezjamâ’at.zIfzthe

imâm’szablutionzbreakszwhilezperformingznamâz,zitziszpermissible

–z304 –

forzhimztozputzsomebodyzinzhiszplacezbyzpullingzonzhiszshirt.zThen

hez performsz anz ablutionz outsidez andz completesz thez namâzz by

followingz hisz deputy.z Ifz hez performsz anz ablutionz withinz the

mosque,zazdeputyzisznotzneeded.zIfzhezleaveszthezmosquezwithout

assigningzazdeputy,ztheznamâzzbecomeszinvalidzifzthezjamâ’atzare

composedzofzmorezthanzonezpeople.

Theznamâzzofzwitrziszperformedzinzjamâ’atzduringzRamadân.zIt

iszperformedzindividuallyzatzallzotherztimes.

Itz isz makrûhz toz performz thez prayersz ofz Raghâib,z Ber’âtz and

Qadr [1]

inz jamâ’at.z Thez namâzz ofz Raghâibz isz az supererogatory

namâzzperformedzonzthezfirstzFridayznight [2] ofzthezblessedzmonth

ofzRajab.zItzwaszinventedzinz480zA.H.zManyzscholarszhavezwritten

thatzitziszanzunpleasantzbid’at.zWezmustznotzthinkzitziszsunnatzonly

becausezwezseezmanyzpeoplezperformzit.

Ifzotherzpeoplezbeginzperformingzazfardznamâzzinzjamâ’atzinzthe

presencezofzazpersonzwhoziszperformingzthezsamezfardzindividually,

ifzthatzpersonzhasznotzmadezthezsajdazofzthezfirstzrak’atzhezbreakszhis

namâzzbyzmakingzsalâmztozonezsidezwhilezstandingzandzbeginszto

followz thez imâm.z Ifz hez hasz madez thez sajdaz ofz thez firstz rak’at,z he

makeszthezsalâmzafterzcompletingztwozrak’atszinzthosezfardzprayers

thatzhavezfourzrak’atszinzthem.zIfzhezhasznotzmadezthezsajdazofzthe

thirdzrak’atzhezbreakszhisznamâzzbyzmakingzthezsalâmztozonezside

whilezstandingzandzthenzjoinszthezjamâ’at.zIfzhezhaszmadezthezsajda

ofz thez thirdz rak’atz hez completesz thez fourz rak’ats.z Thereafterz itz is

goodzifzhezfollowszthezimâmzandzperformszfourz(more)zrak’ats;zthe

namâzz hez performsz therebyz isz az supererogatoryz prayer.z Butz he

cannotz performz latez afternoonz prayerz (’Asr)z inz jamâ’atz inz this

manner.zInzthezfardzofzmorningzandzeveningzprayers,zhezbreakszthe

namâzzevenzifzhezhaszmadezthezsajdazofzthezfirstzrak’at.zHowever,zif

hezhaszmadezthezsajdazofzthezsecondzrak’at,zhezmustzcompletezthe

namâz.zAfterzthatzhezdoesznotzperformzsupererogatoryzprayerzby

(joiningz thez jamâ’atz and)z followingz thez imâm.z Ifz theyz beginz to

performz thez fardz orz ifz thez khutbaz ofz Fridayz prayerz beginsz asz he

performszqadâzofzanzomittedzfardzprayerzinsteadzofzthezsunnat,zhe

doesznotzbreakztheznamâz.zHezcompleteszitsztwozorzfourzrak’ats.zA

personzwhozhaszmadezthezsalâmzafterzperformingztwozrak’atszofzthe

sunnatzofzthezearlyzafternoonzorzofzFridayzprayerzcompleteszitzto

fourzrak’atszbyzperformingztwozmorezrak’atszafterzthezfard.zButzhe

hadzbetterzperformzthezentirezfourzrak’atszagain.zIfztheznamâzzin

jamâ’atz beginsz whilez hez isz makingz qâda,z hez doesz notz breakz the

[1] SeezthirdzfasciclezofzEndlesszBlisszchapterz60.zSacredzNights.

[2] TheznightzbetweenzThursdayzandzFriday

–z305 –

namâzz ifz hez hasz toz observez thez tertîb [1] .z Thez samez appliesz inz the

MâlikîzMadhhab.

Whenzthezazânziszsaidzitzisztahrîmîzmakrûhzforzazpersonzwhozis

inzazmosqueztozgozoutzwithoutzazgoodzexcusezbeforezperforming

theznamâzzinzjamâ’at.zExampleszofzgoodzexcusezare:zhabituation,

i.e.zthatzpersonzmayzleavezthatzmosquezinzorderztozgoztozazcertain

otherz mosquez ifz itz isz hisz habitz toz performz hisz dailyz prayersz in

jamâ’atzwithzthezMuslimszwhozarezthezhabitualzcongregationzof

thatz otherz mosque;z congenialz company,z i.e.z hez mayz leavez ifz he

wantsz toz joinz thez jamâ’atz inz thez mosquez ofz hisz ownz quarter;

learning,zi.e.zhezmayzleavezinzorderztozjoinzthezjamâ’atzinzazmosque

attendedzbyzhiszmasterzorzanotherzIslamiczscholarzlestzhezshould

missztheirzlecture;zbusiness,zi.e.zhezmayzleavezforzthezpurposezof

joiningzthezjamâ’atzinzazmosquezcloseztozhiszwork.zAlso,zazperson

whozhaszperformedzthezfardzindividuallyzbeforezthezjamâ’atzcan

leavez thez mosque.z Yetz itz isz makrûhz toz performz itz individually:

Oncez thez recitalz ofz iqâmatz hasz started,z nonez ofz thez aforesaid

excusesziszvalid,zandzthezpersonzwhozhaszanyzonezofzthesezexcuses

canznozlongerzleavezthezmosque.zAzpersonzwhozhaszperformedzthe

fardz individuallyz performsz thez supererogatoryz prayerz withz the

jamâ’atzperformingzearlyzafternoonzandznightzprayers.zItziszwâjib

forzazpersonzwhozhaszperformedzanyzofzthezotherzthreezprayers

individuallyztozleavezthezmosquezevenzwhileztheznamâzziszbeing

performedzinzjamâ’at.zFor,zitziszazgravezsinznotztozjoinzthezjamâ’at.

Ifzazpersonzwhozhasznotzperformedzthezsunnatzofzmorningzprayer

apprehendszthatzhezwillzfailztozcatchzupzwithzthezjamâ’atzatzleastzas

theyz performz thez finalz sittingz posturez ofz thez namâzz inz casez he

performsz thez sunnat,z hez doesz notz performz thez sunnat,z but

immediatelyz(joinszthezjamâ’atzand)zbeginszfollowingzthezimâm.zIf

hezestimateszthatzhezwillzbezableztozmakezthezlastzsittingztogether

withzthezjamâ’atzhezperformszthezsunnatzquicklyzinzthezante-room

ofzthezmosque.zIfztherezisznotzanzante-roomzhezperformszitzbehind

azpillarzinzthezmosque.zIfztherezisznotzsuchzanzemptyzplace,zhezdoes

notz performz thez sunnat.z For,z itz isz makrûhz toz beginz a

supererogatoryznamâzzwhilezazfardznamâzziszbeingzperformedzin

jamâ’at.zItzisznecessaryztozomitzazsunnatzinzorderznotztozcommitza

makrûh.z[Sincezitzisznecessaryztozomitzevenzthezsunnatzofzmorning

prayerzinzorderznotztozcommitzazmakrûh,zitzmustzbezrealizedzthat

itzisznecessaryztozmakezqadâzofzomittedzfardzprayerszinsteadzof

performingz thez sunnatz prayers.]z Az personz whoz arrivesz inz a

[1] Whatz ‘observingz thez tertîb’z means,z isz explainedz inz thez twenty-third

chapter.

–z306 –

mosquez whilez earlyz afternoonz orz Fridayz prayerz isz being

performedzinzjamâ’atzdoesznotzperformzthezsunnatzifzhezhaszthe

apprehensionz thatz hez mayz bez tooz latez forz thez firstz rak’at.z He

beginszfollowingzthezimâmzimmediately.zHezperformszthezsunnat

ofzthezearlyzafternoonzprayerzafterzthezfard.zItzisznotzrightztozbegin

thez sunnatz andz toz breakz itz byz makingz thez salâmz immediately

thereafterzlestzyouzshouldzmisszthezjamâ’atzforzmorningzorzearly

afternoonzprayerzandzthereafterztozbeginzfollowingzthezimâmzand

thereafterz toz makez qadâz ofz thez sunnatz afterz thez fard.z For,z itz is

harâmztozbreakzaznamâzzwithoutzazgoodzexcuse.zFurthermore,za

namâzzofznazr [1] ,zforzinstance,zcannotzbezperformedzafterzthezfard

ofzmorningzprayer.zReperformingzazsunnatzprayerzthatzhaszbeen

brokenzisznotzaszimportantzaszperformingzaznamâzzofznazr.zItzis

wâjibz toz reperformz supererogatoryz prayersz ofz namâzz thatz have

beenzbroken.zItziszfardztozreperformzbrokenzfardzprayersz[Uyûnul-basâir].zFor,zoncezyouzhavezstartedzazsupererogatoryznamâzzit

becomeszwâjibztozcompletezit.zAzpersonzwhozhasznotzbeenzablezto

performzmorningzprayerzmakeszqadâzofzitztogetherzwithzitszsunnat

beforeznoonzofzthatzsamezday.zButzifzhezperformszitzafterznoon,zhe

makeszqadâzofzthezfardzonly.zAzpersonzwhozarriveszinzthezmosque

duringzthezperformancezofzthezfardzofzFridayzorzearlyzafternoon

prayerzperformszthezfirstzsunnatzafterzthezfard.zAzpersonzwhozhas

notzcaughtzthezrukû’z(ofzazrak’at)zhasznotzperformedzthatzrak’at

togetherzwithzthezimâm.zAzpersonzwhozarriveszwhenzthezimâmzis

inzthezrukû’zmakeszhiszniyyat,zsaysztheztakbîrzstanding,zjoinszthe

namâz,zandzimmediatelyzbeginszfollowingzthezimâmzbyzbowingzfor

thezrukû’.zIfzthezimâmzstraightenszupzfromzthezrukû’zbeforezthe

newcomerzhaszbowedzforzthezrukû’,zhezhasznotzcaughtzthezrukû’.

Thoughzhezhasznotzcaughtzthezrak’atzhezhasztozmakezthezsajdas

togetherzwithzthezimâm.zIfzhezdoesznotzdozsozhisznamâzzdoesznot

becomeznullified.zButzhezwillzhavezomittedzazwâjib.zIfzazpersonzhas

begunzfollowingzthezimâmzaszthezimâmzstandszbutzhasznotzbowed

forzthezrukû’ztogetherzwithzthezimâm,zitziszacceptablezifzhezmakes

thez rukû’z individuallyz afterz thez imâmz andz catchesz upz withz the

imâmzinzthezsajda.zYetzheziszsinfulzbecausezhezhaszbeenzlate.zItzis

tahrîmîzmakrûhztozbowzforzthezrukû’,ztozprostratezforzthezsajda,zor

toz getz upz fromz thez sajdaz beforez thez imâmz does.z Pleasez seez the

twenty-fourthzparagraphzinzthezseventeenthzchapter.

[Itz isz necessaryz toz imitatez thez imâm’sz movements.z Itz isz not

necessaryztozfollowzhiszvoice.zIfzazpersonzwhozcannotzseezthezimâm

[1] Az namâzz thatz wasz vowed.z Pleasez seez thez fifthz chapterz ofz thez fifth


–z307 –

imitateszthezmovementszofzthosezwhozseezthezimâm,zhezwillzhave

followedz thez imâm.z Sincez thez imâm’sz takbîrsz andz thez actionsz of

thosezwhozarezfollowingzthezimâmzsignifyzthezimâm’szactions,zitzis

permissibleztozimitatezthem.zItzisznotznecessaryztozinstallztelevision

screenszatzvariouszplaceszinzthezmosquezsozthatzpeoplezwhozcannot

seez thez imâmz shouldz followz hisz actions.z Likewise,z thosez who

cannotzhearzthezimâm’szvoicezhaveztozfollowzthezactionszofzthose

whozseezthezimâmzandzthezvoiceszofzmuazzins.zInzexistencezofzthese

facilities,z toz installz televisionz screensz orz amplifiersz inz mosques

meansz toz despisez Islam’sz prescriptionz andz adaptz thez actsz of

worshipztozone’szownzpersonalzthoughts.zThis,zinzitszturn,zisznotzan

attitudezthatzazMuslimzwouldzassume.zSoziszthezcasezwithzinstalling

loudspeakerszonzminarets.]zItziszmakrûhzforzthezimâmztozperform

thezfinalzsunnatzatzthezsamezspotzwherezhezperformedzthezfard.zHe

shouldzperformzitzafterzmovingzazlittlezbitztozthezrightzorzleftzofzhis

formerzposition.zAlso,zitziszmakrûhzforzhimztozsitztowardszthezqibla

afterznamâz.zIfztherezisznozonezinzthezfirstzlinezperformingznamâz

towardszthezimâm,zhezshouldzsitzfacingzthezjamâ’at.zIfztherezisza

personzperformingznamâz,zhezshouldzturnztozhiszrightzorzleft.zAll

thesezthings (thatzarezmakrûhzforzthezimâm) areznotzmakrûhzfor

thez jamâ’atz orz forz az personz performingz namâzz individually.z Itz is

writtenzbeforezthezsubjectzconcerningzthezazânzinzthezbookzImdâdul-Fettâh

thatzitziszbetterzforzthemztozperformzthezfinalzsunnatzat

somezotherzspot;zinzfact,zitziszbetterztozperformzitzbackzatzhome.zIt

iszmustahabztozundozthezlineszafterzthezfardznamâz.

Whilezdescribingztheznamâzzofzwitr,zthezbookzMawqûfâtesays:z“If

theeimâmedoesenotedoefiveethingsetheejamâ’atedoenotedoethem,eeither:

1z-zIfzthezimâmzdoesznotzsayzthezprayerszofzQunûtzthezjamâ’at

doznotzsayzthem,zeither.

2z-zIfzthezimâmzdoesznotzsayztheztakbîrszofz’Iydzthezjamâ’atzdo

notzsayzthem,zeither.

3z-zIfzthezimâmzdoesznotzsitzinzthezsecondzrak’atzofzaznamâzzthat

haszfourzrak’ats,zthezjamâ’atzdoznotzsit,zeither.

4z-zIfzthezimâmzdoesznotzmakezthezsajda-i-tilâwatzthoughzhezsaid

anz âyatz ofz sajda,z thez jamâ’atz doz notz makez thez sajda-i-tilâwat,

either.

5z-zIfzthezimâmzdoesznotzmakezthezsajda-izsahwzthezjamâ’atzdo

not,zeither.

Ifetheeimâmedoesefourethingsetheejamâ’atedoenotedoethem:

1z-zIfzthezimâmzmakeszmorezthanztwozsajdaszthezjamâ’atzdoes

notzdozso.

–z308 –

2z-zIfzthezimâmzsaysztheztakbîrzofz’Iydzmorezthanzthreeztimeszin

onezrak’atzthezjamâ’atzdoznotzdozso.

3z -z Ifz thez imâmz saysz morez thanz fourz takbîrsz inz thez namâzz of

janâzazthezjamâ’atzdoznotzdozso.

4z-zIfzthezimâmzstandszupzforzthezfifthzrak’atzthezjamâ’atzdoznot

standz up.z Instead,z (theyz waitz forz thez imâm,z and)z theyz makez the

salâmztogether.

Theree aree tene thingse whiche thee jamâ’ate muste doe evene ife the

imâmedoesenotedoethem:

1z -z Raisingz thez handsz forz thez takbîrz ofz iftitâhz (beginning

namâz).

2z -z Sayingz thez Subhânaka.z Accordingz toz thez Imâmeyn,z (i.e.

ImâmzAbûzYûsufzandzImâmzMuhammad,)zthezjamâ’atzdoznotzsay

it,zeither.

3z-zSayingztheztakbîrzwhenzbowingzforzthezrukû’.

4z-zSayingztheztasbîhszinzthezrukû’.

5z-zSayingztheztakbîrzwhenzprostratingzforzthezsajdaszandzwhen

gettingzupzfromzthezsajdas.

6z-zSayingztheztasbîhszinzthezsajda.

7z -z Evenz ifz hez doesz notz sayz “Sami’z Allâhu,”z thez jamâ’atz say,

“Rabbanâlakalzhamd.”

8z-zSayingzthezAttahiyyâtuzupztozthezend.

9z-zMakingzthezsalâmzatzthezendzofznamâz.

10z-zDuringzthez’IydzofzQurbân,zsayingztheztakbîrzimmediately

afterz makingz thez salâmz afterz everyz onez ofz thez twenty-threez fard

prayers.

Azmasbûk,ethatzis,zazpersonzwhozhasznotzcaughtzupzwithzthe

imâmzinzthezfirstzrak’at,zstandszupzafterzthezimâmzhaszmadezthe

salâmz toz bothz sides,z andz makesz qadâz ofz thez rak’atsz whichz he

missed.z Hez recitesz inz anz orderz asz hez wouldz doz ifz hez were

performingz thez firstz rak’at,z thenz thez second,z andz thenz thez third

rak’at.zButzhezdoeszthezsittingzpostureszinzazbackwardzorder,zaszif

hezwerezperformingzthezfourth,zthird,zandzsecondzrak’ats,zthatzis,

asz ifz hez beganz withz thez lastz rak’at,z andz soz onz backwards.z For

example,z az personz whoz arrivesz duringz thez lastz rak’atz ofz night

prayerzstandszupzafterzthezimâmzmakeszthezsalâm,zsayszthezfâtiha

andzthezadditionalzsûrazinzthezfirstzandzsecondzrak’ats.zHowever,

hez sitsz inz thez firstz rak’at,z butz doesz notz sitz inz thez secondz rak’at.

–z309 –

Umdat-ul-Islâme quotesz fromz Fatâwâ-i-Attâbî [1] :z “Ifz thez Masbûk,

i.e.zpersonzwhozhasznotzcaughtzupzwithzthezimâmzinzthezfirstzrak’at,

finishesz recitingz thez ‘At-tahiyyâtu’z beforez thez endz ofz thez final

sittingzposture,zhezreiterateszthezKalima-i-shahâdatzuntilzthezimâm

makeszthezsalâm.zHezdoesznotzsitzwithoutzrecitingzanything.zItzis

harâmz toz remainz mutez atz placesz wherez itz isz necessaryz toz recite

duringz namâz.z Hez doesz notz recitez thez Salawât,z either.z For,z the

Salawâtziszrecitedzbyzpeoplezdoingztheirzfinalzsittingzposture.zIfzhe

sayszthezSalawâtzatzthezfirstzsitting,zsajda-i-sahwzwillzbeznecessary.

Ifzhezsaysz‘Allâhummazselli’zduringzthezQa’da-i-ûlâ,zhisznamâzzwill

becomezfâsid.”zAzsettledz(muqîm)zpersonzmayzfollowzazmusâfir

whenzmakingzadâ [2] aszwellzaszwhenzmakingzqadâ.z[Seezchapterz15!]

Azmusâfirzmayzfollowzazsettledzpersonzonlyzwhenzmakingzadâzof

thosezfardzprayerszofznamâzzthatzhavezfourzrak’ats.zIfztherezshould

bezanyzrak’atszthatzhezhasznotzcaught,zhezperformszthemzafterzthe

imâmzmakeszthezsalâm,zandzthuszcompleteszthezrak’ats.zFor,zifza

musâfirz followsz az settledz imâmz withinz az prayerz timez hisz namâz

changesztozfourzrak’atszlikezthezimâm’sznamâz.zOnzthezotherzhand,

becausezhezwouldzhaveztozperformzonlyztwozrak’atszofzthezprayers

ofzqadâ,zhezcouldznotzfollowzazsettledzimâm;zotherwise,zazperson

forzwhomzitziszfardztozsitzandzrecitezwouldzhavezfollowedzanother

personzforzwhomzitziszsupererogatoryztozsitzandzrecite.zItziszwritten

inzthez15thzchapterzhowzazsettledzpersonzperformsznamâzzbehind

azmusâfirzimâm.zAzpersonzwhozmisseszonezrak’atzofztheznamâzzin

jamâ’atzhasznotzperformedzthatznamâzzinzjamâ’at.zButzhezwillzbe

givenzthezblessingszofzthezjamâ’at.zIfzazpersonzwhozmisseszthezlast

rak’atzcatcheszupzwithzthezimâmzduringztheztashahhud,zhezwillzbe

givenzthezblessingszofzthezjamâ’at.zTherezarezazlotzofzadditional

blessingszinzsayingzthezTakbîrzofziftitâhztogetherzwithzthezimâm.z

Itz isz statedz inz Umdat-ul-Islâm: “Ifz az personz arrivingz forz the

jamâ’atzseeszthezimâmzbowingzforzthezrukû’,zhezmakeszthezTakbîr

(iftitâh)zstandingzandzthenzbowszforzthezrukû’.zIfzhezsayszthezTakbîr

aszhezbows,zhisznamâzzwillznotzbezsahîh.zIfzthezimâmzstraightenszup

beforez thisz personz hasz bowed,z hez hasz notz caughtz upz withz the

rak’at.”

[1] WrittenzbyzAhmadzAttâbî,z(d.z586.)

[2] Tozmakezadâzofzazcertainzprayerzmeansztozperformzthatzprayerzwithin

itszprescribedztime.zTozmakezqadâzofzazprayerzmeansztozperformzit

afterzitszprescribedztime.zWezmakezqadâzofzprayerszthatzarezfardzor

wâjibzandzwhichzwezfailedztozperformzwithinztheirzprescribedztime.

–z310 –

21e–eFRIDAYe(JUM’A)ePRAYER

Fridayz prayerz consistsz ofz sixteenz rak’ats.z Itz isz fard-iz ’aynz for

everyzmanztozperformzitsztwozrak’ats.zHezwhozdenieszorzslightszit

becomesz az kâfir.z Itz isz az fardz morez emphaticz thanz thez early

afternoonz prayer.z Fridayz prayerz dependsz onz twoz groupsz of

conditionsz forz beingz fard:z Thez firstz groupz arez thez conditionse of

wujûb,zandzthezsecondzgroupzarezthezconditionseofeadâ.zIfzanyzone

ofzthezconditionszofzadâzdoesznotzexist,ztheznamâzzwillznotzbezsahîh.

Ifzthezconditionszofzwujûbzdoznotzexist,ztheznamâzzwillzstillzbezsahîh.

Therezarezsevenzconditionszofzadâ:

Thezfirstzconditionzisztozperformztheznamâzzinzazshahre(city).zA

shahrz isz az placez whosez jamâ’atz cannotz bez accommodatedz byz the

largestz mosque.z Thez majorityz ofz Fiqhz savantsz inz thez Hanafî

Madhhabz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaihimzajma’în’zarezunanimouszin

thiszdefinition.zAlsozitziszwrittenzinzWelwâlijiyya [1] thatzthiszijtihâd

iszsahîh.zAlso,zazplacezthatzhaszazMuslimzgovernorzorzcommander

powerfulzenoughztozenforce thezcommandmentszofzIslamziszcalled

azshahr.zEvenzifzhezcannotzenforce allzthezcommandmentszofzthe

Sharî’at,zitzwillzbezsufficientzifzhezcanzprotectzthezpeople’szrights

andzfreedom,zpreventzfactionzandzmischief,zandzcanztakezbackzthe

rightszofzthezoppressedzfromztheirzoppressors.zItziszanzexcusezifza

governorz cannotz enforcez thez performancez ofz somez ofz thez fards

becausezofzthezgovernment’szoppression.

[Thosezvillageszthatzhavezheadmenzconfirmedzandzratifiedzby

today’sz governmentsz orz thatz havez gendarmes,z andz thez regions

thatzarezinztoday’szlargezcitieszarezeachzazdifferentzcityzforzFriday

prayerz accordingz toz bothz ofz thez abovez definitions.z Itz is

permissibleztozperformzFridayzandz’Iydzprayerszinzsuchzvillages

andzregions.zMoreover,zaccordingztozthezShâfi’îzMadhhab,zforty

peoplez canz performz Fridayz prayerz anywhere.z Whenz the

governmentz givesz permissionz forz somethingz permissiblez inz one

Madhhab,z itz becomesz permissiblez inz anotherz Madhhab,z too.

Whenzthezgovernmentzcommandszazmubâhz(somethingzpermitted

byzIslam),zitzbecomeszwâjibztozdozit;zandzazmubâhzprohibitedzby

thezgovernmentzbecomeszharâm.zUnawarezofzthiszfact,zthosezwho

thinkzonlyzofztoday’szlargezcitieszwhenztheyzhearztheznamezshahr

(city)zspeakzillzofzreligiouszbooks.zByzwayzofzsimplisticzarguments

suchzas:z“Therezisznozneedztozexplainzthatzallzthezpeoplezinzone

cityzcannotzgozintozonezmosque.zWezarezpointingzoutzthezfactzthat

[1] Az bookz ofz fatwâsz writtenz byz Zahîruddînz Is-hâqz Abulz Mekârim

Welwâlijî,z(d.z710z[1310zA.D.].)

–z311 –

thezpointszofzviewzconcerningzFridayzarezincompatiblezwithzthe

religionzandzthatztherezarezsomezmisstatementszonzthezconditions

ofzFridayzprayer,”ztheyzattemptztozblemishzbookszofzfiqh.zShame

onz thesez people,z whosez ignorancez hasz overwhelmedz their

awarenessz inz suchz az vulgarz complacencyz asz toz coaxz themz into

traducingz Islamicz scholars!z Evenz morez wretched,z though,z are

thosezwhozbelievezthezfalselyzadornedzandzenthusiasticzarticleszof

suchzpeoplezandzwhozthinkzofzthesezwriterszaszreligiouszmen.]

Also,zplaceszwhichzthezpeoplezofzazcityzhavezreservedzaszfields,

cemeterieszorzforzrecreation,zarezcountedzaszpartszofzazcity.

Thezsecondzconditionzisztozperformzitzwithzthezpermissionzofzthe

presidentzofzthezstatezorzgovernment,zorzofzthezgovernor.zAzkhatîb

appointedzbyzthemzcanzappointzsomeonezelsezaszhiszdeputy.zNozone

otherz thanz thosez whoz havez beenz deputizingz onez anotherz inz the

processzofztimezcanzconductzFridayzprayer.zWhenzazpersonzconducts

itzwithoutzpermission,ztheznamâzzwillzbezacceptedzifzsomeonezwho

haszpermissionztozconductzitzperformsztheznamâzzbyzfollowingzhim.

Ifzthezgovernorzofzazcityzdieszorzcannotzcomeztozthezmosquezforzone

ofzsuchzreasonszaszfitnazorzchaos,zitziszpermissiblezforzhiszdeputy,

assistantzorzforzthezjudgezofzthezlawzcourtztozconductztheznamâz.

For,z thesez peoplez asz wellz asz thez governorz arez permittedz byz the

governmentztozconductzthezpeople’szreligiouszandzworldlyzaffairs.

Whilez theyz arez present,z anz imâmz electedz byz thez jamâ’atz cannot

conductz thez Fridayz prayer.z However,z ifz theyz cannotz comez toz the

mosquezorzifztheyzareznotzpermittedztozadministerzreligiouszaffairs,

thezimâmzelectedzbyzthezjamâ’atzcanzconductztheznamâz.zLikewise,

ifzthezSultanzoppresseszthezpeoplezandzpreventszthezjamâ’atzfrom

comingztogetherzwithoutzazgoodzreason,ztheyzmayzmeetztogetherzat

somez placez andz theirz imâmz mayz conductz thez namâz.z Butz they

cannotzperformzitzifzthezSultanzintendsztozabrogatezthezstatuszofzthe

city.zIfzthezgovernorszandzjudgeszinzcitieszcapturedzbyzdisbelievers

arezadministeringzthemzcompatiblyzwithzthezSharî’at,zsuchzcitieszare

notzDâr-ul-harb.zTheyzarezDâr-ul-Islâm.zInzsuchzcitieszthezgovernor

orzthezjudgezelectedzbyzthezMuslimszorzanyzimâmzelectedzbyzthem

orzbyzthezjamâ’atzcanzconductzthezFridayzprayer.

Whilez describingz thez Qâdîs,z i.e. judges,z thez bookz Durre almukhtâresayszonzthezthreezhundredzandzeighthzpagezofzitszfourth

volume:z “Thosez Islamicz countriesz thatz arez controlledz by

disbelieverszareznotzdâr-ul-harb;ztheyzarezdâr-ul-Islâm.zFor,zruleszof

disbeliefzhaveznotzyetzbeenzestablishedzinzthosezplaces.zJudgeszin

suchz placesz arez Muslimsz andz theirz presidentsz arez Muslims,z too.

Theyz arez obeyingz thez disbelieversz unwillingly.z Ifz Muslim

–z312 –

administratorszobeyzthezdisbelieverszwillinglyztheyzbecomezfâsiq.zIn

suchzcountrieszitziszpermissiblezforzthezMuslimzgovernorszappointed

byzdisbelieversztozconductzthezFridayzandz’Iydzprayers,ztozcollect

kharâj [1] ,ztozappointzjudgeszandztozseezaboutzmarriageszofzorphans.

ThisziszbecausezthezpeoplezarezMuslims.zThezgovernor’szobeying

thezdisbelieversziszcompulsoryzandztricky.zInzsuchzcountries,zifzthe

governorz presidingz overz thez Muslimsz isz az disbeliever,z too,z the

Fridayz andz ’Iydz prayersz conductedz byz anz imâmz electedz byz the

Muslimszandzthezreligiouszdecisionszgivenzbyzthezjudgezchosenzby

themzarezacceptable.zOr,zthezMuslimszelectzazgovernorzfromzamong

themselves.zThatzgovernorzappointszthezjudgezandzthezkhatîbz(the

imâmzwhozwillzconductzthezFridayzprayers).zIfzthezMuslimszlikezthe

Muslimzjudgezappointedzbyzazgovernorzwhoziszazdisbeliever,zitzis

permissiblez forz himz toz makez religiousz decisionsz andz toz conduct

namâz.zIfzazMuslimzhaszrevoltedzagainstzthezSultan,zcapturedzazfew

placeszandzestablishedzazgovernment,zitziszpermissiblezforzhimzto

appointzazjudgezandzanzimâm.”

InzthezvillagezofzMinâznearzthezblessedzcityzofzMekka,zFriday

prayerzcanzbezperformedzduringztheztimezofzHajj.zFor,zduringzthat

timezitzbecomeszazcityzandzthezgovernorzorzthezAmîrzofzMekkazis

there,ztoo.zTozfacilitatezthezaffairszofzthezhadjis,ztheznamâzzofz’Iyd

inzMinâzhaszbeenzforgiven.zThezofficialzwhoziszadministeringzthe

dutieszofzHajjzcannotzconductzthezFridayzprayerzifzhezdoesznotzhave

specialz permissionz forz doingz so,z too.z Itz cannotz bez performedz on

ArafâtzbecausezArafâtziszanzemptyzplain.zItzcannotzbecomezazcity.

InzanyzkindzofzcityzFridayzprayerzcanzbezperformedzinzseveral

mosques.zButzsomezofzthezscholarszofzthezHanafîzMadhhabzandzthe

majorityzofzthezscholarszofzthezotherzthreezMadhhabszhavezsaidzthat

Fridayz prayerz cannotz bez performedz inz morez thanz onez mosques.

And,z sincez thez acceptablenessz ofz Fridayz prayerz isz doubtfulz inz a

placezthatziszdoubtfullyzazcity,zwezmustzperformzfourzmorezrak’ats

betweenz thez finalz sunnatz ofz Fridayz prayerz andz thez sunnatz ofz the

timezbyzintendingztozperformztheznamâzzofzzuhr-ieâkhir,zthatzis,zthe

latesteearlyeafternooneprayer.zWhenzperformingzthesezfourzrak’ats

wezmustzaddzthezphrasez“whichziszfardzforzme”ztozourzintention.zWe

mustz notz say,z “whichz isz fardz toz perform.”z For,z althoughz early

afternoonzprayerziszfardzatztheztimezofznoonzitzisznotzfardztozperform

itz immediately.z Itz becomesz fardz toz performz itz whenz therez isz only

timezenoughztozperformzfourzrak’atszofznamâzzbeforezlatezafternoon

prayer.zPerformingzitz[adâ]zdoesznotzbecomezfardzbeforezthatztime.

[1] PleasezseezthezfirstzchapterzofzthezfifthzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss.

–z313 –

IfzazFridayzprayerzisznotzaccepted,zthosezfourzrak’atszdoznotzbecome

thezfardzofzFriday’szearlyzafternoonzprayerzwhenzyouzsay,z“whichzis

fardztozperform.”zTheyzbecomezthezfardzofzthezpreviouszday’szearly

afternoonzprayer.zAndzsincezyouzalreadyzperformedzitzonzThursday

thez fourz rak’atsz becomez supererogatory.z Butz whenz youz say,z “the

lastzearlyzafternoonzprayerzwhichziszfardzforzme,”ztheyzcountzforzthe

fardz ofz Friday’sz earlyz afternoonz prayer.z However,z ifz thez Friday

prayerz isz acceptedz youz willz havez performedz alsoz thez fardz ofz the

earlyzafternoonzprayer,zinzwhichzcasezthosezfourzrak’atszwillzbecome

supererogatory.zFor,zazsunnatzcanzbezperformedzwithzthezintention

ofz az fard.z Ifz youz havez anyz na’mâzz ofz qadâ,z youz willz notz have

performedzit.zIfzitzshouldzbezarguedzthatzwhenzthezFridayzprayerzis

acceptedz thez earlyz afternoonz prayerz lapses,z thenz youz willz have

madezyourzniyyatzforzThursday’szearlyzafternoonzprayer,zinzwhich

case,zagain,zitzwillzbezsupererogatory.zIfzthereziszanyzearlyzafternoon

prayerz whichz youz havez notz performedz before,z youz willz notz have

madezqadâzofzit.zIfzyouzintend,z“Toeperformetheelasteearlyeafternoon

prayerethateisefardeuponeme,ebutewhicheIehaveenoteperformed,”eand

ifzthezFridayzprayerziszaccepted,ztheznamâzzstandszforzthezqadâzofza

namâz,zsozthiszintentionziszsuitable.zAzpersonzwhozdoesznotzhave

anyznamâzzofzqadâzmustzsayzadditionalzsûraszinzallzfourzrak’atszof

thezzuhr-izâkhir.zIfzthezFridayzprayerzisznotzacceptedzandztheznamâz

standszforzthezfardzofzthezearlyzafternoonzprayer,zandzthenzitzisznot

harmfulztozsayzsûraszinzthezfard.zAzpersonzwhozhaszdebtszofzearly

afternoonz prayersz doesz notz sayz additionalz sûrasz (inz thez lastz two

rak’ats).zFor,zifzthezFridayzprayerzisznotzacceptedztheznamâzzstands

forzthezfardzofzthezearlyzafternoonzprayer;zifzitziszacceptedztheznamâz

standszforzaznamâzzofzqadâ.

Thez thirdz conditionz isz toz performz itz duringz thez timez ofz early

afternoonzprayer.zAszsoonzaszthezazânzforzearlyzafternoonzprayer

iszperformed aznamâzzofzfourzrak’ats,z(thezinitialzsunnatzofzFriday

prayer),ziszperformed.zSecond,zthezsecondzazânziszperformed inside

thezmosque.zThird,zthezkhutbaziszperformed.zFourth,ztwozrak’ats,

(thezfardzofzFridayzprayer),zarezperformedzinzjamâ’at.zFifth,zfour

rak’ats,z(thezfinalzsunnat),zarezperformed,zandzthenzthezzuhr-izâkhir

isz performedz byz intending,z “toz performz thez lastz earlyz afternoon

prayerz thatz isz fardz uponz mez butz whichz Iz havez notz performed.”

Finally,z twoz rak’atsz (thez time’sz sunnat)z arez performed.z Ifz the

Fridayzprayerzisznotzacceptedztheseztenzrak’atszbecomezthezearly

afternoonzprayer.zNextzthezÂyatalkursîzandztheztesbîhszarezsaid,

andz thenz thez duâz isz made.z Ourz Prophetz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz wa

sallam’zusedztozperformzsixzrak’atszofzsunnatzafterztheztwozrak’ats

ofzthezfardzofzFridayzprayer.

–z314 –

ItziszwrittenzinzthezfivezhundredzandzfifthzpagezofzAshi’ateulleme’ât:z“Amîrzal-mu’minînzHadratzAlîz‘radiy-Allâhuz’anh’zused

toztellzpeopleztozperformzsixzmorezrak’atszafterzthezfardznamâzzof

Friday;z andz Abdullahz ibnz ’Umarz ‘radiy-Allâhuz ’anhumâ’z is

reportedztozhavezperformedzsixzadditionalzrak’atszafterzthezfardzof

Friday.”z al-’Allâmaz ash-Shâmîz Sayyidz Muhammadz Amînz ibn

’Âbidînz‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’zwriteszonzthezsubjectzofz“i’tikâf”zin

thezsecondzvolumezofzRaddeal-muhtâr:z“Afterzthezfardznamâzzof

Friday,zaszcommunicatedzinzBadâyi’,zfourzrak’atszofzsunnatznamâz

shallz bez performedz accordingz toz Imâm-iz â’zam,z orz sixz rak’ats

accordingztozthezImâmeyn.zAccordingztozscholarszwhozsaidzthatzthe

Fridayzprayerzshouldzbezperformedzinzazsinglezmosque,zfourzrak’ats

ofz namâz,z calledz zuhr-ie âkhir,z shouldz bez performedz inz addition.

AccordingztozscholarszwhozsaidzthatzthezperformancezofzthezFriday

prayerzinzeveryzmosqueziszpermissible,zthesezfourzrak’atszbecomeza

nâfila,zazmustahab;zthoughzitzisznotzobligatoryztozperformzthem,zno

onezhaszsaidztheyzshouldznotzbezperformed.zItziszbetterzifztheyzare

performed.”

Itz isz writtenz inz Fatâwâ-ie Hindiyya:z “Itz isz notz fardz forz slaves,

women,z musâfirs,z andz invalidsz toz performz Fridayz prayer.z There

shouldzbezatzleastzonezmanztozlistenztozthezkhutba.zThezkhutbazis

notz permittedz ifz therez arez noz listenersz orz ifz allz thez listenersz are

women.zItziszobligatoryzthatzthezjamâ’atzshouldzcomprisezofzatzleast

threez menz whoz havez thez qualificationsz toz actz asz imâms.z Friday

prayerzisznotzsahîhzifztheyzarezwomenzorzchildren.”

Thez fourthz conditionz isz toz sayz thez khutbaz withinz thez timez of

earlyzafternoonzprayer.zAfterzthezkhutba,zthezpersonzwhozsaidzthe

khutbazmayzappointzonezofzthosezwhozlistenedztozthezkhutbazto

conductztheznamâzzonzhiszbehalf.zHezwhozhasznotzlistenedztozthe

khutbazcannotzconductztheznamâz.

Ourz scholarsz havez saidz thatz sayingz thez khutbaz isz likez saying

“Allâhuzakbar”zwhenzbeginningznamâz,zwhichzmeansztozsayzthat

bothzmustzbezsaidzonlyzinzArabic.zTherezarezalsozsavantszwhozhave

saidzthatzitzcanzbezsaidzinzPersianzaszwellzaszthosezwhozhavezsaidzthat

itz isz permissiblez toz sayz itz inz anyz language,z butz thenz itz isz tahrîmî

makrûhzaccordingztozthosezsavants.zItziszmakrûhzforzthezkhâtibzto

sayzthingszotherzthanzamr-izma’rûfzinzthezkhutba,zevenzinzArabic.

Thezkhatîbzfirstzsayszthez“A’ûdhu”zsilently,zthenzsayszthez“hamd-uthenâ,”z

thez kalima-iz shahâdat,z andz thez salât-u-salâmz loudly.

Afterwardsz hez preaches,z thatz is,z admonishesz aboutz thingsz that

bringzrewardszandztorment,zandzthenzreciteszâyat-i-kerîmas.zHezsits

downz andz standsz upz again.z Afterz sayingz thez secondz khutba,z he

–z315 –

invokesz benedictionsz onz thez Believersz insteadz ofz preaching.z Itz is

necessaryz (mustahab)z forz himz toz mentionz thez namesz ofz thez four

Khalîfasz (Hadratz Abûz Bakr,z Hadratz ’Umar,z Hadratz ’Uthmân,

HadratzAlî).zItzisznotzpermissibleztozmentionztheznamezofzthezSultan

orzthosezofzthezstatezauthorities.zItziszharâmztozpraisezthemzwith

attributesztheyzdoznotzactuallyzhave.zItzhaszbeenzsaidzbyzsavantszthat

itziszpermissibleztozsayzprayerszforzthemzsozthatztheyzwillzbezjust,

benevolent,zandzvictoriouszoverztheirzenemies,zbutzwhenzpraying

nothingz mustz bez saidz thatz mightz causez disbeliefz orz harâm.z Itz is

harâmztozinsertzazworldlyzspeechzintozthezkhutba.zThezkhutbazmust

notzbezturnedzintozazspeech,zazconference.zHezwhozpraiseszcruel

rulersz andz saysz thatz theyz arez just,z orz whoz praysz forz enemiesz of

religionzwhenztheyzarezdeadzorzalive,zbecomeszazdisbeliever.zAlsozit

iszharâmztozliezinztheznamezofzpraisingzazMuslim.zTozpreachzinzthe

khutbazmeansztozperformzamr-izma’rûfzandznahy-izanilmunkar.zIt

doesznotzmeanztoztellzstorieszorztoztalkzaboutzpolitics,zeconomics,zor

otherzworldlyzaffairs.z[OurzProphetz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’

declared:z “Theree wille comee suche ae timee thate monkey-natured,

human-figuredepeopleewilleclimbetheeminbareandeteacheyouewhateis

againste thee religione ande theire irreligiousnesse ine thee namee ofe the

religion.”]z Khatîbs,z preachers,z mustz bez carefulz notz toz bez among

thosezpeoplezwhozarezdescribedzinzthiszhadîth-i-sherîfzandznotzto

servezaszmeanszforzirreligiousness.zMuslimszmustznotzlistenztozthe

khutbasz andz preachingsz ofz suchz people.z Itz isz writtenz inz thez two

hundredz andz eighty-firstz pagez ofz Tahtâwî’sz annotationz toz the

commentaryzofzthezbookzNûr-al-izâh:z“Itziszsunnatztozmakezazshort

khutba,zandzitziszmakrûhztozmakezazlongzone.”

Whilezexplainingzthezkhutba,ztheztakbîrzofziftitâh,zandzreciting

prayersz inz namâz,z Ibnie ’Âbidîne says:z “Sayingz thez khutbaz inz any

languagez otherz thanz Arabicz isz likez sayingz thez takbîrz ofz iftitâhz in

anotherzlanguagezwhenzbeginningznamâz.zAndzthis,zinzitszturn,ziszlike

thezotherzdhikrszofznamâz.zItzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozsayzthezdhikrszand

thezprayerszwithinznamâzzinzanyzlanguagezotherzthanzArabic.zItzwas

prohibitedz byz Hadratz ’Umar.”z Hez alsoz saysz whilez explainingz the

wâjibszofznamâz:z“Committingztahrîmîzmakrûhziszazvenialzsin,zbutza

personzwhozkeepszdoingzitzloseszhisz’adl [1] .”zItziszwrittenzinzTahtâwî:

“Az personz whoz keepsz committingz venialz sinsz becomesz fâsiq.z We

mustznotzperformznamâzzbehindzthosezimâmszwhozarezfâsiqzorzwho

commitz bid’ats;z instead,z wez mustz performz namâzz inz another

mosque.”z Thez Sahâbaz andz thez Tâbi’înz alwaysz saidz thez khutbasz in

[1] Tozlosezone’sz’adlzmeansztozbecomez‘fâsiq’,zwhich,zandzitszantonym,

‘’âdil’,z(adjectivalzformzofz’adl,)zarezdefinedzinztenthzchapter.

–z316 –

ArabiczbothzinzAsiazandzinzAfrica.zFor, itziszbid’atzandzmakrûhztozsay

thez khutbaz inz anotherz language.z Thisz wasz donez evenz whenz those

whoz listenedz didz notz knowz Arabicz andz didz notz understandz the

khutbas.z Norz didz theyz havez anyz religiousz information.z Itz was

necessaryztozteachzthem.zButzstillztheyzsaidzthezkhutbaszinzArabic.zIt

isz saidz inz thez bookz al-Adillatul-kawâti’e writtenz byz Muhammad

Viltorî,zanzIndianzscholar,zandzpublishedzinz1395z[1975]:z“Itziszbid’at

tozsayzthezkhutbaszofzFridayzandz’IydzinzanyzlanguagezexceptzArabic,

eitherzcompletelyzorzpartially.zItzisztahrîmîzmakrûh.zAnzimâmzwho

continuouslyz doesz soz shouldz notz bez followedz whenz performing

namâzzinzjamâ’at.”zThiszfatwâziszinzArabic.zItzwaszprintedzinzIstanbul

inz1396z[1976].zForzsixzhundredzyears,zIslamiczsavantszinzTurkeyzhad

beenzdesiringztozhavezthezkhutbazsaidzinzTurkishzsozthatzthezpeople

couldzunderstandzit,zyetzapprehendingzthatzthezkhutbazmightznotzbe

accepted,ztheyzhadztozbanzitzdespitezthemselves.zOnzsecondzthoughts

theyzappointedzFridayzpreacherszwhozexplainedzthezmeaningzofzthe

khutbazbeforezorzafterztheznamâz.zThuszthezjamâ’atzlearnedzwhat

waszsaidzduringzthezkhutba.

HadratzSayyidzAbdulhakîmzArwâsîz‘quddisazsirruh’zsaid:z“To

worshipzmeansztozdozthezcommandments.zItziszworshipztozreadzthe

Qur’ânz al-kerîmz andz toz sayz thez khutba.z Wez havez notz been

commandedz toz understandz theirz meanings.z Therefore,z itz isz not

somethingzwithinzthezworshipztozunderstandzthem.zUnderstanding

thezQur’ânzal-kerîmzrequireszlearningzthezseventy-twozsubsidiary

branchesz ofz knowledgez alongz withz itsz eightz mainz branches.

Thereafter,z only,z will onez developz an aptitudez towards

understandingzthezQur’ânzal-kerîm.zAndzthen onezcanzunderstand

itz onlyz ifz Allâhuz ta’âlâz gracesz onez withz thez lot.z Toz sayz that

everyonezmustzunderstandzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzisztozbelittlezthe

religion.z Forz understandingz thez Qur’âne al-kerîm,z az personz with

greatz talentsz hasz toz workz forz tenz yearsz andz onez withz average

talentszhasztozworkzforzfiftyzyears.zTherefore,zwezwithzlittlezability

canznotzunderstandzitzevenzifzwezstudyzforzazhundredzyears.zInzthe

Sharî’at,z whatz isz calledz knowledgez isz usefulz information.z Useful

informationz isz thez informationz thatz servesz asz az meansz for

obtainingz endlessz bliss,z i.e. forz attainingz gracez ofz Allâhuz ta’âlâ.

ThiszinformationziszcalledzIslamiceknowledge.”

Thezfifthzconditionzisztozsayzthezkhutbazbeforeztheznamâz.zIt

mustzbezsaidzinzthezpresencezofzdiscreetzmenzwhozhavezreachedzthe

agezofzpuberty.zButzitzisznotzazconditionzforzthezjamâ’atztozhearzit

orztozunderstandzit.

[ItziszwrittenzinzHindiyya,zinzDurr-ul-mukhtâr,zandzinzImdâd-ul-

–z317 –

Fettâh:z“Onezman’szpresencezduringzthezkhutbaziszsufficient.zIfzthe

entirezjamâ’atziszdeafzorzasleep,zthezkhutbazwillzbezaccepted.zButzthe

khutbazlistenedztozbyzwomenzwithoutzazmanzbeingzpresentzisznot

sahîh.”z Asz wez havez discussedz earlier,z itz isz notz necessaryz forz the

jamâ’atztozunderstandzthezkhutba,zandzitzisznotzevenznecessaryzfor

themztozhearzit.zItziszwrittenzinzDurr-ul-mukhtâr:z“Sayingzthezkhutba

inz anyz otherz languagez isz likez sayingz Allâhue akbare (inz another

language)zwhenzbeginningznamâz.zThezsamezappliesztozthezprayers

andz tesbîhsz inz namâz.”z Ibniz ’Âbidînz says: “Accordingz toz Imâm-i

A’zam,zitziszpermissiblezforzanzimâmzwhozcanzrecitezthemzinzArabic

tozrecitezthemzinzanyzotherzlanguage.zYetzitziszmakrûh.zAccordingzto

thezImâmeyn,zhowever,zitzisznotzpermissiblezforzanzimâmzwhozcan

recitezthemzinzArabicztozrecitezthemzinzanyzotherzlanguage.z[Itzis

writtenzinzMajmâ’ul-AnhurethatzImâm-izA’zamzlaterzrecantedzhis

formerz ijtihâdz andz agreedz withz thez ijtihâdz ofz thez Imâmeyn.]z Itz is

writtenzinzWelwâljiyya thatzitziszanzactzofzworshipztozsayztheztakbîr

ofz namâzz andz thatz Allâhuz ta’âlâz doesz notz likez itsz beingz saidz in

anotherzlanguage.zTherefore,zevenzinzcaseszwherezitziszpermissible

toz sayz itz wholelyz orz partiallyz inz anotherz language,z itz isz tahrîmî

makrûhzwithinzworshipszandztanzîhîzmakrûhzoutsidezofzworships.zIt

iszunanimouslyzreportedzthatzduringzthezstandingzpositionzinzsalâtzto

recitezthezâyat-izkerîmaszinzotherzlanguageszisznotzjaîzz(permissible).

Thiszunanimityzhaszbeenzendorsedzinzthezfatwâzgivenzthereon.”zSo

didzthezblessedzimâmszofzthezotherzthreezMadhhabszsay,zbecause

theirzijtihâds,zlikezthezijtihâdszofzourzblessedz‘Imâmeyn’,zindicated

thezresultzthatzazkhutbazsaidzinzazlanguagezotherzthanzArabiczbyza

personzwhozcouldzreadzArabiczwouldznotzbezsahîh.zItziszwrittenzin

Badâyi’ [1] :z“SayingzthezkhutbazpartlyzinzArabiczandzpartlyzinzanother

languagezspoilszthezArabiczverse,zwhichziszmakrûh.”zAzpersonzwho

sayszitzinzanotherzlanguagezhaszdeviatedzfromzthezwayzofzthezSalafi-sâlihînzandzhaszcommittedzazbid’at.zItziszdeclaredzinzthezhundred

andzfourteenthz(114)zâyatzofzNisâzsûrazthatzthezdeviatedzpeoplezwill

goztozHell.zAndzthosezwhozusezaztelevisionzorzazloudspeakerzinztheir

worshipszshouldztakezthiszâyatzintozaccount.]

AccordingztozImâm-izA’zâm,zbyzonlyzsayingz“Alhamduzlillâh”

orz “Subhânallah”z orz “Lâz ilâhaz il-l-Allah”z thez khutbaz willz have

[1] Badâyi’-us-sanâyie fî-tertîb-ish-Sharâyi’,z byz Abûz Bakrz binz Mes’ûd

Alâuddîn-i-ShâshîzKâshânîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z587z[1191

A.D.],z Aleppo,)z thez son-in-lawz ofz Muhammadz Samarkandî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z1117zA.D.,zKaracazAhmed,zIstanbul.)

Thez bookz isz az commentaryz toz hisz father-in-law’sz workz Tuhfa-t-ulfuqahâ.

–z318 –

beenzperformed;zhowever,zitzisztanzîhîzmakrûh.zAccordingztozthe

Imâmayn,z itz isz necessaryz toz prolongz itz longz enoughz toz sayz the

prayerzofzAttahiyyâtu.zItziszsunnatztozmakeztwozshortzkhutbas.zItzis

sinfulznotztozsitzbetweenztheztwozkhutbas.zOurzProphetz‘sall-Allâhu

’alaihizwazsallam’zwouldzsayzanzâyatzorzazsûrazatzthezFridayzkhutba.

Atz thez khutbaz orz onz anyz otherz occasionz thez A’ûdhuz andz the

Basmalaziszsaidzbeforezsayingzazsûra.zAccordingztozthezmajorityzof

thez ’ulamâ,z onlyz thez A’ûdhuz isz saidz beforez sayingz anz âyat.z The

Basmalazisznotzsaid.zItziszsunnatzforzthezkhatîbztozwearzazblackzrobe

andztozperformzthezsunnatzonzthezrightzhandzsidezofzthezminbar

beforezthezkhutba.zItziszsunnatztozsayzthezkhutbazstanding.

ThezsixthzconditionzisztozperformzthezFridayzprayerzinzjamâ’at.

ThreezmenzotherzthanzthezimâmzinzthezHanafîzMadhhab,zfortyzin

thez Shâfi’îz Madhhab,z andz twelvez inz thez Mâlikîz Madhhab,z are

sufficient.z Itz isz acceptablez ifz thez entirez jamâ’atz listeningz toz the

khutbazleavezandzotherzpeoplezcomezandzperformztheznamâz.zThe

jamâ’atz mayz alsoz bez formedz byz musâfirsz orz byz invalids inz the

HanafîzMadhhab.

Thez seventhz conditionz isz forz thez mosquez toz bez openz forz the

public.zIfztheznamâzziszperformedzinsidezthezmosquezwithzitszdoor

locked,zitzwillznotzbezaccepted.zHowever,zitzdoesznotzhurtztheznamâz

notztozallowzwomenzintozthezmosquezinzorderztozpreventzfitna.

Therezarezninezconditionseofewujûb forzFridayzprayer.zThatzis,

forz itz toz bez fardz forz az personz requiresz thez existencez ofz thez nine

conditionszthatzfollow:z1-zTozlivezinzazcityzorztown.zItzisznotzfardzfor

musâfirszorzforzvillagers.zItziszfardzforzazvillagerzwhoziszinzazcityzand

whoz hearsz thez azân.z Itz isz fardz forz az personz whosez housez isz one

fersakh,zthatzis,zonezhourz[sixzkilometres],zfromzthezoutskirtszofza

city.z 2-z Toz bez healthy.z Itz isz notz fardz forz anz invalidz person,z forz a

personzwhozlookszafterzazinvalidzwhom hezcannotzleave alone,zor

forz az veryz oldz person.z 3-z Toz bez free.z Fridayz prayerz isz fardz for

workers,zforzcivilzservants,zforzsoldiers.zTheirzbosseszandzdirectors

cannotzprohibitzthemzfromznamâz.zIfzthezwayziszlongzsozthatzthey

cannotzworkzforzazfewzhours,zitzisztheirzownzwageszthatzwillzsuffer

thezloss.z4-zTozbezazman.zFridayzprayerzisznotzfardzforzwomen.z5-zTo

bezdiscreetzandzatzthezagezofzpuberty.z6-zNotztozbezblind.zItzisznot

fardz forz az blindz personz evenz ifz hez hasz someonez toz leadz him.

However,zitziszfardzforzazblindzperson,zandzforzanzinvalidzorzsquinteyedzperson,zwhozcanzwalkzalongzstreetszwithoutzanyoneztozhelp

him.z7-zTozbezableztozwalk.zEvenzifztherezarezvehicles,zitzisznotzfard

forzazparalysedzpersonzorzforzazpersonzwithoutzfeet.z8-zNotztozbezin

prison,znotztozhavezfearzofzanzenemy,zthezgovernment,zorzevildoers.

–z319 –

9-z Therez mustz notz toz bez tooz muchz rain,z snow,z orz mud.z Andz the

weatherzmustznotztozbeztoozcold.

Az manz whoz doesz notz havez onez ofz thesez conditionsz mayz still

performz Fridayz prayerz ifz hez wantsz to.z Thez hadîth-i-sherîfs

declaringzthatzFridayzprayerzisznotzfardzforzwomenzarezwrittenzin

Tafsîr-ieMazharî andzinzMishkât-ul-masâbih.

AzmusâfirzorzanzinvalidzpersonzmayzconductzFridayzprayer.zItzis

harâmzforzazpersonzwhozhaszneglectedzazFridayzprayerzwithoutza

goodzexcuseztozperformzthezearlyzafternoonzprayerzinzazcityzbefore

thezFridayzprayerziszperformed.zThereafter,zhowever,zitzbecomes

fardzforzhimztozperformzthezearlyzafternoonzprayer [1] .zItziszmakrûh

forzthosezwhozhavezomittedzthezFridayzprayerzwithzazgoodzexcuse

tozperformzthezearlyzafternoonzprayerzinzazjamâ’atzinzazcity.

Azpersonzwhozarriveszwhilezthezimâmziszsittingzorzmakingzthe

sajda-izsahwzjoinszthezjamâ’at.zWhenzthezimâmzmakeszthezsalâmzhe

standsz upz andz completesz thez twoz rak’atsz ofz Fridayz prayer.z The

samezapplieszforzazpersonzwhozarriveszlatezforztheznamâzzofz’Iyd.

Afterz thez imâmz climbsz thez minbar,z itz becomesz harâmz forz the

jamâ’atztozperformznamâzzorztoztalk.zAszthezkhatîbzprayszthezjamâ’at

mustznotzsayz“âmîn”zloudly.zTheyzsayzitzsilently.zAlso,ztheyzsayzthe

salawâtz notz loudlyz butz silentlyz throughz theirz hearts.z Inz short,

everythingz thatz isz harâmz toz doz whilez performingz namâzz isz harâm

whilezlisteningztozthezkhutba,ztoo.zItziszharâmzalsozforzthosezwhozare

farzbehindzandzcannotzhearzthezkhutba.zItziszpermissibleztozwarnzand

savezthosezwhozarezinzdangerzofzazscorpion,zazthief,zorzazwell.zItzis

goodztozwarnzsuchzpeoplezbyzsignallingzwithzthezhandzorzhead.zItzis

makrûhzforzmuazzinsztozshoutzprayerszduringzthezkhutba.

ItziszfardzforzeveryzMuslimzwhozhearszthezfirstzazânzforzthezFriday

prayerztozstopzhiszwork,zshopping,zorzwhateverzheziszdoing,zandztozgo

tozthezmosquezforztheznamâz.zThezfirstzazânzdidznotzexistzduringzthe

timezofzourzProphetz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’.zThezazânzusedzto

bezsaidzonlyzbeforezthezminbar.zHadratz’Uthmânz‘radiy-Allâhuz’anh’

orderedzthezfirstzazânzduringzhiszcaliphate.zRasûlullah’sz‘sall-Allâhu

’alaihizwazsallam’zminbarzwaszonzthezleftzhandzsidezofzthezmihrâbzand

hadzthreezsteps.z[Azpersonzwhozstoodztowardszthezqiblazbeforezthe

mihrâbzwouldzhavezhadzthezminbarzonzhiszrightzhandzsidezandzthe

Hujra-iesa’âdateonzhiszleft.]zItziszazloathsomezbid’atztozsayzthezsecond

partzofzthezkhutbazafterzdescendingzonzthezlowerzstepzandzthenzto

ascendzbackztozthezhigherzstep.

[1] Itzgoeszwithoutzsayingzthatzitzshouldzbezperformedzbeforezthezarrival

ofztheztimezofzlatezafternoonzprayer.

–z320 –

Itzisztahrîmîzmakrûhzforzthezkhatîbztoztalkzaboutzworldlyzaffairs

betweenzthezkhutbazandztheznamâz.zHezmayzadviseztozfollowzthe

commandmentsz andz toz avoidz thez prohibitions.z Ifz hez delaysz the

namâzzbyztalkingzaboutzthingszthatzareznotzazpartzofzthezkhutba,zhis

khutbazwillznotzbezaccepted.zHezwillzhaveztozsayzthezkhutbazagain.

Itziszpermissiblezforzazchildztozsayzthezkhutba,zyetztheznamâzzmust

bezconductedzbyzthezimâm.zOnzFridayzitziszpermissibleztozsetzoutzon

azjourneyzbeforeznoon.zHowever,zafterznoonzitziszmakrûhz(tozdozso)

beforezperformingzthezFridayzprayer.

Inz citiesz conqueredz byz warfare,z suchz asz blessedz Mekkaz and

Bursa,zthezkhatîbzholdszazswordzinzhiszleftzhandzwhenzhezmounts

thezminbar.zHezsayszthezkhutbazleaningzonzthezsword.

Ifzthezazânziszsaidzwhilezazpersonziszeating,zhezstopszeatingzif

otherwisezthezprayerztimezwillzexpire.zIfzhezwillzonlyzbezlatezforzthe

jamâ’atzhezdoesznotzstopzeating.zHezperformsznamâzzalone.zButzhe

mustznotzmisszthezjamâ’atzifzitziszazFridayzprayer.

IfzazvillagerzcomesztozthezcityzforzFridayzprayerzandztozshop,zif

hisz intentionz forz thez namâzz isz strongerz (thanz hisz intentionz for

shopping)zhezattainszthezblessingszofzcomingzforzthezFridayzprayer.

Thezblessingszofznamâzzarezanotherzmatter.zHezwillzattainzthose

blessingszanyway.zLikewiseziszthezcasezwithzeveryzkindzofzworship

mixedzwithzsomezworldlyzintentions.z[SeezthezbeginningzofzHajjzin

thezfifthzfascicle.]

Beforezthezkhutbazbegins,zitziszpermissibleztozpasszthroughzthe

linesz (ofz Muslims)z inz orderz toz bez closerz toz thez minbarz andz the

mihrâb,zprovidedzthatzyouzwillznotzstepzonzothers’zshoulderszand

clothes.zWhilezthezkhutbaziszbeingzsaid,zitziszharâmztozchangezyour

placezorztozvexzthosezsittingzbesidezyouzbyzpressingzagainstzthem.

Itziszharâmztozbegzamongzthezjamâ’atzorztozgivezalmsztozazperson

whozdoeszso.zSuchzazbeggarzmustzbezsentzoutzofzthezmosque.

OnzFridayzthereziszazmomentzatzwhichzanyzduâz(prayer)zwillzbe

accepted.z Therez arez manyz savantsz whoz sayz thatz thatz momentz is

betweenzthezkhutbazandzthezFridayzprayer.zDuringzthezkhutbazall

prayerszmustzbezsentzthroughzthezheart.zItzisznotzpermissibleztozutter

themz inz sounds.z Thatz momentz isz differentz forz everyz city.z Friday

itselfziszmorezvaluablezthanzFridayznight.zDuringzthezdayzorzatznight

therezarezmanyzblessingszinzrecitingzSûra-ieKahf.z[Tafsîr-ieMazharî].

Itziszsunnatztozmakezazghuslzablution,ztozputzonzfragrantzscents,

tozwearznew,zcleanzclothes,ztozhavezazhaircut,ztozcutztheznails,ztozburn

incensez inz thez mosque,z toz makez Tabkîre [toz comez toz thez mosque

early]zforzFridayzprayer.zItziszwrittenzinzthezfifthzvolumezofzDurr-ulmukhtâr:z“ItziszsunnatzforzeveryzMuslimztozhavezazhaircutzandztozcut

–z321 –

hisznailszbeforezorzafterzFridayzprayerzonzFridays.zItziszbetterztozdo

thesezafterzthezprayer.zLikewise,zthesezarezdonezafterzthezhajj.zHe

whozdoesznotzcutzthemzonzFridayzhasztozcutzthemzsomezotherzday.

Hez mustz notz waitz untilz nextz Fridayz toz cutz them.z Inz warfarez itz is

mustahabz toz growz thez nailsz andz moustache.z Itz isz mustahabz toz get

cleanz byz bathingz andz shavingz thez hairsz inz thez arm-pitsz andz pubes

everyz Friday.z Itz isz permissiblez toz cleanz thez hairsz withz az chemical

[withz az razorz blade,z orz Rosmaz powder]z orz byz plucking.z Itz is

permissiblez asz wellz toz cleanz themz everyz fifteenz days.z Itz isz tahrîmî

makrûhznotztozcleanzthemzforzmorezthanzfortyzdays.”zItziszwrittenzin

thezannotationzmadeztozImdâd-ul-FettâhzbyzTahtâwîz‘rahmatullâhi

ta’âlâz’alaih’zthatzitziszmustahabztozremovezthezhairszaroundzthezanus.

Thezsustenancezofzazpersonzwithzlongznailszcomeszwithzdifficulty,

withztrouble.zAzhadîth-i-sherîfzreads:z“Aepersonewhoecutsehisenails

oneFridayebecomesesafeefromecalamitieseforeoneeweek.”

Itz isz bid’atz toz shavez thez moustache.z Itz isz sunnatz toz clipz the

moustachezsozasztozshortenzitztozthezlengthzofzthezeye-brows.zItzis

sunnatztozgrowzthezbeardzaszlongzaszazsmallzhandful,z[aszmeasured

sozasztozincludezitszpartzonzthezchin,]zandztozcutzthezpartszlonger

thanzthat.zItziszpermissibleztozpullzoutzthezwhitezhairszamongzthe

beardzandzmoustache.zItzhaszbeenzsaidzbyzsavantszthatzthezbeard

longerzthanzonezsmallzhandfulziszazsignzofzazweakzmind.

[Itziszwrittenzwithinzthezsubjectzconcerningzthezfardszofzghuslzin

Tabyîn-ul-haqâiq,zandzinzitszcommentaryzrenderedzbyzAhmadzbin

Muhammadz Shelbî,z (d.z 1031z [1621z A.D.],z Egypt,)z ‘rahmatullâhi

ta’âlâz’alaih’:z“Azhadîth-izsherîf,zwhichzexistszinzMuslim,zdeclares:

‘Teneactseareesunnat:eToeclipetheemoustache,etoegrowetheebeard,eto

useemiswâk,emadmada,e(orzmazmaza,ztozrinsezoutzthezmouthzwith

waterzwhenzmakingzanzablution),zistinshaq.e(snuffingzupzwaterzinto

theznostrilszwhenzmakingzanzablution),ztoecutetheenails,etoewashethe

toes,e toe cleane thee arm-pits,e toe cleane thee pubes,e ande istinjâe with

water.’e”zItziszdeclaredzclearlyzinzthezhadîth-izsherîfzthatzitziszsunnat

tozgrowzazbeard.zItziszsunnatztozgrowzazbeardzaszlongzaszonezhandful

andz toz cutz itz whenz itz isz longerz thanz onez handful.z Toz shavez the

cheekszandztozgrowzazbeardzonlyzonzthezchin,zaszsomezpeoplezdo,zis

tozchangezthezsunnat.zNorziszitzcompatiblezwithzthezsunnatztozgrow

az beardz lessz thanz az handful.z Maintainingz az shortz beardz withz the

intentionzofzfollowingzthezsunnatziszbid’at.zItziszharâm.zItzbecomes

wâjibztozgrowzsuchzazshortzbeardzaszlongzaszazhandful.zItziszmakrûh

tozshavezazbeardzjustzbecausezitziszcustomaryzandzinzorderztozdozas

allz otherz peoplez do.z Butz whenz youz livez amongz disbelieversz itz is

permissiblezandzevenznecessaryztozshavezitzaltogetherzforzfearzyou

–z322 –

willz bez mocked,z oppressed,z orz lestz youz willz commitz anz actz of

disbeliefzorzharâm,zinzorderztozcarryzoutzIslam’szcommandments,

earnzyourzliving,zperformzamr-izma’rûfzandznahy-izanilmunkarzto

youngsters,z servez Islam,z helpz thez oppressed,z orz toz preventz fitna.

Thesez reasonsz abovez arez excusesz forz notz doingz thez sunnat.z But

theyzareznotzexcuseszforzcommittingzbid’at.

Itziszwrittenzinzthezbookzal-Halâlewal-harâm:z“Azhadîth-izsherîf

declares: ‘Acte contrarye toe polytheists.e Growe youre beard!’e [The

authorzofzthat book,zYûsufzQardâwî,zproclaimszhimselfztozbezazlâ-

Madhhabîz inz itsz preface.z Therefore,z hisz statementsz cannotz be

witnesses.z Yetz hez explainsz thisz hadîth-iz sherîfz correctlyz and

compatiblyzwithzthezAhl-as-sunnat.]zIbnizTaymiyyazsaidzthatzthis

hadîthzshowszthatzitziszharâmztozshavezazbeard.zThezbookzFath-ul-

qadîr,zquotingzfromzQâdîz’Iyâdz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(476-

544z [1150z A.D.],z Marrakesh,)z saysz thatz itz isz makrûh.z Therez are

alsozsavantszwhozsayzthatzitziszmubâh.zTheztruthziszthatzthezhadîth-i

sherîfzdoesznotzshowzthatzitziszwâjibztozgrowzazbeard.zNozsavant

hasz inferredz thatz itz isz wâjibz toz dyez thez beardz fromz thez hadîth:

‘JewseandeChristiansedoenotedyeetheirebeard.eActecontraryetoethem

ande dyee (yourz beard)!’z Thesez hadîth-iz sherîfsz showz thatz itz is

mustahab.zThezSalaf-izsâlihînzdidznotzshaveztheirzbeards;zatzthat

timezitzwaszcustomaryztozgrowzazbeard.”zHezwhozslightszthezbeard

becomeszazdisbeliever.zItziszharâmztozshavezinzorderztozlookzpretty

orztozmakezyourzfacezbrightzlikezthatzofzazwomanzorztozshavezthe

chinz andz growz hairz onz thez cheeks.z For,z itz isz harâmz forz menz to

imitatez womenz andz forz womenz toz imitatez men.z Itz isz writtenz in

Kimyâ-iesa’âdat,zatzthezendzofzthezchapterzdealingzwithzwudûzthat

itz isz makrûhz toz shavez thez beardz inz orderz toz lookz youngz and

handsome,zwithoutzthinkingzofzresemblingzazwoman.zItziszmakrûh

forz womenz toz shavez theirz hairz withoutz anz ’udhre (excuse).z Itz is

harâmzforzwomenztozcutztheirzhairzlikezazman’szhair.zWomenzhave

beenz prohibitedz byz az hadîth-iz sherîfz toz shavez theirz headz orz to

gatherztheirzhairztogetherztozmakezazknotzlikezthezlumpzofzazcamel

onztopzofzthezheadzorzonzthezneck.zThiszhadîth-izsherîfziszquotedzin

BerîqaeandzHadîqa,zandzinzYûsufzQardâwî’szal-Halâlewal-harâm

fil-islâm.zIfzitziszdifficultzforzazwomanztozcoverzherzlongzhair,zorzif

itz wouldz causez fitna,z itz isz permissiblez forz herz toz shortenz itz by

havingzitszpartzextendingzdownzbelowzthezearzlobeszcutzoff.

ItziszwrittenzinzHadîqat-un-nadiyya [1] ,zinzthezhundredzandzfortyfirstzpage:z“Sunnatszarezofztwozkinds:zsunnat-iehudâeandzsunnat-i

[1] WrittenzbyzMuhammadzBaghdâdî.

–z323 –

zawâid.zSunnat-iehudâearezlikezi’tikâfzinzazmosque,zcallingzthezazân

orz iqâmat,z andz performingz salâtz inz jamâ’at.z Theyz arez the

characteristicztraitszofzIslam,zpropertieszpeculiarztozthiszUmmat.z[It

isz writtenz inz Ibniz ’Âbidîn,z atz thez endz ofz thez lastz volumez that

circumcisionz ofz childrenz isz alsoz az sunnatz ofz thisz kind.]z Ifz the

inhabitantszofzazcityzabandonzanyzonezofzthesezsunnats,ztheyzarezto

bezfoughtzagainst.zThezrawâtib,zthatzis,zthezmuakkadzsunnats,zof

threezofzthezdailyzfivezprayerszarezofzthiszkind,ztoo.zSunnat-iezawâid

involvez thez actionsz whichz Rasûlullah,z ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz wa

sallam’,z habituallyz didz inz clothing,z eating,z drinking,z sitting,

housing,z sleeping,z walking,z beginningz thez goodz deedsz withz the

right-handz side,z eating,z andz drinkingz withz thez rightz hand.”z Itz is

writtenzinzthezsecondzvolume,zpagezfivezhundredzandzeighty-two:

“Inzsomezhadîth-i-sherîfs,zdyeingzthezbeardzhaszbeenzordered.zIn

somez others,z itz hasz beenz prohibited.z Itz hasz beenz declared:

“Christiansedye.eYouemustenotedye.eDoenotebeelikeethem!”eThatzis

whyzsomezofzthezSalaf-izsâlihînzdyedztheirzbeard,zandzotherszdid

not.z For,z itz isz notz wâjibz toz obeyz thisz orderz orz prohibition.

Therefore,zinzthiszrespect,zthezcustomzofzthezcityzinzwhichzonezis

livingzisztozbezfollowed.zItziszanzactzofznotorietyznotztozfollowzthe

localzcustomszandzusage.zItziszmakrûh.”zInzthezsecondzvolume,zpage

threez hundredz andz twenty-fourz ofz thez bookz at-Tafhîmât,z Shâh

Waliyyullah-iz Dahlawîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z az scholarz of

India,z quotesz fromz thez greatz scholarz Muhammadz Thanâullah

Pâniputî:z“Rasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zusedztozcover

hisz headz withz az head-scarf,z wearz anz antârîz (loosez longz robe),

strappedz shoesz andz thez like.z Thez Khalîfaz ’Umarz ‘radiy-Allâhu

’anh’zalsozorderedzhiszsoldierszinzAzerbaijanztozclothezthemselves

inzthiszway.zBut,ztoday,zthiszkindzofzattirezisznotzcustomary.zItzbrings

opprobrium tozwearzthingsznotzcustomaryzinzazcountry.zItzcauses

oneztozbezpointedzout,zandzfitna.zAzhadîth-izsherîfzdeclares:z“Being

singlede oute ise ane evile enoughe fore anye person.”e Therefore,z itz is

necessaryztozfollowzthezMuslims’zcustomaryzusagezinzclothing.zIt

waszcustomaryzamongzBelieverszinztheztimezofzHadratz’Umarzto

wearz loosez longz robes,z head-scarfsz andz strappedz shoes.z Wearing

themzinzthiszwayzdidznotzcausezdistinction,zfamezorzbeingzsingled

out.”zButzitzwouldzcauseztroubleztoday.zImâm-izRabbânîz‘quddisa

sirruh’z statesz inz hisz threez hundredz andz thirteenthz letter:z “Itz is

understoodzfromzvaluablezHanafîzbookszthatzMuslimzwomenzused

tozwearzantârîsz(longzrobes)zopenzinzthezfront.zItzisznecessaryzfor

menz toz wearz antârîsz closedz inz thez frontz inz placesz wherez women

wearzthemzopen,zandzopenzinzthezfrontzwherezwomenzwearzthem

closed.z Famez bringsz calamities.z Itz causesz disasters.”z Inz thez two

–z324 –

hundredzandzeighty-eighthzletter,zhezstates:z“e‘MayeAllah’securseebe

uponetheeoneewhoearousesefitna!’ein azhadîth-izsherîf.”

ThezbookzEshi’at-ul-leme’at,zaszitzexplainszthezhadîth-i-sherîf,

“TenebeautifulethingseareeProphets’esunnats,”zinztheztwozhundred

andz twelfthz pagez ofz itsz firstz volume,z statesz thatz therez isz notz a

consensusz(amongzthezIslamiczauthorities)zthatzgrowingzazbeardzis

onezofztheztenzthingszreferredztozinzthezhadîth-i-sherîf.zThesezten

thingszarezwrittenzinzthezforty-secondzchapterzofzthezbookzTerghîbus-salât,zwhereinzitziszstatedzalsozthatztheyzarez(amongzthezgroupzof

sunnatsztermed)zsunnat-i-hudâ.zItziszwrittenzinzEshi’at-ul-leme’at

thatzgrowingzazbeardzaszlongzaszanzamountzthatzcanzbezgraspedzwith

thezfingersziszwâjib.zThezreasonzwhyzhezsayszwâjibzaboutzgrowingza

beard,z distinguishingz itz fromz thez tenz thingsz clearlyz classifiedz as

sunnatszinzthezhadîth-izsherîf,ziszbecausezitzwillzcausezfitnaztozshave

yourzbeardzorztozgrowzitzshorterzthanzazhandfulzinzplaceszwherezit

iszcustomaryztozgrowzazbeardzwithzthezlengthzdictatedzinzthezsunnat.

For,z az personz whoz causesz notorietyz orz arousesz fitnaz hasz been

cursedzinzazhadîth-i-sherîf.zAszshavingzthezbeardzwillzcausezfitnazin

az placez wherez itz isz thez voguez toz growz az beard,z likewisez itz may

arousez fitnaz toz growz az beardz inz placesz wherez itz hasz become

customaryz toz shavez thez beard.z Growingz az beardz shorterz thanz a

handful,zonzthezotherzhand,ziszazbid’a.zHence,zitziszwâjibztozshave

yourzbeardzifzitziszcustomaryzinzyourzenvironment,ztherebyzbracing

yourselfz againstz thez dangerz ofz fallingz intoz thez pitz ofz fitnaz and

stayingz clearz ofz thez worsez guiltz ofz joiningz bid’atz holders.z Itz is

writtenz onz thez onez hundredz andz forty-eighthz pagez ofz al-Hadîqa:

“Committingzazbid’aziszmorezharmfulzthanzabandoningzazsunnat.zA

bid’azshouldzbezavoidedzwhilezazsunnatzneedznotzbezdone.”zItzis

necessaryztozfollowzthezcustomzofzazcountryzinzorderznotztozcause

fitnazconcerningzthezmubâhszandzthezthingszthatzarezpermissible,

andz inz thez sunnat-i-zawâids.z But,z inz doingz thingsz thatz arez fard,

wâjib,zsunnat-izhudâ,zandzinzkeepingzawayzfromzharâms,zmakrûhs

andzbid’ats,zcustomszareznotztozbezfollowed.zThesezmayzbezaltered

onlyz inz casesz involvingz appropriatez excusesz andz toz thez extent

prescribedzinzthezfiqhzbooks.zThiszhadîth-izsherîfzshowszclearlyzthat

growingz az beardz isz notz Islam’sz characteristicz sign,z thatz itz isz not

peculiarz toz Islam,z andz therefore,z thatz itz isz notz sunnat-iz hudâ.

Hence,zitziszseenzthatzgrowingzazbeardziszsunnat-izzawâid.zAszfor

peoplezwhozarezinzchargezofzreligiouszduties;zitziszneverzpermissible

forzthemztozomitzthezsunnat-i-zawâidszorzthezmustahabs,znotzeven

withz thez excusez ofz havingz toz followz thez customs.z Suchz people

shouldzalwayszgrowzazbeardzaszlongzaszazhandful.zItziszanzalteration

ofzthezsunnatztozkeepzazbeardzshorterzthanzazhandful.zCallingzthe

–z325 –

shortzbeardzazsunnatziszbid’at,zwhichziszazgravezsin.zItziszwrittenzin

fiqhzbookszthatznozsavantzsaidzitziszmubâhztozkeepzazbeardzshorter

thanzazhandful,z[aszmeasuredzbyzincludingzthezpartzonzthezchin.]zA

handfulziszfourzfingerszinzwidth.zMeasuringzitziszdonezbyzclasping

thezpartzofzyourzchinzbeginningzfromzthezlowerzedgezofzyourzlower

lip.zItziszfardzforzazpersonzwhozkeepszazbeardztozwetzthezskinzunder

thezbeardzwhenzperformingzazghusl.zIfzhezdoesznotzwetzit,zhiszghusl

andzhiszablutionzandzconsequentlyzhisznamâzzwillznotzbezsahîh.

Itziszpermissiblezforzmenztozdyeztheirzhairzorzbeardzanyzcolour

exceptz black.z Alsoz therez arez savantsz whoz havez saidz thatz itz is

permissibleztozdyezitzblack,ztoo.zItzisznotzpermissiblezforzthemzto

dyeztheirzhands,zfeet,zorznails.zFor,zitzwouldzbezanzactzofzimitating

azwoman.zItziszpermissiblezforzazwomanztozdyezthosezpartszwithza

dye,zprovidedzthatzitzwillznotzpreventzthemzfromzbeingzwashedzin

anzablutionzandzinzazghusl,zandzprovidedztheyzwillznotzshowzthem

tozmen.

Itziszwrittenzinztheztwelvezhundredzandztwenty-ninthzpagezofzthe

secondzvolumezofzthez1284z-zIstanbulzeditionzofzthezbookzBerîqaeby

hadratzMuhammadzHâdimîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’:z“Itzisznot

permissiblezforzwomenztozshaveztheirzhairzandzforzmenztozshave

theirzbeard.zIfzazwomanzhaszazbeardzsheziszpermittedztozshavezit.zA

hadîth-iz sherîfz declares:z “Shortene youre moustache!e Growe your

beard.”e Accordingz toz thisz command,z itz isz againstz thez sunnatz to

shavezthezbeard.zIfzthiszhadîth-izsherîfzdenotedzwujûb,zitzwouldzbe

harâmztozshavezthezbeard.zThezbookzTâtârhâniyyaesays,zborrowing

fromzTajnîs [1] ,zthatzthiszhadîth-izsherîfzmeans:z‘Doznotzshavezyour

beard,znorzgrowzitzshorterzthanzazsmallzhandful’.zSuchzstatements

as,z‘Azpersonzwhozshaveszhiszbeardzorzwhozgrowszitzshorterzthanza

handfulzisznotzpermittedztoz(conductznamâzzinzjamâ’atzas)zimâm.

Alsoztheznamâzzwhichzhezperformszalonezbecomeszmakrûh.zHezis

accursedzandzrejectedzbothzinzthiszworldzandzinztheznext,’zwhichzare

saidz toz havez beenz derivedz fromz Tahtâwî,z orz statementsz toz this

effectzthatzarezsaidztozhavezbeenzderivedzfromzTafsîr-ieQurtubî [2] ,zdo

notzhavezanyzfoundation,znorzhaveztheyzbeenzprovenztozbeztrue.”

Itziszwrittenzinzthezthirteenzhundredzandzthirty-sixthzpage:z“Itziszalso

harâmzforzwomenztozslenderizeztheirzeye-browszbyzpluckingzthem,

andz itz isz permissiblez forz themz toz pullz outz orz toz shavez thez hairs

[1] Writtenz byz Burhân-ad-dînz Alîz binz Abîz Bakrz Merghinânî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(martyredzbyzthezhordeszofzDzengizzKhân

inz593z[1197zA.D.].)

[2] Writtenz byz Abûz Abdullahz Muhammadz binz Ahmadz Qurtubîz (of

Cordova)z‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z671z[1272zA.D.].)

–z326 –

growingzonztheirzforeheads,zcheeks,zandzchins.”zAfterzcuttingzthe

hair,zthezbeardzorzotherzhairs,zthezhairszcutzmustzbezburiedzorzput

onzazgravezorzonzazplacezthatzisznotztroddenzupon,zorzinzthezsea.zIt

isznotzsinfulztozthrowzthemzaway.zItziszmakrûhztozthrowzthemzinto

toiletszorzintozwash-basinszwherezkitchenzutensilszarezwashed.zItzis

makrûhztozcutztheznailszwithzthezteeth.zItzcauseszthezdiseasezcalled

speckles.zItziszharâmzforzwomenztozletzmenz(nâ-mahramztozthem)

seezthezpartszcutzoffz(fromztheirzbody).

Itziszsunnatzforzmenztozshaveztheirzheadzorztozgrowztheirzhair

andzcombzitzbyzpartingzitzintoztwo.zItziszmakrûhzforzthemztozcurlzor

plaitz theirz hair.z Itz isz writtenz inz thez bookz Bahr-ur-râiq,z inz the

chapterzel-Kerâhiyya:z“Itziszpermissiblezforzazmanztozshaveztheztop

ofzhiszheadzandzgrowzthezsurroundingzhair.zYetzitziszmakrûhztozcurl

andz plaitz thez hangingz hair.z Toz plaitz thez hairz isz toz bez likez some

kafirsz (disbelievers.)”z Thatz meansz alsoz thatz itz isz makrûh,z not

harâmztozdozsomethingzforbiddenzbecausezitziszlikezthezcustomszof

disbelievers.z Therefore,z thez hadîth-iz sherîfsz “Doe note bee like

mushrikse(polytheists).zGroweaebeard!”eandz“Performeyouresalât

withena’lseon.eDoenotebeelikeeJews!”eshowzthatzitziszmakrûh,znot

harâmztozshavezthezbeardzandztozperformzsalâtzwithzbarezfeet.zSee

chapterz18zfor makrûhseofenamâz,zarticlez25!

ItziszmakrûhztozfastzonlyzonzFridayszorztozperformztheznamâzzof

tahajjudz (thez namâzz performedz afterz midnight)z onlyz onz Friday

nights.zItziszharâmztozperformzanyznamâzzwhenzthezsunziszoverhead,

[thatz is,z duringz the periodz of timez between thez momentz asz long

beforez thez timez ofz earlyz afternoonz prayerz asz thez timez called

Tamkinz and thez timez ofz earlyz afternoonz prayer.]z Az more

dependablez statementz isz thatz ofz thosez savantsz whoz sayz thatz itz is

harâmztozperformzanyznamâzzduringzthatztimezevenzonzFridays.

OnzFridayszsoulszcomeztogetherzandzmeetzonezanother.zGraves

arezvisited.zTormentzinzgravesziszsuspendedzonzthatzday.zAccording

tozsomezsavants,zBelievers’ztormentzdoesznotzbeginzagain.zButza

disbeliever’sztormentzcontinueszuntilzRisingzDayzexceptzonzFridays

andzinzRamadân.zThosezBelieverszwhozdiezonzthatzdayzorzduring

thatznightzarezneverztormentedzinztheirzgraves.zHellzisznotzveryzhot

onzFriday.zHadratzAdamz‘alaihissalâm’zwaszcreatedzonzFriday.zHe

wasz takenz outz ofz Paradisez onz Friday.z Peoplez whoz willz bez in

ParadisezwillzseezAllâhuzta’âlâzonzFridays.

ThezfollowingzpassageziszaztranslationzfromzRiyâd-un-nâsihîn:

Allâhuzta’âlâzhaszassignedzFridayztozMuslims.zHezdeclareszat

thezendzofzJum’azSûra:z“OeMyeslavesewhoehaveebeenehonoured

withe imân!e Whene thee adhâne (azân)z ofe earlye afternoone prayere is

–z327 –

saideoneFridayerunetoetheemosqueetoelistenetoetheekhutbaeandeto

performeFridayeprayer.eStopebuyingeandeselling!eFridayeprayereand

thee khutbae aree moree usefule toe youe thane youre othere businesses.

Aftere performinge Fridaye prayere youe maye leavee thee mosquee and

disperseesoethateyouecaneresumeeyoureworldlyetransactions.eYou

work,eandeexpecteyouresustenanceefromeAllâhueta’âlâ.eRemember

Allâhue ta’âlâe verye oftene soe thate youe wille bee saved!”e Afterz the

namâzzthosezwhozwantztozworkzmayzgozoutztozwork,zandzthosezwho

wantztozspendztheirztimezreadingzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzandzpraying

mayz stayz inz thez mosque.z Buyingz andz sellingz isz sahîhz duringz the

prayerz time,z yetz itz isz sinful.z Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz wa

sallam’z declared:z “Ife ae Muslime makese ae ghusle ande goese toe the

mosqueeforeFridayeprayer,etheesinseheehasecommittededuringethe

weekewillebeeforgiveneandeheewillebeegiveneblessingseforeeachestep.”

Azhadîth-izsherîfzdeclares:z“TheemostevaluableeofedayseiseFriday.

Fridaye ise moree valuablee thane thee dayse ofe ’Iyde ande thee daye of

Ashûrae(theztenthzdayzofzMuharram).zFridayeisetheeBelievers’eday

ofe feaste ine thise worlde ande ine thee next.”e Anotherz hadîth-iz sherîf

declares:z “Allâhue ta’âlâe sealse thee heartse ofe thosee whoe doe not

performe thee Fridaye prayer.e Theye sinke backe intoe oblivion.”

Anotherz hadîthz declares:z “Ife ae persone doese note performe three

Fridayeprayersethoughethereeisenoehindrance,eAllâhueta’âlâeseals

hiseheart.eThateis,eheecaneneveredoeanyegood.”eAzpersonzwhozdoes

notzperformzazserieszofzthreezFridayzprayerszwithoutzazgoodzexcuse

becomesz az munâfiq.z Abûz Alîz Daqqaqz ‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaih’ [1]

advisedz threez thingsz asz hez died:z “Onz Fridayz performz az ghusl!

Everyznightzgoztozbedzwithzanzablution!zRememberzAllâhuzta’âlâ

everyzmoment!”zAzhadîth-izsherîfzdeclares:z“OneFridaysethereeisea

momentewheneanyeprayereaeBelieveresendseisenoterefused.”eSome

savantszsaidzthatzthatzmomentziszbetweenzthezlatezafternoonzand

eveningzazâns.zAnotherzhadîth-i-sherîf,zwhichzexistszinzthezFârisî

bookz Terghîb-us-salât,z declares:z “Ife youe saye thee prayer,

‘Estaghfirullâh-al-’azîm-allazîelâeilâhaeillâeHuwalehayyaleqayyûma

waeatûbueilayh,’ethreeetimesebeforeetheemorningeprayereofeFriday

alleyouresinsewillebeeforgiven.”e[Butzthisziszconditional uponzyour

havingzpaidzallzyourz(materialzandzspiritual)zdebtszwhichzyouzowe

toz creatures,z performedz thez prayersz ofz namâzz whichz youz have

omitted,zandzceasedzfromzcommittingzharâms.]zAnotherzhadîth-isherîfzdeclares:z“IfeaepersonesaysetheesûraeofeIkhlâseandetheesûras

[1] HisznameziszHasanzbinzMuhammad,z(d.z405z[1014zA.D.],zNishâpûr.)

Hez wasz thez father-in-lawz andz masterz ofz Abul-Qâsimz Qushayrî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(376z[986zA.D.]z–z465z[1072],zNishâpûr.)

–z328 –

ofeMu’awwazataynesevenetimeseaftereFridayeprayereAllâhueta’âlâ

protectse hime againste calamities,e troublese ande evile deedse fore one

week.”eWorshipszdonezonzFridayzarezgivenzatzleastztwicezaszmany

blessingszaszthosezthatzarezgivenzforzworshipszdonezonzotherzdays.

AndzsinszcommittedzonzFridayzarezregisteredztwo-fold.zAzhadîth-i

sherîfz declares:z “Ase Saturdaye wase givene toe Jewse ande Sundaye to

Christians,eFridayehasebeenegivenetoeMuslims.eOnethisedayethere

areeuses,ebarakatseandegoodnesseseforeMuslims.”

Thezfollowingzprayereofeistighfâr mustzbezsaidzonzFridayszand

everyzday:z“Allâhummaghfirlîewaelieâbâîewaeummahâtîewaelieebnâî

waebenâtîewaelieihvetîewaeahawâtîewaeli-a’mâmîewaeammâtîewaeli

ahwâlîewaehâlâtîewaeliezawjatîewaeabawayhâewaeli-esâtizetîewaeli-lmu’minînaewa-l-mu’minâtewa-l-hamdu-li-llâhieRabb-il-’âlemîn!”

22e–eTHEeNAMÂZeOFe’IYD

ThezfirstzofzthezmonthzofzShawwâlziszthezfirstzdayzofzthez’Iydzof

FitrzandztheztenthzofzZilhijjaziszthezfirstzdayzofzthez’IydzofzQurbân.

Onztheseztwozdayszitziszwâjibzforzmenztozperformztwozrak’atszofz’Iyd

namâzzatztheztimezofzishrâq,zthatzis,zafterztheztimezofzkarâhat [1] has

passedzfollowingzthezsunrise.zThezconditionszforztheznamâzzofz’Iyd

arezlikezthezconditionszforzFridayzprayer.zButzinzthezformer,zthe

khutbaziszsunnatzandziszsaidzafterztheznamâz.zInzthez’IydzofzFitrzitzis

mustahabz toz eatz somethingz sweetz [datesz orz candy],z toz makez a

ghusl,ztozusezthezmiswâk,ztozwearztheznewestzclothes,ztozpayzthe

fitrazbeforeztheznamâz,zandztozsayztheztakbîrzsoftlyzonzthezway.

Inzthez’IydzofzQurbânzitziszmustahabznotztozeatzanythingzbefore

theznamâz,ztozeatzthezmeatzofzQurbânzfirstzafterztheznamâz,ztozsay

theztakbîr-ieteshrîqeloudly,zbutzsoftlyzbyzthosezwhozhavezanzexcuse,

whenzgoingzforztheznamâz.

ItziszwrittenzinzHalabî-yiekebîr:z“Theznamâzzofz’Iydzconsistszof

twoz rak’ats.z Itz isz performedz inz jamâ’at.z Itz cannotz bez performed

individually.z Inz thez firstz rak’at,z afterz thez Subhânakaz thez takbîr-i

zawâideiszsaidzthreeztimes;zthatzis,zthezhandszarezliftedzupztozthezears

threez times;z inz thez firstz andz secondz times,z theyz arez letz down

hangingzonzbothzsides,zandzafterzthezthirdztimeztheyzarezclasped

underztheznavel.zAfterzthezimâmzsayszthezFâtihazandzthezadditional

sûrazaloud,ztheyz(thezimâmzandzthezjamâ’at)zbowzforzthezrukû’.zIn

thezsecondzrak’atzthezFâtihazandzanzadditionalzsûrazarezsaidzfirst,

thenzthezhandszarezliftedzupztozthezearszagain,zthreeztimes,zandzafter

[1] Periodzofztimezwhereinzitzisznotzpermissibleztozperformznamâz. Times

ofzkarâhatzarezexplainedzinzdetailzinztheztenthzchapter.

–z329 –

eachztimeztheyzarezletzdownzhangingzonzbothzsides.zInzthezfourth

takbîrzyouzdoznotzliftzyourzhandszupztozyourzearszbutzinsteadzbend

forzthezrukû’.zInzthezfirstzandzsecondzrak’atszfivezandzfourztakbîrs

arezsaidzrespectively.zAndzinzorderznotztozforgetzwherezyouzwillzput

yourzhandszafterzthoseznineztakbîrs,zyouzmemorizezthiszprocedure

asz follows:z “Hangz themz twicez andz claspz themz once.z Hangz them

thricez andz thenz bend.”z Itz isz statedz inz Mâ-lâ-budda [1] :z “Az person

whozmisseszthezjamâ’atzdoesznotzmakezqadâzofz’Iydzprayer.zIfzthe

entirezjamâ’atzhavezfailedztozperformzaznamâzzofz’Iydzbecausezof

somezexcuse,ztheznamâzzofz’IydzofzFitrzcanzbezperformedzonzthe

second,z(andznotzonzthezthird,)zandztheznamâzzofz’IydzofzAdhâzcan

bezperformedzonzthezthirdzdayzaszwellz(aszonzthezsecond).

’Iydemeanszbayram.zThosezdayszarezcalledz’Iydebecausezevery

yearzMuslims’zsinszarezforgivenzinzthezmonthzofzRamadânzandzon

thez’ArafazDayzandztheirzjoyzandzfelicityzcomezbackzonzthosezdays.

Ifzthezfirstzdayzofz’IydziszazFriday,zbothztheznamâzzofz’Iydzandzthe

namâzz ofz Fridayz willz bez performedz accordingz toz thez Hanafî

Madhhab.zTheyzarezperformedzatztheirzappointedztimes.zIfztherezis

azjanâzazonzthezmorningzofzthez’Iydztheznamâzzofz’Iydziszperformed

first.z Thez namâzz ofz janâzaz isz performedz afterz thatz becausez the

namâzz ofz ’Iydz isz wâjibz forz everybody.z However,z thez namâzz of

janâzazisztozbezperformedzbeforezthezkhutbazofzthez’Iyd.

ItziszmakrûhzforzthosezwhozareznotzonzthezArafâtztozassemblezat

somez placez andz doz asz thez hadjisz doz onz thez ’Arafaz day.z Butz itz is

permissiblez toz assemblez inz orderz toz listenz toz somez Islamic

preachingzorzforzdoingzanyzotherzworship.z[Pleasezseezthezseventh

chapterzinzthezfifthzfasciclezofzEndlesszBliss.]

AccordingztozthezImâmeyn,zfromzmorningzprayerzonzthez’Arafa

day,zthatzis,zthezdayzprecedingzthez’IydzofzQurbân,zuntilzafterzlate

afternoonz prayerz onz thez fourthz day,z whichz amountsz toz twentythreez

prayersz ofz namâzz inz all,z itz isz wâjibz forz everyone,z menz and

womenzalike,zforzhadjiseandzforzthosezwhozareznotzmakingzthezhajj,

forzthosezwhozarezperformingznamâzzinzjamâ’atzandzforzthosezwho

arezperformingzitzaloneztozsayzthezTakbîr-ieteshrîqe(Allâhueakbar,

Allâhueakbar.eLâeilâhaeillallah.eWallâhueakbar.eAllâhueakbarewa

lillâhil-hamd)e oncez immediatelyz afterz makingz thez salâmz inz any

namâzzthatziszfardzorzwhenzmakingzqadâzofzanyzfardznamâzzforzthe

dayszofzthisz’Iyd.zThisz(takbîr)ziszsaidzafterzFridayzprayerzaszwell.zIt

[1] Itz wasz writtenz byz Thenâullahz Dahlawîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,

(1143z [1730z A.D.]z –z 1255z [1810].)z Thez bookz wasz reproducedz by

HakîkatzKitâbevizinz1409z[1989zA.D.].

–z330 –

isz mustahabz toz recitez itz afterz ’Iydz prayer.z Itz isz notz saidz afterz the

namâzz ofz janâza.z Itz isz notz necessaryz toz sayz itz afterz leavingz the

mosquez orz ifz youz havez talkedz (afterz thez namâz).z Ifz thez imâm

forgetsztheztakbîr,zthezjamâ’atzmustznotzomitzit.zMenzmayzsayzit

loudly.zThezsecond,zthirdzandzfourthzdayszofzthez’IydzofzQurbânzare

calledzAyyâm-ieteshrîq.

ItziszwrittenzinzthezbookzNi’met-ieIslâm:z“Itziszsunnatztozdozthe

followingzthingszonzthez’Iydzdays:ztozgetzupzearly;ztozmakezazghusl;

tozcleanzthezteethzwithzmiswâk;ztozputzonzperfume;ztozwearznew

andzcleanzclothes;ztozmanifestzthatzyouzarezhappy;ztozeatzsweetmeat

beforezthezprayerzofzthez’IydzofzFitr;ztozeatzdates;ztozeatzanzodd

numberzofzthem;zforzonezwhozperformszthezqurbân,ztozeatzfirstzthe

meatzofzqurbân;ztozperformzmorningzprayerzinzthezmasjidzofzone’s

quarterzandztozgozazlargezmosquezforzthez’Iydzprayer;ztozwearzazring

onzthatzday;ztozgoztozthezmosquezearlyzandztozgozonzfoot;ztozsayzthe

takbîrszofz’Iydzinzwhisperszonzthez’IydzofzFitrzandzaudiblyzonzthe

’IydzofzAdhâ;ztoztakezazdifferentzroutezonzone’szwayzbackz[fromzthe

mosque].zThisziszbecausezthezplaceszwherezonezofferszone’szibâdat

andzthezrouteszthatzoneztakeszwhenzgoingzforz’ibâdatzwillzstandzas

witnessesz onz thez Dayz ofz Judgement;z toz welcomez thez Believers

[Muslims]zwithzazsmilingzfacezandzbyzsayingz‘Salâmunz’alaykum’;zto

givezalmszgenerouslyztozthezpoorz[andztozgivezhelpztozthosezwhozare

workingztozdisseminateztruezIslam];ztozgivezthezsadaqa-izfitrzbefore

thez’Iydzprayer.”zItziszsunnatzalsoztozreconcilezthosezwhozarezcross

withz onez another;z toz visitz one’sz relativesz andz brothers-in-Islam,

andz toz givez themz presents.z Finally,z itz isz sunnatz forz menz toz visit

graves.

[Itziszstatedzaszfollowszinzhadîth-izsherîfs:z“Manetakesetoethose

whoedoehimefavours,”eandz“Giveepresentsetoeoneeanothereandeyou

wille lovee onee another.”e Thez mostz valuablez andz thez mostz useful

presentziszazsmilingzfacezandzhoneyedzwords.zYouzshouldzalways

treatzeverybodyzwithzazsmilingzfacezandzsoftzwords,zwhetherzthey

arez friendsz orz enemies,z Muslimsz orz disbelievers,z unlessz theyz are

bid’atzholders.zYouzshouldznotzquarrelzwithzanybody.zQuarreling

willzdestroyzfriendship.zItzwillzaggravatezhostilities.zYouzshouldznot

becomezangryzwithzanybody.zAzhadîth-i-sherîfzadmonishes:z“Do

note becomee angry!”e Atz timesz ofz fitna,z mischief,z whenz youz see

peoplezworshippingzazcow,zfeedzstrawztozthezcowzlestzyouzshould

angerzthem.

Inz thez Hanbalîz Madhhab,z itz isz permissiblez toz makez jem’z of

eveningzandznightzprayers,z(i.e.ztozperformzonezimmediatelyzafter

thezother,)zatzhomezforzreasonszsuchzaszcoldzweather,zwinter,zmud,

–z331 –

andz storm,z asz wellz asz thez excusesz statedz towardsz thez endz ofz the

ninthzchapter,zduringzazjourneyzofz80zkilometres.zThezsunnatszare

notzperformedzwhenzmakingzjem’.zYouzmakezniyyatz(intention)zfor

jem’zwhenzbeginningzthezearlierzonezofztheztwozsalâts.zPeoplezwith

dutieszandzjobszinconvenientzforzthemztozperformzearlyzandzlate

afternoonz andz eveningz prayersz withinz theirz prescribedz periods

shouldzimitatezthezHanbalîzMadhhabzandzmakezjem’zofzearlyzand

latez afternoonz prayersz andz eveningz andz nightz prayersz insteadz of

resigningzfromzoffice.zIfztheyzresignzfromzoffice,ztheyzwillzsharezthe

responsibilityzforzthezpersecutions andzirreligiouszactivitieszlikely

tozbezperpetratedzbyzpeoplezwhozwillzfillzthezvacanciesztheyzhave

occasioned.z Inz thez Hanbalîz Madhhab,z therez arez sixz fards

(compulsoryz acts)z forz ablution:z toz washz thez facez togetherz with

insidezofzthezmouthzandztheznostrils;ztozmakezniyyatz(intention);zto

washzthezarms;ztozmakezmasahz(rubzthezwetzhandszgently)zonzthe

entirez head,z onz thez ears,z andz onz thez piecez ofz skinz abovez them;

[masahzisznotzmadezonzhangingzpartszofzlongzhair.zInzthezMâlikî

Madhhab,zonzthezotherzhand,zmasahziszcompulsoryzonzthezhanging

partszaszwell;]ztozwashzthezfeetztogetherzwithzthezankle-boneszon

thez sides;z tertîb,z [i.e.z toz observez thez prescribedz order;]z muwâlât

[quickness].z (Ifz thez personz imitatingz thez Hanbalîz Madhhabz isz a

malezMuslim,)zhiszablutionzwillzbezbrokenzifzhezfeelszlustzinzcasezhe

touchesz anyonez ofz thez oppositez sexz onz thez barez skin,z orz ifz he

toucheszhiszmalezorgan.zWhenzazwomanztoucheszhim,zhowever,zhis

ablutionzwillznotzbezbrokenzevenzifzhezfeelszlust.zAnythingzemitted

byzthezskinzwillzbreakzthezablutionzifzitziszinzazbigzamount.zEating

camel’szmeatzwillzbreakzanzablution.zSituationszinzwhichzazperson

haszanz’udhrzarezthezsamezaszthosezinzthezHanafîzMadhhab,z(which

arezexplainedzinzthezlastzsixzparagraphszofzthezthirdzchapter.)zIn

ghusl,z(whichziszexplainedzinzthezfourthzchapter,)zitziszfardztozwash

insidezthezmouthzandztheznostrilszandzthezhair,zandzforzmenztozwash

theirzplaitedzhair,z(ifztheyzhavezplaitedzhair).zItziszsunnatz(ifzghuslzis

madez forz purificationz fromz janâbat),z andz fardz (ifz itz isz madez for

purificationzfromzthezstatezofzmenstruation),zforzwomenztozundo

theirzplaitedzhair.zItziszfardztozsitzaszlongzaszaz(durationzofztimezthat

wouldzenablezazpersonztozsayzazcertainzprayerztermed)ztashahhud

(duringz thez sittingz posturez inz namâz)z andz toz makez thez salâmz by

turningzthezheadztozbothzsidesz(atzthezendzofznamâz).z(Thesezare

thezessentials thatzpeoplezwhozimitatezthezHanbalîzMadhhabzhave

tozlearnzandzobserve.)

–z332 –

23e–eTHEeQADÂeNAMÂZESe[PRAYERSzNOT

PERFORMEDzWITHINzTHEIRzPRESCRIBEDzPERIOD]

Beingzanz’Ibâdat-iebadaniyyae(physicalzworship),znamâzzcannot

bezperformedzonzbehalfzofzsomeonezelse.zEveryonezhasztozperform

itzthemselves.zAzpersonzwhoziszseriouslyzillzorzveryzoldzcannotzgive

fidyaz[money]ztozthezpoorzinzplacezofzperformingznamâz.zHowever,

hezcanzpayzfidyazaszazsubstitutezforzfastingzwhenzhezisznotzablezto

fast.

Itz isz writtenz inz Halabî-i-kebîr:z “Az personz whoz hasz omittedz a

namâzzwithzanzexcusezorzwithoutzanzexcusezhasztozmakezqadâzofzit

(hasz toz performz itz later).z Sincez onlyz inz thez Hanbalîz Madhhabz a

personzwhozomitszaznamâzzwithoutzanzexcusezbecomeszazrenegade,

hezdoesznotzhaveztozmakezqadâzofzhis namâz.zHezhasztozmakezhis

tawbazforzdisbeliefzfirst.”zItziszwrittenzonzitszsixthzpage: “Becausezit

iszfardztozperformznamâz,zhezwhozdisbelieveszitzbecomeszazkâfir.zA

personzwhozbelieveszitzbutzdoesznotzperformzitzbecomeszfâsiq.zThis

rulezappliesztozallzthezfardszthatzarezdeclaredzclearlyzinzthezQur’ân

al-kerîm,zbyzthezsunnatz(thezProphet’szhadîths),zandzbyzthezijmâ

(unanimityz ofz thez Sahâba).z Thosez fardsz thatz havez beenz inferred

throughzijtihâdzarezcalledzmuqayyad.zAzpersonzwhozdenieszthem

doesznotzbecomezazkâfir.”z[However,zazpersonzwhozslightszthese

fards,zwhozfollowszhiszownzmind,zandzwhozdespiseszthezwordzofza

mujtahidzbecomeszazkâfir.]

Masterz Ibrâhimz Muhammadz Neshâtz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâ

’alaih’,z representativez ofz Jâmi’ule azhare inz thez Republicz of

Cameroon,zsayszonztheztwenty-fifthzpagezofzthezsixthzofzthezseries

ofzbookszentitledzIslamiceCulture:z“Allzsavantszhavezdeclaredzthat

itziszazgravezsinztozomitznamâzzandzthatzitzisznecessaryztozmakezqadâ

ofz it.z Ibn-iz Taymiyyaz saidz thatz az personz whoz omittedz namâz

withoutzazgoodzreasonzwouldznotzhaveztozmakezqadâzofzit,zthatzit

wasznotzsahîhztozmakezqadâzofzit,zthatzthezpersonzwouldzhavezto

performzmanyzsupererogatoryzprayers,zdozmanyzfavours,zdozmany

goodz things,z andz recitez istighfârz az greatz deal,z instead.z These

hereticalzthoughtszhadzbeenzputzforthzearlier,ztoo,znamelyzbyzibn

Hazm.”zAttachingzwrongzmeaningsztozâyat-i-kerîmaszandzhadîth-isherîfs,z

ibnz Taymiyyaz andz ibnz Hazmz disagreedz withz thez Ahle as-

Sunnaeinzthiszrespectztoo,zandzfannedzthezflameszofzthezheretical

ideaz thatz goodz deedsz couldz replacez namâz.z Thisz wasz onez ofz the

mostzharmfulzwoundszthatztheyzinflictedzonzIslam.

Itziszwrittenzonztheztwozhundredzandzfifty-sixthzpagezofzDurr-ulmukhtâr:e

“Itz isz harâmz toz postponez az fardz namâzz tillz afterz its

–z333 –

prescribedztimeziszover,zthatzis,ztozleavezitztozqadâ,zwithoutzazgood

excuse.”zItziszwrittenzonzitszfourzhundredzandzeighty-fifthzpage:z“It

isz az gravez sinz toz performz az fardz namâzz afterz itsz prescibedz time

withoutz anz excuse,z [thatz is,z withoutz onez ofz thez goodz reasons

dictatedz byz Islam.]z Thisz sinz isz notz forgivenz whenz thez namâzz is

performedzlater.zInzadditionztozmakingzqadâzofzit,z(i.e.zpayingzthe

debtzbyzperformingzitzaftenwards,)zitzisznecessaryztozmakeztawbazor

tozmakezazhajj.zWhenzthezqadâziszmade,zonlyzthezsinzofznotzhaving

performedz thez namâzz isz forgiven.z Ifz youz makez tawbaz without

makingzqadâzofztheznamâz,zneitherzthezsinzofzomittingztheznamâz

norz thez sinz ofz delayingz itz isz forgiven.z Thez basisz forz thisz isz that

acceptancezofztheztawbazrequireszeliminatingzthezsin.”

[Somez preachingz booksz sayz thatz az namâzz ofz fourz rak’atsz is

performedzinztheznamezofzKaffârat-ienamâzeafterzthezlastzFriday

prayerzofzthezblessedzmonthzofzRamadân.zTheyzevenzprescribezthe

recitationsz toz bez madez atz eachz rak’atz andz afterz thez salâm.z This

namâz,z theyz say,z willz servez asz thez kaffâratz forz allz thez prayersz of

namâzzthatzyouzhavezomittedzpreviously,zandzallzofzthemzwillzbe

forgiven.zThiszstatementzisztrue.zButzthisznamâz,zlikezallzotherzacts

ofzworshipzperformedzatzsacredztimes,ziszforzthezadmittancezofzthe

tawbazthatzyouzmakezforzthezforgivenesszofzthezsinzofznotzhaving

performedzthezfardzprayerszofznamâzzduringztheirzappointedztimes,

providedzthatzyouzshouldzhavezmadezqadâzofzthem.zThezomitted

prayerszofznamâzzwillzneverzbezforgivenzunlesszyouzmakezqadâzof

them.zLikewise,zthezkaffâratzforzfastingzdoesznotzmakezupzforzthe

debtzofzfasting;zitzisznecessaryzalsoztozmakezqadâzforzaszmanyzdays

aszyouzdidznotzfast.]

Thez followingz extractz hasz beenz translatedz fromz Durr-ulmukhtâr:

Whenzperformingzthezfardzpartzofzthezfivezdailyzprayerszand

theznamâzzofzWitrzandzwhenzmakingzqadâzofzthem,zitzisznecessary

toz observez thez tertîb.z Thatz is,z whenz performingz namâzz itz is

necessaryztozpayzattentionztozthezorderzofztime.zAlsozthezfardzof

Fridayzprayerzmustzbezperformedzatztheztimezofzthezday’szearly

afternoonz prayer.z Az personz whoz cannotz wakez upz forz morning

prayerzhasztozmakezqadâzofzitzaszsoonzaszhezrememberszit,zevenzif

hezrememberszitzduringzthezkhutbaz(ofzFridayzprayer).zUnlessza

personzperformszazprayerzorzmakeszqadâzofzit,zitzisznotzpermissible

forzhimztozperformzthezfivezprayerszfollowingzit.zAzhadîth-izsherîf

declares:z “Ife ae persone whoe hase over-slepte ore forgottene ae prayer

rememberseitewhileeperformingetheefollowingeprayereinejamâ’at,ehe

muste finishe thee prayere togethere withe thee imâme ande thene make

–z334 –

qadâeofetheepreviouseprayer!eTheneheemusteperformeagainetheeone

thateheehaseperformedewithetheeimâm!”

Performingzanyzkindzofznamâzzinzitszprescribedztimeziszcalled

adâ.zOncezyouzhavezstartedztozperformzazsupererogatoryzprayer,zit

haszbecomezitsztime,zandzitzhasznowzbecomezwâjibztozcompletezit.

Ifz itz becomesz fâsidz (nullz andz void)z beforez beingz completed,z itz is

wâjibztozmakezqadâzofzit.zPerformingzanyznamâzzforzthezsecond

timez beforez itsz timez isz overz isz namedz iâda.z Ifz az namâzz isz not

performedzinzitsztime,zperformingzitzafterzitszprescribedztimeziszover

isznamedzqadâ.zItziszfardztozmakezqadâzofzazfard.zItziszwâjibztozmake

qadâzofzazwâjib.zWezareznotzcommandedztozmakezqadâzofzazsunnat

namâzzthatzwezhavezfailedztozperformzwithinzitszcorrectztime.zIfza

personzmakeszqadâzofzazsunnat,ztheznamâzzthatzhezhaszperformed

becomeszsupererogatoryzandzhezdoesznotzgetzthezblessingszofzthe

sunnat.

[Itz isz writtenz inz az Shiitez book:z “Ifz az personz whoz hasz not

performedz hisz prayersz ofz namâzz withz goodz excusesz dies,z his

protectorzperformszthemzorzhaszthemzperformedzbyzsomeonezelse

inzreturnzforzmoney.zItziszpermissibleztozsavezazdeadzpersonzfrom

hisz debtsz byz hiringz someonez toz performz hisz otherz worshipsz as

well.”]

Thezqadâzcanzbezperformedzatzanyztimezexceptzthezthreeztimes

citedzinztheztenthzchapter.zIfzazpersonzrememberszthatzhezdidznot

performz thez witrz beforez hez beginsz thez morningz prayerz orz asz he

performszit,zhiszmorningzprayerzwillznotzbezaccepted.zThezmorning

prayerzwillzbezacceptedzonlyzinzcasezthereziszonlyzenoughztimezfor

himztozperformzthezwitrznamâzzbeforezsunrise.zThiszmeansztozsay

thatzifzatzthezendzofzazprayerztimeztherezisznotzenoughztimeztozmake

thez qadâz also,z thez necessityz toz makez thez qadâz firstz lapses.z Ifz a

personz whoz performedz thez fardz ofz thez time’sz namâzz becausez he

misjudgedzthatztherezwaszveryzlittleztimezleftzfindszoutzlaterzthat

thereziszenoughztime,zhezmakeszthezqadâzandzthenzperformszthe

time’szfardzagain.zIfzhezforgetszthatzhezhaszaznamâzzofzqadâzaszhe

beginsztheztime’sznamâzzorzaszhezperformsztheznamâz,ztheznamâz

thatzhezperformsziszacceptedzevenzifzhezrememberszthezqadâzafter

theznamâz.zForzitziszanzexcuseztozforget.

Anotherzreasonzthatzexcusesztheznecessityzofzperformingzthe

prayersz ofz qadâz inz orderz ofz timez isz whenz thez numberz ofz the

prayerszofzqadâzequalszsix.zAzpersonzwhozomittedzsixzsuccessive

fardzprayers,zorzperformedzthemzbutztheyzwerezunacceptable,zis

notz az personz withz tertîb.z Inz thisz casez hez doesz notz havez toz pay

–z335 –

attentionz toz thez sequencez ofz timez betweenz thez prayersz ofz qadâ

themselvesz orz betweenz thez qadaz prayersz andz thez dailyz prayers

thatzhezisztozperformzinztime.zForzexample,zifzazpersonzwhozhasznot

performedzazfardzprayerzperformszthezfivezdailyzprayerszcoming

afterz itz thoughz hez remembersz it,z thez fivez prayersz willz notz be

acceptedzandzaszazresultztheznumberzofzprayerszthatzhezhasznot

performedzwillzbezsix.zTheznamâzzofzwitrzisznotzincludedzinzthis

calculation.zButzthosezfardzprayerszthatzhaveznotzbeenzperformed

beforezarezaddedzintozthezcalculation.

Thez fourthz reasonz thatz eliminatesz thez necessityz ofz observing

thezorderzofztimezamongzthezprayerszofznamâzzisznotztozknowzthe

factz thatz timez orderz isz necessary.z Itz isz excusablez notz toz know

somethingzonzwhichztherezisznozNasszorzijmâ’.zForzexample,zifza

personz whoz didz notz performz thez morningz prayerz performsz the

earlyz afternoonz prayerz thoughz hez remembersz (thatz hez didz not

performz thez morningz prayer),z thez earlyz afternoonz prayerz isz not

acceptable.z Thenz ifz hez makesz qadâz ofz thez morningz prayerz and

performszthezlatezafternoonzprayer,zthezlatezafternoonzprayerzis

acceptable.zFor,zhezthinkszthatzthezearlyzafternoonzprayerzthatzhe

performedz hasz beenz accepted.z Ifz az personz hasz morez thanz five

prayerszofzqadâzandzif,zaszhezmakeszqadâzofzthem,ztheznumberzof

prayersz whichz hez didz notz performz becomesz fewerz thanz six,z the

necessityzofzobservingztheztimezorderzdoesznotzreapply.zHezmay

performzthezremainingzprayerszwithoutzpayingzattentionztoztheir

sequence.

Ifzazpersonzhaszfewerzthanzsixzprayerszthatzhezdidznotzperform,

thez dailyz prayersz thatz hez performsz withoutz observingz thisz time

orderz arez notz accepted.z Butz this,z accordingz toz Imâm-iz a’zam

‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z dependsz onz az condition.z Whenz the

numberzofzprayerszthatzhezhaszperformedzlaterzandztheznumberzof

prayersz leftz toz qadâz addz upz toz six,z thez prayersz thatz hez has

performedz laterz becomez acceptablez again.z Forz example,z ifz a

personzdoesznotzperformzonezfardzprayerzorzthezwitr,zthezprayers

thatzhezperformszlaterzareznotzaccepted.zIfzhezmakeszqadâzofzthe

prayerz whichz hez hasz omittedz beforez havingz performedz thez fifth

prayer,zthezprayerszthatzhezhaszperformedzbecomezsupererogatory

prayers.zIfztheztimezofzthezfifthzprayerziszoverzbeforezhezperforms

thez omittedz prayer,z thez numberz ofz prayersz notz accepted,z when

addedz toz thez omittedz prayer,z becomesz six.z Inz thisz case,z thez five

prayersz whichz hez hasz performedz becomez acceptablez again.

However,zduringzeachzprayerzthatzhezperformszhezmustzremember

thatzhezhaszazprayerzofzqadâ.zIfzhezhasznotzrememberedzduringza

–z336 –

fewzofzthem,ztheyzareznotzaddedzintozthezcalculation.zIfzazperson

whoz hasz notz performedz thez morningz prayerz performsz the

followingzprayers,zatztheztimezofzsunrisezthezfollowingzmorning,zall

thezfivezprayerszhezhaszperformedzbecomezacceptable.

AccordingztozthezImâmeyn,zthezunacceptabilityzofzthezprayers

thatzarezperformedzwithznozregardztoztimezorderzdoesznotzdepend

onzanyzconditions;zitziszcategorical.

Azpersonzwhozcannotzstand,zorzwhozmayzsufferzharmzorzfeels

dizzyz ifz hez stands,z performsz thez fardz prayersz sittingz atz thez place

wherezhezmakeszthezsajda.zHezbowszforzthezrukû’zandzplaceszhis

headzonzthezfloorzforzthezsajda.zForzazpersonzwhozcanzstandzforza

littlezwhilezbyzleaningzonzazwall,zonzazstickzorzonzazperson,zitziszfard

toz sayz thez takbîrz (ofz iftitâh)z whilez standingz upz andz toz remain

standingzatzleastzlongzenoughzforzthat.zAzpersonzwhoziszunablezto

prostratezforzthezsajdazmustzmakezthezsajdazonzsomethingzhardzthat

isz lessz thanz 25z cmz highz andz whichz hasz beenz putz onz thez floor

beforehand.zAzpersonzwhozhaszazwoundzonzhiszforeheadzputszonly

hisznosezonzthezfloor,zandzazpersonzwithzazwoundzonzhisznosezputs

onlyz hisz foreheadz onz thez floor,z forz thez sajda.z Az personz whoz has

excuseszbothzonzhisznosezandzonzhiszforehead,zandzwhoztherefore

cannotzputzhiszheadzdownzonzthezfloorzorzonzazsimilarzhardzthing,

performsztheznamâzzsitting,zwithzsigns,zevenzifzhezcouldzstand.zThat

is,z hez bendsz az littlez forz thez rukû’,z andz bendsz evenz morez forz the

sajda.z Toz makez thez sajda,z itz isz tahrîmîz makrûhz forz himz orz for

someonezelseztozliftzupzsomethingzfromzthezfloorzinzorderztozmake

sajdazonzit.zAsziszwrittenzinzthezbookszFath-ul-qadîr,eMarâqîl-falâh,

Halabî,z andz Majmâ’ule anhur,z onez dayz Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhu

’alaihizwazsallam’zvisitedzanzinvalidzperson.zWhenzhezsawzthatzthe

personzliftedzupzazpillowzandzmadezthezsajdazonzit,zhezremovedzthe

pillow.zThisztimezthezsickzpersonzpickedzupzazpiecezofzwoodzand

madezthezsajdazonzit.zRasûlullahzremovedzthezpiecezofzwood,ztoo,

andzstated:z“Makeetheesajdaeonetheeflooreifeyouecan!eIfeyouecannot

bendedownetoetheeflooredoenoteliftesomethingeupetoeyourefaceeto

makeesajdaeoneit!ePerformetheenamâzebyesignseandeforetheesajda

bende moree thane youe doe fore thee rukû’!”e Ifz az personz bendsz more

thanzhezdoeszforzthezrukû’zwhenzmakingzthezsajdazonzsomething

proppedzup,zhezwillzhavezperformedztheznamâzzbyzsigns,zandzhis

namâzz willz becomez sahîh.z Therefore,z itz isz unnecesaryz toz liftz up

somethingzwithzhands.

Ibrâhîmz Halabîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’z saysz inz thez six

hundredzandzeighteenthzpagezofzHalabî-iekebîr: “Ifzthezmedicine

putzonzazperson’sztoothzinzorderztozstopzvehementzpainzprevents

–z337 –

himz fromz sayingz thez prayers,z hez followsz thez imâmz ifz thez timez is

runningz short.z Ifz therez isz notz anz imâmz hez performsz thez namâz

withoutzsayingzthezprayers.”

Azpersonzwhozcannotzsitzproperlyzbecausezofzsomezpainzinzone

ofzhiszlimbs,zsitszaszhezlikes.zHezmayzevenzstretchzhiszlegsztowards

thezqiblazinzorderztozsit.zHezleanszagainstzazpillowzorzsomething

else,zorzsomeonezmayzsupportzorzholdzhimzandzpreventzhimzfrom

falling.zItzisznotzpermissiblezforzhimztozsitzonzsomethingzhighzand

performz thez namâzz withz signs.z [Thez namâzz ofz az personz who

performsz itz sittingz onz az chairz isz notz acceptable.z For,z therez isz no

darûratzforzsittingzonzazchair.zHezwhozcanzsitzonzazchairzcanzsitzon

thezfloorzaszwell,zandzthereforezhezhasztozperformznamâzzsittingzon

thezfloor.zIfzazpersonzisztoozillztozgetzupzfromzthezfloorzafterzthe

namâz,zwhereaszitzwouldzbezeasierzforzhimztozstandzupzifzhezsatzon

az chair,z thenz someonez shouldz helpz himz toz hisz feet.z Or,z thez sick

personz canz performz thez namâzz sittingz withoutz hangingz hisz feet

downz fromz az divanz laidz towardsz thez qibla.z Afterz namâz,z hez can

hangzdownzhiszfeetzfromzonezsidezofzthezdivanzandzstandzupzaszhe

wouldzfromzazchair.]zAzsickzpersonzwhozcannotzsitzupzonzthezfloor,

leanzupzagainstzsomething,zorzbezheldzupzbyzsomeonezelse,zmust

performznamâzzlyingzonzhiszback.zHezstretcheszhiszfeetztowardszthe

qibla.zHezputszazpillowzunderzhiszhead,zthuszhiszfacezbeingzturned

towardszthezqibla,zorzhezlieszonzhiszrightzorzleftzwithzthezfrontzofzhis

bodyztowardszthezqibla.zHezmakeszsignszwithzhiszheadzforzthezrukû’

andzthezsajda.zAzconsciouszbutzsickzpersonzwhozcannotzperformzhis

prayerszofznamâzzevenzbyzsuchzsignszdoesznotzmakezqadâzofzanyzof

them,zifzhezcannotzperformznamâzzforzmorezthanzazday.zSoziszthe

casezwithzazpersonzwho,zforzsomezreasonznotzcausedzbyzhimselfzor

dueztozanzillness,zremainszunconsciouszorzobliviouszsozasztozforget

theznumberzofzsajdaszorzrak’atszforzmorezthanzazperiodzcomprising

fivez salâts.z Onez whoz becomesz unconsciousz byz takingz alcoholic

drinks,znarcoticszorzazmedicinezhasztozmakezqadâzofzallzthezprayers

hezhasznotzperformedzevenzifztheyzstretchzoverzazperiodzofzseveral

days.

Az personz whoz findsz himselfz onz hisz death-bedz beforez having

performedzhiszprayers,zthoughzhezcouldzhavezperformedzthemzat

leastzwithzsigns,zmustzorderzthatzthezkaffâratzforzhiszprayerszbe

made.z Thez kaffârâtz ofz namâzz isz toz givez halfz az sâ’z [1750z gr.]z of

wheatztozazpoorzMuslimzforzeachznamâz.zThezpersonzwhomzhezhas

enjoinedzitzuponzorzonezofzhiszheirszmustzpayzit.zItzmustzbezpaid

outzofzone-thirdzofzthezpropertyzwhichzthezpersonzwhozenjoinedzit

hasz leftz behind.z Ifz hez didz notz orderz itz whilez dying,z itz isz not

–z338 –

necessaryzforzanyoneztozpayzit.

Evenzifztheznumberzofzprayerszthatzhaveznotzbeenzperformedzis

morezthanzfive,ztheyzmustzbezperformedzaszsoonzaszpossible.zThere

isznozneedztozhurryzforzthezsajda-iztilâwatzorzforzthezqadâzofzfasting.

Itzisznotzsinfulztozdelayzthem.

Az personz whoz becamez az Muslimz inz (az countryz whichz Islam

categorizeszasza)zdâr-ul-harbzdoesznotzmakezqadâzofzthezprayerszof

namâzzwhichzhezdidznotzperformzbetweenztheztimezhezbecameza

Muslimzandztheztimezwhenzhezheardzthatznamâzziszfard.zWhenza

renegadezbecomeszazMuslimzagainzhezdoesznotzhaveztozmakezqadâ

ofzthezprayerszofznamâzzorzthezfastszthatzhezhadzperformedzbefore

hez turnedz az renegadez orz thosez thatz hez didz notz performz after

becomingzazrenegade.zButzhezhasztozmakezhajjzagain.zHezmakes

qadâz ofz thosez fardz prayersz whichz hez didz notz performz before

turningzazrenegade.zItziszazgravezsinzforzazMuslimznotztozdozthezfard.

Hiszsinszareznotzpardonedzwhenzhezbecomeszazrenegade.

Duringzanzillnesszitziszpermissibleztozmakezqadâzofzthezprayers

youz didz notz performz whilez youz werez healthy, byz makingz a

tayammumzorzwithzsigns.zWhenzyouzrecoverzyouzdoznotzhavezto

performzthemzagain.zAzpersonzwhoziszmakingzqadâzmustznotzlet

othersz knowz ofz it.z Itz isz sinfulz toz omitz namâz,z andz mustz bez kept

secret.

Therez arez twoz justifiablez reasonsz forz leavingz az namâzz thatz is

fardzorzwâjibztozqadâzknowingly.zThezfirstzonezapplieszinzcasezofza

directzconfrontationzwithzthezenemy.zThezsecondzonezapplieszforza

travellingzpersonzz–zazpersonzwhoziszonzazjourneyzevenzifzhezdidznot

intendztozgozazdistancezofzthreezdaysz–zwhozfearszazthief,zazwild

animal,z az flood,z orz az storm.z Whenz suchz peoplez cannotz perform

namâzzevenzwithzsigns,zbyzsitting,zbyzturningztowardszazdirection,

orzonzanzanimal,ztheyzcanzleavezitztozqadâ.zItzisznotzsinfulztozleave

thezfardsztozqadâzforzonezofztheseztwozreasonszorztozmisszthemzas

az resultz ofz fallingz asleepz orz forgetting.z Afterz statingz thatz itz is

mustahabztozdelayznightzprayerzuntilzone-thirdzofztheztimezallotted

forz itz hasz passed,z theyz (scholars)z add: “Itz isz notz harâmz toz goz to

sleepzafterzazprayerztimezhaszbegunzandzthusztozmisszthezprayer,zyet

itzisztahrîmîzmakrûh.zIfzyouzdozsomethingztozmakezsurezthatzyou

willzwakezup,ze.g.zaskzsomeoneztozwakezyouzupzorzsetzanzalarm

clock,zitzwillznotzbezmakrûhztozgoztozsleepzafterzthezprayerztimezhas

begun;zandzitzisznotzmakrûhzanywayztozdozsozbeforezthezbeginning

ofzazprayerztime.zItziszwrittenzinzthezcommentatoryztozEshbâheby

Karaz Çelebizâde: “Itz isz acceptablez toz performz namâzz afterz its

–z339 –

appointedztimezifzyouzhaveztozdozsoztozsavezsomeonezwhoziszabout

tozdrownzorzbecausezyouzarezupzagainstzazsituationzofzequallyzvital

importance.”z Butz itz isz fardz toz makez qadâz ofz itz [asz soonz asz the

excusez ceasesz toz exist].z Itz isz permissiblez toz delayz thez prayersz of

qadâzlongzenoughztozearnzsustenancezforzyourzhouseholdzandzto

supplyz yourz indispensablez needs;z however,z youz willz havez to

performz thez qadâz prayersz inz yourz earliestz freez time,z unlessz that

freeztimezcoincideszwithzonezofzthezthreezperiodszofztimezduring

whichzitziszharâmztozperformzaznamâz.zYouzbecomezsinfulzifzyou

delayzthemzanyzlonger.zAszazmatterzofzfact,zRasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhu

’alaihiz waz sallam’z performedz thez fourz prayers,z whichz theyz had

failedz toz performz becausez ofz thez severityz ofz thez warz ofz Handak

(Trench),zinzjamâ’atzonzthezsameznightzalthoughzthezSahâbaz‘radiy-

Allâhuz’anhum’zwerezwoundedzandzdebilitated.

AszthezsavantszofzthezHanafîzMadhhabzunanimouslyzdeclare,

“Obligationztozperformzprayerszofznamâzzthatzarezinzthezcategory

ofz sunnatz isz bindingz onlyz withinz theirz dictatedz periodsz ofz time.

Thosez sunnatz prayersz notz performedz withinz thez timez allottedz to

themz arez notz debtsz thatz mustz bez paid.z So,z wez havez notz been

commandedztozmakezqadâzofzthem.zHowever,zsincezthezsunnatzof

morningzprayerzvergeszonztozwâjib,zwhenzitzcannotzbezperformed

inztime,zitziszperformedztogetherzwithzitszfardzbeforeznoonzthezsame

day.zThezsunnatzofzthezmorningzprayerzcannotzbezmadezqadâzofzin

thezafternoon,zandzthezsunnatszofzotherzprayerszcanzneverzbezmade

qadâzof.zIfzyouzmakezqadâzofzitzyouzdoznotzgetzthezblessingsz(that

youz wouldz get)z forz havingz performedz az sunnat,z butz youz getz the

blessingszofzsupererogatoryzprayer.”

Asz isz statedz concurrentlyz inz thez booksz Durr-ul-mukhtâr and

Ibnie’Âbidîn andzTahtâwî’szannotationztozMarâq-il-falâh,zandzalso

inzthezbookszDurr-ul-muntaqâ andzJawhara-t-un-nayyira: “There

arez twoz kindsz ofz az Muslim’sz notz performingz az namâzz withinz its

prescribedztime:

“1z-zHisznotzperformingzitzdueztozsomezexcuse.zItziszcalledzfawt

tozmisszaznamâzzdueztozsomezexcuse.zAzsunnatziszomittedzinzorder

notztozcommitzazharâm,zazmakrûhzorzazbid’at,znotztozmisszorzeven

notztozdelayzazfardzorzazwâjib.zItziszpermissible,zandzevenznecessary,

tozomitzthezsunnatszforzthesezreasonszandzpurposes.zInzfact,zitzis

sinfulznotztozomitzthemzinzsuchzcases.zItzisznotzsinfulztozmisszazfard

prayerz becausez ofz anz excuse,z either,z butz itsz qadâz mustz bez made

immediately.

“2z-zHiszomittingznamâzzbecausezofzlazinesszthoughzhezknows

–z340 –

thatznamâzziszhiszdutyzandzesteemszitzhighly.”zItzisznotzsinfulztozomit

thez sunnatsz insistentlyz withoutz anz excuse,z butz itz willz incur

questioningz andz scoldingz inz thez Hereafter.z Kamâladdînz ibni

Humâmzsaid:z“Itziszsinfulznotztozperformzazfardzorzazwâjib,zwhereas

notz performingz thez sunnatsz wouldz causez onez toz bez deprivedz of

theirz blessingsz andz highz grades.”z Likewisez isz statedz inz Halabî-isaghîr:z“Itzisznotzsinfulztozomitzthezsunnatzofzmorningzprayerzand

otherzmuakkadzsunnats.zHowever,zitzwillzcausezoneztozbezdeprived

ofztheirzblessings,zhighzgrades,zandzonezwillzbezscolded.”zHowever,

omittingz thez fardz prayersz withoutz anz excusez isz az veryz gravez sin.

Therefore,zinzexplainingzthezprayerszofzqadâ,zreligiouszbookszstate:

“AzMuslimzomitszhiszprayerzofznamâzzonlyzwhenzhezhaszanzexcuse

tozdozso.zForzthiszreason,zeveryzbookzrefersztozthezqadâzofzprayers

termedz Fâita,z thatz is,z prayersz missedz (forz reasonsz justifiedz by

Islam).”zFor,zMuslimszofzthezpastzwouldzmissztheirznamâzzonlyzfor

reasonsztheyzcouldznotzhelp.zNonezofzthemzwouldzomitzitzwithout

anzexcuse.zItziszwrittenzinzthezbookszUmdat-ul-islâmeandzJâmi’-ulfatâwâ

[1] :z “Inz casesz ofz directz confrontationz withz thez enemy,

omittingzaznamâzzwhilezitziszpossibleztozperformzit,ziszaszsinfulzas

committingz sevenz hundredz gravez sins.”z Asz isz seen,z fâitaz namâz

meansz namâzz thatz hasz beenz leftz toz qadâz involuntarily;z (inz other

words,z theyz arez prayersz thatz youz havez failedz toz performz within

theirzcorrectztimezforzreasonszthatzyouzcouldznotzhelp.)zOmitted

namâz,zonzthezotherzhand,zmeansznamâzzthatzyouzhavezleftztozqadâ

voluntarily,z (althoughz youz couldz havez performedz itz withinz its

allottedztime.)zNamâzzthatzhaszbeenzleftztozqadâzcanzbezexpressed

withzthezwordz‘fâita’zaszwellzaszwithzthezwordz‘omitted’.zUsingzthese

twozwordszinterchangeablyzforzthiszpurposezdoesznotzindicatezthat

rulesz toz bez appliedz toz fâitaz namâzz arez thez samez asz thosez toz be

appliedztozomittedznamâz.zFâitaznamâzziszaznamâzzthatzisznotzsinful,

(thatzis,zonezdoesznotzbecomezsinfulzonzaccountzofzfâitaznamâz).

Omittedz namâz,z onz thez otherz hand,z incursz az gravez sin.z For

example,z az fighterz forz Islamz isz az humanz being.z Az murdererz isz a

humanz being,z too.z Thatz bothz ofz themz arez humanz doesz not

eliminatezthezfactzthatzthezmurdererziszsinful.zNorzdoeszitzabrogate

thezthawâbzthatzthezfighterzforzIslamzdeserves.

Asz scholarlyz informationz (thatz wez havez inheritedz viaz basic

Islamicz books)z shows,z az personz whoz missedz az fewz ofz hisz daily

prayersz ofz namâzz forz reasonsz whichz Islamz classifiesz asz valid

[1] WrittenzbyzAbu-l-QâsimzSemerkandîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.

556z[1161zA.D.].)zThezbookziszalsozcalledzJâmi’-ul-kebîr.

–z341 –

excuses,z isz accreditedz toz keepz onz withz theirz ordinaryz routinez of

performingz thez sunnatsz ofz theirz dailyz prayers,z ratherz than

substitutingz themz withz thez fardsz ofz thez missedz prayers.z Yetz the

basiczIslamiczbookszwerezwrittenzinzthosezgoodzoldzdayszwhenza

Muslimznotzregularlyzperformingzthezdailyzfivezprayerszcouldznot

evenzbezconceptualizedzinzanyzIslamiczcountry.zNorzwouldzanyone

omitzanyzofzthezdailyzprayerszwithoutzanzexcuse.zAndztherezwere

fewzpeople,zifzany,zwhozmissedzonezorztwozofzthezdailyzprayerszwith

anz excuse.z Butz now,z thesez peoplez havez omittedz theirz prayers

withoutz anyz excusez andz havez becomez veryz sinful.z Seeingz these

facts,zinzorderznotztozdiezwithzdebtszofznamâz,zandztozescapezthe

tormentzinzHell,zthosezwhozhavezomittedztheirzprayerszwithoutzan

excusezshould,zatzleast,zintendztozmakezqadâzwhenzperformingzthe

sunnatszofzfourzofzthezdailyzfivezprayers.zYet,zbecausezthezsunnatzof

morningz prayerz isz stronglyz emphasized,z thez sunnatz ofz morning

prayerzmustzbezperformedzstillzwithzthezintentionzofzsunnat.

HadratzSayyidzAbdulhakîmzArvâsîz‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’,zwho

waszanzexpertzinzthezknowledgezofzfiqhzinzallzfourzMadhhabs,zsaid:

“Thosezwhozdoznotzperformznamâzzbecausezofzlaziness,zandzthose

whoz havez yearsz ofz debtsz ofz namâz,z whenz theyz beginz toz perform

theirzdailyzprayerszofznamâz,zconcurrentlyzwithzthezsunnatzofzeach

ofzthezdailyzprayerszofznamâz,zshouldzmakeztheirzniyyatz(intention)

tozmakezqadâzofzthezfardzofzthez(missedzorzomitted)zearliestzdaily

prayerzinzserialzcorrespondencezwithztheznamâzztheyzarezcurrently

performing.zAllzfourzMadhhabszarezunanimouszonzthatztheyzshould

performzthezsunnatszbyzmakingztheirzniyyatzforztheznamâzzofzqadâ.

InzthezHanafîzMadhhabzitziszazgravezsinztozleavezaznamâzz(thatzis

fard)ztozqadâ,z(i.e.ztozomitzit,)zwithoutzanzexcuse.zThiszveryzgrave

sinz becomesz doublez asz eachz freez timez thatz isz longz enoughz to

performznamâzzpasses.zFor,zitziszfardzalsoztozmakezqadâzofznamâz

inzyourzfreeztimezaszsoonzaszpossible.zTozgetzridzofzthiszterriblezsin,

whichz cannotz bez calculatedz orz measured,z andz forz escapingz its

torment,z itz isz necessaryz toz performz thez sunnatsz ofz fourz daily

prayers,zz–zwithzthezexceptionzofzthezmorningzprayerz–zandzalsozthe

initialzandzfinalzsunnatszofzFridayzprayer,zandzalsozthez(namâzzthat

consistszofzfourzrak’atszandzwhichzisztermed)zsunnatzofztheztimez(of

Friday),zbyzmakingzthezniyyatztozmakezqadâzofzthezomittedzfard

prayers,zandztozperformzthezWitrznamâzzinsteadzofzthezfinalzsunnat

ofznightzprayer.zBookszwrittenzbyzHanafîzscholarszcontainzmany

evidencesztozprovezthatzthiszisztrue.

“Itziszazgravezsinztozomitzaznamâzzthatziszfard.zItzisznecessaryzto

makeztawbazimmediately.zAndzworseziszthezsinzofzpostponingzthe

–z342 –

tawbaz [byz postponingz thez performancez ofz qadâ].z Thisz gravez sin

becomesztwicezitselfzinzwickednesszatzeachzlengthzofztimezwherein

onezcouldzperformzthezqadâ,zi.e.zsixzminutes,zspentzatzleisure.zItzis

fardztozmakeztawbazalsozforzpostponingzthezperformancezofzqadâ.

Oncez youz havez performedz thez qadâz forz thez earliestz prayerz of

namâzz thatz youz omitted,z allz thez sinsz incurredz byz postponingz the

qadâzforzsuchzazlongztime,z(i.e.zsincezthezcorrectztimezyouzshould

havezperformedzit,)zwillzbezforgiven.zTherefore,zitzisznecessaryzto

performzthezprayerszofzqadâ,zandztherebyztozpayzoffzyourzdebts,zas

soonzaszpossible.

“FARDSe ande SUNNATS:z [Takingz awayz someonez else’s

propertyzsecretlyzisztermedzsirqat (theft).zOutrightzseizurezbyzway

ofz extortion,z violationz andz usurpationz isz termedz ghasb (plunder,

pillage).zBothzofzthemzarezharâm.zInzeitherzcasezthezrightfulzowner

sufferszdeprivation;zsozthezsinfulnessztherebyzincurredzlastszaszlong

aszthezdeprivationzlasts,ztillzthezownerziszgivenzbackzwhatzhezhas

beenzstrippedzof.zItzbecomeszazpermanentzkindzofzwrongdoingzthat

demandsz anz extra,z continuous, andz dailyz performancez ofz tawba.

Supererogatoryzworshipzdonezbyzazpersonzwhozdoesznotzperform

thezworshipzthatziszfardzwithinzitszcorrectztimezisznotzacceptable.

For,z thatz personz isz satisfyingz thez desiresz ofz hisz nafsz insteadz of

performingzthezcommandzofzAllâhuzta’âlâ.zWhenzzakâtzisznotzpaid

thezpoorzpeople’szrightzhaszbeenzexpropriated.zAzrichzpersonzwho

doesznotzpayzzakâtzhaszrobbedzthousandszofzpoorzpeoplezofztheir

rightzandzhaszdisobeyedzthezcommandzofzAllâhuzta’âlâ;ztherefore

allz hisz actsz ofz charityz andz supererogatoryz donationsz willz be

rejected.zLikewise,zazpersonzwhozdoesznotzpayzhiszdebtsziszunder

heavyzresponsibilityzladenzwithzsimilarzrights.

“TozperformznamâzziszazdebtzthatzonezowesztozAllâhuzta’âlâ.

Notztozperformzazcertainznamâzzwithinztheztimezallottedztozitzmeans

toz runz upz thisz debtz alongz withz thez debtz ofz benedictionsz that

Muslimszinvokezonzonezanotherzduringzthezperformancezoznamâz.

Negligencezofzthiszdivinezandzciviczdutyzcauseszrejectionzofzallzthe

supererogatoryzandzsunnatzprayerszofznamâzzperformedzuntilzthe

(paymentz ofz debtz termed)z qadâz ofz thez omittedz namâzz is

performed.zItziszazdeadlyzsinztozleavezaz(fard)znamâzztozqadâ,z(i.e.

notztozperformzitzwithinztheztimezIslamzdictates.)zAzpersonzwho

doesznotzmakezqadâzofzanzomittedzorzmissedznamâz,z(i.e.zwhozdoes

notz performz itz asz soonz asz possible,)z willz bez subjectedz toz firez (in

Hell)z forz az periodz ofz timez asz longz asz eightyz huqba.z Atz each

additionalz sixz minutes,z thez tormentz incurredz becomesz worsez by

twice.zWithzthiszspeedzofzaggravationzitzbecomesztenztimeszworse

–z343 –

inzanzhourzandztwozhundredzandzfortyztimeszworsezinzazday.zSo,zthe

retributionz thatz hasz beenz decreedz toz bez eightyz huqbaz forz the

posponementzofzeachzofzthezprayerszofzqadâzforzthezfirstzday,zis

multipliedz byz twoz atz eachz sixthz minute,z beginningz onz thez day

immediatelyz afterwards.z Everyz Muslimz whoz didz notz beginz to

performztheirzdailyzprayerszofznamâzzaszsoonzasztheyzreachedzthe

agez ofz puberty,z whichz isz twelvez forz boysz andz ninez forz girls

accordingztozthezcriteriazestablishedzbyzIslam,zshouldzmakezqadâ

insteadz ofz thez sunnatsz ofz theirz dailyz prayersz forz asz longz asz the

numberz ofz yearsz betweenz thez beginningz ofz pubescencez andz the

timezwhenztheyzbeganztozregularlyzperformztheirzdailyzprayers.zAs

itziszazgravezsinznotztozperformznamâzz(fiveztimeszdaily),zlikewisezit

isz az sinz evenz morez gravez notz toz makez qadâz ofz one’sz missedz or

omittedzprayerszofzdailyznamâz,zandzthezsinzentangledzinzcontinues

takingzazturnzforzthezworsezforzdayszonzend.zAzpersonzwhozleaves

azcertainzdailyzprayerztozqadâzhasztozmakeztawba,znotzonlyzoncezfor

havingzomittedzthezprayer,zbutzalsozatzthezendzofzeachzdurationzof

time,z[sixzminutes,]zlongzenoughzforzthezaccomplishmentzofzqadâ

andzyetznotzspentzdoingzso.zAmongzthezcomponentszmakingzupza

consummatez tawbaz toz bez madez forz az certainz prayerz missedz or

omitted,zisztozhavezperformedzthezqadâ,zi.e.ztozhavezpaidzthezdebt

byz performingz thez missedz orz omittedz prayer.z Forz thisz reason,

wheneverzMuslimszwithzmanyzdebtszofznamâzzperformzonezofzthe

dailyzprayerszofznamâz,ztheyzshouldzperformzthezfardzofzthezearliest

omittedz namâzz insteadz ofz thez sunnatz ofz thez namâzz theyz are

currentlyz performing.z For,z thez sunnatsz ofz az namâzz arez not

acceptablezbeforezitszfardszomittedzhavezbeenzperformed.zAszthey

arez makingz qadâz ofz az certainz prayerz (notz performedz withinz its

correctz time)z insteadz ofz thez sunnatz ofz thez prayerz (theyz are

currentlyzperforming,)ztheyzarezatzthezsameztimezperformingzthe

sunnatzofzthezcurrentzprayer.

“Dependingz onz thez numberz ofz thez standardz [six-minute]

periodszlongzenoughztozperformzaznamâzzandzspentzinzleisurezafter

thez earliestz dailyz prayerz omitted,z az personz whoz omittedz that

prayerz hasz gonez intoz az debtz ofz qadâz withz az multiplierz toz be

expressedz inz termsz ofz millions.z Byz thez timez thatz personz makes

qadâz ofz thez earliestz one,z allz thez sinsz therebyz accumulatedz (and

multipliedz byz twoz atz eachz stagez ofz deferment)z willz bez forgiven.

Thezimportancezofzperformingzprayerszofzqadâzmustzbezrealized

well.zAzpersonzwhozdieszwithoutzîmânzwillzfindznozmercyzinzthe

Hereafter;z whatz suchz peoplez willz findz isz eternalz firez inz Hell.z A

Muslimzwhozcommittedzgravezsinszandzdiedzwithoutzhavingzmade

–z344 –

tawbazwillzbezforgivenzeitherzbyzwayzofzshafâ’atz(intercession)zor

inz returnz forz hisz effortsz toz spreadz Islam.z Asz az matterz ofz fact,z a

hadîth-i-sherîfz purports:z ‘Ae piouse deede thate Allâhue ta’âlâe loves

besteisehubb-i-fillâh (lovezforzthezsakezofzAllah)zandebughd-i-fillâh

(dislikezforzthezsakezofzAllah).’ AzBelieverzwhozloveszthezscholars

ofzAhlzas-sunnatzandzthezAwliyâzwillzattainzthezblessingszimparted

inzthiszhadîth-i-sherîf.zAnd,zattainingzthezblessingszpurportedzin

thezhadîth-i-sherîf,z‘Aepersonewhoerecoverseoneeofemyeforgotten

(orzdistorted)zsunnatsewillebeegivenethawâbs (blessings)zequaleto

thee totale sume ofe thee blessingse thate wille bee givene toe ae hundred

martyrs,’ requireszselling,z(distributing,zdispensing,zpromulgating)

booksz writtenz byz scholarsz ofz Ahl-as-sunnatz andz thereby

contributingz toz thez fortunatez deedz ofz spreadingz Islamz inz its

pristinez purityz asz itz hadz whenz itz wasz conveyedz andz taughtz by

Muhammadz‘alaihis-salâm’.zAllzthezbookszpublishedzbyzHakîkat

Kitâbevi inzIstanbulzarezfacsimileszofzworkszwrittenzbyzscholarszof

Ahlzas-sunnat.]

“Toz performz thez sunnatz withz thez intentionz ofz makingz qadâ,

youzmustzperformzthezinitialzsunnatzofzthezearlyzafternoonzprayer,

whichzhaszfourzrak’ats,zbyzintendingzalsoztozmakezqadâzofzthezfard

ofzthezearliestzearlyzafternoonzprayerzthatzyouzdidznotzperform.

Whenzperformingzthezfinalzsunnatzofzthezearlyzafternoonzprayer

youz mustz intendz alsoz toz makez qadâz ofz thez fardz ofz thez earliest

omittedzmorningzprayer.zWhenzperformingzthezsunnatzofzthezlate

afternoonzprayerzyouzmustzmakezqadâzwithzthezintentionzalsozof

thezfardzofzthezearliestzlatezafternoonzprayer.zWhenzperforming

thezsunnatzofzthezeveningzprayerzyouzmustzalsozmakezqadâzwith

thez intentionz ofz thez three-rak’atz fardz ofz thez earliestz evening

prayer.z Whenz performingz thez initialz sunnatz ofz nightz prayerz you

mustz intendz alsoz toz makez qadâz ofz thez fardz ofz thez earliestz night

prayer,zandzwhenzperformingzthezfinalzsunnatzofztheznightzprayer

youzmustzintendzalsoztozmakezqadâzofzthezearliestzomittedzWitr

prayerzandzperformzthreezrak’ats.zThuszeachzdayzyouzwillzpayzthe

debtzofzazday’szqadâ.zAlsozwhenzperformingztheznamâzzofztarâwîh

youzmustzmakezqadâzbyzintendingzalsoztozmakezqadâ.zYouzmust

gozonzdoingzthiszforzaszmanyzyearszasztheznumberzofzyearszduring

whichzyouzleftzyourzprayersztozqadâ.zAfterzfinishingzyourzprayers

ofz qadâz youz mustz beginz performingz onlyz thez sunnatsz asz usual.”

[Seezchapterz13!]

[Insteadzofzperforming theznamâzzofztarâwîhzyouzmustzmake

qadâz inz yourz home.z For,z itz isz writtenz inz Islamicz booksz thatz a

personzwhozomitszthezfardzprayerszwillznotzbezgivenzblessingszfor

–z345 –

hiszsunnatzprayers.zWhenzcertainzpeoplezperformztheznamâzzof

tarâwîhz inz jamâ’atz inz thez mosquez ofz az quarterz orz inz az house,z a

personzwhozhaszdebtszofzqadâznamâzzorzwhozcannotztrustzthatzthe

imâm’sz namâzz isz acceptablez performsz thez namâzz ofz tarâwîhz in

jamâ’atzinzthezmosquezinzorderztozguidezthezyoungzbeginnerszof

namâzz andz toz accustomz themz toz performingz namâzz andz to

preventz gossipz orz fitna.z Yetz hez doesz notz intendz toz followz the

imâm.zHezpretendsztozfollowzthezimâm.zHezmakeszqadâzatzthe

samez time.z Ifz thez imâmz isz makingz thez salâmz afterz everyz two

rak’ats,z thisz personz intendsz alsoz toz makez qadâz ofz thez fardz of

morningzprayers,zandzifzthezimâmziszmakingzthezsalâmzatzthezend

ofzfourzrak’ats,zthiszpersonzintendszalsoztozmakezqadâzofzthezfard

ofzotherzprayerszofznamâz.zIfzhezcannotzsynchronizezhiszactions

withzthezimâm’szactions,zhezintendsztozperformztheztarâwihzand

followszthezimâm.

Theznumberzofzprayerszthatzcouldznotzbezperformedzandzwere

leftztozqadâzforzthezdefinedztwozreasonszorzbecausezofzsleepingzand

forgettingziszveryzsmall,zsoztheirzqadâzcanzbezmadezupzinzazday.zIn

thisz casez itz isz notz necessaryz toz performz thez sunnatsz withz the

intentionzofzqadâ.zMoreover,zsincezitzisznotzsinfulztozmisszthemzwith

anzexcuse,zdelayingztheirzqadâzlongzenoughztozperformzthezsunnats

doesznotzinitiatezthezstatezofzsinfulness.

Itziszazgravezsinznotztozperformzazfardznamâzzinzitszprescribed

timezwithoutzanzexcusezorzbecausezofzlaziness.zAfterzcommitingza

gravez sin,z itz isz necessaryz toz makez tawbae soz thatz onez canz be

forgiven.zAzsincereztawbaerequireszfourzconditions:zfeelingzdeep

penitence;zdecidingznotztozcommitzitzagain;zinvokingzAllâhuzta’âlâ

toz forgivez youz andz expressingz istighfâr;z repayingz thez rightsz of

Allâhuzta’âlâzandzHiszslaves.zIfzanyzonezofzthesezfourzconditionszis

absent,z thatz sinz willz notz bez forgiven.z Suchz peoplez mustz payz the

rightsz ofz Allâhuz ta’âlâz asz soonz asz possiblez byz performingz the

sunnatszofzfourzdailyzprayerszwithzthezintentionzofzqadâzeveryzday.

Thezadditionalzsûrazisznotzrecitedzinzthezthirdzandzfourthzrak’atszof

azqadâznamâz.

ItziszwrittenzinzImdâd-ul-Fettâheandzinzthezfourzhundredzand

fiftiethzpagezofzIbnie’Âbidîn:e“Thezsunnatziszomittedzinzorderznot

toz delayz thez wâjib.”z Afterz sayingz thez samez thingz inz itsz three

hundredzandzsixteenthzpage,zitzgoeszon: “Whenzperformingznamâz

inzjamâ’at,zitziszfardztozfollowzthezimâmzinzactionszthatzarezfard.zIt

iszwâjibztozfollowzhimzinzthezwâjibs.zAndzitziszsunnatztozfollowzhim

inzthezsunnats.zFollowingzthezimâmzmeanszdoingzthezactionszwith

himzorzafterzhim,zorzwaitingzforzthezimâmzifzyouzhavezbegunzbefore

–z346 –

thezimâm.zForzexample,zitzmeansztozfollowzthezimâmztozbowzfor

thezrukû’ztogetherzwithzthezimâmzorztozbowzafterzthezimâmzand

catchz upz withz himz inz thez rukû’z orz toz bowz afterz thez imâm

straightenszupzfromzthezrukû’zor,zafterzbowingzandzstraightening

beforezthezimâmz(ifzyouzhavezdonezso),ztozbowzagainztogetherzwith

thezimâmzorzafterzhim.zIfzyouzdoznotzbowzagainzyouzwillznotzhave

followedz thez imâm;z youz willz havez omittedz thez fard,z andz your

namâzzwillzbeznullified.zIndependentzofzthisztaxonomyzofzrulings,

itziszwâjibztozactztogetherzwithzthezimâmzinzthezfardszandzinzthe

wâjibs.zIfzthezimâmzstraightenszupzfromzthezrukû’zbeforezazperson

hasz saidz thez tasbîhz ofz rukû’z threez times,z itz isz wâjibz forz himz to

straightenzupztogetherzwithzthezimâmzinsteadzofzcompletingzthe

tasbîhs.zAzsunnatzmustzbezomittedzifzitzisznecessaryztozdozsozlest

youzshouldzdelayzazwâjib.”zInzotherzwords,zthezactzofzcompleting

thezrepetitionzofztheztasbîhszthreeztimes,zwhichziszsunnat,zmustzbe

omittedzlestzyouzshouldzdelayzinzactingztogetherzwithzthezimâm,

whichz isz wâjib.z Thez sunnatsz thatz arez insidez namâzz arez more

importantzthanzanyzsunnatzoutsideznamâz.zForzexample,zreading

(orz reciting)z thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz isz sunnatz andz therez are

innumerablezblessingszinzdoingzit.zButzitzhaszbeenzdeclaredzinza

hadîth-izsherîfzthatztherezarezmorezblessingszinzrecitingzthezQur’ânizkerîmzduringznamâz.zThezhadîth-izsherîfziszwrittenzinztheztwentysecondz

pagez ofz Khazinat-ul-asrâre togetherz withz itsz proofs.z This

alsozshouldzmakezuszrealizezthatzitzisznecessaryztozomitzthezsunnats

inzorderztozgetzridzofzazgravezsinzbyzmakingzqadâzofzthosezprayers

ofznamâzzthatzhavezbeenzomittedzwithoutzanzexcuse.zNevertheless

azpersonzwhozperformszthezsunnatszwithzthezintentionzofzmaking

qadâzhasznotzomittedzthezsunnatszbyzdoingzso.

Aszwezhavezexplainedzwhilezdescribingztheznamâzzinzjamâ’atzin

theztwentiethzchapter,zazpersonzwhozcomesztozthezmosquezaszthe

imâmzbeginszconductingzthezmorningzprayerzperformszthezsunnat

outsidezthezmosquezorzbehindzazpillarzinsidezthezmosque.zThenzhe

joinszthezjamâ’atzfollowingzthezimâm.zIfzhezcannotzfindzsuchzazplace

thatz isz apartz fromz thez jamâ’at,z hez mustz notz performz thez sunnat

behindz thez jamâ’at.z Hez mustz beginz toz followz thez imâm

immediately.z For,z itz isz makrûhz toz beginz performingz namâz

individuallyzasznamâzziszbeingzperformedzinzjamâ’at.zThezsunnatzof

morningzprayerziszomittedzinzorderznotztozcommitzazmakrûh.zAs

willz bez inferredz alsoz fromz thisz piecez ofz writingz fromz Durr-ulmukhtâr,eitzisznecessaryztozmakezqadâzinsteadzofzthezsunnats.zSince

evenzthezmostzemphaticzsunnat,zthezsunnatzofzthezmorningzprayer,

iszomittedzinzorderztozavoidzazmakrûh,zthenzazfortiorizazsunnatzmust

–z347 –

bezomittedztozavoidzazharâm.zThus,ztheznamâzzofzqadâzperformed

insteadzofzazsunnatzsaveszonezfromzazgravezsin.

Somezpeople,zparticularlyzpeoplezwhozarezreligiouslyzignorant

andzwhozpass themselveszaszmenzofzreligion,zattemptztozdistort

thezwordszofzgreatzauthoritieszofzIslamiczknowledge.zYet,zbecause

theyzknowznothing,zandzallzthezworseztozprovidezproofszfromza

book,ztheyzsayzwhateverzoccursztoztheirzmindszinztheznamezofzan

objection.zWithzthezvanityzflatteredzbyztheirzownzignorance,zthey

makez gratuitousz assertions.z Forz instance,z therez arez thosez who

say,z“No,zsir,zqadâzofzthezfardszcannotzbezmadezinzplacezofzthe

sunnats.z Iz cannotz acceptz it.z Insteadz ofz wastingz timez sittingz for

hourszinzazcoffee-house,zletzthemzperformztheirzprayerszofzqadâ.

Whyz shouldz onez omitz thez sunnats!”z Yes,z thez statement,z “Let

themzperformztheirzprayerszofzqadâzinsteadzofzsittingzforzhourszin

thezcoffee-house,”ziszright.zButzitziszwrongztozsay,z“Onezmustznot

omitzthezsunnatszinzorderztozmakezthezqadâ.”zDelayingzthezqadâ

ofzomittedzprayerszandzwastingztimezareztwozseparatezgravezsins.

Yetztozaskzazpersonzwhozhaszalreadyzcommittedzthezso-calledzsins

notztozmakezthezqadâzinsteadzofzthezsunnatszmeansztozaskzhimzto

commitzazthirdzsin.zItziszlikezaskingzazpersonzwhozhaszdebtszof

qadâz andz whoz wastesz hisz timez inseadz ofz performingz hisz qadâ

prayersztozgamblezorztozdrinkzalcohol,ztoo,zsincezhezhaszalready

sinned.z Thez greatz sayingz ofz ourz superiorsz isz well-known:z “If

somethingzcannotzbezdonezperfectly,zonezshouldznotzentirelyzgive

itzup.”zThen,zazpersonzwhozhaszomittedzhiszprayerszwithoutzan

excusezshouldznotzmisszthezopportunityzofzmakingzqadâzinstead

ofz thez sunnatsz andz thusz ridding himselfz ofz thisz gravez sin.

Likewise,zazpersonzwhozdoesznotzperformznamâzzshouldznotzgive

upzfastingztoo.

Itz isz writtenz inz thez samez pagez ofz Tahtâwî:e “Thez sunnatz of

morningz prayerz isz veryz virtuous.z Itz isz enjoinedz inz manyz hadîth-i

sherîfsztozperformzit.zTherezarezcountlesszblessingszinzit.zButzthere

isznozpunishmentzdeclaredzevenzforzazpersonzwhozomitszthezsunnat

ofzthezmorningzprayer.zHowever,zitziszdeclaredzthatzazpersonzwho

performsz thez fardz notz inz jamâ’atz butz alonez willz goz toz Hell.z This

meansztozsayzthatzthezvaluezofzjamâ’atziszveryzmuchzgreaterzthan

evenzthezsunnatzofzthezmorningzprayer.”

Ibniz’Âbidînzsays: “Ifzazpersonzcomesztozthezmosquezwhen

thezimâmziszinzthezsecondzrak’atzofzthezmorningzprayerzhezmust

omitz thez sunnatz andz followz thez imâm.z Forz thez sunnatz cannot

equalzevenzonezofztheztwenty-sevenzblessingszofzthezfardzcaused

byzthezjamâ’at.”zSincezthezmostzemphaticzsunnat,zthezsunnatzof

–z348 –

morningz prayer,z isz omittedz inz orderz toz catchz upz withz the

jamâ’at,zitzmustzazfortiorizbezomittedzinzorderztozperformzthe

fard.zHence,zalso,zitziszunderstoodzthatzinzorderznotztozdiezwith

debtsz ofz qadâz itz isz necessaryz toz performz thez sunnatsz withz the

intentionzofzqadâ.

Hadratz’Abdulqâdir-izGeylânîzsayszinzthezforty-eighthzarticle

ofzhiszbookzFutûh-ul-ghayb,zwhichzwaszprintedzinzIndiazinz1313

[1896]:z Az Believerz mustz doz thez fardsz first.z Whenz thez fardsz are

finishedz thez sunnatsz mustz bez done.z Nextz hez goesz onz withz the

supererogatory.zItziszidiocyztozperformzthezsunnatszwhilezonezhas

debtszofzfard.zThezsunnatszofzazpersonzwhozhaszdebtszofzfardzare

notz acceptable.z ’Alîz ibniz Abîz Tâlibz ‘radiy-Allâhuz ’anh’z reports:

Rasûlullahz“sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam”zstated:z“Ifeaepersonehas

omittedehisefardeprayerseandehasedebtseofeqadâ,ehiseperformingethe

supererogatorye ise uselesse trouble.e Unlesse hee payse hise qadâ,

Allâhue ta’âlâe wille note accepte hise supererogatorye prayers.”

’Abdulhaq-izDahlawî,zonezofzthezsavantszofzHanafîzMadhhab,z(in

hisz commentaryz toz thez book,) explainsz thisz hadîthz quotedz by

’Abdulqâdir-izGeylânîzaszfollows:z“Thiszinformationzshowszthat

thez sunnatsz andz thez supererogatoryz prayersz ofz thosez whoz have

debtsz ofz fardsz willz notz bez accepted.z Wez knowz thatz thez sunnats

complementz thez fards.z Thisz meansz thatz whilez doingz thez fardz if

somethingziszomittedzwhichzwouldzotherwisezhavezcausedzthezfard

toz reachz perfectionz thenz thez sunnatsz willz causez thez fard

performedz toz reachz perfection.z Thez unacceptablez sunnatsz ofz a

personz whoz hasz debtsz ofz fardsz arez goodz forz nothing.”z This

commentaryzto Futûh-ul-ghaybeiszinzPersianzandzexistszatznumber

3866z inz thez Statez Libraryz atz Bâyezîdz inz Istanbul.z Alsoz Ibni

’Âbidînzsayszonzthezsubjectzofzsupererogatoryzprayers: “Azhadîthizsherîfzdeclareszthatz‘Theeincompleteenamâz,ezakâteandeotherefard

worshipse aree completede withe thee supererogatory.’e Imâm-i

Bayhaqîz remarksz thatz thisz hadîth-iz sherîfz meansz thatz ifz the

sunnatszwithinzfardszremainzincompleteztheyzwillzbezcompleted

withz thez supererogatory,z andz thatz itz doesz notz meanz thatz the

supererogatoryz willz replacez thez fardsz thatz havez notz been

performed.zAszazmatterzofzfact,zanotherzhadîth-izsherîfzdeclares:

‘Ife ae persone hase note completede hise namâz,e hise supererogatory

prayerseofenamâzeareeaddedetoethatenamâzeuntileiteisecompleted.’

Hez remarksz thatz thisz hadîthz showsz thatz thez supererogatory

prayerszwillzcompleteznotzthosezprayerszofzfardznamâzzthatzhave

notz beenz performedz butz thosez whichz havez beenz performed

incompletely.zThiszhadîth-i-sherîfziszcitedzalsozinztheztwozhundred

–z349 –

andzfortyzseventhzpagezofzTahtâwî’szannotationztoz(Shernblâlî’s)

Imdâd-ul-Fettâh,zandzitziszaddedzthatzthezsunnatszwillzmakezupzfor

thezdefectszinzthezperformedzfards.zAndzthezsavantszwhozareznot

inzthezHanafîzMadhhab,zsuchzaszImâm-izGhazâlîzandzIbniz’Arabî,

sayzthatzthezsupererogatoryzprayerszwillzreplacezthosezfardszthat

havezbeenzmissedzbecausezofzgoodzexcuses.”

ItziszwrittenzinzUyûn-ul-basâirethatzImâm-izBayhakîzsaidzthat

thez prayersz ofz namâzz performedz asz actsz ofz sunnatz would

compensatezforzthezfaultszcommittedzinzthezactszofzsunnatzwithin

thezprayerszofznamâzzperformedzaszactszofzfard,zsinceznonezofzthe

sunnatsz couldz everz bez comparablez toz anz actz thatz isz wâjib.z Asz a

matterzofzfact,zinzazhadîth-izqudsîzAllâhuzta’âlâzdeclares:z“Aeperson

cane approache Mee withe nonee ase hee approachese Mee bye doinge the

worshipewhicheIehaveeenjoinedeaseaefardeuponehim.” Pleasezseezthe

sixtiethzchapterzinzthezfirstzfasciclezofzEndlesszBliss.

Asz isz seen,z accordingz toz somez Islamicz savants,z the

supererogatoryzprayerzwillzmakezupzforzthezdefectszinzthosezfard

prayerszthatzhavezbeenzperformed.zAndzsomezofzthemzsayzthatzthey

willzalsozreplacezthosezfardzprayerszthatzhavezbeenzmissedzwithzan

excuse.z Butz evenz thosez savantsz doz notz sayz thatz thosez whoz have

committedzazgravezsinzbyznotzperformingztheirznamâzzbecausezof

lazinesszcanzbenefitzfromzthezhadîth-izsherîfzquotedzabove.zThezfact

is,z thez supererogatoryz prayersz ofz thosez whoz doz notz performz the

fardzprayerszareznotzacceptable.zHowzcanztheyzeverzbezgoodzfor

completingzthezfard,zthen?zItzisznotzpermissiblezforzuszmuqallidszto

setzasideztheseztwozdifferentzijtihâdszofzourzsavants,zwhichzwezhave

explained,zandztozsayzazthirdzone.zIbnizMelekz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâ

’alaih’z saysz inz hisz commentaryz to Menâr:z “Itz hasz beenz declared

unanimouslyz byz savantsz thatz whenz mujtahids’z statements

concerningz anz Islamicz matterz disagreez withz onez anotherz itz is

pointlesszforzlaterzsavantsztozpropoundzazsolutionzdisagreeingzwith

bothz parties.” Accordingz toz thisz ijmâ’z (unanimityz ofz savants),z it

wouldzbezsillyztozsayzthatzthezsupererogatoryzprayerszwillzreplace

thosez fardz prayersz thatz havez notz beenz performedz becausez of

laziness.zAzlâ-Madhhabîzpersonzwhozcannotzunderstandzthezwords

ofzmujtahîdszorzwhozslightszthemzthoughzhezunderstandszthemzmay

talkzanyztwaddlezthatzoccursztozhim.

Inzexplainingzthezprayerszthatzareztozbezrecitedzafterzeachzfard

namâz,z thez book,z Marâqil-falâhe andz Imdâd-ul-fattâhe state:z “The

imâmz turnsz towardsz thez jamâ’atz afterz thez fardz ifz therez isz no

supererogatoryz prayerz toz bez performedz afterz thez fard,z orz after

performingzthezsupererogatoryzprayerz(ifzthereziszany).”zDurreal-

–z350 –

mukhtâre writes: “Itz isz makrûhz forz thez imâmz toz performz the

supererogatoryz prayerz wherez hez performedz thez fard.z Hez should

performzitzafterzmovingzsomewhatztozhiszleft.”zThesezstatements

andz thez explanationz inz thez bookz Khazînat-ul-esrâre showz clearly

thatzthezprayerszthatzarezperformedzinztheznamezofzthezsunnatzwith

thezfivezdailyzprayerszarezsupererogatory.

Again,z itz isz writtenz inz thez samez bookz asz wellz asz inz its

commentaryzbyzTahtâwî:z“Allzsunnatszarezcalledzsupererogatory.

Supererogatoryzmeanszazworshipzthatziszneitherzfardznorzwâjib.zA

supererogatoryz prayerz isz eitherz az sunnatz orz anyz worshipz thatz a

personzperformszbyzhiszownzwish.zAzhadîth-izsherîfzdeclares:z‘On

theedayeofeJudgementetheefirstequestionewillebeeaskedeconcerning

namâz.eIfeoneehaseperformedenamâzeproperlyeoneewillebeesaved.eIf

namâze hase beene badlye performede onee wille bee ine ae verye bad

situation.e Ife theree aree anye defectse ine one’se farde namâze ite wille be

madeeupeforebyeone’sesupererogatoryeprayers.’eAzmanzcannotzdo

somethingz perfectlyz noz matterz howz highz hisz gradez is.z The

supererogatoryz prayersz makez upz forz thez mistakesz madez inz the

fards.”

Shernblâlîz saysz inz hisz Durer,z whichz isz anz annotationz toz his

Merâq-is-sa’ada: “Thez termz supererogatoryz namâzz includesz the

sunnats,z too.z Qâdîz Imâm-iz Abûz Zaydz saidz thatz performing

supererogatoryznamâzzwaszcommandedzsozthatzthezdefectszinzthe

fardzprayerszwouldzbezcompensatedzfor.zIfzazpersonzcanzperform

thezfardzwithoutzazdefectzhezcannotzbezblamedzforznotzperforming

thezsunnats.”zIbnie’Âbidînewriteszinzthezintroductionztozthezsection

aboutz‘thezWitrznamâzzandzperformingznâfilaznamâzzonzanzanimal’

thatzsunnats,zwhetherzmuakkadaeorzghayr-iemuakkada,zarezcalled

nâfila.

ThezbookzJawhara-t-un-nayyiraesayszquotingzfromzHidâya-tul-mubtedîefîema’rifat-ul-awqât:

“Itziszpermissibleztozperformzthe

sunnatszofzfivezdailyzprayerszsitting, withoutzazgoodzexcuse.zFor,

thesez sunnatsz arez supererogatoryz worships.”z Ibniz Melekz saysz in

hiszannotationztozMajmâ’ul-bahreyn [1] : “Ifzazpersonzcomesztozthe

mosquez andz seesz thatz anyz ofz thez dailyz prayers,z exceptz morning

prayer,z isz beingz performedz inz jamâ’at,z hez doesz notz performz the

firstz sunnatz butz beginsz followingz thez jamâ’atz outright.z Forz itz is

mekrûhztozperformzazsupererogatoryzprayerzafterztheziqâmatzhas

[1] Writtenz byz Ibn-is-Sâ’atîz Ahmadz binz Alîz Ba’lebekîz ‘rahmatullâhi

ta’âlâ’z’alaih’,z(d.z694z[1294zA.D.].)

–z351 –

beenzsaidzforzthezfardzprayer.zIfztheziqâmatziszsaidzaszhezperforms

thez sunnat,z hez makesz thez salâmz afterz completingz twoz orz four

rak’atszofzit,zandzthenzbeginszfollowingzthezimâm.zIfztheziqâmatzis

saidzaszhezperformszthezfardzofzthezmorningzorzeveningzprayer,zhe

stopszhiszfardzprayerzandzfollowszthezimâm.zForzazprayerzthatzis

fardz canz bez stoppedz inz orderz toz performz itz better.z Itz isz like

demolishingzazmosquezinzorderztozbuildzazbetterzone.zButzthezcase

isznotzsozwithzstoppingzazsunnatzinzorderztozcatchzthezjamâ’at.”

ItziszwrittenzinzthezbookzAl-hikam-ul-Atâiyya [1] :z“Ofztwozjobszdo

thez onez thatz comesz harderz toz yourz nafs!z Forz az jobz thatz isz right

(likedzbyzAllâhuzta’âlâ)zcomeszdifficultztoztheznafs [2] .zToztryztozdo

thez supererogatoryz goodz deedsz whilez beingz slackz inz doingz the

wâjibsziszonezofzthezsignszofzfollowingzthezdesireszofztheznafs.”zThis

statementzprovideszanzanswerztozibnizTaymiyya’szassertionzthatzit

isz“unnecessaryztozperformzqadâzofzprayers.”

Asz isz statedz inz thez forty-sixthz chapterz ofz thez firstz fasciclez of

EndlesseBliss,zHadratzImâm-izRabbânîzsays: “Whenzcomparedzto

thosezworshipszthatzarezfard,zthezsupererogatoryzworshipszarezof

nozvalue.zTheyzareznotzevenzazdropzofzwaterzcomparedzwithzan

ocean.z Thez accursedz satanz isz deceivingz Muslimsz by

misrepresentingzthezfardzaszinsignificant.z[Heziszpreventingzthem

fromz makingz theirz prayersz ofz qadâ.]z Hez isz misleadingz them

towardszthezsupererogatoryzworships.zHeziszpreventingzthemzfrom

payingz zakât,z andz misrepresentingz thez supererogatoryz almsz as

beautiful.zInzfact,ztozgivezonezgoldzcoinztozazpoorz(Muslim)zwith

thezintentionzofzzakâtziszmuchzmorezblessedzthanzgivingzazhundred

thousandzgoldzcoinszaszalms.zFor,zpayingzthezzakâtziszperforming

thez fard.z Butz givingz withoutz thez intentionz ofz zakâtz isz a

supererogatoryzworship.”zHezsayszinzhisztwozhundredzandzsixtieth

letter: “Thez valuez ofz supererogatoryz worship,z whenz compared

withzthezfard,zisznotzevenzlikezthatzofzazdropzofzwaterzcompared

withzanzocean.zInzfact,zsoziszthezvaluezofzsupererogatoryzworships

inz comparisonz toz thez sunnats.z However,z thez vaulez ofz az sunnat

comparedz withz az fardz isz notz evenz likez thatz ofz az dropz ofz water

comparedz withz anz ocean.”z Asz isz understoodz fromz allz these

statementszquotedzfromzIslamiczsavants,zthosezwhozhavezomitted

theirzprayerszofznamâzzwithoutzanzexcusezmustzlookzforzwayszof

[1] Writtenz byz Ahmadz binz Muhammadz ibniz Atâullahz Tâj-ud-dîn

Iskenderîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z709z[1309zA.D.],zEgypt).

[2] Nafsz isz az malignantz forcez inz manz thatz luresz himz toz doz whatz Allah

prohibitszandzpreventszhimzfromzdoingzwhatzAllahzcommands.

–z352 –

escapingz Hell’sz tormentz byz makingz qadâz ofz themz asz soonz as

possible.zItzdoesznotzsavezonezfromzHellztozmakezqadâzfromztime

toz timez byz saying,z “Iz intendz toz makez qadâz ofz allz myz omitted

prayers.”zIslamiczsavantszteachzthezSharî’at.zWezmustzfollowznot

thez factiousz andz corruptz wordsz ofz kâfirsz andz bid’at-holders,z but

thez’UlamâzofzAhl-as-sunnat.

Hadratz’Abdulqâdir-izGeylânîz‘qaddas-Allâhuzsirrahulz’azîz’zsays

inzthezsamezchapter: “Azpersonzperformingzthezsunnatszwhilezhezhas

debtszofzqadâziszlikezazdebtorztakingzazpresentztozthezpersonztozwhom

hezowes,zwhich,znormally,zisznotzacceptable.zAzpersonzwhozperforms

thezsunnatszwhilezhezhaszdebtszofzqadâziszlikezazpersonzwhozspends

hisz timez withz thez Sultân’sz servantz whilez thez Sultânz himselfz has

invitedzhim.zAzBelieverziszlikezazbusinessman.zThezfardzprayerszare

hisz capitalz ofz whichz thez supererogatoryz prayersz arez thez profit.

Unlesszthezcapitalziszrescuedztheyzwillzgiveznozprofit.”

Observedzwithzduezattention,zbothzthezhadîth-izsherîfszandzthe

statementszquotedzfromzsavantszdeclarezthatzthezsunnatszandzthe

supererogatoryzprayerszofzazpersonzwhozhaszdebtszofzfardzprayers

areznotzacceptable.zNotzacceptablezdoesznotzmeanznotzsahîh.zThey

arezsahîh,zbutztheyzproduceznozblessings,znozuse.zThezbookzRaddul-muhtâreexplainszthiszveryzwellzwithinzthezsubjectzofzQurbân.zIn

explainingz thez hadîth,z “Thee hajje ande thee jihâde ofe ae persone who

commitsebid’atseareenoteacceptable,”ethezbookszHadîqaeandzBerîqa

sayz that:z “Theirz worshipsz arez sahîh,z butz theyz arez givenz no

rewards.”z [Seez thez hadîthz whichz isz quotedz atz thez endz ofz the

thirteenthzchapter!]

Somezpeoplezsay,z“Performingzthezsunnatszwithzthezintentionzof

qadâziszinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab.zWezarezHanafîs,znotzShâfi’îs.”zIt

wouldzbezpertinentztozremindzthemzthatzthezcompilerzofzthiszbook,

EndlesseBliss,ziszinzthezHanafîzMadhhab,ztoo.zThosezShâfi’îszwho

misszaznamâzzthatziszfardzbecausezofzsomezexcusezmakezqadâzofzit

togetherzwithzitszsunnat.zButzthezHanafîszmakezqadâzofzonlyzthe

missedz fard.z Thez casez isz notz soz withz az namâzz thatz hasz been

omittedzbecausezofzlaziness.zAzShafi’îzorzazHanafîzwhozomitszthe

namâzzhasztozmakezqadâzofzitzimmediately.zIfzhezdoesznotzmake

itszqadâzimmediatelyzhezwillzbezpunishedzwithzhadd,zandzkilledzif

heziszinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab.zButzifzheziszinzthezHanafîzMadhhab

hezwillzbezputzintozjail,zandzwillzbezkeptzinzthezdungeonzuntilzhe

makeszhiszqadâzorzdies.zHadratzIbnizHajar-izMekkî,zonezofzthe

savantszofzthezShafi’îzMadhhab,zsayszonzthezhundredzandzeightyninthzpagezofzhiszbookzFatâwâ-iefiqhiyya:

“Azpersonzwhozdoesznot

performz az namâzz thatz isz fardz makesz itsz qadâz togetherz withz its

–z353 –

supererogatoryzprayer,zi.e. itszsunnat.zFor,zinzthezShâfi’îzMadhhab

itz isz sunnatz toz makez qadâz ofz supererogatoryz prayers,z i.e.,z the

sunnats,zwhichzarezperformedztogetherzwithzthezfardszofzfivezdaily

prayers.zIfzazpersonzhaszomittedzthezfardzwithoutzanzexcusezhe

cannotz performz anyz supererogatoryz prayerz beforez makingz its

qadâz becausez hez hasz toz makez qadâz ofz thez fardz immediately.

Otherwise,zhezwillzhavezdelayedzthezqadâzofzthezfardzbyzazlength

ofztimezequalztoztheztimezhezhaszspentzperformingzthezsunnats.zTo

sayzthatzonezhasztozmakezitszqadâzmeansztozsayzthatzonezhaszto

spendzallzone’sztimezmakingzthezqadâ.zThatzis,zwithzthezexception

ofztheztimezthatzonezmayzreservezforzearningzone’szsustenancezand

thezsustenancezofzthosezwhozitziszwâjibzforzoneztozsupport,zitzisznot

permissiblezforzoneztozdelayzthezqadâzforzanyzotherzreason,zorzelse

onezwillzbecomezsinful.”zAsziszseen,zitzisznecessaryztozmakezqadâ

ofzthezprayerszofznamâzzomittedzwithoutzanzexcusezimmediately

inzthezShafi’îzMadhhabzaszwellzaszinzthezHanafîzMadhhab.zThere

isznozdifferencezbetweenztheztwozMadhhabs.zOnzthingszthatzare

declaredz clearlyz inz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz andz inz hadîth-iz sherîfs,

Madhhabszdoznotzdisagreezwithzonezanother.zTheyzmayzdisagree

onz thingsz thatz arez notz declaredz clearlyz butz whichz arez inferred

throughzijtihâd.zItziszdeclaredzclearlyzinzazhadîth-i-sherîfzreported

byz Hadratz ’Alîz thatz thez supererogatoryz worshipsz ofz thosez who

havezdebtszofzfardzwillznotzbezaccepted.zWhenzmentionedzwithzthe

wordz fard,z thez wordz nâfilae (supererogatory)z includesz the

muakkadz sunnats,z too.z Thisz factz notz onlyz isz shownz byz Hadrat

Abdulqâdir-iz Geylânî’sz statement,z butz alsoz isz writtenz clearlyz in

thezbookszofzHanafîzsavants,ze.g.zinzHalâbî-iekebîr.

Somez otherz peoplez say,z “Qadâz isz notz madez insteadz ofz the

sunnats.zFor,zqadâzcanzbezmadezanyztime.zButzazsunnatzcannotzbe

compensatedzfor.zTozsayzthatzqadâziszmadezinsteadzofzazsunnatzis

thez wordz ofz thosez whoz cannotz realisez thez importancez ofz the

sunnats.”z Itz isz wrongz toz delayz thez qadâz ofz omittedz prayersz of

namâzzbyzsayingzthatzqadâzcanzbezmadezatzanyztime.zFor,zitzisza

gravez sinz toz delayz thez performancez ofz qadâ.z Wez havez notz been

commandedztozcompensatezforzthezomittedzsunnats.zWhy,zthen,

shouldztherezbezthezquestionzofzwhetherzorznotzitzwillzbezpossible

tozcompensatezforzthem?zIbniz’Âbidînzsayszonzthezfourzhundred

andzthirty-thirdzpage:z“Azwâjibziszomittedzforzreasonszprescibedzby

Islam.z Thenz a fortiori az sunnatz mustz bez omittedz forz reasons

prescribedzbyzIslam.”

ItziszwrittenzinzthezbookzMarâqilfalâheandzinzitszcommentaryzby,

Tahtâwî:z“Itzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozperformzazsupererogatoryznamâz

–z354 –

afterzthezfardzofzthezmorningzprayerzuntilzsunrise.zIfzyouzhaveznot

performedz thez sunnatz ofz thez morningz prayerz beforehand,z its

performancezalsoziszincludedzinzthezsamezprohibition.zThisztimezis

allotedztozperformzthezfardzonly.zThatzis,zazpersonzwhozdoesznot

performz namâzz afterz thez fardz untilz sunrisez isz consideredz toz be

performingzthezfardzallztheztime.zAndzthisziszbetterzthanzperforming

anyzsupererogatoryznamâzzevenzifzitziszthezsunnatzofzthezmorning

prayer.z Yetz itz isz notz makrûhz toz makez qadâz prayersz duringz that

time.zFor,zbeingzconsideredztozbezperformingzthezfardziszbetterzthan

performingzthezsunnat.zMakingzqadâ,zonzthezotherzhand,ziszanzact

ofz actuallyz performingz az fard,z whichz isz muchz better.”z These

statementsz supportz thez factz thatz thez sunnatsz arez supererogatory

prayers.z Itz isz writtenz clearlyz inz Jawharae thatz thez sunnatsz are

supererogatoryz prayersz andz canz bez performedz onz anz animal

withoutzanzexcuse.

Itziszwrittenzonzthezsamezpage:z“Whenzthereziszveryzlittleztime

leftzforzazcertainzdailyzfardznamâz,zitzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozperform

az supererogatoryz namâzz becausez itz causesz onez toz missz thez fard.

Thiszwouldzmeanztozmisszaznamâzzthatzisznecessaryzbyzperforming

az namâzz whichz isz notz necessary,z whichz isz somethingz thatz a

reasonablezpersonzwouldznotzprefer.zSoziszthezcasezwithzperforming

azsupererogatoryzprayerzaszthezsunzrises,zwhenzitziszrightzonztop,zor

aszitzsets,zevenzifzthezsupererogatoryzprayerzperformedziszonezofzthe

sunnatszofzthezfivezdailyzprayers.”zItziszwrittenzonzthezhundredzand

forty-ninthz z pagez ofz Hadîqa:z “Ifz performingz thez sunnatz whichz is

beforezthezfardzwhilezthereziszlittleztimezleftzwillzcausezthezfardzto

bezleftztozqadâ,zitziszharâmztozperformzthezsunnat.”zItziszwrittenzin

thezsubjectzconcerningzthezafflictionszincurredzbyztheztongue:z“Itzis

notz permissiblez toz omitz somethingz thatz isz fardz inz orderz toz do

somethingzwhichzisznotzfard.”

AsziszwrittenzinzmanyzHanafîzbooks,ze.g.zinzDurr-ul-mukhtâr,

inzIbnie’Âbidîn,zinzDurr-ul-muntaqâ,zazcommentaryzto thezbook

Multaqâ,zandzinzNi’mat-ieIslâm:z“Azjudgezorzazpupilzmayzomitzthe

sunnatzofzanyznamâzzexceptzthezsunnatzofzthezmorningzprayer,zthe

formerzinzorderztozdozhiszdutyzandzthezlatterznotzbezlatezforzhis

religiouszclass.”zWhilezazjudge’szduty,zwhichzisznotzfard-i-’ayn,zis

countedzaszanzexcusezforzomittingzthezsunnats,zwhyzshouldzitznot

bezanzexcuseztozpayzthezdebtszofzqadâ,zwhichzarezfard-iz’aynzand

forzwhichztherezwillzbezvehementzpunishment?

Therez arez countlessz blessingsz forz thosez whoz performz the

sunnatszandzsomezsupererogatoryzprayers.zYetzthesezblessingszare

forzthosezwhozdoznotzhavezanyzdebtszofzqadâ.zItzisznotzsensiblezto

–z355 –

performzthezprayerszofzqadâzonly whenzyouzhavezfreeztimezwhile

performingz thez supererogatoryz prayersz continuouslyz mercly

becausez therez arez manyz blessingsz inz them.z Thez bookz ofz tafsîr

entitledzRûh-ul-beyâneexplainszthezhundredzandzsixty-fifthzâyat-ikerîmaz

ofz An’âmz Sûraz asz follows:z “Toz encouragez Hisz slavesz to

doingz goodz deeds,z Allâhuz ta’âlâz hasz promisedz manyz blessings.

Thatzitzhaszbeenzdeclaredzthatzinnumerablezrewardszwillzbezgiven

forzthemzdoesznotzshowzthatztheyzarezbetterzthanzthosezworships

thatz arez commandedz butz forz whichz notz soz manyz blessingsz have

beenzpromised.zAszdeclaredzunanimouslyzbyzsavants,zthezfardszare

superiorz toz thez wâjibsz andz toz thez sunnats,z andz therez arez more

blessingszinzthem.zSupererogatoryzworshipszdoznotzsubstitutezfor

thosezfardzworshipszthatzhaveznotzbeenzdone.zThezdebtszforzthe

fardsz cannotz bez paidz byz doingz thez supererogatoryz prayers.z The

ignorantz setz asidez thez fardz prayersz andz doz thez supererogatory

prayers.z Sayingz thatz therez arez limitlessz blessingsz inz the

supererogatory,ztheyzsupposeztheyzwillzpayztheirzdebtszofzfardzby

performingz supererogatoryz prayers.z Toz sayz asz theyz doz is

incompatiblez withz Islam.”z Zerqânîz saysz inz hisz explanationz of

Mawâhib: “Hezwhozperformszthezfardszinsteadzofzthezsunnatszhas

madez az goodz gainz (byz doingz so).z Hez whoz performsz thez sunnats

insteadzofzthezfardszhaszcheatedzhimself.”zAszwrittenzonztheztwo

hundredz andz twelfthz pagez ofz Tahtâwî’sz commentaryz to Nûr-ulîzâh,eQâdî-Khânesayszthatzperformingzthezsunnatzbeforezthezfard

hasz beenz commandedz inz orderz toz frustratez Satan,z toz makez him

sorry.zSatanzbecomeszsorryzbecausezhezthinkszthatzhezcanznever

dupezmanzintoznotzdoingzthezfardszwhichzAllâhuzta’âlâzcommands

sincez hez cannotz misleadz himz evenz inz thez sunnatsz whichz Allâhu

ta’âlâz doesz notz command.z Thisz factz isz alsoz writtenz inz Durr-ulmukhtâreandzinzRadd-ul-muhtâr.

Inzexplainingzhowztozmakezqadâzofzomittedzprayerszinzhiszbook

an-Nawâdir-ul-fiqhiyyaefîeMadhhab-il-aimmat-ileHanafiyya,zcopies

ofzwhichzexistzatznumberz1037zinzthezEs’adzEfendiz‘rahmatullâhi

ta’âlâz ’alaih’z sectionz andz atz numberz 1463z inz thez Yahyaz Tevfîk

EfendizsectionzofzthezpubliczlibraryzofzSüleymâniyyezinzIstanbul,

Muhammadz Sâdiqz Efendi,z thez (then)z Qâdîz ofz Jerusalem,z says:

“Thez greatz savantz Ibniz Nujaymz wasz asked:z Ifz az personz hasz left

somez ofz hisz prayersz ofz namâzz toz qadâz andz ifz hez performsz the

sunnatszofzthezmorning,zearly-afternoon,zlate-afternoon,zevening,

andznightzprayerszwithzthezintentionzofzmakingztheirzqadâ,zwillzhe

havezomittedzthezsunnats?

“Hiszanswerzwas:zHezwillznotzhavezomittedzthezsunnats.zFor,

–z356 –

thezpurposezinzperformingzthezsunnatszofzthezfivezdailyzprayerszis

toz performz namâzz inz additionz toz thez fardz ofz eachz prayerz time.

Satanzwillzalwaysztryztozpreventzyouzfromzperformingznamâz.zBy

performingzonezmorezprayerzinzadditionztozthezfardzyouzwillzhave

resisted,z disgracedz Satan.z Itz isz writtenz inz Nawâdîr [1]

thatz by

makingzqadâzinsteadzofzthezsunnatszyouzwillzhavezperformedzthe

sunnats,ztoo.zTozfulfillzthezsunnatzbyzperformingzonezmorezprayer

inzadditionztozthezfardzofzeachzprayerztime,zthosezwhozhavezdebts

ofz qadâz mustz makez qadâ.z Manyz peoplez arez performingz the

sunnatsz insteadz ofz makingz qadâ.z Theyz willz goz toz Hell.z Butz a

personzwhozmakeszqadâzinsteadzofzthezsunnatszwillzbezsavedzfrom

Hell.”

Ibniz Nujaymz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’z statesz inz Eshbâh:

“Avoidingz prohibitionsz andz harâmsz hasz precedencez overz doing

goodz andz usefulz things.z Az hadîth-i-sherîfz reads:z ‘Doe my

commandse ase welle ase youe can.e Avoide whate Ie havee prohibited!’

Anotherz hadîth-iz sherîfz reads:z ‘Note toe doe ae motee ofe something

prohibitede ise moree blessede thane thee worshipse ofe alle peoplee and

genies.’e Forz thisz reason,z az wâjibz mayz bez omittedz whenz therez is

greatz difficulty.z Yetz permissionz isz neverz givenz forz doingz the

prohibitions,zespeciallyzifztheyzarezgravezsins.”zWhilezexplaining

thezistinjâ,zIbnie’Âbidînesays: “Ifzitziszimpossiblezforzyouztozclean

najâsatz withoutz exposingz yourz awratz partsz youz mustz perform

namâzzinzthatzstate.zForzitziszazcommandztozcleanz(theznajâsat),zbut

itziszazprohibitionztozexposezyourzawratzparts.zAvoidingzsinszhas

priority.zThezsunnatszcomezevenzafterzthezcommands.zThezsunnats

arez observedz inz orderz toz receivez blessings.z Az sunnatz cannotz be

performedzatzthezcostzofzcommittingzanzactzthatziszmakrûh.zButza

fardzcanzbezperformed,zsozthatzthezdebtzwillzbezpaid.zForzexample,

itziszmakrûhztozmakezanzablutionzwithzsomeonezelse’szwater,zbut

byzdoingzsoztheztahârat,zwhichziszfard,zwillzhavezbeenzmade.zWhen

az personz withoutz anz ablutionz makesz anz ablutionz withz someone

else’szwaterzhezwillznotzgetzthezblessingszofzthezsunnat.”zThiszadds

furtherz proofz toz ourz rightfulz argumentz thatz absolvingz yourself

fromzazgravezsinzbyzmakingzqadâzhaszpriorityzoverzperformingzthe

sunnats.

HadratzImâm-izRabbânîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’zsayszinzhis

hundredz andz twenty-ninthz letter:z “Az hadîth-iz sherîfz declares:z ‘A

[1] Writtenz byz ’Abd-ul-’Azîzz binz Ahmadz Shems-ul-eimmaz Hulwânî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z456z[1064zA.D.],zBukhârâ).

–z357 –

person’se spendinge hise timee one mâ-lâ-ya’nîe signifiese thate Allâhu

ta’âlâedoesenotelikeehim.’eMâ-lâ-ya’nîzmeanszuselesszdeeds.zDoing

supererogatoryz worshipsz insteadz ofz doingz onez fardz isz spending

timezonzmâ-lâ-ya’nî.”zAndzhezsayszinzhisztwozhundredzandzsixtieth

letter:z“Comparedzwithzthezfard,zthezsupererogatoryzworshipszare

notzaszvaluablezaszazdropzofzwaterzcomparedztozanzocean.zLikewise

iszthezvaluezofzthezsunnatzwhenzcomparedztozthezfard.”zPleasezsee

thezfirstzchapterzinzthezfirstzfascicle.

Itziszwrittenzinzthezfourzhundredzandzfifty-eighthzpagezofzDurrul-mukhtâr:z“Azpersonzwhozwantsztozperformzazsupererogatory

namâzzmustzfirstzvowztozperformzaznamâz,zandzthenzperformzthe

vowedz namâzz insteadz ofz makingz thez supererogatoryz namâz.

Therezarezalsozsavantszwhozsayzthatzthezsupererogatoryzprayers

mustz bez performedz withoutz makingz az vow.z Az personz who

performszprayerszofznamâzzthatzarezsunnatzafterzvowingzthemzwill

havezperformedzthezsunnatszthemselves.”zExplainingzthesezlines,

Ibniz’Âbidînz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’zsays:z“Thosezsavantszwho

sayz thatz prayersz ofz namâzz mustz bez performedz withoutz vowing

meanzthatztheyzmustznotzbezvowedzbyzstipulatingzazcondition,zfor

otherwisez thez conditionz stipulatedz willz havez beenz made

equivalentztozazworship.zAzhadîth-izsherîfzprohibitszanyzvowzbeing

dependentzuponzsuchzazcondition,zsuchzas:z‘Izshallzfulfillzmyzsuch

andz suchz worshipz ifz Allahuz ta’âlâz restoresz myz (father,z etc.)z to

health.’z Notz soz isz thez casez withz vowingz worshipsz without

stipulatingzazcondition.zItziszwâjibztozperformzazvowedzprayer;zyou

willz bez givenz thez blessingsz ofz az wâjib.z Whenz youz performz the

vowedznamâzzinsteadzofzthezsunnatzyouzwillzhavezperformedzthe

sunnat,ztoo.”zThatzitziszbetterztozvowzthezsunnatszinzadvancezand

thenztozperformzthemzaszvowedznamâzziszwrittenzatzthezendzofzthe

subjectz concerningz supererogatoryz prayersz inz thez bookz Halabî

andzinzTahtâwî’szannotationztozMerâqil-felâh.zThus,zifzazperson

says,z “Mayz itz bez myz vowz toz performz az namâzz ofz fourz rak’ats,”

beforezperformingzthezsunnatzofzthezearlyzafternoonzprayerzand

thenzperformszitzwithzthezintentionzofzazvowedznamâz,zhezwillzboth

getzthezrewardzofzazwâjibzandzwillzhavezperformedzthezsunnatzof

earlyzafternoonzprayer.zSincezazbornzslavezwillznotzhavezomitted

thezsunnatzwhenzhezperformsztheznamâzzwhichzhezhaszmadezwâjib

forz himself,z thenz az fortioriz hez willz notz havez omittedz thez sunnat

whenzhezperformsztheznamâzzthatzhaszbeenzmadezfardzbyzAllâhu

ta’âlâ.zHezwillzbothzhavezmadezthezqadâzandzhavezperformedzthe

sunnat.zFor,zitziszazgravezsinztozomitzthezfardzprayerszbecausezof

laziness.zItziszfardztozmakeztawbazforzeveryzsinzimmediately.zSee

–z358 –

thez finalz threez pagesz ofz thez sixth-seventhz letterz ofz thez second

volumez(ofzMaktûbât)zinzthezfirstzchapterzofzthezthirdzfasciclezof

EndlesseBliss!

Thosezwhozassertzthatzonezcannotzintendzforzprayerszofzqadâ

whilezperformingzthezsunnatszcannotzcitezanyzvaluablezbookszas

proofsztozsupportztheirzantithesiszwhenztheyzarezaskedzwhyznot.

Instead,ztheyzsayzthatzitziszwrittenzinzIbnîe’Âbidîn,zinzHalabî,zand

inzTahtâwî’szannotionztozImdâd-ul-fettahethatz“Thezqadâzofzthose

prayerszthatzhavezbeenzmissed withzfawtzmustzbezmadezupzaszsoon

asz possible.z Makingz qadâz ofz prayersz missed withz fawtz isz better

andzmorezimportantzthanzperformingzsupererogatoryzprayers,zbut

thezcasezisznotzsozwithzperformingzthezsunnatszofzthezfivezdaily

prayersz andz certainz prayersz thatz havez beenz praisedz byz hadîth-i

sherîfs,z suchz asz thez namâzz ofz Duhâ,z thez namâzz ofz Tesbîh,z the

namâzzofzTahiyyatulmesjîd,zthezfourzrak’atszofzsunnatzbeforezlate

afternoonz prayerz andz thez sixz rak’atsz ofz sunnatz afterz evening

prayer.z Thesez mustz bez performedz withz thez intentionz ofz a

supererogatoryz prayer.”z Thesez statementsz concernz thosez who

havez failed toz performz thez fardz ofz thez fivez dailyz prayersz with

fawt [1] ,zthatzis,zforzreasonszthatzcouldznotzbezhelped.zItzsayszthatzthe

qadâz ofz thosez prayersz thatz havez beenz missedz thusz mustz notz be

performedz insteadz ofz thez sunnats,z butz theyz mustz bez performed

separately.zWezagreezwithzthiszentirely.zWezacceptzthatzthereziszno

needz toz makez thez qadâz ofz az fewz fardz prayersz missedz withz an

excusezinsteadzofzthezsunnats.zFor,zitzisznotzazguiltzorzsin,zwezsay,

tozleaveznamâzztozqadâzbecausezofzanzexcuse,znorziszitzsinfulzto

postponez itsz qadâz untilz youz havez performedz thez sunnats.z But

beingzunableztozperformznamâzzbecausezofzanzexcuseziszdifferent

fromz omittingz itz knowingly,z whichz meansz notz performingz it

becausezofzlaziness.zThezformerzisznotzazsin.zButzthezlatterzisza

gravez sin.z Itz isz quitez wrongz toz confusez thez twoz casesz withz each

other.z Readingz inz booksz thatz thez fardz prayersz missedz withz an

excusez cannotz bez performedz insteadz ofz thez sunnats,z andz to

supposez therebyz thatz thez fardz prayersz thatz havez beenz omitted

becausezofzlazinesszcannotzbezperformedzinsteadzofzthezsunnats

eitherz and,z furthermore,z toz attemptz toz adducez thez formerz asz a

proofzforzthezlatter,zisznotzworthyzofzazmanzofzknowledge.zThis

statementz inz Hanafîz booksz doesz notz sayz thatz “thosez whoz have

[1] Tozfailztozperformzazcertainzprayerzwithzfawt,zmeansztozbezunablezto

performzitzwithinzitsztimezforzreasonszjustifiedzbyzIslam.

–z359 –

committedz az gravez sinz byz notz performingz thez fardz prayers

becausezofzlazinesszcannotzperformzthezsunnatszwithzthezintention

ofz qadâ.”z Inz fact,z itz saysz thatz thez sunnatsz arez supererogatory

prayersz andz arez toz bez performedz withz thez intentionz ofz a

supererogatoryz worship.z Asz isz writtenz inz Jawhara-t-un-nayyira,

bookszofzfiqhzinzthezHanafîzMadhhabzstate:z“Qadâzofztheznamâz

missedz withz fawt.”z Theyz doz notz say,z “Qadâz ofz thez namâz

omitted.”zFor,zazMuslimzdoesznotzomitzhisznamâzzknowingly.zHe

missesz itz withz suchz excusesz asz unawareness,z sleep, or

forgetfulness.zTheztwozsituationszmustznotzbezconfusedzwithzeach

other.

Importancezofzthezfardzprayerszhaszbeenzstatedzclearlyzinzthe

Qur’ânzal-kerîmzandzinzhadîth-izsherîfs.zForzinstance,zitziszwritten

inzthezsixthzpagezofzthezbookzTerghîbussalât,zwhichziszinzPersian:

“OurzProphetz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zstated:z‘Iteiseaegrave

sine toe bringe twoe prayerse ofe farde namâze together.’e Thatz is,z itz isz a

gravez sinz notz toz performz az fardz inz itsz prescribedz timez andz to

performz itz later.z Anotherz hadîth-iz sherîfz declares:z ‘Allâhue ta’âlâ

willekeepeaepersonewhoeperformseaenamâzeaftereitsetimeeiseoverein

Helleforeeightyehukbas.’eThisziszthezpunishmentzforzperformingzone

namâzz afterz itsz prescribedz time.z Wez mustz tryz toz imaginez the

retributionzforzneverzperformingznamâz.”

ThezbookzUmdat-ul-islâmeexistszinzthezsectionzofzMuhammed

Es’adz Efendiz inz thez libraryz ofz Süleymâniyye.z Thisz book,z along

withz thez bookz Menâhij-ul-’ibâd,z wasz reproducedz byz Hakîkât

Kitâbeviz inz 1989.z Itz isz writtenz inz thatz book:z “Ourz Prophetz ‘sall-

Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zstated:z‘Namâzeisetheearch-stoneeofefaith.

Heewhoeperformsenamâzehasebuilteupehisefaith.eHeewhoedoesenot

performenamâzehasedemolishedehisefaith.’eHezstatedzinzazhadîth-i

sherîf:z‘OnetheeDayeofeJudgement,eaftereîmânetheefirstequestion

willebeeonenamâz.’eAllâhuzta’âlâzwillzdeclare:z‘OeMyeslave,eifeyou

geteovereyoureaccounteofenamâz,esafetyeiseyours.eIeshallefacilitate

youreothereaccounts!’eOurzProphetz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwasallam’

stated:z ‘Ae persone whoe omitse onee namâze knowinglye withoute an

excuseewilleremaineineHelleforeoneehukba.’eOnezhukbaeiszeighty

years,z andz onez dayz inz thez nextz worldz isz asz longz asz az thousand

worldlyzyears.zAtziszseen,zazpersonzwhozomitszonezfardzwithoutzan

excusezwillzburnzinzHellzforzeightyztimeszthreezhundredzandzsixtyfivezthousandzyears.z[Itziszwrittenzonzthezfivezhundredzandztenth

pagez ofz Medârij-un-nubuwwae andz onz thez onez hundredz and

eighteenthz pagez ofz Ma’rifatnâma:z “Thez purposez ofz givingz such

foregroundedz examplesz isz notz toz givez numericalz valuesz butz to

–z360 –

demonstratezthezimportancezofzthezmatterzandzthezgravenesszof

thez horrifyingz situationz thatz wouldz bez incurred,z byz wayz of

numericalz evaluation.”]z Then,z shamez uponz thosez whoz doz not

performz namâzz becausez ofz lazinessz orz withoutz anz excuse!z Our

savantszsayzunanimouslyzthatz“Azpersonzwhozdoesznotzperform

namâzzisznotzacceptablezaszazwitness.zFor,zazpersonzwhozdoesznot

performznamâzziszazfâsiqzone.zThezfardznamâzziszazdebtzwhichza

BelieverzowesztozAllâhuzta’âlâ.zHezcannotzridzhimselfzofzthezdebt

unlesszhezperformszitzduringzitszprescribedztime.”zItziszwrittenzin

thez bookz Aqîdatunnejâh:z “Ifz az personz makesz tawba-iz nasûhz his

sinsz willz bez pardoned.z Unlessz hez makesz qadâz ofz hisz prayersz of

namâzz theyz willz notz bez pardonedz onlyz byz makingz tawba.z Ifz he

makesztawbazafterzmakingzqadâzofzhiszprayers,zthereziszthezhope

thatzhezwillzbezpardoned.”

Ibniz Nujaymz Zayn-ul-’Âbidînz saysz inz hisz bookz Kabâire wa

saghâir: “Itziszazgravezsinztozperformzthezfardznamâzz[byztrusting

theztime-tablezarrangedzincorrectlyzonzazfalsezcalendar]zbeforezits

timezbeginszorzafterzitsztimeziszover.zAzgravezsinziszpardonedzonly

byz makingz tawba.z Therez arez az numberz ofz thingsz thatz willz have

smallzsinszpardoned.zWhenzmakingztawba,zonezhasztozmakezqadâ

forzthezprayerszofznamâzzwhichzonezhaszomitted.zThosezsavants

whozsaidzthatzanzacceptedzhajjzwouldzclearzawayzgravezsinszdid

notz meanz thatz thez qadâz ofz thez omittedz prayersz wouldz notz be

necessary.zTheyzmeantzthatzthezsinzofzdelayingznamâzzwithoutzan

excusezuntilzitsztimezwaszoverzwouldzbezpardoned.zItzisznecessary

tozmakezthezqadâ,ztoo.zIfzonezdoesznotzmakezthezqadâzthoughzone

isz ablez toz doz so,z onez willz havez committedz anotherz gravez sin.”

Namâzz willz bez deemedz toz havez beenz performedz duringz its

prescribedztimezifzazHanafîzMuslimzsaysztakbîrzofztahrîmazbefore

theztimeziszover.zButzazShafi’îzorzMalikîzMuslimzisznotzconsidered

toz havez performedz thez namâzz unlessz onez rak’atz ofz namâzz has

beenzcompletedzbeforeztheztimeziszover.zItzwillzbezconsideredza

venialz sinz ifz namâzz canz notz bez completedz withinz itsz prescibed

time.

Itz isz writtenz inz Durr-ul-muntaqâ: “Az personz whoz doesz not

recognizeznamâzzaszazduty,zwhozdisbelieveszthezfactzthatzitziszfard,

becomeszazdisbeliever.zThosezwhozconvertztozIslamzinzazcountry

ofzrenegadeszandzdisbelieverszdoznotzhaveztozmakezqadâzofzthe

prayersz ofz namâzz whichz theyz hadz notz performedz untilz they

learnedzthatzitziszfardztozperformznamâz.”

Itziszwrittenzinzthezsubjectzconcerningzthezintentionszofznamâz

inzIbniz’Âbidînzandzonztheztwenty-sixthzpagezofzFatâwâ-iekubrâ: “If

–z361 –

azpersonzperformszprayerszofznamâzzforzyearszbutzdoesznotzknow

whichzoneszarezinitialzsunnatszandzwhichzarezfinalzsunnatszandzifzhe

performsz everyz onez themz allz withz thez intentionz ofz az fard,z allz of

themz willz bez accepted.z For,z ifz az certainz prayerz ofz namâzz is

performedzwithzthezintentionzofzfardzalthoughzitziszinzthezcategory

ofzsunnats,zthezsunnatztherebyzperformedziszacceptable.”zThezone

whichz hez hasz performedz firstz inz everyz prayerz timez becomesz the

fard.zThezonezwhichzhezhaszperformedznextzbecomeszthezsunnat.zIt

isz writtenz inz Halabî-ie saghîr: “Ifz az personz realizesz thatz therez has

beenz az defectz inz allz thez prayersz ofz namâzz whichz hez hasz been

performingzforzyears,zz–zthatzis,zifzonezofztheztwelvezconditionszof

namâzziszmissingz–zitzwillzbezgoodzifzhezmakeszqadâzofzthemzall.zIf

therezhasznotzbeenzanyzdefectszinzthem,ztozmakezqadâzofzthemzis

makrûhz accordingz toz somez savantsz andz notz mekrûhz toz other

savants.zThosezsavantszwhozsaidzthatzitzwouldznotzbezmakrûhzsaid

thatz onez mustz notz performz thosez prayersz ofz qadâz afterz morning

andz latez afternoonz prayersz orz elsez allz ofz themz wouldz be

supererogatoryz [ifz onez didz notz havez anyz prayersz ofz qadâz to

perform].”

Itziszwrittenzinzthezbook entitled Eshbâh:z“Thezfatwâzwhichzis

sahîh,zdependable,zshowszthatzitzisznotznecessaryztozintendzforza

sunnatz whenz performingz thez firstz andz finalz sunnatsz ofz thez five

prayers,z thatz is,z thez muakkadz sunnats.z Thez rawâtibz (prescribed)

sunnatsz willz bez sahîhz whenz performedz withz thez intentionz ofz a

supererogatoryznamâzzorzevenzonlyzwithzthezintentionzofznamâz.

Thatzis,ztheyzwillzbezthezsunnatszofztheztimeszwithinzwhichztheyzare

performed.zItzisznotznecessaryztozintendzspeciallyzforzthezsunnats.

Imâm-iz Zayla’îz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’z saidz likewise.z For

example,zifzyouzperformztwozrak’atszofznamâzzbeforezdawnzwith

thezintentionzofztahajjudz(midnightzprayer)zandzthenzlaterzfindzout

thatzdawnzhadzalreadyzbrokenzbeforezyouzperformedzit,zthisznamâz

standsz forz thez sunnatz ofz morningz prayer.z Itz isz notz necessaryz to

performzanotherznamâzz(ofztwozrak’ats)zaszthezsunnatzofzmorning

prayer.z Ifz afterz sittingz forz thez fourthz rak’atz ofz thez fardz ofz early

afternoonzprayerzyouzforgetz(tozmakezthezsalâm)zandzstandzupzfor

thezfifthzrak’at,zyouzmakezthezsalâmzafterzmakingzthezsixthzrak’at.

Theztwozadditionalzrak’atszwillzbecomezazsupererogatoryzprayer.

Thez reasonz whyz thesez twoz rak’atsz doz notz makez upz forz thez final

sunnatz isz notz becausez youz havez notz intendedz toz performz the

sunnat,zbutzbecausezyouzhaveznotzbegunzthezsunnatzwithzazseparate

takbîr.zAlso,zthereziszazdependablezreportzthatzitzisznotznecessaryzto

intendzforztarâwihzwhenzyouzarezperformingztheztarâwîh.zLikewise,

–z362 –

ifzazpersonzwhozdoesznotzhavezanyzearlyzafternoonzprayerszleftzto

qadâzintendsz‘tozperformzthezlastzearlyzafternoonzprayerzwhichzhe

hasznotzperformedzthoughzhezhaszreachedzitsztime’zaszhezperforms

thezfourzrak’atszafterzFridayzprayerzandzifzhezfindszoutzlaterzthatzthe

Fridayz prayerz hasz beenz sahîh,z thesez fourz rak’ats,z accordingz toz a

dependablez andz sahîhz report,z becomez thez sunnatz ofz Friday

prayer.”z Itz isz writtenz inz itsz fifty-ninthz page: “Wez havez already

statedz thatz whenz supererogatoryz prayersz andz thez prescribed

sunnatszarezperformedzwithzthezintentionzofznamâzzonly,zorzofzany

kindz ofz namâzz otherz thanz thez sunnats,z theyz willz bez sahîh.’z Asz is

seen,z anyz namâz,z [e.g.z az namâzz ofz qadâ,]z performedz duringz the

timezofzonezofzthezfivezdailyzprayerszofznamâzzinzadditionztozthe

time’szfardznamâz,zisz(atzthezsameztime)zthezsunnatzofztheztime’s

namâz.

Itz isz writtenz onz thez fifty-fourthz pagez ofz thez bookz Uyûn-ulbasâire

andz inz Ibnie ’Âbidîn,z inz thez chapterz dealingz withz the

intentionzofznamâz:z“Accordingztozprofoundlyzlearnedzsavants,za

sunnatz performedz onlyz withz thez intentionz ofz namâzz becomes

sahîh.z For,z thez sunnatsz ofz fivez dailyz prayersz meansz thez namâz

performedzbyzourzProphetz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’.zItzwas

afterwardsz thatz thosez prayersz ofz namâzz werez namedz sunnats.

Whenzperformingzthezsunnatszofzthezfivezdailyzprayers,zRasûlullah

‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zusedztozintend,z‘Tozperformznamâz

forzAllah’szsake.’zHezdidznotzintend,z‘Tozperformzthezsunnat.’zAny

namâzz performedz soz inz everyz prayerz timez becomesz thez namâz

whichziszcalledzsunnat.”zLikewiseziszwrittenzinzHalabî-yizkebîr,ztoo.

Itziszwrittenzinzitszfifty-secondzpagezthat,zaszitziszcommunicatedzin

thez bookz Tajnîs,z thez sunnatsz ofz thez fivez dailyz prayersz are

supererogatoryznamâzzandzcanzbezperformedzwithzthezintentionzof

azsupererogatoryzworship,ztoo.zItziszwrittenzinzDurr-ul-mukhtâr,

andzalsozinzthezbookzDurerebyzMollazHusraw: “Thezsunnatszofzfive

dailyz prayersz andz thez namâzz ofz tarâwihz arez originally

supererogatoryzprayers.zWhenzperformingzthemzanzintentionzfor

namâzzonlyzwillzsuffice.”

ItziszwrittenzinzIbnie’ÂbidîneandzinzthezannotationztozNûr-ulîzâh:

“Itziszsunnatztozperformztwozrak’atszofznamâzzbeforezyouzsit

downz afterz enteringz az mosque.z Thisz isz calledz thez namâzz of

Tahiyyatulmasjid.zWhenzyouzenterzazmosque,zifzyouzperformzthe

fard,zthezsunnat,zorzanyzotherznamâz,zyouzwillzhavezperformedzthe

tahiyyatulmasjid,ztoo.zTheznamâzzthatziszperformedzdoesznotzneed

thez specialz intentionz ofz tahiyyatulmasjid.z For,z thez purposez of

performingztheztahiyyatulmasjidzisztozrespectzAllâhuzta’âlâ,zWhozis

–z363 –

thez Ownerz ofz thez mosque.z Andz thez namâzz whichz youz perform

serveszthiszpurpose.”

WhilezexplainingztheznamâzzofzTahiyyatulmasjid,zIbniz’Âbidîn

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâzalaih’zsays:z“Whenzbeginningzthezfardzofzthe

earlyzafternoonzprayer,zifzyouzmakeztwozintentions,zonezforzthe

fardzandzonezforzthezsunnat,zyouzwillzhavezperformedzthezfardzonly

accordingz toz thez twoz Imâms.z Butz accordingz toz Imâm-i

Muhammadztheznamâzzwillznotzbezaccepted.zForzthezfardzandzthe

sunnatz arez twoz differentz kindsz ofz namâz.z [Prayersz ofz namâz

performedzwithinzazprayerztimezarezeitherztheztime’szfardznamâz,

orzanyznamâzzotherzthanzthatzfard.zThezsunnatszofztheztimezand

prayerszofzqadâzarezofzthiszsecondzkind.zOnzthezotherzhand,zsince

prayerszofzqadâzandzthezsunnatszarezofzthezsamezkind,zonezsingle

prayerz ofz namâzz canz bez performedz withz doublez intentions.]

Accordingz toz thez twoz imâms,z youz havez performedz thez more

importantz one.z Onz thez otherz hand,z sincez anyz namâzz whichz you

performz afterz youz enterz az mosquez standsz forz thez namâzz of

tahiyyatulmasjid,z itz isz permissiblez toz intendz forz thez namâzz of

tahiyyatulmasjidz whilez performingz az fardz prayer,z accordingz to

Imam-izMuhammadzaszwell.zWhenzyouzintendzforzthezfard,ztoo,

youzwillzhavezbeenzdeemedztozhavezperformedzbothzthezfardzand

thezsunnat.”zEvenzthoughztheztime’szfardzandzsunnatzarezdifferent

fromzeachzother,zbecausezofzthezfactzthatzthezsunnatzmeanszallzthe

otherzprayerszexceptzthezfard,zthezsimilarityzbetweenzthezsunnat

andz thez qadâz prayerz isz identicalz withz thez similarityz between

tahiyyatulmasjidzandzthezfard.

ItziszstatedzinzthezthirtiethzpagezofzEshbâh: “Azworship’szcausing

thawâbz requiresz notz onlyz itsz beingz sahîh,z butz also,z andz more

essentially,zthezworshipper’szhavingzaztruezandzsincerezintention.zIf

az worshipz performedz withz az sincerez andz truez intentionz becomes

fâsidzinadvertently,zitzwillznotzbezsahîh.zHowever,zbecausezonezhas

madez niyyatz (truez intention),z itz willz causez muchz thawâb.z For

instance,z az namâzz performedz withoutz anz ablutionz thoughz one

thinkszonezhaszhadzanzablutionzwillznotzbezsahîh.zYetzonezwillzbe

givenz muchz thawâbz inz returnz forz one’sz niyyatz (intention).z Ifz a

personzfindszsomeznajszwaterzandzyetzthinkszitziszcleanzandzmakes

anz ablutionz withz itz andz performsz namâz,z hisz namâzz willz notz be

sahîhzbecausezonezofzitszconditionszhasznotzbeenzfulfilled;zhowever,

hezwillzbezgivenzthawâbzowingztozhiszintention.zOnzthezotherzhand,

aznamâzzthatziszsahîhzbecausezitzhaszbeenzperformedzwithzallzits

conditionsz fulfilledz willz notz bez givenz anyz thawâbz ifz itz hasz been

performedzforzostentation.”zAzpersonzwhozmakeszqadâzinsteadzof

–z364 –

aznamâzzthatziszsunnatzwillznotzhavezomittedzthezsunnat;zyet,zfor

attainingz thawâbz forz thez sunnatz asz well,z hez shouldz makez niyyat,

thatzis,zpasszthroughzhiszheartzthezintentionztozperformzthezsunnat

asz well,z asz hez makesz thez qadâ.z Becausez az namâzz thatz isz fardz is

differentz fromz onez whichz isz sunna,z itz isz notz permissiblez toz make

niyyaz alsoz toz performz az namâzz thatz isz sunnatz asz youz performz a

namâzzthatziszfard.zThezsunnatzperformedzinzthiszwayzisznotzsahîh.

Yet,z sincez az (fard)z namâzz beingz performedz (afterz itsz prescribed

timeziszoverzandzwhichzthereforeziszknown)zaszqadâzandzaznamâz

thatziszsunnatzareznotzdifferentzfromzeachzother,z(forztheyzarezinzthe

samezcategory,)zitziszsahîhztozaddzthezperformancezofzaznamâzzthat

iszsunnaztozyourzintentionzaszyouzperformzaznamâzzofzqadâ.

LetzusztakezazMuslimzwhozhasznotzperformedzhiszdailyzprayers

ofznamâzzforzyears,zandzeventuallyzdecidesztozmakezqadâzofzthe

prayerszwhichzhezhaszomitted.zTherezarezthreezwayszwherebyzhe

canzdozso:

1–zHezcanzalwayszperformznamâzzofzqadâzinsteadzofzthezsunnats

ofzfivezdailyzprayerszaszwellzaszduringzhiszleisureztimezdaily.

2–zHezcanzperformzqadâzonlyzinsteadzofzthezdailyzsunnats.

3–z Hez canz performz qadâz always,z butz only,z duringz hisz daily

leisureztime,zandznotzinsteadzofzthezdailyzsunnats.zThezfirstzchoice

iszthezbestzofzallzthreezofzthem.zTherebyzthezdebtszofzqadâzwillzhave

beenzpaidzinzthezfastestzway.zThezsecondzwayzisznotzpreferrablezin

sozfarzaszhiszmainzconcernzisztozwipezoutzhiszdebtszofzqadâzsoon.

Intozthezbargain,zaszlongzaszazpersonzhaszdebtszofzqadâ,zthezsunnats

hez performsz willz notz bez givenz anyz thawâb.z However,z hez willz be

wiserztozperformzprayerszofzqadâzinsteadzofzthezsunnatszthanztoznot

performzthemzatzall.zFor,zitziszadvisedzbyzourzsuperiorszthatz“when

youz cannotz doz allz ofz somethingz goodz youz shouldz atz leastz doz as

muchzofzitzaszyouzcan,zinsteadzofzforegoingzyourzgainzaltogether.”

Aszforzthezthirdzchoice;zitziszforzsomeonezwhozhaszfailedztozperform

azcertainzprayerzorzprayerszofznamâzzwithinzitszorztheirztimezfor

(reasonszwhichzIslamzrecognizeszaszexcuseszandzterms)z’udhr.zFor,

itzisznotzsinfulzforzthatzpersonztozdelayzthezperformancezofzqadâzfor

aszlongzasztheztimezhezisztozspendzperformingzthezsunnat(s).zSome

peoplezthinkzandztalkzbetterzofzthezthirdzchoicezthanzthezsecond

choice.z However,z ifz az personz wouldz bez ablez toz makez thez third

choice,zthenzhezwouldzbezcapablezofzthezfirstzchoicezaszwell.zHence,

peoplez whoz omittedz theirz prayersz ofz namâzz forz monthsz should

calculatezthezprayerszthatztheyzomitted,zandzperformzthemzinzthe

firstz wayz describedz above,z orz atz leastz inz thez secondz way,z and

–z365 –

therebyzpayztheirzdebtszofzqadâzaszsoonzaszpossible,zwhichzinzturn

willzsavezthemzfromzHell.

Ifzazpersonzwithoutzanyzdebtszofzqadâzmakeszqadâzinsteadzofza

namâzz whichz isz sunnat,z hisz namâzz becomesz supererogatory.z We

havezstatedzearlierzthatzthezthawâbzforzazsupererogatoryznamâzzis

quitezinsignificantzwhenzcomparedztozthezthawâbzforzaznamâzzthat

iszsunnat.

Shaikh-ul-Islâmz Ahmadz binz Suleymânz binz Kemâlz Pâsha

‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z inz hisz bookz Sharh-ie hadîth-ie arbaîn,

explainszthezhadîth-izsherîf,z“Myeshafâ’atehasebecomeeharâmefor

oneewhoeomitsemyesunnat,”easzfollows:

Inzthiszhadîth-izsherîfzthezwordzsunnatzmeanszthezpathzofzIslam.

ForzevenzifzazBelieverzcommitszazgravezsinzhezwillznotzbezdeprived

ofz (thez Prophet’s)z shafâ’at.z Az hadîth-i-sherîfz reads:z “Ie shalle do

shafâ’ate(intercede)zforethoseewhoehaveecommittedegraveesins.”eIt

isz necessaryz toz obeyz thez religionz whichz Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhu

’alaihiz waz sallam’z broughtz fromz Allâhuz ta’âlâ.z Az personz who

abandonsz thisz cannotz attainz shafâ’at.z Itz isz writtenz inz thez book

Shir’at-ul-Islâm: “Thezsunnatzinzthiszhadîth-izsherîfzdenoteszthings

thatzarezwâjibztozdo.zAndzthisziszthezwayzfollowedzbyzthezSahâba,

byz thez Tâbi’înz andz byz thez Taba’iz tâbi’înz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâ

’alaihimzajma’în’.zThosezwhozholdzfastztozthiszsunnatzarezcalledzthe

Ahl-as-Sunnat.z Then,z thez meaningz ofz thez hadîth-i-sherîfz isz that

thosezwhozdisagreezwithzthezAhl-as-Sunnatzinzfactsztozbezbelieved

andz inz actionsz toz bez donez orz toz bez avoided,z willz notz attainz the

shafâ’at.”zSeezSecondzVolume,z19thzletter,zinzthezfourthzchapterzof

thezthirdzfasciclezofzEndlesseBliss.

[Also,zthezhadîth-izsherîf,z“Ateaetimeewhenefitnaeandedepravity

areerifeeamongemyeUmmat,eaepersonewhoeholdsefastetoemyesunnat

willeattainetheeblessingseofeaehundredemartyrs,”emeans:z“Azperson

whozadaptszhimselfztoztheztenetszofzîmânzandzruleszofzIslamzaszthey

werez taughtz duringz thez timez ofz thez Salaf-iz sâlihînz willz attainz the

blessingszofzazhundredzmartyrs.”]zItziszwrittenzinzRiyâdeun-nâsihîn

whilezexplainingzthezimportancezofznamâz: “Imâm-izNasîr-ud-Dîn

SayyidzAbul-QâsimzSamarkandîzsays: ‘Thiszhadîth-izsherîfzmeans

thatzwhenzfitnazandzdepravityzarezwidespreadzamongzthezUmmat,

azpersonzwhozhaszthezi’tiqâdz(belief)zofzAhl-izsunnatzwalzjamâ’at

andzwhozperformszthezdailyzfivezprayerszinzjamâ’atzwillzattainzthe

blessingszofzazhundredzmartyrs.’z”zForzthiszreason,zonezmustzfirst

havezîmânzagreeingzwithzthatzofzthezAhl-as-Sunnat,zthenzavoidzthe

harâms,zthenzdozthezfards,zthenzavoidzthezmakrûhs,zthenzdozthe

–z366 –

muakkadzsunnats,zandzthenzdozthezmustahabs.zIfzazpersonzdoesznot

dozsomethingzwhichziszearlierzinzthiszorderzitzwillzbezfutilezforzhim

tozdozsomethingzwhichziszlater;zinzfact,zifzdoingzsomethingzthatzis

earlierz inz thisz orderz is impossiblez unlessz somethingz laterz inz this

orderziszomitted,zthenzitziszpermissible,znay,zcompulsory,ztozdozso.

Forz example,z itz willz bez uselessz inz thez Hereafterz forz az person

withoutz îmânz toz avoidz sinningz andz forz az personz whoz keeps

committingzharâmsztozdozthezfard.zAndzitziszuselesszforzazperson

whozisznegligentzinzanyzonezofztheseztozgrowzazbeard.zFor,zgrowing

azbeardziszthezlastzinzthezorderzmentionedzabove.zNorzcanzonezsay

thatz itz isz bid’atz toz shavez yourz beard.z For, bid’atz meansz toz do

somethingzinztheznamezofzworship,zthatzis,zinzorderztozgetzblessings,

thoughzitzhasznotzbeenzcommandedzbyzIslam.zNozMuslimzshaves

hisz beardz inz orderz toz getz blessings.z Az Muslimz knowsz thatz itz is

makrûhztozshavezone’szbeard.zHezknowszthatzitziszpermissiblezto

shavezone’szbeardzinzorderztozdozazmorezimportantzreligiouszduty,

andzthuszhezobeyszthezruleszofzIslam,zthezSunnat.

ItziszwrittenzinzBahr-ur-râiqeandzinzthezchapterzaboutzthingszthat

willznotzbreakzazfastzinzTahtâwî’szannotationztozDurr-ul-mukhtâr:

“Itziszmakrûhztozputzsomezointmentzonzyourzmoustachezorzbeardzin

orderz toz ornamentz yourself.z Itz isz notz makrûhz whenz youz doz itz for

jamâl,zthatzis,ztozremovezanyzuglinesszorztozprotectzyourzdignityzand

honour.zIfzadornmentztakeszplacezwhenzyouzdozsomethingzforzjamâl

thoughzyouzdoznotzintendzforzadornment,zitzwillzbezacceptable.zAlso,

itziszmubâhz(permitted)zandzgoodztozwearznew,zlovelyzclotheszfor

jamâl.zYetzitziszharâmztozwearzthemzforzarrogance.zIfzyourzbehaviour

doesznotzchangezwhenzyouzwearzthem,zitzwillzbezunderstoodzthat

theyz arez notz forz arrogance.z Ifz thez lengthz ofz yourz beardz isz as

prescribedzbyzthezsunnat,zitzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozputzointmentzonzit

inzorderztozgrowzitzlonger.zThezlengthzofzthezbeardzaszprescribedzby

thezsunnatziszazsmallzhandful.zItziszwâjibztozclipzoffzthatzpartzofzthe

beardzexceedingzazsmallzhandful,zthezpartzonzthezchinzincluded.zThe

hadîth-izsherîf,z‘Groweyourebeard!’edoesznotzmean,z‘Growzitzlonger

thanzazsmallzhandful.’zItzmeans,z‘Doznotzgrowzyourzbeardzshorter

thanzazhandful’,zor,z‘Doznotzshavezitzaltogether.’zTheznarratorzofzthis

hadîth,z’AbdullahzIbniz’Umarz‘radiy-Allâhuz’anhumâ’,zclippedzoff

thatz partz ofz hisz beardz exceedingz az smallz handful.z Notz onez single

savantzsaidzthatzitzwaszmubâhztozhavezazbeardzshorterzthanzazsmall

handful.z Shavingz thez beardz isz az customz ofz fire-worshippersz and

IndianzJews.zItziszharâmztozmakezyourselfzlookzlikezdisbelievers.”zAs

iszseen,zsavantszsayzthatzitziszsunnatztozgrowzazbeard.zThosezwhozsay

thatz itz isz wâjibz arez contradictingz thez Jumhûrz (Islamicz savants’

–z367 –

consensus)zbyzsayingzso.zItziszharâmztozkeepzyourzbeardzshorterzthan

azsmallzhandfulzorztozshavezitzentirelyzinzorderztozbezlikezdisbelievers

orzwomen.zItziszmakrûhzifzyouzdozsoznotztozbezlikezthemzbutztozfollow

thezcustomzinzyourzcountry.zItziszbid’atztozsayzthatzazbeardzthatzis

shorterzthanzazsmallzhandfulziszsunnat.zIfzazpersonzslightszthezsunnat

hez becomesz az disbeliever.z Itz isz writtenz inz Islamicz booksz thatz itz is

permissible,z andz evenz necessary,z toz givez upz thez sunnatz whenz you

havezazprescribedzexcuse.]

Itziszwrittenzonzthezseventy-first,zthreezhundredzandznineteenth,

fourz hundredz andz thirty-third,z andz fourz hundredz andz fifty-third

pagesz ofz Ibnie ’Âbidîn:z “Az personz whoz esteemsz andz valuesz the

sunnatsz ofz prayersz ofz namâzz butz omitsz themz oftenz withoutz an

excusezorzbecausezofzlazinesszwillzbezscolded.zButzhezwillznotzbe

deprivedz ofz shafâ’at.”z Thez hadîth-iz sherîf,z “Hee whoe omitse the

sunnatewhicheisebeforeetheeearlyeafternooneprayerewillenoteattain

myeshafâ’at”emeans,z“Azpersonzwhozomitszitzinsistentlyzwithoutzan

excusezwillznotzgetzmyzshafâ’atzwhichziszforzthisznamâzzandzwhich

willzservezforzhiszpromotion.”zItziszwrittenzinzIbnie’Âbidîneandzin

theztwozhundredzandzthirdzpagezofzTahtâwî’szannotationztozImdâdul-Fettâhe

thatz omittingz itz withz somez excusez willz notz preventz the

shafâ’at.zBesides,ztozperformzthezsunnatszofzdailyzprayerszofznamâz

withzthezintentionzofzqadâzdoesznotzmeanztozomitzthem.

Itziszwrittenzinzthezthreezhundredzandzninety-sixthzpagezofzIbni

’ÂbidîneandzinzthezhundredzandztwelfthzpagezofzMajma’ul-anhur:

“Whenzazpersonzperformingzazsupererogatoryznamâzzfollowszthe

imâmzwhoziszperformingzthezfard,zitzisznotzfardzforzhimztozsayzthe

additionalz sûrasz inz thez thirdz andz fourthz rak’ats;z itz is

supererogatory.z For,z thisz namâzz ofz hisz hasz takenz thez shapez ofz a

fard.”zThiszcomesztozmeanzthatzwhenzmakingzqadâzinsteadzofzthe

sunnatszitzisznotzfardztozsayzthezadditionalzsûraszinzthezthirdzand

fourthzrak’ats.zItziszwrittenzinzthezonezhundredzandzthirdzpagezof

Uyûn-ul-basâir:z“ItziszwrittenzinzTâtârhâniyyaethatzazpersonzwho

doesznotzknowzwhetherzorznotzhezhaszanyzprayerszofznamâzzleftzto

qadâzhadzbetterzsayzthezadditionalzsûraszinzthezsunnatszofzthezearly

afternoon,zlate-afternoon,zandznightzprayers.zThezmeaningzofzthis

iszthatzitziszbetterzforzhimztozintendzforzqadâzwhenzperformingzthe

sunnatszandztozsayzthezadditionalzsûras.”

Itziszwrittenzinzdetailzinzthez14zZilqa’da,z1388z[1969]zissuezofza

periodicalznamedzesh-ShihâbepublishedzinzBeirutzthatzthezvirtuous

HadratzRâmiz-ul-mulk,zthezsuperintendentzofzfatwâzinzTripoli,zhas

givenz az fatwâz thatz itz isz permissiblez toz makez qadâz insteadz ofz the

(daily)zsunnatszwhenzperformingzthezfard.

–z368 –

24e–eTAGHANNÎe(SINGING)eANDeMUSIC

Music,z classifiedz asz az branchz ofz finez arts,z isz thez artz of

expressingz feelingsz andz thoughtsz inz termsz ofz soundsz and

movementsz composedz inz melody,z harmony,z andz polyphony.

Allz heavenlyz religionsz statez thatz therez isz musicz inz Paradise;

andzsozwaszitzbelievedzbyzthezancientzEgyptians,zChinesezand

GreekzphilosopherszincludingzBuddhists,zandzBrahminzkâfirs,

whoz werez thez followersz ofz distortedz formsz ofz Heavenly

Religions.z Thez originz ofz thez wordz “music”z hasz connections

withz thez namez Mousaz givenz toz thez ninez statuesz whichz were

believedztozbezthezstatueszofzthezdaughterszofzZeus,zthezgreat

idolz ofz thez ancientz Greeks.z Itz isz writtenz inz Durre al-munteqâ

thatz musicz isz az gravez sinz accordingz toz allz revealedz religions.

Thatzafterwardszpriestszinstilledzmusic,zwhichzwaszprohibited

byzthezInjîl,zintozthezChristianzreligionziszwrittenzinzdetailzin

thez fifthz volumez ofz Zarqânî’sz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’

commentaryz toz Mawâhibe al-laduniyya.z Sincez az corrupted

religionzcouldznotznourishztheirzsouls,ztheyzthoughtzmusiczhad

azspiritualzaffect,zwhereaszinzfactzitziszjustzazpleasurezforzthe

nafs.z Today’sz westernz musicz originatedz fromz churchz music.

Musicz becamez az kindz ofz worshipz inz allz corruptz religionsz all

overz thez world.z Withz music,z thez nafsesz arez pleased,z the

voluptuousz bestialz instinctsz arez soothed,z whilstz thez holy

’ibâdâtz whichz nourishz thez soulz andz purifyz thez heartz are

forgotten.zItziszwrittenzatzthezendzofzthezninetiethzandzninetyninthzletterszofzMekâtîb-iesherîfa:z“Doznotzlistenztozsongs,zto

musicz veryz much.z Musicz willz killz yourz heartz andz cause

mischief.”z Andz thez ninety-sixthz letterz reads:z “Listeningz to

poetryz increasingz lovez forz Allahuz ta’âlâz inz thez heartz is

permissiblez providedz thatz therez shouldz notz bez anyz musical

instrumentsz orz sinners.”z Musicz motivatesz az manz toz leadz an

indolentzlifezlikezthatzofzalcoholicszandzdrugzaddicts,zandzthus

causesz thez kâfirsz toz bez deprivedz ofz endlessz bliss.z Toz protect

manz againstz thisz calamityz andz endlessz perdition,z Islamz has

madez distinctionsz betweenz differentz kindsz ofz musicz andz has

prohibitedzthezharmfulzones.

Inz thez lastz chapterz ofz thez bookz Qurrate al-’uyûne arez quoted

somezofzthezhadîthszwhichzdescribezthezmusiczinzParadisezandzthe

kindz ofz musicz whichz isz harâmz forz bothz menz andz womenz inz this

world.z Thisz bookz isz printedz onz thez marginz ofz Mukhtasar-i

–z369 –

tedhkîra–ieQurtubî [1] publishedzinzEgyptzinz1302z[1884zA.D.].zThe

twoz booksz werez reproducedz byz Hakîkatz Kitâbeviz inz Istanbulz in

1421z[2001zA.D.].

Itz isz writtenz inz Hadîqa:z “Itz isz writtenz inz thez Fatwâz book

Tâtârhâniyya:z‘Itziszharâmzinzeveryzrevealedzreligionztozreadzwith

taghannî,z thatz is,z withz az melodiousz voice,z poemsz thatz satirize

othersz orz describez indecency,z alcoholicz drinks,z andz incitez lust.

Thosez thingsz thatz causez actsz ofz harâmz toz bez committedz are

forbiddenzbyzIslam,zsoztheyzarezharâm,ztoo.’zOnezwhozsays,z‘How

well-done!’,z forz somethingz whichz isz certainlyz harâmz becomesz a

kâfir.zThezsamezrulezapplieszforzharâms,zsuchzaszadultery,zusury,

hypocrisyz andz drinkingz wine.z Itz isz permissiblez toz recitez with

taghannîz thez poemsz andz ilâhîsz thatz arez conveyingz Islamic

preachings,zwisdom,zgoodzadvice,zorzbeautifulzmoralzqualities.zItzis

makrûhz toz occupyz oneselfz withz thesez continually.z Itz isz az more

seriouszharâmzforzthezfalseztarîqatzfollowersztozexcitezthezlustzof

peoplez byz recitingz ilâhîs,z dhikrz orz tasbîhz inz mosquesz orz takkas.

Onezshouldznotzattendzgatheringszthatzarezcertainlyzknownztozbe

so.zSuchzplaceszhavezceasedztozbezplaceszofz’ibâdatzandzbecome

gatheringszofzfisqz[immorality,zsinning].zHowever,zonezshouldznot

havez az badz opinionz ofz themz unlessz onez knowsz forz certain.

Accordingztozthezunanimityz[ofzsavants],zitziszharâmztozrecitezwith

teghannîz thez Qur’ân-ale kerîm,z dhikr,z prayersz orz azân.z Taghannî

distortszthezletterszandzwords,zandzspoilszthezmeaning.zItziszharâm

tozchangezthesezintentionally,zadvertently.zItzisznotzharâmzwhenzit

iszspoiltzbyzmistake,zbyztaghannîzorzinadvertentlyzforzthosezwho

areztryingztozlearnzwherezitzwillzbezspoiltzandzwherezitzwillznot.

Hence,zitzisznecessaryztozlearnztajwîd.zItziszmustahabztozrecitezthe

Qur’ân-alekerîm,zthezdhikrzandzthezilâhîszwithzazbeautifulzvoice

providedzthatzitzdoesznotzspoilzthezmeaning.zAndzthisziszdonezby

recitingzcompatiblyzwithztheztajwîd.zThezeffectzofzthiszonzthezheart

andzthezsoulzisztremendous.zRecitingzwithzazbeautifulzvoicezdoes

notzmeanzmakingzmelodyzandzmovingzoneszchin;zitzmeanszreciting

withz thez fearz ofz Allah.z Anbiyâz ‘salawâtullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaihim

ajmâîn’zandzAwliyâz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaihimzajmaîn’zusedzto

[1] Anz abridgedz versionz renderedz byz Abd-ul-Wahhâbz Sha’rânî

‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z (d.z 973z [1565z A.D.])z forz thez book

Tedhkira-i-Qurtubî,zwhichzinzturnzhadzbeenzwrittenzbyzanzAndalusian

IslamiczMâlikîzscholarznamedzAbûzAbdullahzMuhammadzbinzAhmad

Qurtubîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z671z[1272zA.D.]).

–z370 –

recitezwithzazbeautifulzvoice.zItzwaszprohibitedzbyzazhadîth-izsherîf

tozrecitezwithzazsadzvoicezandztozlistenztozitzlikezthezfâsiqszandzthe

Ahl-izkitâb.zTozspoilztheztajwîdzbyzelhân,zthatzis,zbyzkeepingzup

withzazmusicalztune,ziszanzuglyzbid’atzandztozlistenztozitziszazgrave

sin.

Toz givez az completez explanationz ofz taghannîz andz music,z the

eighthzarticlezofzthezfirstzchapterzofzKimyâ-yiesa’âdateisztranslated

below.zThereziszdetailedzinformationzonzsingingzonzpagez182zofzthe

bookzAkhlâq-ie’alâ’îeandzinzthezlastzchapterzofzTibb-un-nabawîeby

Muhammadz ibnz Ahmadz Zahabî.z Imâm-i-Ghâzâlî’sz accountz isz as

follows:

“Therez isz az forcez calledz qalbz orz inclinationz inz thez heart.

Beautifulz andz harmoniousz soundz setsz thisz hiddenz forcez into

motion,z asz az sparkz willz bez generatedz whenz flintstonez isz struck

againstz az piecez ofz steelz [andz asz az glassz orz az bakelitez rodz when

rubbedz withz woolz attractsz piecesz ofz paper].z Beautifulz sounds

penetratezintozone’szheart,zdespitezone’szwill,zbecausezthezqalb

(heart)zandzrûhz(soul)zhavezazconnexionzwithzthez’âlameal-arwâh,

whichziszabovezthez’Arsh.zThisznon-materialzandzimmeasurable

’âlamz isz thez ’âlamz ofz ‘husnz alz jamâl’z orz beauty,z andz thez basic

elementzofzbeautyzisztanâsubz(harmony).zEveryzkindzofzbeautyzin

thisz worldz comesz fromz thez beautyz ofz thatz ’âlam.z Beautiful,

rhythmicz andz harmoniousz soundsz resemblez thatz ’âlam.z The

heartszofzthosezwhozobeyzIslamzbecomezpurezandzstrong.zSuch

heartszhavezazstrongzconnexionzwithzthez’âlameal-amr,zandzmusic

influencesz andz setsz themz intoz motionz inz thez directionz ofz their

inclinationszorzorientationszaszthezwindzsetszthezglowingzfirezinto

flames.zIfzthereziszlovezofzAllâhuzta’âlâzinzthezheart,zazmellifluous

voicezcauseszthatzloveztozincrease,zand,ztherefore,zitziszbeneficial.

Contraryztozthisziszthezcasezofzazpersonzwhosezheartziszcorrupt

andzwhoseznafszhaszbecomezstrongerzbecausezhezdoesznotzobey

Islamz butz followsz hisz nafs,z instead.z Thez sickz heartz ofz suchz a

personzcannotzenjoyzmusiczbecausezhisznafsziszexcitedzbyzmusic,

so musicz isz harmfulz andz harâmz forz him.z Thosez whoz cannot

understandzthatztherezcanzbezlovezofzAllâhuzta’âlâzinzazheartzsay

thatzanyzbeautifulzvoiceziszharâm.zTheyzsayzmanzcanzlovezhiszlike

andzman’szheartzcannotzhavezanyzrelationzwithzanythingzwhichzis

notz ofz hisz kind,z and,z therefore,z theyz doz notz believez inz lovez of

Allâhuzta’âlâ.zWhenztheyzareztoldzthatzIslamzorderszmanztozhave

lovezofzAllâhuzta’âlâ,ztheyzsayzthiszmeanszthatzwezshouldzobey

Hiszorderszlovingly.

“Azbeautifulzsoundzdoesznotzbringztozthezheartzanythingzfrom

–z371 –

thezoutside.zItzexciteszthezhalâlz‘connections’zinzthezhealthyzheart,

and,ztherefore,zitziszhalâlztozlistenztoztaghannîz(singing)zforzazheart

thatz isz notz sick.z Ifz therez isz noz inclinationz (orz connection)z inz the

heart,z hisz enjoyingz az beautifulz voicez isz similarz toz hisz listeningz to

birds,zsinging,zorzhiszlookingzatzgreenzplants,zbeautifulzstreamszand

flowers.zAszthesezrefreshzthezeyes,zfragrantzscentszarezpleasurable

toz thez nose,z deliciousz foodz givesz delightz toz thez mouth,z scientific

knowledgezandzdiscoverieszarezsweetztozthezintellect,zsozazbeautiful

voiceziszpleasurableztozthezearszandziszmubâhzasztheyzare.

“Theznafszofzazpersonzwithzazsickzheartzfancieszaznâ-mahramzgirl

orzboy.zThiszdesirezinzhiszorzherznafszbecomeszmorezintensezwhen

hezorzshezlistensztozmusic.zSincezitziszharâmzforzhimzorzherztozbe

withzherzorzhim,zlisteningztozanyzkindzofztaghannîz(singing)zcauses

harâmzactivities.

“Hezwhosezheartzisznotzsickzdoesznotzenjoyzhearingzthezvoice

whichziszdescribingzgirls,zlustzandzdesire;zonzthezcontrary,zhezfeels

uncomfortable.z Butz ifz thez heartz happensz toz bez sick,z thez nafs

enjoyszitzandziszexcitedztowardszthezharâm.zTherefore,zitziszharâm

forzsuchzpeopleztozlistenztozmusic.zAllzyoungzpeople,zbothzboys

andzgirls,zarezinzthiszcategory.zAnythingzthatzenrageszthezfirezof

thez nafs,z whichz thez Sharî’atz hasz orderedz toz bez extinguished,z is

harâm.z Andz itz isz onlyz underz certainz conditionsz andz within

limitationszthatzitzbecomeszmubâhzforzazhealthyzheartztozlistenzto

thezsoundszthatzincreasezthezlovezfor,zorzthezinclinationztowards,

thezhalâl.

“Itz isz mubâh,z evenz blessed,z forz thez will-bez hadjisz toz listenz to

songszaboutzKa’ba,zhajj,zMekkazandzMedina,zandzforzsoldierszto

listenztozsongszaboutzwarfarezandzbravery.

“Inzal-Mawâhibeal-laduniyya,zitziszwrittenzthatzwhenzRasûlullah

‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’z enteredz thez cityz ofz Mekka,z Ibn

Rawâhaz wasz walkingz inz frontz ofz thez processionz andz reciting

couplets.z’Umarz‘radiy-Allâhuz’anh’zsaid,z‘Iszitzappropriateztozrecite

poemsz inz thez presencez ofz Rasûlullah?’z Thereupon,z Rasûlullah

declared:z‘Letehimecarryeon,eoe’Umar;edoenotepreventehim!eThese

coupletse aree moree detrimentale toe thee kâfirse thane arrows.’e This

showsz thatz itz isz jâ’izz (permissible)z toz readz poemsz thatz harmz the

moralezofzthezenemyzandzmakezthemzfeelzsad,zwhereaszitzisznotzjâ’iz

tozreadzpoemszthatzexciteztheznafs.

“Itziszazblessingztozfeelzsorryzandztozrepentzbyzreadingzqasîdas

andz ilâhîsz aboutz faults,z sinsz andz thez tormentz inz Hell.z But,z itz is

harâmztozfeelzsorryzwhilezlisteningztozpoetryzagainstzdeath,zqadâ

–z372 –

andzqadar.z[Therefore,zwezshouldznotzreadzthezchapterzonzdeathzin

Mawlîds.]

“Itz isz mubâhz toz makez merryz withz halâlz soundsz onz happy

occasionszwhenzitzisznecessaryztozbezjoyful,zsuchzaszatzweddings,

feasts,zsunnatsz(circumcisionzceremonies),z’Iydszandzreturnszfrom

safarsz(expeditions).zThesezsoundszstrengthenznotztheznafszbutzthe

qalb.zItziszself-deceptionzforzthosezwithzstainedzheartsztozsayzthere

iszlovezofzAllahzinztheirzheartszandzthenztozlistenztozsongszorzilâhîs.

Onlyz az murshidz kâmilz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaihimz ajma’în’z can

diagnosezwhetherzthezqalbziszpure,zstrongzandzhaszdefeatedztheznafs

orzifzthezqalbziszsickzandztheznafszhaszoverpoweredzit.z[Itzwaszforzthis

reasonzthatzImâm-izRabbânîz‘quddisazsirruh’zdidznotzapprovezof

youngzpeoplezrecitingzilâhîszatzmeetings,zasziszwrittenzinzhisz266th

letter,z–pleasezseezthezfirstzchapterzofzthezsecondzfasciclezofzEndless

Bliss–.]zAzbeautifulzvoicezorznaghmaz(song)zdoeszmorezharmzthan

goodztozthezdevoteeszofzTasawwufzwhosezheartszhaveznotzattained

ahwâl,z orz whosez nafsesz havez notz beenz redeemedz fromz shahwa

(lust),zthoughztheyzmayzhavezahwâl,”zelucidateszImâm-izGhazâlîzin

Kimyâ-yiesa’âdet.

Hadratz Sa’dz ad-dînz al-Kashgârîz reportsz fromz Khwâja

MuhammadzPârisâz‘quddisazsirruhumâ’zinzRashâhât:z“Thezmost

harmfulzofzthezcurtainszseparatingzmanzfromzAllâhuzta’âlâziszthe

settlingz ofz worldlyz thoughtsz inz hisz heart.z Thesez thoughtsz come

fromzbadzcompanionszorzfromzwatchingzunnecessaryzthings.zOne

shouldz tryz veryz hardz toz expelz themz fromz one’sz heart.z Reading

frivolousz booksz [orz novels,z newspapers,z magazines,z stories]z and

talkingz aboutz unnecessaryz orz trivialz subjectsz increasez such

thoughts.z Watchingz womenz orz theirz picturesz [inz photo-novels,

filmsz orz onz television]z andz listeningz toz songsz andz musicz [with

voicesz ofz women]z causez suchz harmfulz thoughtsz toz settlez inz the

heart,zallzofzwhichztakezazmanzawayzfromzAllâhuzta’âlâ.zSicknesszof

thezheartziszitszforgettingzAllâhuzta’âlâ.zPleasezseezthezfinalzpartzof

thez forty-sixthz chapterz inz thez firstz fascicle!z Thosez whoz wantz to

approachz Allâhuz ta’âlâz shouldz avoidz thisz andz abstainz from

anythingz whichz incitesz az malignantz imagination.z Allâhuz ta’âlâ’s

habitziszsuchzthatzHezdoesznotzbestowzthezblessingz(ofzapproaching

Him)zuponzthosezwhozdoznotzwork,zendurezhardshipszandzgivezup

theirzjoyszandzdesires.”

[Thez qalbz (heart)z isz thez homez ofz joyz andz love.z Anyz qalb

withoutzthemziszsaidztozbezdead.zEitherzlovezofzAllâhuzta’âlâzor

lovezofzthezworldziszinzone’szqalb.zThezwordz‘world’zherezmeans

thingsz thatz arez harâm.z Whenz youz expelz lovez ofz thez worldz from

–z373 –

yourzqalbzbyzperformingzdhikrzandzworship,zitzwillzbezpurified.

Lovez ofz Allâhuz ta’âlâz willz bez infusedz intoz thisz purifiedz qalb

automatically.zWhenzyouzcommitzsins,zthezqalbzbecomeszdarkzand

ill.zConsequently,zlovezofzthezworldzsettleszinzthezqalbzinsteadzof

lovezofzAllâhuzta’âlâ.zAnzexamplezofzthiszis:zIfzyouzfillzazbottle

withzwater,zthezairzinzitzwillzbezexpelledzautomatically.zWhenzthe

waterz isz pouredz out,z airz willz comez intoz thez bottlez again

automatically.]

Mahmûdz Anjîrz Faghnawîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z az great

spiritualzguidezinzTasawwuf,zstates:z“Forzthezdhikrzal-’alaniyyaz(the

audiblezdhikr)ztozbezusefulz[andztherefore,zpermissible],zthezheart

shouldzbezinzazstatezofzlewne(deepzsorrow,zbleeding),zthatzis,zthere

shouldznotzbezthezstainzofzlyingzorzbackbitingzinzthezheart,znothing

harâmzorzmushtabihzshouldzhavezpassedzthroughzone’szthroat,zand

one’szmindzshouldzbezfreezfromzriyâ’e(hypocrisy)zandzsum’ae(desire

forzfame)zandzinclinationsztowardszanythingzbutzthezsirr-izHadrat

Haqq.”z Forz suchz peoplez onlyz isz taghannîz (singing)z orz simâ’

beneficial.zForzthosezwhozhaveznotzattainedzsuchzazstate,zthezfiqh

ulamâ’z (fuqahâ)z say,z taghannîz isz harâm.z Thez followingz couplets,

whichzareztranslatedzfromzPersian,zindicatezthezstatezofzthosezwho

practiseztasawwufzandztaqwâ:

Wandering hand-in-hand with my honey,

My eyes caught a flower, unknowingly.

‘Aren’t you ashamed!’ she said, and added,

‘How can you see the rose while I am with thee?’

Thezfollowingzfivezconditionszshouldzbezobservedzinzorderzfor

taghannîztozbezmubâh.

1z-zItziszharâmzforzeveryz[nâ-mahram]zmanztozlistenztozthezvoice

ofz women,z girlsz orz attractivez boysz whenz hez isz withz themz and

lookingz atz them.z Az purez heartz isz distressedz atz thez sightz ofz such

scenes,z andz isz stained;z thez nafsz enjoysz them,z getsz strongerz and

becomesz excessive.z Thez Shaytânz helpsz thez nafsz andz shahwa.

Althoughzitziszjâ’izztozlistenztozthezvoicezofzanzunattractivezboy,zitzis

harâmztozlistenztozevenzanzuglyzgirlzwhileznearzher.zNâmahramzmen

listeningz toz girlsz orz womenz readingz orz singingz something

permissible,z suchz asz mawlidz orz ilâhî,z withoutz seeingz themz [for

example,zfromzazrecord-playerzorzradio-receiver],ziszsimilarztoztheir

lookingz atz az boy’sz face.z Thatz is,z itz becomesz halâlz orz harâm

dependingz onz thez thoughtz orz intention;z listeningz toz az mawlîdz is

permissible,z whilez listeningz toz thez voicez isz harâm.z Onez should

–z374 –

avoid doubtfulzactions.

Itziszwrittenzinzal-Hadîqaethatzitziszharâmzforzmenztoztalkzwith

nâmahramz womenz unlessz therez isz az darûrat [1] ;z itz isz jâ’iz

(permissible)z toz talkz onlyz asz muchz asz necessaryz inz casesz suchz as

buyingzandzselling.

2z-zNozmusicalzinstruments,zsuchzaszthezlute,zthezviolin,zthezreed,

thezsaxophonezorzthezflutezshouldzbezplayedzwhilezlisteningztozthe

voicez ofz thez reciter.z Itz isz harâmz toz playz orz listenz toz anyz musical

instrumentz forz pleasurez orz forz merryz making.z Itz isz thez habitz of

thosez whoz drinkz alcoholicz beverages.z Andz alcoholz incitesz the

malignantz desirez ofz thez nafs,z thatz is,z thez shahwa.z However,z itz is

permissiblezforzeveryzMuslimztozplayzbandzmusicztozstrengthenzthe

moralezofzthezsoldierszinzwarzandztozimprovisezduringzpeacetimezto

getz ready,z andz toz playz thez drumsz andz tambourinesz atz wedding

parties.z z [Politicalz congressesz arez regardedz asz battlefieldsz inz this

respect.]

Playingz musicalz instrumentsz isz harâm,z notz thez instruments

themselves.

3z-zMuslimszshouldznotzreadzwithzazmellifluouszvoicezorzlistenzto

poemszaboutzindecency,zwomenzorzalcoholiczdrinks.zItziszharâmzto

listenztozanyonezwhozblameszMuslimszorzthezIslamiczscholars.

4z-zTherezshouldznotzbezattractivezboyszorznâmahramzwomen

amongzanzaudience.zFisqz(debauchery),zobscenities,zsodomyzand

adulteryzarezallzthezlusts,zthezshahawât,zofztheznafs;ztheyzshouldznot

bez calledz lovez orz affection.z Itz isz thez heartz whereinz lovez and

affectionzdwell,zsoztheyzarezvaluable.

5z-zAlthoughzitziszpermissibleztozlistenztozazbeautifulzvoicezfor

pleasurezforzthosezwhozhaveznozworldlyzlovezinztheirzheartszorzno

shahwaz ofz thez nafs,z thisz mustz notz becomez habitual.z Itz isz lahw

(amusement,zentertainment),zla’be(playing,zgame)zandzabsurdityzto

dozorztozusezsomezmubâhszfrequently.zThesezarezwayszofzkilling

time,zwhichziszharâm.

[Thezprofoundz’âlimzzinzzâhirîzscienceszandz’ârifz(hezwhozhas

attainedzthezhighestzdegreezinzthezknowledgeztermedzma’rifa)zand

kâmilz(perfect)zHadratzMazhar-izJân-izJânânz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâ

’alaih’z said: “Simâ’,z thatz is,z qasîda,z ilâhîz orz mawlîd,z fillsz az heart

thatzisznotzillzwithzcompassionzandzmakezitztender.zAllâhuzta’âlâ

pitieszandzlookszwithzcompassionzonzpeople withztenderzhearts.

[1] ‘Darûrat’ziszdefinedzatzvariouszplaceszofzthiszbook,zespeciallyzinzthe

chapterzdealingzwithz‘GhuslzandzAblution’.

–z375 –

WhyzshouldzsomethingzbezharâmzwhilezitzcauseszAllâhuzta’âlâ’s

compassion?zItziszazfactzunanimouslyzstatedz(byzIslamiczscholars)

thatz instrumentalz musicz isz harâm.z However,z itz isz saidz thatz at

weddingzparties,zplayingztambourinesz[andzdrums]ziszmubâhzand

playingzreedsziszmakrûh.zRasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’

pluggedzhiszearszwithzhiszfingerszwhenzhezheardzthezsoundzofza

reedzwhenzpassingzby,zbutzhezdidznotzorderz’Abdullahzbinz’Umar,

whozwaszwithzhim,ztozdozso,ztoo.zThiszmeanszthatztozavoidzhearing

thezsoundzofzazreedzisztaqwâ’z(fearzofzAllâhuzta’âlâ)zandz’azîmaz(a

highzmoralzquality).zThereziszazdifferencezofzopinionzaboutzsimâ’

(singing).z Therez arez thosez whoz sayz itz isz permissible,z asz wellz as

thosezwhozsayzitzisznot.zItziszbetterznotztozdozsomethingzonzwhich

thereziszazdisagreement.zItzwaszforzthiszreasonzthatzthosezwhozhad

taqwâz didz notz performz anz audiblez dhikr;z theyz performedz dhikr

silently.”zThesezwordszofzHadratzMazhar-izJân-izJânânzarezwritten

inzMaqâmat-ieMazhariryya.]

OnzthezfourthzpagezofzDurreal-ma’ârif [1] ,zitziszwritten:z“Simâ’zis

permissiblezonlyzforzthosezwhozhavezturnedztowardszAllâhuzta’âlâ

andzwhozknowzthatzeverythingziszfromzAllâhuzta’âlâ.zInvoluntary

dancingziszcalledzwajd,zandzvoluntaryzdancingziszcalledztawâjud.

Therezwaszsimâ’zinzHadratzNizâmzad-dînzAwliyâ’sz‘rahmatullâhi

ta’âlâz’alaih’zmajlisz(lecture,zgathering,zmeeting),zbutztherezwaszno

musicalz instrument,z womenz orz boys;z therez wasz notz evenz the

clappingzofzhands.zAzvoicezwithoutzinstrumentalzmusicziszcalled

simâ’e [thatz is,z taghannî].z Thez humanz voicez accompaniedz with

instrumentalz musicz isz calledz ghinâ’e [thatz is,z music].z Ghinâ’z is

harâmzaccordingztozthezunanimityzofzthez’ulamâ.’zTherezarez’âlims

whozsaidzthatzthez64thzâyatzofzsûratzal-Isrâzdeclaredzghinâ’zharâm.

Thez hadîths-iz sherîfs,z ‘Shaytâne wase thee firste onee toe make

taghannî,’e andz ‘Ghinâe arousese discorde ine thee heart,’e provez that

ghinâ’ziszharâm.zThez’ulamâ’zdisagreedzonzwhetherzsimâ’ziszharâm

orznot,zwhileztherezisznozdisputezthatzghinâ’ziszharâm.zThezvoicezof

womenzorzyoungzboysziszalsozclassifiedzaszghinâ’.zThez’ulamâ’zwho

saidzthatzsimâ’ziszhalâlzalsozstatedzthezconditionszforzitztozbezhalâl.

Whenzthesezconditionszareznotzfulfilled,zsimâ’ziszharâmzaccording

tozthezunanimity.”zThezabovezextractzfromzDurreal-ma’ârifeshows

thatztherezisznozmusiczorzmusicalzinstrumentzinzIslam.zThezterm

Islamicemusic,zwhichzhaszbeenzcoinedzrecently,zhasznozconnection

withz Islam.z Az personz whoz saysz “halâl”z forz somethingz harâm

[1] Writtenz byz Sayyidz Abdullahz Dahlawîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,

(1158z[1744zA.D.],zPunjab-1240z[1827],zDelhi.)

–z376 –

becomesz az kâfir.z Moreover,z itz shouldz bez understoodz thatz those

whozmixzthezharâmzintoztheirzibâdâtzbecomezkâfirszlikezthezzindîqs

whoztryztozdemolishzandzcorruptzthezimagezofzIslam.zTherefore,zit

iszazdangerouszbid’atztozrecitezthezQur’ân-al-kerîm,ztheztakbîr,zand

thezeulogieszwithzmusicalzinstrumentszlikezreeds,zforzinstance.zThe

Qur’ânzal-kerîmzshouldzbezrecitedzwithzazbeautifulzvoicezandzwith

tajwîd.zItziszharâmztozrecitezitzbyzmodifyingzthezwordsztozkeepzup

withztune.

Itz isz ghinâ’,z andz thereforez harâm,z forz youngz hâfizz qurrâsz to

recitez thez Qur’ânz al-kerîm,z mawlîdsz orz ilâhisz toz anz audiencez of

youngzwomenzandzgirls.zIfzazpersonzlookszatzsomethingzwithzlustzhis

heartzalsozbecomeszbusyzwithzit;zthezheartzgetszstainedzandzfallszill.

Theznafszgetszstrongerzandzbecomeszimpetuouslyzviolent.

Althoughzwezsaidzitziszpermissibleztozlistenztozazbeautifulzvoice

forz thosez withz onlyz lovez ofz Allahz inz theirz hearts,z providingz they

recitez inz accordancez withz thez above-mentionedz conditions,z we

shouldz alsoz notez thatz thez Sahâbaz ‘radiy-Allâhuz ta’âlâz ’anhum

ajma’în’z andz thez Tâbi’ûnz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlaz ’alaihimz ajma’în’

neverzdidzsuchzthings.zThoughztaghannîziszobviouslyzazbid’at,zwe

saidzitzwaszjâ’izzbecausezitzhaszsomezuses.zHasanzBasrîzstateszatzthe

endzofzSiyar-ul-aqtâb: “Azpersonzwhozlistensztozsimâ’zwithzlovezof

Allahzbecomeszazsiddîq.zAzpersonzwhozlistensztozitzbyzfollowingzhis

nafszbecomeszazzindiq.”

WhenzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmziszrecitedzonzthezradiozorzthroughza

loudspeaker,zthezoriginalzsounds,zthatzis,zthezoriginalzarticulation

ofzthezletterszarezdistortedzmostzofztheztimezandzthezmeanings of

thez âyatsz change.z Thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz recitedz thenz becomesz a

commonz compositionz ofz az meaninglessz wavesz ofz sound,z andz a

meansz ofz sentimentalz pleasurez likez thez melodiesz ofz az song.z In

addition,zaszwrittenzinzRaddeal-muhtâr,zinzMajma’eal-anhur,zandzin

Durreal-munteqâ,zandzalsozonzthez2361stzpagezofzthezthirdzvolume

ofztheztafsîrzbyzElmal›l›zHamdizEfendiz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’:

“RecitalzofzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmziszitszrecitalzbyzazpersonzconscious

enoughztozrecognizezwhatzheziszrecitingziszthezQur’ânzal-kerîm.”

Mosqueszarezbuiltzprimarilyztozperformzsalâtzinsidezthem.zTherezis

nozquietzcornerzleftzforzprayingzwhenzthezvoicezofzazwâ’izzorzhâfiz

qurrâ’z fillsz thez wholez mosquez byz meansz ofz radiosz and

loudspeakers.z Thosez whoz arez prayingz inz thez mosquez become

confused.zIbniz’Âbidînzwrotezthatzitziszsinfulzforzthezimâmztozbezso

loudzasztozdisturbzotherszwhenzitziszwâjibztozrecitezaloud.zThose

whoz recitez throughz loud-speakersz arez sinningz fromz thisz pointz of

viewzaszwell.

–z377 –

Inzthezbeginningzofzthezsectionzwherezhezdescribedzazghuslzinzhis

Fatâwâ’eal-kubrâ,zHadratzIbnizHâjarzal-Makkîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâ

’alaih’z wrote: “Recitingz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz inz az mosquez isz a

valuablez qurba.z But,z itz isz necessaryz toz silencez thez childrenz who

recitezloudlyzandzwhozconfusezthosezwhozarezperformingzsalât.zIf

thezteacherzdoesznotzkeepzthezchildrenzquiet,zthezauthoritieszshould

sendzthezchildrenzandzthezteacherzoutzofzthezmosque.”

[Question:zAzloud-speakerzmakeszitzpossiblezforzthezazânztozbe

heardzfromzdistances;zBelieverszcanzhearzthezazân.zTherefore,zis

thezloud-speakerznotzusefulzandzbeneficial?

Answer:zIfzthezassumptionzthatzthezazânzshouldzbezheardzover

azlargezareazwereztrue,zthiszquestionzthenzwouldzhavezazmeaning

andzvalue.zIfzitzhadzbeenznecessaryzforzthezazânztozbezrecitedzwith

az voicez louderz thanz thatz ofz az normalz humanz being,z Rasûlullah

‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zwouldzhavezgivenzazsolutionzforzthis

sincezitzwaszhiszdutyztozpreachzandzseezthatzeverythingznecessary

inzIslamzwaszlearntzandzdone.zAlthoughztherezhadzbeenzthosezwho

proposedzthatzprayerztimeszshouldzbezannouncedzbyzringingzbells

likez Christiansz orz byz blowingz hornsz likez Jewsz toz makez itz heard

fromzdistances,zhezdidznotzacceptzanyzofzthesezideas.z“Weeshallenot

doeitethateway.eMounteaehigheplaceeandecalletheeazân,”ehezdeclared.

Thus,zitzbecamezclearzthatzitzwasznotznecessaryztozmakezazsingle

azânzheardzeverywhere.zWezknowzthatzanyzalterationzinz’ibâdâtzis

azbid’atzandzazgravezsin,zandzitziszanzevenzmorezdetestablezbid’at

andzazmorezdisgustingzsinztozmixzanz’ibâdatzwithzsomethingzwhich

wasz neverz approvedz ofz andz evenz refusedz byz Rasûlullahz ‘sall-

Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’.zItziszwrittenzinztheznineteenthzletterzof

thezthirty-fourthzchapterzinzthezfirstzvolume: “Evenzifzbid’atszseem

tozbezbright,zgloriouszandzbeneficial,zallzofzthemzmustzbezabstained

from.zNotzonezbid’atzcontainszanzadvantage.”zThez186thzletterzin

thezbookzMektûbâteTercemesiestates:z“Sincezthezheartszofztoday’s

menzhavezbeenzdarkened,zsomezbid’atszappearztozbezbeautifulzand

useful,zbutzonzthezRisingzDay,zwhenzthezheartszwillzbezawakened

itz willz bez understoodz thatz allz thez bid’atsz werez harmfulz without

exception.z Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’z declares:

“Anye renovatione ine thee religione ise harmful.e Youe shoulde throw

theme out.” Inz thez 216thz versez ofz sûraz Baqara,z Allâhuz ta’âlâ

declares:z“Itemayehappenethateyoueloveesomethingewhicheisebad

foreyou.” Asziszseen,z(Seezchapterz4,zEndlesszBliss,zThirdzFascicle)

itzdoesznotzbefitzazMuslimztozpropoundzthezbid’atzofzcallingzthe

azânz throughz az loud-speaker.z Inz additionz toz this,z inz Durre almukhtâreinzthezsectionzonzyamînz(oath)zwhereztheznazrz(vow)zis

–z378 –

explained,zitziszdeclared:z“Itziszwâjibzforzthezgovernmentztozbuild

azmosquezinzeveryztownzandzlocality.zItzisznecessaryztozgetzitzbuilt

withz fundsz fromz thez Bayt-ul-mâl.z Ifz thez governmentz doesz not

buildzit,zthenzitzbecomeszwâjibzforzthezMuslimsztozbuildzit.”zOnzthe

480thzpagezofzthezfirstzvolume,zitziszwritten: “Itziszharâmztozleave

az mosquez whilez thez azânz isz beingz called.z However,z itz is

permissibleztozleavezitzinzorderztozjoinzthezjamâ’atzofzone’szown

localityz becausez itz isz wâjibz toz prayz inz thez mosquez ofz one’sz own

locality.”zInzsummary,zitziszorderedzthatztherezshouldzbezazmosque

inz everyz Muslimz ward,z thatz thez azânz shouldz bez calledz atz every

mosque,zandzthatzonezshouldzhearzthezazânzcalledzatzthezmosque

inzone’szlocalityzorzmarketzandzjoinzthezjamâ’atzthere.zTherezmust

bezazmosquezinzeveryzwardzofzaztown;zthezazânzmustzbezcalledzat

eachzandzeveryzmosque,zandzeveryonezmustzhearzthezazân.zThere

isznozneedztozmakezthezazânzheardzoverzgreatzdistances.zIfzloudspeakerszarezused,zthezresultziszinterferencezandzconfusion,zand

thez azânz willz havez beenz madez az play-thing.z Therefore,z itz is

unecessaryzandzharmfulztozusezloud-speakersztozamplifyzthezazân.

If,z followingz Islam’sz command,z everyz muazzinz callsz thez azânz in

accordancez withz thez Sunnatz fromz az minaret,z everyz Muslimz will

hearzclearlyzthezazânzclosestztozhiszhomezwithoutzthezneedzofza

loud-speakerz callingz itz overz az distance.z Usingz loudspeakersz to

makezthezazânzaudiblezoverzgreatzdistancesziszazmanifestationzof

thezwishztozhavezthezazânzcalledzatzonezsinglezmosquezonlyzand

notzatzotherzmosques.

Inzazhadîth-i-sherîfzquotedzinzKunûzead-daqâiqeonzthezauthority

ofz al-Beyhekî [1] ,z Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’z stated:

“Thereewillecomeeaetimeeaftereyouewhenetheemostemiserableeand

theemostedebasedeofeMuslimseofetheetimeewillebeetheemuazzins.”

Thisz hadîth-i-sherîfz prophesiedz thatz therez wouldz bez peoplez who

wouldz doz taghannîz andz wouldz notz recitez orz callz thez azânz in

accordancezwithzthezSunnat,zandzwhozwouldzmixzbid’atszintozthe

’ibâdât.z Mayz Allâhuz ta’âlâz protectz ourz muazzinz brothersz from

beingzlikezthezmuazzinszcondemnedzinzthezabovezhadîth-i-sherîf!

Âmîn.

Inzourztime,zitziszdifficultztozseezanyzmosquezwherezthezazânzis

beingz calledz onz thez minaretz compatiblyz withz thez Sunnat.z The

practicezofznotzcallingzthezazânzonzthezminaretzhaszspreadzinzboth

townsz andz villages.z Thankfully,z thez [Turkish]z Authorityz of

[1] Abû Bakrz Ahmadz binz Husaynz ofz Beyhek,z Nishâpûrz ‘rahmatullâhi

ta’âlâz’alaih’,z(384z[994zA.D.]–458z[1066].)

–z379 –

ReligiouszAffairszhaszmadezallzMuslimszhappyzbyzannouncing,zin

thez circularz sentz toz thez muftîsz datedz Decemberz 1,z 1981z and

numberedz19,zwhichzorderszmuazzinsztozcallzthezazânzonzminarets,

thatztheyzarezresolvedztozgivezanzendztozthiszuglyzbid’at.

Itz isz necessaryz forz Muslimsz toz knowz thatz thez muazzinz isz a

Muslim,z ’âqilz (sane)z andz sâlihz (pious).z Therefore,z thez azânz onz a

tape-recorderzorzradiozisznotzsahîh.zItzisznotzcompatiblezwithzthe

Sunnatz evenz ifz anz ’âqilz andz sâlihz Muslimz callsz thez azânz onz the

minaretzandzyetzthroughzazloudspeaker.zPleasezseezthezfinalzpartzof

thezeleventhzchapter.z’Ibâdâtzshouldzbezdistinguishedzfromz’âdât

(customs).z Radiosz andz loudspeakersz arez ofz coursez usedz in

functionszotherzthanz’ibâdâtzandznozonezwouldzhavezanyzreasonzto

protestz simplyz theirz beingz used.z Butz anyonez whoz makesz the

slightestzalterationzinz’ibâdâtzbecomeszazmanzwithoutzazMadhhab.

Itz isz writtenz inz allz booksz ofz fiqh,z e.g.z inz thez Persianz book

Terghîb-us-salât,zaszfollows:z“Itziszmakrûhzforzazpersonzwithoutzan

ablutionz orz withoutz az ghusl,z (forz az personz whoz isz junub),z forz a

drunkzperson,zforzazfâsiqz(sinner),zforzazchild,zforzazwomanzorzfor

anzinsanezpersonztozperformzthezazân.zThereziszazconsensusz(of

Islamicz scholars)z onz thatz itz isz necessaryz toz reperformz anz azân

calledzbyzazdrunkzorzjunubzorzinsanezperson.zIfzazdisbelieverzcalls

thez azânz atz az prayerz time,z itz mustz bez concludedz thatz hez has

becomez az Muslim.z For,z thez azânz isz az sign,z az characteristicz of

Islam.”z Performingz thez azânz knowing,z believingz andz lovingz its

meaningziszazsymptomzofzbeingzazMuslim.zAzpersonzwhozcommits

azgravezsinziszcalledzfâsiq.zAzpersonzwhozdrinkszalcoholzorzgambles

orzmakeszfriendszwithz(nâmahram)zwomenzandzgirlszorzdoesznot

performzthezfivezdailyzprayerszofznamâz,ziszfâsiq.zItziszharâmzfor

womenztozletz(nâmahram)zmenzhearztheirzvoiceszbyzcallingzthe

azân,zreadingzorzrecitingzthezQur’ân-al-kerîm,zorzbyzperforming

mawlidszorzilâhîszaloud.zAndzitziszmakrûhzifztheyzdozitzthrough

loudspeakers,z radioz orz television.z Thesez instrumentsz are

instrumentsz ofz merriment,z (âlat-i-lahw),z atz placesz wherez itz is

customaryz toz usez themz forz pleasure.z Itz isz notz permissible,

therefore,ztozperformzactszofzworshipzwithzthem,ze.g.ztozperform

thez azânz withz az loudspeaker,z which,z inz thisz case,z wouldz bez like

havingzazfâsiqztozperformzthezazân.zItziszwrittenzinzDurar thatzitzis

harâmztozperformzthezazânzinzazmannerzsimilarztozthatzofzpeople

committingzfisqz(gravezsins).

Manyz examplesz canz bez givenz ofz thez factz thatz az phonetical

distortionz madez whilez recitingz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz resultsz inz an

alterationz ofz itsz meaningz andz therebyz causesz kufr.z Onez ofz many

–z380 –

suchz examplesz isz givenz belowz toz illustratez thez subject:z Thez last

phrasez ofz thez 81stz âyatz ofz sûraz Yâsînz means:z “Thosee Hee has

createdeareeveryemany.eHeeisewhoeknowseeverything.”eHeziszthe

Creatorz ofz incalculablez things.z Andz Hez hasz knowledgez ofz all

things.z However,z whenz thisz samez âyatz isz recitedz onz az radioz or

throughzazloud-speakerzthezpharyngealz‘kh’zofzthezwordz“khallâq”

isztransformedzusuallyzintoz‘h’,zandzthezwordzbecomes,z“hallâq”,

whichz meansz barber.z Then,z thez newz meaningz ofz thez phrase

becomesz“Heziszthezbarber,zandzHezhaszknowledgezofzallzthings.”

Thosez whoz readz thez âyatz thatz wayz andz thez onesz whoz hearz and

approvezorzlikezitzallzbecomezkâfirs.zInzthezIslamiczlettersz(Arabic)

thezwordsz“Khallâq”zandz“Hallâq” [1] areztwozdifferentzwordszboth

inz spellingz andz inz pronunciation;z theyz meanz creatorz andz barber

respectively.zAnotherzexampleziszthezthreezzzsoundszofzthezArabic

language.zEachzonezofzthemzrequireszdifferentzsounds.zThezfirstzis

thez emphaticz “Z›”,z thez secondz isz “Ze”,z thez thirdz isz “Zel.”z Ibni

’Âbidîn,zonzthez332ndzpage,zwrote:z“Onezshouldzsayz‘azim’zwith

‘Z›’zinzthezrukûztesbîhzwhichzmeansz‘MyzRabbziszGreat.’zIf,zinstead,

itziszpronouncedzwithz‘Ze’,zitzmeans,z‘MyzRabbziszmyzenemy’,zand

thezsalâtz(namâz)zisznullzandzvoid.”zAzMuslimzwhozreadszandzlearns

thezQur’ânzal-kerîmztransliteratedzintozLatinzcharacterszwillzhardly

bez ablez toz distinguishz thesez threez phonemicz consonants,z and,

therefore,zhiszsalâtzwillznotzbezsahîh.

ItzisznotzpermissibleztoztransliteratezthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzinto

Latinz characters.z Thisz isz notedz inz thez chapterz onz Najâsaz inz Ibn

Hâjar’sz al-Fatâwâ’e al-kubrâe andz inz thez fatwâz onz pagez 62z ofz the

bookz al-Hadye al-Islâmîe publishedz byz Al-Jâmi’atz al-Islâmiyyaz in

Libya,zinz1966.zAzfatwâzonzthiszmatterzinzthez1406z[1985]zissuezof

thezmonthlyzperiodicalzal-Muallimepublishedzbyzthezprofessorszof

“Bâk›yâtus-sâlihât”zmadrassazwhichziszonezofzthezgreatzmadrasses

ofzthezhundredszinzIndia.zAzcopyzofzthiszfatwâziszwrittenzinzthezbook

ofz khutbaz titledz al-Adillat-ul-kawâtie publishedz byz Hakikat

KitâbevizinzIstanbul.

ThezQur’âneal-kerîm recitedzonzthezradiozorzthroughzazloudspeaker,z

likez thez Biblesz andz Torahsz ofz today’sz Christiansz and

Jews,zisznotzthezWordzofzAllâhuzta’âlâ.zItziszwrittenzonzthez115th

pagezofzthezbookzal-Hadîqaethatzitzisznotzpermissibleztozinsultzor

showzcontemptzfor,ztozridiculezorztozreadzorztozlistenztozthezDivine

BookszthatzhavezbeenzabrogatedzbyzAllâhuzta’âlâzandztheztextszof

[1] Thez voicelessz glottalz fricative,z /h/,z andz thez voicelessz pharyngeal

fricative,z/ fˆ f h /,zareztwozdifferentzphonemeszinzthezArabiczlanguage.

–z381 –

whichzhavezbeenzinterpolatedzbyzpeople.zForzexample,zitziszkufrzto

makezmerryzbyzlisteningztozthezQur’âneal-kerîm orzMawlîdzonzthe

radiozinzpubliczhouses,zgambling-rooms,zplaygrounds,zorzinzplaces

wherez sinsz arez beingz committed.z Andz thosez whoz causez kufr

becomezkâfirs.

Therez mayz bez thosez whoz listenz reverentlyz toz thez Qur’âne alkerîmeorzMawlîdzonzazradiozandzweepzaszazresultzofzbeingztouched

byz thez naghmaz (melodiousz voice)z ofz thez qâri’z (reciter).z The

beautifulz voicez andz thez naghmaz influencesz thez nafsz ofz thez sickhearted;zitznourishesztheznafs,zandztheznafszmakeszthezpersonzweep.

However,zrecitingzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmziszazsunnat,zandzitziszazbasic

rulezinzfiqhzthatzazsunnatzwhichzbringszaboutzazharâmzorzevenza

makrûhzshouldzbezabandoned.zTherefore,zitziszbetterznotztozrecite

thezQur’âneal-kerîm orzazMawlîdzonzthezradio.zNevertheless,zitzis

necessaryz toz broadcastz thez humanz wordz onz thez radioz aboutz the

teachingsz ofz Islamz andz thez soul-nourishingz wordsz ofz thez Ahlz as-

Sunnatz’ulamâ’,zwhichzfillzwithzadmirationzthezlearnedzmindszofzthe

world.zSuchzbroadcastz(andzpublications)zarezcertainlyzveryzuseful

andzveryzblessed.

Question:zItzisztruezthatzthezsoundzonzthezradiozisznotzclearzwhen

tunedztozthezradiozstationszinzdistantzcountries.zBut,zthezreception

fromzazlocalzradio-stationziszperfectlyzsimilarztozthatzofzthezqâri’.

Besides,zthezmeaningzalsoziszclear.zWouldzsuchzazsoundzheardzfrom

az radio-receiver,z az tape-recorderz orz az loud-speakerz stillz notz be

regardedzaszthezQur’ân?

Answer:zScientificallyzspeaking,zthezsoundzheardzfromzazradioreceiverziszneitherzaqseas-sadâe(reflectionzofzsound)znorznaqleassadâe

(transmissionz ofz sound).z Naqlz meansz transmissionz orz the

transferz ofz thez soundz itselfz withoutz anyz transformation.z For

example,z heatz mayz bez transferredz byz conductionz asz wellz asz by

radiationz andz convection.z Anz ironz rodz conductsz heatz without

transformingz it.z Heatz isz conductedz fromz onez ironz crystalz toz the

nextzonezandzthuszfromzonezendzofzthezrodztozthezother.zThezvoice

ofzthezreaderziszheardzbyztransmission,zthatzis,zNaqleas-sadâ,ebyzthe

peoplezwithinzearshot.zThezvocalzchordszinzthezlarynxzinzthezthroat

becomeztensezandzthezairzblownzfromzthezlungszsetszthemz(theztwo

fleshyz chords)z intoz vibrationz whenz wez talk.z Vibrationsz ofz these

chordszsetzintozvibrationzthezairzmoleculeszsurroundingzthem,zand

thiszvibrationzisztransmittedzbyzotherzairzmoleculesztozourzears,

andzthuszwezhearzthezvoicezofzsomeoneztalking.zSoundzpropagates

inz thez formz ofz sphericalz pressurez wavesz inz air.z Airz transmits

sound;zitzdoesznotztransportz(orzcarryzsound)zitself.zSoundztravels

–z382 –

340zmetreszperzsecondzinzdryzair.zWaterzmoleculeszalsozconduct

sound.z Velocityz ofz soundz inz waterz isz aboutz 1500z metresz per

second.zSolidsztransmitzsoundzmuchzfaster.zThezvelocityzofzsound

inzsteelzandzglassziszapproximatelyz5000zmetreszperzsecond.

Soundz wavesz propagatingz inz airz orz waterz changez their

directionz whenz theyz hitz az solidz smoothz surfacez likez az wallz orz a

rockyz cliff.z Thez reflectedz wavesz givez az secondz soundz ofz similar

qualities.z Thisz secondz soundz isz calledz aqse as-sadâe orz “echo.”

Althoughzthezreflectedzsound,zthezecho,ziszsimilarzinzqualityztozthe

orginalz sound,z itz hasz beenz statedz thatz itz isz notz necessaryz to

performzsajdatzat-tilâwatz(tozprostrate)zwhenzonezhearszthezecho

ofzanzâyatzas-sajdazevenzifzonezunderstandszthezâyatzclearly.zThat

is,zthezechozofzQur’âneisznotzthezQur’âneal-kerîm.zThiszsoundzis

notzcalledzthezWordzofzAllâhuzta’âlâ.zThezvoicezonzthezradiozis

neitherztheznaqlz(transmissionzwithoutztransformation)znorzeven

thezaqsz(echo)zofzthezvoicezofzthezqâri’. Itziszazsoundzdifferentzfrom

andz onlyz similarz toz thez voicez ofz thez qâri’. Lookingz atz the

reflectionsz ofz womenz inz az mirrorz orz water,z orz thez picturesz of

womenzonzpaperzorzazscreenzisznotzthezsamezaszlookingzatzthem

directly.zThezsoundzthatzreacheszthezmicrophonezisznozlongerza

soundzwavezwhenzitziszconvertedzinto,zfirst,zelectricalzimpulseszand

thenzintozelectromagneticzwaves.zThezsoundzheardzfromzthezradio

iszazreproductionzthroughzanzinversezprocess:zthezelectromagnetic

waveszreceivedzbyzthezantennazofzthezradio-receiverzarezconverted

intoz electricalz impulsesz andz thenz intoz az newz sound.z Az loudspeakerz

isz definedz asz anz apparatusz thatz convertsz electrical

impulseszintozaudiblezsoundzwaves.z(See,zforzexample,zthezFrench

dictionaryzLarousseeforzhautparlour.) [1] Howzcanzaztransmissionzof

thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz whichz involvesz transformationsz or

conversionszintozanotherzsoundzbezcalledzthezQur’ânzwhilezeven

anzechozofzthezQur’ânzisznot?

Question:zThezvoicezonzthezradiozisznotzthezvoicezofzthezhâfiz

qurrâ’,zaszprovedzscientifically,zbutzitziszstillzcompletelyzsimilarzin

allzitszharmonics.zAndzthezmeaningzisznotzdistorted,zeither.zWhy

shouldzitznotzbezpermissibleztozlistenztozit?

Answer:zSomethingzsimilarztozsomethingzelsezisznotzthatzthing

itself.zForzexample,zbrasszbraceletszmayzbezsimilarztozgoldzones,

butztheyzarezneverzthezsame;zbrasszdoesznotzcountzaszgold.zThe

[1] Alsoz ‘loudspeaker’z inz Macmillanz Contemporaryz Dictionary,z 1979,

MaczMillanzPublishingzCo.zInc.,zNewzYork.

–z383 –

soundzfromzazradio-receiverzorzazloud-speakerzmayzbezveryzsimilar

tozthatzofzthezqâri’,zbutzitzisznotzthezhumanzvoice.zItziszazmetallic

sound.z Itsz quality,z pitch,z volumez andz harmonicsz arez different.

Picturezofzazwomanzmayzbezveryzsimilarztozher,zbutzitziszneverzthe

womanzherself,znorziszitzsomethingzwhichzhaszazconnectionzwith

her.zThisziszwhyzitzisznotzharâmztozlookzwithoutzdesirezatzthez’awrat

ofzazwomanzinzherzpicture,zwhilezitziszharâmztozlookzatzherzvery

body.zNevertheless,zbecausezthezpicturezofzazwomanziszlikezher,zit

isz makrûhz toz lookz atz thez picture.z Similarly,z itz isz necessaryz to

respectzthezlikezofzazrespectedzbeingzbecausezofzitszclosezproximity,

evenzifzitzisznotzthezsame.

Itz isz writtenz inz valuablez booksz thatz itz isz kufrz toz recitez the

Qur’âneal-kerîm accompaniedzwithzinstrumentalzmusic,zlikezthe

kâfirs’zsingingzhymnszinzazchurchzwithzorganzmusic.zPleasezseezthe

fourtiethzchapterzinzthezsecondzpartzofzthezTurkishzversion.zAlso,

itziszkufrztozprofanezinzthiszmannerzthezQur’aniczrecitationzonzthe

radioz orz throughz az loud-speaker,z whichz isz veryz similarz toz the

Qur’ân.zIfzthezQur’âneal-kerîm iszrecitedzwithoutzanyzinstrumental

music,zandzifzitziszrecitedzwithztajwîdzonzthezradiozjustzforzazfew

minutesz afterz hoursz ofz musicz andz otherz shahwa-inciting

programmes,zandzthenzthezusualzsinfulzbroadcastingzstartszagain,

thiszcaseziszsimilarztozthatzofzpeoplezinzazfisqzmajliszwithzgambling,

drinking,zplayingzandzimmodestlyzdressedzwomenzrecitingzsome

Qur’âneal-kerîm inzanzintervalzbetweenzthezharâm;zitziszsinful.zIn

thez commentariesz ofz Multaqâ,z itz isz written:z “Itz isz sinfulz toz say

tesbîh,ztahlîl,zdhikr,ztakbîrzorztozreadzhadîth,zfiqhzandzthezlikezinza

gatheringzofzdebaucheryzorztozthosezwhozprofane.”zThezreasonzfor

thisz isz thatz ourz Prophetz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’z forbade

recitingz thez Qur’âne inz suchz gatheringsz orz withoutz proper

reverence.zForzexample,zinzthezbookzKimyâ-iesa’âdat,zitziszwritten:

“Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’z wentz toz Rabîz bin

Su’ûd’szhouse.zSmallzgirlszwerezplayingztambourineszandzsinging

inzthezhouse.zTheyzstoppedzsingingz[andzplayingzthambourines],

andzstartedzlaudingzRasûlullah.z‘Doenotementionemyename!e[Go

onz withz whatz youz havez beenz recitingz already!]z Eulogizinge me

[recitingz mawlîdz orz ilâhî]z ise ane ’ibâdat.e Ite ise note permissiblee to

performe’ibâdatewheneplayingetambourinese[musicalzinstruments],

makingemerryeandeplaying,’ehezstated.”zItziszwrittenzinzJawâhirealfiqhe

thatz hez whoz recitesz Qur’âne al-kerîm whilez playingz a

tambourinezorzanyzotherzmusicalzinstrument,zorzwhilezplayingzany

otherz thingz orz gamez willz becomez az kâfir.z Itz isz writtenz inz the

chapterz onz ablutionz inz Mizân-ie Sha’rânî:z “Thez ’ulamâ’z ofz Islam

–z384 –

declaredz thatz thez personz whoz recitesz thez Qur’âne al-kerîm after

sayingzunpleasantzwordsziszlikezthatzpersonzwhozputszthezQur’ân

al-kerîm intozdirt.zTherezisznozdoubtzaboutzhiszkufr.”

Itziszwrittenzinzal-Hadîqaeinzthezchapterzonzthezinflictionszofzthe

tonguez thatz az hadîth-i-sherîfz stated:z “Announcee nikâhe toe the

public!eForethisepurpose,eperformetheeceremonyeinemosqueseand

playetambourines!”eImâmzMunâwîzexplainszthiszhadîth-izsherîfzand

writes: “Tambourinesz arez notz toz bez playedz inz mosques.z This

hadîth-i-sherîfz doesz notz orderz thatz thez tambourinesz shouldz be

playedz inz mosques;z itz ordersz thatz onlyz nikâhz couldz bez donez in

mosques.”z Itz isz clearz asz explainedz inz al-Hadîqae thatz itz isz never

permissiblez toz playz anyz otherz musicalz instrumentsz inz mosques

whilez itz isz prohibitedz toz playz evenz tambourinesz whichz are

otherwisezcertainlyzpermissiblezoutsidezthezmosque.

InzthezhadîthszquotedzinzMukhtasareat-tadhkîra,zitziszstated:z“In

theelatestetimeeignorantemeneofereligioneandefâsiqehâfizequrrâ’ewill

bee one thee increase.e Theree wille comee suche ae timee thate mene of

religiouseprofessionewillebeemoreerotteneandeputridethaneaedonkey’s

carcass.”e Thisz hadîth-iz sherîfz propheciesz thatz asz thez Risingz Day

nearsz fâsiqz andz corruptedz menz ofz religionz willz appear.z Wez have

heardzthatzinzRussiaztheyzputzazturbanzandzgownzonzcommunist

spieszandzanarchistsztrainedzwithzspecialzmethodszandzcallzthemzthe

muftîzofzTurkmanistan,zAzarbaijan,zorzhadratzsozandzso.zWezhave

seenz theirz photographsz inz theirz periodicalsz publishedz toz further

theirzinternationlzpropaganda.zTheyzarezsendingzthesezspieszinzthe

guisez ofz religiousz menz toz Africanz andz Arabicz countriesz where

peoplezarezMuslims.zThroughzthesezspiesztheyzarezsowingzseedszof

anarchyzandzarezmakingzbrotherszenemiesztozonezanother.zThey

havez thusz gottenz holdz ofz countriesz calledz “Socialistz Islamic

Republic.”zWezseezwithzgratitudezthatzinzourzpurezcountryzthere

arez noz suchz corruptedz menz ofz religionz amongz ourz honourable

nation.

Recordingz thez Qur’âne al-kerîme onz magneticz tapesz or

gramophonez discsz isz likez writingz itz onz paper.z Therez canz bez no

argumentszagainstzdoingzthiszbasedzonzthezobjectionzthatztapes

andz dicsz arez usedz forz recordingz music,z songs,z gamesz and

amusements,zsincezpaperzalsoziszusedzforzprintingzpicture-novels,

obscenezpictures,zamusementszandzpornographiczmagazines.zThe

Qur’âneal-kerîm iszcalledzazMus’hafewhenzitziszwritenzonzpaper.zA

Mus’hafziszvaluablezbecausezitziszthezcausezandzmeanszwhereby

peoplezreadzandzlearnzandzmemorizezthezQur’âneal-kerîm.zFor

–z385 –

thiszreason,zitziszveryzmeritoriousztozwritezorzprintzMus’hafszand

distributezthemzaszgifts.zTapeszandzdiscszarezalsozusedzaszmeans

forzlearningzandzmemorizingzthezQur’âneal-kerîm forztheyzsound

veryz muchz likez somethingz it.z Az tapez orz az discz onz whichz the

Qur’âneal-kerîm iszrecordedzshouldzbezesteemedzlikezazMus’haf

ash-sherîf,z andz nothingz elsez shouldz bez recordedz onz them;z they

shouldz bez keptz somewherez high,z andz nothingz elsez shouldz be

placedzonzthem;ztheyzshouldznotzbeztouchedzwithoutzazwudû’,zor

givenz toz kâfirsz orz fâsiqs;z theyz shouldz notz bez putz togetherz with

tapesz andz discsz onz whichz otherz thingsz arez recorded;z andz they

shouldznotzbezplayedzatzplaceszwherezthereziszfisqz(debauchery),

games,z gambling,z andz entertainment.z Thez recordz playerz orz the

tape-recorderzusedzforzlisteningztozthezQur’âneal-kerîm shouldzin

noz circumstancez bez takenz toz az fisqz majlisz (gatheringz for

debauchery),zandzshouldzneverzbezusedzforzplayingzharâmzand

indecentzrecordings.zItzisznotzpermissibleztozplayzthezQur’ânealkerîm

onzazrecord-playerzorztape-recorderzwhichziszusedzalsozfor

playingzmusiczbecausezitziszlikezlisteningztozthezQur’âneal-kerîm

recitedzbyzazfâsiqzhafîzzqâri’zwhozalsozsingszsongszandzlyricszwhich

areznotzpermissiblezaszstatedzabove.zInzshort,ztheztapeszandzdiscs

onzwhichzthezQur’âneal-kerîm iszrecordedzarezheldzinzhighzregard

andz valuedz likez Mushaf-iz sherîfs,z andz disrespectingz or

dishonoringz themz causesz kufr.z However,z listeningz toz these

recordingsz ofz thez Qur’âne al-kerîm isz az wayz ofz listeningz to

somethingzveryzmuchzlikezthezQur’âneal-kerîm,zbutzitzisznotzthe

samezaszlisteningztozthezhâfizzqurrâ’zrecitingzit.zOnezcannotzobtain

thezblessingszofzlisteningztozthezQur’âneal-kerîm fromzit.zFor,zthe

tilâwatzofzal-Qur’âneal-kerîme(recitalzofzthezQur’ân)ziszitszrecital

byzsomeonez(azMuslim)zwhoziszconsciouszaboutzthezfactzthatzhezis

recitingz thez Qur’âne al-kerîm.z Thisz factz isz writtenz onz thez five

hundredzandzsixteenthzpagezofzRadd-ul-muhtâr. However,zitzis

fardztozlistenztozanyzrecitationzwhichzsoundszlikezthezQur’ânzalkerîm.zItziszwrittenzonzthezthreezhundredzandzsixty-sixthzpagezof

Radd-ul-muhtârethatzthezQur’âneal-kerîmzrecitedzbyzazsmallzchild

whozisznotzconsciouszofzwhatzheziszrecitingzshouldzalsozbezlistened

tozrespectfully.

Ifz thez radioz isz alwaysz usedz forz listeningz toz usefulz thingsz and

thingsz causingz thawâbz andz neverz usedz forz listeningz toz things

prohibitedzbyzIslam,zitziszpermissible,zforzthezpurposezofzlearning,

toz listenz toz recitalsz ofz Qur’ânz al-kerîmz performedz amidstz these

usefulzthingszorzperformedzduringzthezpreaches,zlessonszandzother

programszonztapeszatzhome,zprovidedzthesezprogramszbezproper

–z386 –

andzsuitablezforzMuslims.zHowever,zitziszwrittenzinzpagez2361zofzthe

thirdzvolumezofzthezbookzofzTafsîrzbyzHamdizEfendizofzElmal›zthat

thiszdoesznotzmeanztozlistenztozQur’ânzal-kerîm.zItziszazworshipzto

recitez (orz read)z Qur’ânz al-kerîmz asz wasz donez byz ourz Prophet

‘sallallâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zandzthezAs-hâb-i-kirâm.zTozrecitezitzin

anotherz mannerz orz toz listenz toz suchz recitalsz meansz toz changez a

worship,zwhichziszazbid’at.zAndzbid’at,zinzitszturn,ziszthezgravestzsin.

[Pleasezreadztheztwenty-secondzchapterzinzthezsecondzfasciclezof

EndlesszBliss!]

Itz wasz writtenz inz az letterz fromz Indiaz thatz thez Wahhâbisz inz a

certainztownzperformedzsalâtzwithoutzanzimâmzinzsomezmosques.

Thesezmosqueszwerezconnectedzwithzazwireztozthezcentralzmosque

andzthezjamâ’atszfollowedzthezimâmzbyzhearingzhiszvoicezthrough

loud-speakers.z Thatz thez salâtz isz notz sahîhz ifz performedz by

followingzthezvoicezofzanzimâmzthroughzazloud-speakerziszwritten

inz chapterz 19.z Itz isz statedz inz Fatâwâ-i-Hindiyya: “Onez ofz the

hindranceszagainstzfollowingzanzimâmziszthezexistencezofzazstream

aszwidezasztozletzazboatzpasszorzazroadzwidezenoughzforzazcartz(car)

tozpasszorztherezbeingzanzemptyzspacezofztwozlinesz(betweenzthe

imâmzandzthezjamâ’at,zorzbetweenzthezlastzlinezofzthezjamâ’atzand

thez peoplez intendingz toz join).z Inz mosques,z itz isz permissiblez to

followzthezimâmzbehindzazlargezemptyzspace.zAnotherzhindrance

isz thez existencez ofz az wallz bigz enoughz toz preventz thez person

performingztheznamâzzinzorzoutsidezthezmosquezfromzhearingzthe

imâmzorzonezofzthezjamâ’atzorzfromzseeingzthezmovementszofzthe

imâmz orz onez ofz thez jamâ’at.z [Thez voicez heardz throughz a

loudspeakerz isz notz thez voicez ofz thez imâmz himself.z Likewise,

pictureszseenzonzaztelevisionzscreenzareznotztheirzoriginals;zthey

areztheirzvisions.]zItzisznotzpermissiblezforzazpersonzperformingzthe

namâzzinzthezmosquezorzbehindzthezwallztozfollowzsomeonezexcept

thez imâmz orz onez ofz thez jamâ’at.z Ifz thez mosquez isz fullz toz the

entrance,zitziszsahîhzforzazpersonzperformingztheznamâzzatzazplace

adjacentztozthezmosqueztozfollowzthezimâm.zIfzitzisznotzfullztozthe

entrance,zitziszsahîhzifzthezdistancezbetweenzhimzandzthezlastzlinezis

notzlargezenoughztozletzazcartz(orzcar)zpass.zIfzthezdistanceziszlarger,

hiszfollowingzthezimâmzisznotzsahîhz[evenzifzhezhearszthezimâm].zIt

isz statedz inz Qâdî-Khâne thatz itz isz permissiblez forz az person

performingz thez (same)z namâzz inz az buildingz adjacentz toz the

mosqueztozfollowzthezimâm.zItzisznotzpermissiblezifzthiszpersonzis

inzanzupperzstoreyzorzinzazbuildingzwhichzisznotzadjacentztozthe

mosque.”zThiszplainzfactzshowszthatzthosezmenzofzreligionzwhozare

makingzMuslimszperformznamâzzinzjamâ’atzwithoutzanzimâmzare

–z387 –

guiding themz notz toz actsz ofz worshipz butz toz actsz leadingz to

perdition.

UnbelieverszareztryingztozconvertzMuslimszintozChristianszand

mosquesz intoz churches.z Toz doz thisz insidiously,z theyz disguise

themselveszaszMuslims.zTheyzattemptztozelevatezthezplacezofzsajda

(wherez thez headz isz laidz inz prostration)z toz pavez thez wayz forz the

futurezintroductionzofzdeskszintozmosques.z“Azheadzshouldznotzbe

laidz onz placesz troddenz onz byz feet,”z theyz say,z “forz itz causes

infection.”z Theyz havez inz mindz az planz ofz evolvingz thesez higher

placeszofzsajdazintozdeskszbyzmakingzthemzhigherzandzhigherzyear

byzyear.zTozintroducezmusiczandzanzorganzintozmosques,ztheyzstart

firstzbyzintroducingzloud-speakerszandztape-recordersztozprepare

peoplez graduallyz forz worshipz accompaniedz withz musicz and

musicalzinstruments.zHowever,zitziszazbasiczfiqhzrulezthatzdoingza

mubâh,zwhichzisznotzazsin,zbecomeszharâmzifzthereziszthezdangerzof

thiszmubâhzbeingzmistakenzforzanz’ibâdat.zDoingzsuchzazmubâh

thenz becomesz az gravez sin.z Therefore,z Muslimsz shouldz bez very

vigilant,zindeed,zandzshouldzbezextremelyzcarefulztozworshipzlike

thezSahâbatzal-kirâm,zasztheirzgrandfatherszdid.zBecausezitziszbid’at

andz willz givez wayz toz otherz alterationsz inz ’ibâdât,z loud-speakers,

tape-recordersz andz thez likez shouldz notz bez allowedz inz mosques,

thoughztheyzmayzseemzgoodzandzuseful.zAlso,zMuslimszshouldzbe

carefulz notz toz bez caughtz inz thez trapsz orz usedz inz thez plansz of

enemiesz ofz Islam.z Inz thez 216thz âyatz ofz Sûrat-ul-Baqara,z itz is

declared:z“Thereeareemanyethingsethateyoueapproveeofeandelikeebut

whichearee[inzfact]zharmfuleforeyou!”eOnezshouldzabstainzfromzthe

slightestz alterationz inz ’ibâdât,z noz matterz howz usefulz theyz may

appear.z Anz azânz calledz throughz az radioz orz loud-speakerz isz not

sahîh.zAzsalâtzisznotzsahîhzifzitziszperformedzinzjamâ’atzbyzfollowing

azvoicezfromzazradiozorzloud-speaker,zwithoutzhearingzthezvoicezof

thez imâmz orz thez muazzinz himself.z Thisz factz isz explainedz inz the

nineteenthzchapter.

InzTarghîb-us-salâteitziszwritten: “Inzazhadîth-i-sherîfzquotedzin

thez pamphletz Kitâbe al-qirâ’a,z Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz wa

sallam’,zdescribingzthezsignszofzthezRisingzDay,zdeclared:z“Judges

wille takee bribese ande decidee unjustly.e Murderse wille increase.e The

youngeregenerationewillenotecareeorerespectetheir parentseandekin.

Thee Qur’âne wille bee recitede withe mizmâr,e thate is,e withe musical

instruments.ePeopleewillenotelistenetoethoseewhoereciteebeautifully

withe tajwîd;e theye wille listene toe thosee whoe recitee withe musice like

songs.”e Inz hisz bookz Musâmara,z Hadratz Muhyiddîn-iz ‘Arabî

‘qaddas-Allâhuz sirrahul’azîz’ wrotez thatz inz az hadîth-iz sherîf

–z388 –

narratedz byz Abuz Hurairaz ‘radiy-Allâhuz ’anh’,z itz isz declared:

“ThereewillebeesucheaetimeethateMuslimsewilledisunite,ebreakeinto

groups.eTheyewilleabandoneIslameandefollowetheireowneideaseand

judgments.eTheyewillereciteetheeQur’âneal-kerîmewithemizmârs,ethat

is,e withe instruments,e ase ife singinge songs.e Theye wille recitee note for

Allah’sesakeebuteforefun.eThereewillebeenoeblessingseforethoseewho

reciteeso.eAllâhueta’âlâecondemns them.eHeewillepunishethem.”eIn

manyz suchz hadîth-iz sherîfsz Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz wa

sallam’zforetoldzthatzthezQur’âneal-kerîmewouldzbezrecitedzthrough

anz apparatus,z suchz asz radios,z magneticz tapes,z recordsz andz loudspeakers,zwhichzarezusedzforzplayingzmusic.zHezdeclaredzthatzitzwill

bez sinfulz toz recitez inz suchz az manner.z Inz thez translationz ofz the

collectionz ofz thez fortyz hadîthsz byz thez profoundz ’âlim,z Shaikh-ul-

IslâmzAhmadzbinzSuleymanzbinzKemâlzPâshâ,zinzthezthirty-ninth

hadîthzitziszdeclared:z“Iehaveebeenesentetoebreakemizmârseandeto

destroyepigs.”eInztheztranslation,zthiszhadîthziszexplained:z“mizmâr

meanszflutezorzallzmusicalzinstruments.”zByzthiszhadîthzhezmeans.

“Izamzorderedztozforbidzeveryzkindzofzmusicalzinstrumentzandzthe

consumption ofzpork.”zInzanotherzhadîth,zitziszdeclared:z“Recite

theeQur’ânewithetheeArabicedialecteandetheeArabicephonetic!eDo

notereciteelikeefâsiqseandesingers!”eItziszharâmzforzazpersonzwho

reciteszlikezsingingzazsongztozbezimâmz(leadzthezsalât).zTheznamâz

performedzbehindzhimzisznotzsahîh.zThezreasonzforzthisziszthatzin

orderz toz tunez upz orz makez az melody,z hez addsz syllables,z which

changeszthezrecitationzintozhumanzlanguagezandznotzthezQur’ânealkerîm.]

WARNING:eAllzthatziszexplainedzaboveziszaboutzrecitingzand

listeningztozthezQur’âneal-kerîm onzthezradio.zNozmentionzofzusing

orzlisteningztozthezradiozinzgeneralzhaszbeenzmade.zThezgeneralzuse

ofzazradiozshouldznotzbezconfusedzwithzitszusezinz’ibâdât.zComments

onzthezusezofzazradiozinzgeneralzwillzbezmadezlater.

Inz Kimyâ-ie sa’âdat,z itz isz declared:z “Itz isz veryz meritoriousz to

learnzhowztozreadzthezQur’âneal-kerîm.zBut,zthosezwhozreadzand

thezhâfizzqurrâ’zshouldzreverezthezQur’âneal-kerîm.zAndztozdozthis,

theyzmustzobeyzthezQur’âneal-kerîmeinzeveryzwordzandzactionzof

theirs.z Theyz mustz adoptz thez âdâbz (rulesz andz manners)z ofz the

Qur’âneal-kerîm.zTheyzmustzkeepzawayzfromzwhatzitzprohibits.zIf

theyzdoznotzactzinzthiszmanner,zthezQur’âneal-kerîm willzbecome

theirz enemyz (andz hatez them).z Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz wa

sallam’zdeclared:z“MosteofetheemunâfiqseofemyeUmmatewillebeeof

thosee whoe recitee thee Qur’âne al-kerîm.”e Abûz Sulaimanz Dârânî

said: “ThezZebânîs,zthezangelszwhozwillzdoztheztormentingzinzHell,

–z389 –

willz attackz thez hâfizz qurrâ’z whoz doz notz obeyz Islam,z beforez they

attackzthezidolatrouszkâfirs. Thezhâfizzqurrâ’zwhozrecitezmawlîdzfor

moneyzandzthosezwhozrecitezmelodiouslyzarezofzthiszkind.zItzshould

bezrealizedzquitezwellzthatzthezQur’âneal-kerîmeisznotzforzreciting

only; itzwaszsentzforzmanztozfollowzthezway,zIslam,zpreachedzinzit.”

Inz thez commentaryz ofz Shir’ate al-Islâm,z itz isz written: “Itz isz the

ugliestzandzmostzloathsomezbid’atztozrecitezthezQur’âneal-kerîmeas

ifz singingz az song.z Thosez whoz recitez inz suchz az mannerz arez toz be

punished.”

Inz Riyâde an-nâsihîn,z itz isz written: “Thez Qur’âne al-kerîme will

intercedez forz thez hâfizz ofz thez Qur’âne al-kerîme whoz obeysz the

Sharî’at.zInzazhadîth-izsherîfzinzthezbookzMuslim,zitziszdeclared:z‘The

Qur’âneal-kerîmewillebeeeitheretheeintercessoreoretheeenemyeofeits

reciters.’ Inzazhadîth-izsherîfzitziszdeclared:z‘Thereeareemanyewho

reciteetheeQur’âneal-kerîmewhileetheeQûr’âneal-kerîmecallsedown

cursese upone them.’e Itz isz necessaryz forz onez toz havez az wudû’

(ablution)zwhenzreadingzthezQur’âneal-kerîm,ztozholdzitzinzthezright

hand,znotztozkeepzitzlowerzthanzone’szknees,znotztozleavezitzopen

afterzreadingzbutztozclosezandzputzitzsomewherezhighz[andzclean],

notztoztalkzwhenzreadingzit,zandzifzonezdoesztalk,zonezshouldzsayzthe

A’ûdhuzagainzandzthenzstartzreadingzorzreciting.zOnezshouldztake

(orzhand)zthezMus’hafz[andzalsoztheztapezonzwhichzthezQur’ânealkerîmeiszrecorded]zstandingzaszonezis.

Andz thosez whoz listenz toz thez Qur’âne al-kerîme onz thez radio

shouldzatzleastzputzthezradio-setzsomewherezhigh,zshouldznotzbusy

themselveszwithzanythingzelse,zandzshouldzsitzfacingzthezQibla.zItzis

anzirreverenceztozthezQur’âneal-kerîme(orzthezMawlîd)ztozlistenzto

music,zsongszorzotherzkufrzandzharâmszbeforezorzafterzthezQur’ân

al-kerîm.zThezQur’âneal-kerîmecallszcurseszuponzthosezwhozdoznot

reverezitzwhenzitziszrecited.zActionszandzbehaviourszthatzarezsinszfor

thosezwhozarezreadingzorzrecitingzarezalsozsinszforzthosezwhozmake

orzhavezitzreadzorzrecited.

ListenerszwhozcausezthezhâfizztozrecitezthezQur’âneal-kerîmeon

thezradiozare,zinzsomezrespects,zlikezthosezwhozwatchzanzacrobat:

Ifzthezacrobatzfallszdownzduringzthezshowzandzdies,zthezspectators

willz havez committedz az sinz becausez thez acrobatz wouldz notz have

beenzinzthezshowzandzwouldznotzhavezdiedzifzthezspectatorszhad

notzbeenzthereztozwatch.zItzisztruezthatzvictimszdiezbecausezmanzis

mortalz andz thez timez forz deathz hasz come;z however,z thez killerz is

punished.

ItzdistortszthezmeaningzandziszharmfulztozrecitezthezQur’âneal-

–z390 –

kerîm,z thez Mawlîdz andz thez Azânz withz musicz (melodiously)z and

taghannî.zForzexample,z“Allâhuzakbar”zmeanszAllâhuzta’âlâziszthe

Greatest.zIfzitziszrecitedzasz“Aaaallâhuzakbar”zwithzazlongz“A”,zit

meansz “Isz Allâhuz ta’âlâz (really)z great?”z Thisz injectsz az tonez of

doubt,zwhichziszkufr.zTherefore,zitziszobviouszthatzthosezwhozsay

“Allâhuzakbar”zwithzazlongzinitialz‘A’zbecomezkâfirs.

Inzfiqhzbooks,ze.g.zinzHalabîeas-saghîreonzpagez252,zitziszwritten:

“Thez’ulamâ’zsaidzthatzitziszmakrûhztozrecitezthezQur’ânzal-kerîm

withz naghmaz (melodiously),z evenz ifz itz doesz notz causez any

phoneticalzdistortion.zThezbasiszforzthisziszthatzitziszazsimulationzof

thezfâsiqs’zsinging,zandzitziszharâmzifzthereziszphoneticalzdistortion.

Itziszmakrûhztozlistenztozsomethingzwhichziszmakrûhztozread,zandzit

iszharâmztozlistenztozsomethingzwhichziszharâmztozread.zItziszwâjib

(necessary)ztozdozamrzbi’lma’rûfz(tozremindzsomeonezofzthezrules

ofzthezSharî’at)ztozthezhâfizzqurrâ’zwhozrecitezthezQur’âneal-kerîm

withz taghannîz (melody).z Ifz remindingz themz isz likelyz toz arouse

hostilityz orz enmity,z onez shouldz notz listenz andz shouldz leavez that

place.”zIneHalabîeonzpagez297,zitziszwritten: “Itzisznecessaryztozreperformz

thosez salâtsz performedz behindz anz imâmz whoz recites

melodiously.”zOnzanotherzpagezitziszwritten: “Itziszazsinfulzactionzto

recitez thez Qur’âne al-kerîme loudlyz wherez peoplez arez workingz (or

studying)zorzlyingzdownzresting.”

Onz pagez 496z ofz al-Halabîe al-kebîr,z itz isz written: “Itz is

permissiblez toz recitez thez Qur’âne al-kerîme throughz one’sz heart

whilezlyingzdownzonzone’szsidezwithzone’szlegszputztogether,zorzto

recitez whenz walking,z working,z takingz az bathz orz sittingz beside

graves.zItzbecomeszazsinztozrecitezthezQur’âneal-kerîmeloudlyznear

peoplez whoz arez reading,z writingz orz workingz whilez theyz arez not

listening.zItzisztahrîmîzmakrûhzforzazgroupzofzpeopleztozrecitezthe

Qur’âneal-kerîmeloudlyzinzazchorus.zOnezofzthemzshouldzrecitezand

thezotherszshouldzlistenzquietly.zItzisznotzfardztozlistenzforzthosezwho

havezworkztozdo.zItziszfard-izkifâyaztozlistenztozthezQur’âneal-kerîm,

andz listeningz toz thez Qur’âne al-kerîme isz morez meritoriousz than

recitingzitzorzdoingzanyznâfilaz’ibâdâtz(supererogatoryzworship).zA

womanzshouldzlearnzfromzanotherzwomanzhowztozreadzorzrecite

thez Qur’âne al-kerîm.z Az womanz shouldz notz learnz itz fromz az nâmahramz

man,z evenz ifz hez isz blind.z Itz isz writtenz inz Berîqae andz al-

HadîqaethatzitziszsinfulztozforgetzthezQur’âneal-kerîmeafterzonezhas

learntzit.zInzKhulâsateal-fatâwâ,zitziszwritten:z“Itziszpermissiblezto

recitezthezQur’âneal-kerîmeinzthezheartzorzmindzwhilezworkingzor

walking.”

TherezisznozneedztozlearnzmusicztozrecitezthezQur’âneal-kerîm

–z391 –

correctlyzandzbeautifully.zItzisznecessaryztozlearnzthez’ilmeat-tajwîd

(thezsciencezofzreadingzorzrecitingzthezQur’âneal-kerîm correctly).

AccordingztozthezmajorityzofzIslamiczscholars,zthezQur’âneal-kerîm

cannotzbezrecitedzcorrectly,zandzthezazânzandzsalâtz(namâz)zwillznot

bezacceptedzwhenzdonezwithoutzstudyingzthez’ilmzat-tajwîd,zwhich

teacheszthezarticulationzplaceszofzthezlettersz(makhârijzal-hurûf)zor

correctzpronunciation,zthezmadd,zthatzis,zthezlengthzofzvowels,zand

manyzotherzrules.

Inzal-Halabîeas-saghîr,zazfewzlineszabovezthezsectionzonzsajdat

at-tilâwa,zitziszwritten: “ItziszazsinztozwritezthezQur’âneal-kerîmeinzan

illegiblyz smallz scriptz orz toz getz orz ownz suchz small-sizedz copiesz of

Qur’âne al-kerîm.”z Allâhuz ta’âlâz sentz thez Qur’âne al-kerîme toz be

recited,zread,zlistenedztozandzitszcontentsztozbezlearntzandzobeyed.

ItziszanzinsultztozthezQur’âneal-kerîmetozwritezitzinzanzillegiblyzsmall

script.z Khalîfaz ’Umarz ‘radiy-Allâhuz ’anh’z punishedz az manz who

wrotezanzillegiblyzsmallzcopyzofzthezQur’âneal-kerîm.zBuyingzsuch

Mus’hafs,zcarryingzthemzinzsmallzgoldenzboxeszattachedztozazstring

aroundz thez neck,z asz Christiansz doz withz theirz iconsz orz crosses,z is

uselesszandzveryzsinful.

Itziszwrittenzinzal-Halabîethatzitzisztahrîmîzmakrûhztozwritezâyats

orzznameszofzAllâhuzta’âlâ’z[andzalsozazpicturezofzthezKa’ba]zon

thingsz spreadz onz thez groundz orz onz prayingz matsz (sajjada).z Itz is

writtenz inz Tahtâwî’se annotationz toz Imdâde thatz itz isz makrûhz to

writezsuchzsacredzwordszonzcoinszorzpaperzbills.zThezexaltedz’âlim

as-Sayyidz’AbdzalzHakîmzArwâsîz‘quddisazsirruh’zstateszinzonezof

hiszletterszthatzduringztheztimezofzthezSahâbâtzal-kirâmzandzthe

Tâbi’înz’izâmz‘’alaihimzar-ridwân’znozsacredzwordzwaszwrittenzon

money.zThezreasonzforzthisziszthatzmoneyziszusedzinzbuyingzand

selling,z and,z therefore,z itz isz notz treatedz withz respect.z Itz is

permissibleztozprintzpictureszonzit.zTheznon-Sunnitezgovernments,

forz example,z Fâtimîsz andz thez Rasûlîs,z whoz belongedz toz the

Mu’tazilazandzwhozboreztheznamezMuslimzbutzwhozinzrealityzdid

notzobeyzIslam,zhadzâyatszandzhadîthszprintedzonzmoney.zThiszwas

onezofztheztricksztheyzplayedztozdeceivezthezpeoplezandzhidezinza

Muslimzguise.zThez’ulamâ’zofzIslamz[thatzis,zthezFuqahâ-yîz’izâm]

didz notz permitz writingz blessedz wordsz evenz onz grave-stones,z let

alonez money.z Itz isz writtenz inz Al-fatâwâe al-Hindiyyae thatz itz is

makrûhztoztouchzsuchzmoneyzwithoutzanzablution.zItziszwrittenzin

thezexplanationzofzShîr-ateal-islâmethatzitzisznecessaryztozburyzor

burnzthezoldzandzruinedzMus’hafs.

’Ibâdâtz cannotz bez alteredz toz pleasez men.z Itz isz veryz wrongz to

thinkzthatzAllâhuzta’âlâzwillzbezpleasedzwithzwhatzmanzhimselfzis

–z392 –

pleasedz with.z Ifz itz werez so,z thenz therez wouldz bez noz needz for

Prophetsztozbezsent;zeveryonezwouldzworshipzinzazwayztheyzpleased

andz Allâhuz ta’âlâz wouldz bez pleasedz withz it,z too.z However,z in

reality,z forz az worshipz toz bez acceptable,z itz mustz bez inz conformity

withz Islam,z thoughz thez humanz mindz mayz notz seez thez reasonz or

appreciatezthezbenefitzandzusezofzit.

Whatzhaszbeenzwrittenzabovezmayznotzpleasezthosezwhozhave

madezIslamzazmeansztozearnzearthlyzpossessions.zHowever,zitzisznot

intendedzforzthemzbutzforzthosezwhozwantztozlearnztheztruth.

Question:zIszitzsinfulztozlistenztozthezradiozandzwatchztelevision?

Answer:zThiszquestionziszsimilarztozaskingzwhetherzorznotzitzis

sinfulz toz goz toz thez cinema. Letz usz answerz thez twoz questions

together.

Question:zIszitzsinfulztozgoztozthezcinema?

Radio,z cinema, andz televisionz arez allz mediaz forz mass

communication.zTheyzarezlikezbooks,znewspaperszandzmagazines.

Theyzarezallzmeanszorztoolszlikezguns.zItziszsinfulztozusezgunszagainst

faultless,zinnocent, andzharmlesszpeople,zbutzitziszveryzmeritorious

tozusezthemzagainstzenemyzinzwarfare.zTherefore,zitzwouldznotzbe

correctztozmakezazclear-cutzjudgementzofzthezmatterzbyzsayingzthat

itziszallzsinfulzorzallzdefinitelyzmeritorious.

Similarly,zifzthezradiozprogrammeszandzfilmszarezpreparedzby

decentzpeoplezand,ztherefore,ztheirzcontentszarezofzwhatzAllâhu

ta’âlâz approvesz of,z suchz asz thez usez andz applicationz ofz Islamic

teachings,z ethics,z trade,z arts,z factoriesz andz production,z history,

militaryz trainingz andz otherz usefulz religiousz orz secular

information,zthenzitzisznotzsinfulzbutzmubâhztozlistenztozsuchzradio

programmesz orz watchz az televisionz andz cinemaz film.z Itz isz even

necessaryzforzeveryzMuslimztozlisten to andztozwatchzthemzaszitzis

necessaryz toz readz usefulz booksz andz magazines.z Pleasez seez the

eighteenthzchapter.

However,zifzsuchzmediazarezunderzthezcontrolzofzthezenemieszof

Islamzandzthezprogrammeszareztabledzbyzmorallyzindecentzpeople

whoz propagatez suchz uglyz andz harmfulz thingsz asz thez ideasz of

enemiesz ofz Islamz andz thez promotionz ofz harâm,z thenz itz isz not

permissibleztozlistenztozsuchzradiozprogrammeszorztozwatchzsuch

televisionzprogrammeszorztozgoztozthezcinemaszwhereztheyzshow

suchzfilms.zItziszharâmzlikezreadingzpublications,zbookszandznovels

withzsimilarzharâmzcontents.

Itz isz statedz inz thez finalz sectionsz ofz Hadîqae ande Berîqa: “Itz is

–z393 –

sinfulztozkeepztambourineszorzotherzsortszofzmusicalzinstrumentszin

one’szhomezorzshopzorztozsellzthemzorztozgivezthemzaszpresentszor

tozhirezthemzout,zthoughzonezmayznotzbezusingzthemzoneself.

Ifzmubâhe(permissiblezthings)zandzsinszarezmixedzandzifztherezis

harâmzwherezthezprogrammeszarezbroadcastzorzwherezthezradio,

televisionzorzfilmszarezlistenedztozorzwatched,zitzisznecessaryztozgive

upzthezmubâhzorzevenzthezthawâbz(merits)zinzitzinzorderztozsave

oneselfzfromzthezsins.zAszazmatterzofzfact,zalthoughzitziszsunnatzto

acceptz anz invitationz fromz az Muslim,z onez shouldz notz acceptz or

attendzanzinvitationzwhereinzthereziszharâm;zonezshouldzgivezupza

sunnatztozavoidzharâmzorzmakrûh.

Inz thez bookz Akhlâq-ie alâ’î [1] ,z itz isz written:z “Poetryz isz metred

wordszinzversezform.zItziszcertainlyzmubâhztozlistenztozazbeautiful

voicezinzwhichztherezisznozmelodyzorzsinging.zSomezsaidzitziszjâ’iz

(permissible)z toz singz toz oneselfz toz ridz oneselfz ofz boredomz or

worries.z Butz itz isz harâmz toz doz soz toz entertainz othersz orz toz earn

money.zTherezarezthreezkindszofznaghma,zthatzis,zmetredzsound:

1z -z Humanz voice.z (Wez havez explainedz thisz kindz ofz naghma

abovezinzdetail.)

2z -z Animalz voice,z suchz asz birds’z singing,z isz certainlyz halâlz to

listenzto.

3z-zSoundzmadezbyzpercussion,zwindzandzstringzinstrumentsz[all

musicalzinstruments]ziszcertainlyzharâmztozlistenzto.zItzisznotzsinful

tozlistenztozazstreamzofzwaterzmurmuring,zwaveszsplashing,zwind

blowingzandzleaveszfluttering.zItziszusefulztozlistenztozsuchzsounds,

forzitzhelpsztozdissipatezworries.”

ItziszwrittenzinzAshi’ateal-leme’ât,zinzthezchapterzBayânewaeShî’r,

thatz az hadîthz narratedz byz Â’ishaz ‘radiy-Allâhuz anhâ’,z stated:

“Poetryeiseaneutteranceethatemakeseitselfegoodewheneiteisegoodeand

badewheneiteisebad.”e“Thatzis,zmetrezorzrhymezdoesznotzmakeza

wordzbadzorzdispleasing;zitziszthezmeaningzwhichzmakeszitzso.”

Itz isz writtenz inz al-Hadîqa: “Musicz mixedz withz harâmz pleases

theznafseszofzfâsiqs,zinzthezsamezwayzaszthatztaghannîzintozwhich

noz harâmz isz addedz pleasesz thez purez heartsz andz soulsz ofz pious

men.”zNeitherzthezformerznorzthezlatterzenjoyzthezother’szmusic;

theyz feelz uncomfortable.z Thisz isz becausez whatz tastesz goodz to

heartszandzsoulszmakesztheznafszuncomfortable,zandzwhatztastes

[1] Writtenzbyz’AlizbinzEmrullahz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(916z[1509

A.D.]–979z[1571],zEdirne,zTurkey.)

–z394 –

sweetztoztheznafszgiveszdiscomfortztozpurezhearts.zThisziszwhyzthe

placeszthatzofferzazlifezofzJannatz(Paradise)ztozthezkâfirszandzfâsiqs

arezprisonsztozthezMuslims,zthezpious.zThezhadîth-izsherîf,z“The

Dunyâe[thatzis,zplaceszwherezthereziszharâm,zthezmajliszal-fisq]zisea

dungeonetoeBelievers,eandeParadiseetoetheekâfirs,”ecommunicates

thiszunchangingzfact.zWithzthiszfactzinzview,zeveryonezcanzjudge

thezqualityzofzhiszqalbz(heart).zBecauseztheznafseszofzmostzpeople

havezbecomezstrongzbyzusingzthez’alâmatsz(signs)zofzkufrzandzby

committingzharâmsztheirznafseszhavezsuppressedztheirzheartszand

souls;z naghmaz (singing)z excitesz theirz nafsesz causingz themz to

becomezexcessive.zAndzthezsoulzorzthezheartzisznotzinfluencedzor

movedzbecauseztheirztalentszandzattributeszhavezbeenzbluntedzand

madezinsensible.zThus,zpeoplezassumezthezgoodztastezfeltzbyztheir

nafsesziszalsozthezsameztastezfeltzbyztheirzheartszandzsouls,zwhereas

thez latterz twoz havez noz share.z Asz az matterz ofz fact,z animalsz also

enjoyznaghma.”

Inztheztafsîrzbooksz(explanationszofzthezQur’âneal-kerîm),zfor

example,zinzTafsîr-iemedârik [1] ,zitziszwrittenzthatzthezâyatzLehwealhadîtheinzthezSûrateal-Luqmâneiszazprohibitionzagainstzmusic.zIn

thezPersianztafsîrzbookzMawâhib-ie’aliyya [2] thiszâyatziszinterpreted:

“Somezpeoplezgossip,ztellzandzwritezfalsezstorieszandznovels,zand

payzsongstressesztozgetzthemztozsingzforzthezpublic.zByzdoingzso,

theyz arez actuallyz tryingz toz hinderz peoplez fromz listeningz toz the

Qur’âne al-kerîm,z fromz readingz andz learningz thez fardz andz the

harâm,z andz fromz performingz salât;z inz short,z theyz arez tryingz to

divertzthemzfromzthezwayzofzIslam.zThus,ztheyzridiculezMuslims

andz insultz Allâhuz ta’âlâ’sz commandments.z Theyz callz Islam

‘regression’zandzMuslimszabnormal,zold-fashioned,zsickzmenzwho

arez retrogressivez orz reactionary.z Whenz thesez so-called

intellectualszareztoldzaboutzAllâhuzta’âlâ’szcommandmentszorzthe

wordszofzthezAhlzas-Sunnatz’ulamâ’,ztheyzputzonzanzairzandzturn

awayztheirzfaceszhaughtily,zfullzofzconceitzandztakeznoznoticezaszif

theyzdoznotzatzallzhearzwhatziszbeingzsaid.zGivezthemztheznewszof

thezfirezofzHellzandzitszveryzbitterztorments.”zThisztafsîrzhaszbeen

translatedzintozTurkishzunderztheztitlezMawâkibetefsîri.zThezbook

Durr-al-munteqâe declares:z “Itz isz harâmz toz recitez thez Qur’âne alkerîmewithztaghannîz(thatzis,zmelodiously)zandztozlistenztozitzbeing

[1] WrittenzbyzAbu-l-berekâtzHâfiz-ud-dîn,zAbdullahzbinzAhmadzNesefî

‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,z(d.z710z[1310zA.D.],zBaghdâd.)

[2] Writtenz byz Husaynz Wa’id-i-Kâshifîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z (d.

910z[1505zA.D.],zHirât).

–z395 –

sozrecited.zBurhânzad-DînzMerginânîz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’

statedzthatzazpersonzwillzlosezhiszîmânzifzhezsays,z‘Howzbeautifully

youz recite!’z toz az hâfizz whoz recitesz thez Qur’âne al-kerîm

melodiously.zHezwillznecessarilyzhaveztozrenewzhiszîmânzandznikâh

(marriage).zHadratzQuhistânizalsozwrotezthezsame.zIfzsomezpeople

say,z ‘Wez goz intoz ecstasiesz byz recitingz qasîdasz andz ilâhîs

melodiously,’ztheyzshouldznotzbezbelieved.zTherezisznozsuchzthing

inz Islam.z Dancesz inz takkasz andz melodiousz recitalsz [ofz ilâhîsz or

mawlids]zarezallzharâm.zItzisznotzpermissibleztozgoztozsuchzplaces

andzlistenztoztheirzun-Islamiczpractices.zThezTasawwufzleaderszdid

notzhavezsuchzpractices.zTheyzwerezinventedzlater.zOurzProphet

‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’z listenedz toz poetry.z Butz thisz isz no

implicationzofzazpermissionztozlistenztoznaghmaz(singing).zThose

whozsayzourzNabîe‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zlistenedztozsongs

andzwentzintozecstasieszarezliars.”z[Theztaghannîzwhichziszharâmzis

toz recitez orz readz (Qur’ânz al-kerîm)z byz tuningz itz upz toz musical

notes.z Andz thez taghannîz whichz isz sunnatz isz toz recitez orz readz by

observingzthezruleszofzTajwîd.]zThereziszdetailedzinformationzon

raqszandzsimâ’z(dancingzandzsinging)zinzthezlastzchapterzofz’Uqûd

ad-durriyya.

Onz pagez 270z ofz thez fifthz volumez ofz Durre al-mukhtâr,z itz is

written: “ItziszpermissiblezandzbeautifulztozrecitezthezQur’ânealkerîme

withz taghannîz providedz thatz noz letterz isz addedz andz the

wordszareznotzmisspeltzorzmispronounced.zOtherwisezitziszharâm.

Thereziszthezfearzofzkufrzifzonezsays,z‘Howznicelyzyouzrecite!’zto

someonezwhozperformsztaghannîzinzazwayzthatzdistortszthezQur’ân

al-kerîm.”z Ibnz ’Âbidînz explainingz thisz statementz inz his

commentary,zwrites: “Itzwaszsaidzthatzazpersonzwillzbecomezkâfir

ifzhezsays,z‘Howzbeautifullyzyouzrecite!’ztozazhâfizzwhozreciteszwith

taghannî.zThisziszbecausezhezwhozsaysz‘good’zforzsomethingzwhich

isz harâm,z accordingz toz allz fourz Madhhabs,z willz becomez az kâfir

(disbeliever).zAlso,zhezwhozsays,z‘Youzrecitezbeautifully!’zreferring

tozthezdistortedzwordszbecomeszazkâfir,zandzcertainlyznotzthezone

whozmeanszhiszvoicezorzhiszrecitingzthezQur’âneal-kerîmeitselfzis

beautiful.”z Suchz az personz willz enjoyz listeningz toz thez samez hâfiz

alsozwhenzhezreciteszwithoutzperformingztaghannî,zandzwillzsay,

‘Hezreciteszbeautifully.’zNevertheless,zonezshouldznotzlistenztoza

hâfizzwhozreciteszwithztaghannî;zitziszharâmzbothztozrecitezandzto

listenzto.zInzal-Hadîqa,zinzthezsectionzonzthezafflictionszincurredzby

thez tongue,z itz isz declared:z "Itz isz harâmz toz recitez thez Qur’âne alkerîme

byz keepingz upz withz az tunez and,z thereby,z alteringz the

harakaszandzmedsz(thezvocalizationszandzthezprolongations),zand

–z396 –

soziszthezcasezwithzlisteningztozthis.zBeautifyingzthezrecitationzof

thezQur’âneal-kerîmemeanszrecitingzitzinzaccordancezwithzthezrules

ofztajwîd.”

Onz thez 266thz pagez ofz thez bookz Kimyâ-ie sa’âdat,z inz the

paragraphzconcerningzchildztraining,zitziszwritten: “Childrenzshould

notz bez allowedz toz readz orz recitez poemsz aboutz women,z girlsz and

lovezaffairs,zandzparentszshouldznotzletztheirzchildrenzgoztozorzlearn

fromz az teacherz whoz saysz suchz poemsz arez “nourishmentz forz the

soul.”zAzteacherzwhozsayszsoz[andzteacheszsex]ztozhiszstudentszisznot

az masterz butz az shaytânz becausez hez isz spoilingz thez heartsz of

children.”zOurzNabîz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zstated:z“Ghinâ

darkense thee heart.”e Thatz is,z taghannîz withz humanz voicez and

instrumentalz musicz stainsz thez heart.z [Ibniz ’Âbidînz explainsz this

hadîthzonzpagez222,zvolumezfive.]zOnezshouldznotzfancyzmusiczor

beztakenzinzbyztheztastezofzit.zNotzthezsoulzbutztheznafs,zwhoziszthe

enemyzofzAllâhuzta’âlâ,zenjoyszitsztaste.zThezwretchedzrûhz(soul)

haszfallenzpreyztozthezhandszofztheznafszand,ztherefore,zthinkszitzis

itsztaste.zTheztastezofzmusicziszlikezthatzofzhoneyzthatziszpoisonedzor

theznajâsatz[dirt]zthatziszsweetenedzandzgilded.

Thezaimzofzreportingzthatzmusicziszharâmzandzharmfulzisznotzto

brandz thousandsz ofz musicz addictsz asz fâsiqz andz sinful;z itz must

certainlyzbezpointedzoutzthatzthezsinszofzthezauthorzofzthesezlines

arez muchz morez thanz thosez ofz hisz readers.z Onlyz Prophets

‘’alaihimussalâm’z arez ma’thûm,z thatz is,z freez fromz anyz sin.z Itz is

anotherzsinznotztozknowzthezwidespreadzsins.zHezwhozshamelessly

commitsz anyz harâmz whichz isz unanimouslyz saidz toz bez az harâm,

thinkingzthatzitziszhalâl,zbecomeszazkâfir.zThinkingzofzhowzwezare

soz sinful,z wez mustz alwaysz bez inz supplicationz withz bowedz necks

beforezourzRabb.zWezmustzmakeztawbazeveryzday!

ThezgreatzwalîzCelâleddînzRûmîz‘quddisazsirruh’,zwhozwaszfull

ofz lovez forz Allâhuz ta’âlâ,z neverz playedz reedsz orz anyz other

instrument.z Hez didz notz listenz toz music,z norz didz hez everz dance

(raqs).zCommentarieszhavezbeenzwrittenzinzeveryzcountryzinzmany

languagesztozhiszMathnawîe(Mesnevî),zwhichzhaszmorezthanzfortysevenzthousandzcoupletszthatzhavezbeenzspreadingznûrz(light)zto

thezworld.zThezmostzvaluablezandztastefulzofzthesezcommentaries

iszthezonezbyzMawlânâzJâmîzwhichzhaszalsozbeenzcommentatedzon

byzmanyzothers.zAnd,zofzthese,z56zpages,zwhichzcoveredzonlyzfour

couplets,z ofz thez commentaryz byz Suleymânz Nesh’etz Efendiz was

publishedz duringz thez timez ofz Sultânz ’Abdz al-Majîdz Khânz byz the

Matba’a-iz Âmiraz inz 1263z A.H.z Inz thisz book,z Mawlânâz Jâmî

‘quddisazsirruh’zwrote: “Thezwordz‘ney’zinzthezfirstzcoupletzofzthe

–z397 –

Mathnawîz [Listenz toz thez reed...]z meansz az perfectz andz exalted

humanz beingz broughtz upz inz Islam.z Suchz peoplez havez forgotten

themselvesz andz everythingz else.z Theirz mindsz arez alwaysz busy

seekingzAllâhuzta’âlâ’szridâz(grace,zlove).zInzthezPersianzlanguage,

‘ney’zmeansz‘non-existent.’zSuchzpeoplezhavezbecomeznon-existent

fromztheirzownzexistence.zThezmusicalzinstrumentzcalledz‘ney’zisza

plainz pipez andz thez soundz fromz thez neyz isz completelyz fromz the

player.zAszthosezexaltedzmenzarezemptiedzofztheirzexistence,zthe

manifestationzofzAllâhuzta’âlâ’szAkhlâq,zSifâtzandzKamâlâtz(moral

qualities,zattributeszofzperfection)zarezobservedzinzthem.zThezthird

meaningz ofz thez wordz ‘ney’z isz reed-pen,z whichz againz means,z or

pointsz to,z anz insân-iz kâmilz (perfectz human).z Movementsz and

writingszofzazpenzareznotzfromzitself,znorzarezthezactionszandzwords

ofzazperfectzhuman;ztheyzarezallzinspiredztozhimzbyzAllâhuzta’âlâ.”

’AbidînzPashaz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,zthezgovernorzofzAnkara

duringztheztimezofzSultanz’Abdzal-HamîdzKhânzthezSecond,zgave

ninezproofszinzhiszMesnevîeŞerhietozshowzthatz‘ney’zmeantzinsân-i

kâmil.

Also,zthezMawlawîz(Mevlevî)zShaikhszwerezlearnedzandzpious

persons.z Osmânz (’Uthmân)z Efendi,z onez ofz them,z wrotez az book

titledz Tezkiya-i-Ahl-i-Bayt,z inz whichz hez refutedz thez Râfidîz book

Husniyaewithzdocuments,zthuszrenderingzazgreatzserviceztozIslam [1] .

Laterz somez ignorantz peoplez thoughtz thatz ‘ney’z meantz ‘musical

instrument’zandzbeganztozplayzmusicalzinstrumentszsuchzaszflutes

andz drumsz andz dance.z Musicalz instrumentsz werez placedz inz the

mausoleumzofzthatzgreatzmasterzofzTasawwufz(MevlânâzCelâleddîn

Rûmî).z Certainly,z poeplez whoz havez readz thez explanationsz of

Mathnawîe(Mesnevî)zandzknowzthatzsunzofztruthzwell,zwillznotzbe

misledzbyzsuchzfalsifications.

Celâleddînz Rûmîz ‘quddisaz sirruh’z didz notz evenz performz loud

dhikrsz(tozsayzAllâhuzta’âlâ’sznamezloudly).zInzfactzhezdeclared:

“Pes zi jân kun, wasl-i jânânrâ taleb,

Bî leb-u-bî-gâm migû, nâm-i Rabb!”

inzhiszMathnawî,zwhichzmeans,z“Therefore,zwithzallzyourzheart,zyou

desirez toz attainz toz thez Beloved.z Withoutz movingz yourz lipz and

tongue,zsayz[inzyourzheart]ztheznamezofzyourzRabb!”zLater,zpeople

ignorantzofzIslamzentertainedztheirznafseszbyzplayingzinstruments,

suchz asz thez ney,z sazz andz tambourinesz andz byz singingz lyricsz and

[1] PleasezseezthezbookzDocumentseofetheeRighteWord.

–z398 –

dancing.zInzorderztozcallzthesezsinsz’ibâdâtzandztozmakezthemselves

knownzaszmenzofzIslamztheyzevenzlie;ztheyzsay,z“Mawlânâzalsozused

tozplayzandzdancezlikezthis.zWezarezMawlâwîs;zwezarezfollowingzhis

path.”

Hadratz Abdullâh-iz Dahlawî,z az specialistz inz ’ilmz az-zâhir,z an

ownerzofzhighzrankszinztasawwuf,zazprofoundz’âlim,zazgreatzWalî,

stateszinzhisz74thzletter:z“Taghannî,zsadzvoicezandzpoetryzonzthe

themez ofz lovez ofz Allâhuz ta’âlâz andz thez qasîdasz tellingz the

lifestoriesz ofz thez Awliyâ-iz kirâm,z movez thez relatedz connections

andz bondsz inz thez heart.z Makingz dhikrz withz az lowz voicez and

listeningztozpoetryznotzprohibitedzbyzthezSharî’atzrefineszandzgives

tendernessz toz thez heartsz ofz thez followersz ofz thez Chishtiyya

tarîqat.”z Inz thez 85thz letter,z hez states:z “Tasawwufz mastersz and

leadersz listenedz toz beautifulz voices.z Butz thez voicesz werez not

accompaniedzbyzinstrumentalzmusic,zandzthezlistenerszwereznotzin

thezcompanyzofzboyszorzgirls,znorzwereztheyzinzthezcompanyzof

fâsiqs.zAzgreatzleaderzofzthezChishtiyyaztarîqat,zHadratzSultânzal-

MeshâyikhzNizâmzud-Dîn-izAwliyâ,zlistenedztozbeautifulzvoices,

butzneverztozinstrumentalzmusic,zaszwrittenzinzthezbookszFawâ’id

al-fuâdeandzSiyareal-Awliyâ.zThezAwliyâ’szlisteningztozsima’,zthat

is,ztozbeautifulzvoices,ziszforzthezpurposezofzconvertingzthezheart

fromz thez statez ofz discomfortz toz comfort.z Thez ghâfils’z (those

devoidzofzlovezofzAllâhuzta’âlâ)zlisteningztozazbeautifulzvoicezgives

wayztozfisq.zNozinstrumentalzmusicziszhalâl.zAlthoughztherezwere

thosez who,z whenz inz az statez ofz sekrz (ecstasy),z saidz itz was

permissible,z theyz arez heldz excusable;z onez shouldz notz sayz jâ’iz

puttingz forthz theirz wordz asz anz evidence.z Silentz dhikrz (dhikrz alkhafî)z

isz morez meritoriousz (afdal),z thoughz itz isz permissiblez to

makez audiblez dhikrz (dhikrz al-’alanî),z observingz thez conditions

compatiblezwithzIslam.zItzisznotzpermissibleztozplayzanzinstrument,

suchzaszazflute,zviolin,zsaz,zney,zorztozlistenztozthezsongszofzghâfils,

tozdancez[raqs],zorztozwatchzthosezwhozdozso.”zInzthez99thzletter,

hez states:z “Toz dissipatez thez qadbz [discomfort]z ofz thez heart,z the

Qur’ânzal-kerîm,zrecitedzwithzazbeautifulzvoicezandzinzaccordance

withzthezruleszofztajwîd,zshouldzbezlistenedzto.zThisziszwhatzthe

Sahâbatz al-kirâmz usedz toz do.z Itz wasz notz theirz habitz toz listenz to

qasîdaszorzpoems.zListeningztozsongszandzmusicalzinstrumentszand

performingz audiblez dhikrz werez introducedz later.z Thez great

TasawwufzleaderszlikezAbûz‘l-Hasanzash-ShâdhilîzandzHammâd

ad-Dabbâsz ‘qaddas-Allâhuz ta’âlâz esrârahumâ’z categorically

refusedzallzsuchzthings.z’Abdzal-Haqqzad-Dahlawîz‘rahmatullâhi

’alaihim’zrelateszthiszinzdetail.zTherezwerezalsozthosezleaderszwho,

–z399 –

withoutz anyz accompanyingz music,z fâsiqsz orz ghâfils,z listenedz to

poetryzaboutzlovezforzAllâhuzta’âlâ.zWhenztheyzbroughtzthezney

andz sazz toz Hadratz Shâhz an-Naqshabandz al-Bukhârî,z hez stated:

‘Wezdoznotzlistenztozthese.zButzwezdoznotzdenyzthezmutasawwifs

whoz listen.z Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’z never

listenedztozazmusicalzinstrument.zInzthezTarîqat-izMujaddidiyya,

listeningztoztaghannîzdoesznotzinfluencezthezheart.zListeningztozthe

Qur’âneal-kerîmegiveszeaseztozthezheartzandzincreaseszitszpeace.zTo

thosezinz(thezphasezcalled)zthezsayr-izqalb,zsongszandzmusiczgive

pleasure.z Thez dhikrz madez withz az lowz voicez andz sadz taghannî

increaseszzawqz(joy)zandzshawqz(ardour).zThezdhikrzwithzazloud

voicezfullzofzpainzandzsorrow,zoutsidezofzone’szownzcontrolzand

option,zisznotzprohibited.zButzitzshouldznotzbezmadezazhabit.”

Inz Ashi’ate al-leme’ât,z inz chapterz Bayâne wae Shi’r,z itz isz written:

“Nâfi’,z az greatz Tâbi’,z said: “Abdullahz ibnz ’Umarz ‘radiy-Allâhu

’anhumâ’z andz Iz werez walkingz together.z Wez heardz thez soundz ofz a

ney. Abdullahzpluggedzhiszearszwithzhiszfingers.zWezquicklyzwalked

awayzfromzthatzplace.z‘Iszthezsoundzstillzaudible?’zhezasked.z‘No,zit

canznozlongerzbezheard,’zIzreplied.zHeztookzhiszfingerszfromzhiszears

and,z‘Rasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’,ztoo,zhadzdonezso,’zhe

said.zThen,zNâfi’zadded,z‘Izwaszonlyzazchildzthen.’ Thiszmeanszthatzhe

didz notz orderz Nâfi’z toz plugz hisz earsz becausez hez wasz az child.

Therefore,zitzisznotzcorrectztozdeducezfromzthiszthatzlisteningztozthe

soundzofzazneyzisztanzîhîzmakrûhzandznotztahrîmîzmakrûh,zandzto

thinkzthatz’Abdullahz‘radiy-Allâhuz’anh’zpluggedzhiszearszwithzhis

fingerszoutzofzwara’zandztaqwâ.zNâfi’zaddedzthezexplanationzthatzhe

waszazchildzthenztozpreventzsuchzmisinterpretations.”

ItrîzEfendi,zwhozlivedzinztheztimezofzSultânzMuhammadzKhân

thez Thirdz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz esrârahum’,z wasz notz anz Islamic

scholar.zHezwaszazmasterzofzmusiczlikezBeethoven.zByzcomposing

thez Takbîrz inz thez segâhz maqâmz (tune),z hez didz notz performz a

serviceztozIslamzbutzratherzintroducedzazbid’atzintozIslam.zTozkeep

upzwithzaztune,zthezwordszarezdistortedzandzthezmeaningziszspoilt.

Peoplezarezcarriedzawayzbyzthezeffectzofznaghmazonztheirzearszand

nafses,zand,ztherefore,zthezmeaningzofzthezTakbîrzandzitszeffectzon

thezheartzandzthezsoulziszlost.zThezsamezdistortionzofzwordszandzthe

consequentzspoilingzofzthezmeaningszhappenzwhenzthezQur’ânealkerîme

andz thez Mawlîdsz arez recitedz withz naghma.z Noz desirable

effectzorzblessingziszleftzinzsuchzrecitations.zThezQur’âneal-kerîm

shouldzbezrecitedzwithzazbeautifulzvoicezandztajwîdzsozthatzitzwillzbe

morezeffectivezandzfullzofzblessings.

Inz thez bookz Berîqa,z ghinâ,z thatz is,z taghannîz isz explainedz and

–z400 –

discussedzinzdetailzaszthezseventeenthzofzthezafflictionszincurredzby

thez tonguez (âfâtz al-lisân),z andz Shaikhz al-Islâmz Abu’s-Su’ûd

Efendi’sz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’z fatwâz isz alsoz quoted.z Inz this

fatwâ,zazdistinctionziszmadezbetweenzthezhalâlzandzharâmzkindszof

taghannîsz only.z Andz therez isz nothingz writtenz inz thez fatwâz about

musicalzinstruments.zDespitezthiszfact,zsomezpeoplezwhozplayzthe

neyz andz otherz musicalz instrumentsz putz thisz fatwâz forwardz asz a

supportzandzthuszslanderzAbu’s-Su’ûdzEfendi.

Ibnie ’Âbidîn,z inz thez fourthz volume,z withinz thez paragraph

concerningzpeoplezwhoseztestimonyzisznotzacceptable,zdeclares:z“It

isz unanimouslyz understoodz thatz itz isz harâmz toz singz toz peoplez to

entertainz orz toz earnz money.z Itz isz az gravez sinz toz playz musicz and

dance.zItzisznotzazsinztozsingztozoneselfztozdissipatezone’szworries.zIt

iszpermissibleztozlistenztozpoetryzinzwhichzthereziszwa’zz(preaching)

andzhikmatz(wisdom).zAszforzmusicalzinstruments,zonlyzwomenzare

allowedztozplayztambourineszatzweddingzparties.”zButzbothzsexes

mustznotzintermingle.zThereziszdetailedzinformationzonztaghannî

andzmusicalzinstrumentszinzthezlastzchapterzofzthezsecondzpartzofzal-

Mawâhibeal-Ladunniyya.zInzal-Hadîqa,zinzthezsectionzdealingzwith

thezafflictionszincurredzbyzthezear,zitziszwritten: “Itziszharâmztozplay

orz listenz toz musicalz instrumentsz withz girlsz dancingz inz az function

whereztherezarezfisqzandzalcohol.zThesezarezthezkindszofzmusiczand

musicalz instrumentsz prohibitedz inz thez Hadîth.z Although

Rasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhuz’alaihizwazsallam’zpluggedzhiszblessedzears

withzhiszfingerszuponzhearingzthezshepherd’szflute,zhezdidznotzorder

’Abdullahzibnz’Umar,zwhozwaszwithzhim,ztozdozso.zThiszshowszthat

itz isz notz harâmz toz hearz whenz passingz by.”z Inz thez sectionz onz the

afflictionsz ofz thez hand,z itz isz stated:z “Itz isz harâmz toz playz musical

instrumentszforzentertainmentzwithzalcohol,zplaying,zdancingzand

women.zItzwaszorderedzinzazhadîthztozplayztambourineszatzwedding

parties.z Itz isz truez thatz thisz orderz includesz men,z too.z [Butz Ibni

’Âbidîn’szprohibitingzstatementzquotedzaboveziszpreferrable.]zItzis

permissibleztozplayzdrumszandzsimilarzinstrumentszonzthezwayzto

hajjzandzinzthezarmy.”zThezlastzsentencezshowszthatzitziszpermissible

tozhavezmusicalzbandszplayzatzschoolszorzatznationalzandzpolitical

functions.

Inz thez lastz chaptersz ofz Imâm-iz Zahabî’sz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâ

’alaih’z Tibb-un-nabawîe andz Ibniz ’Âbidîn’sz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâ

’alaih’z fatwâz bookz Al-’uqûde ad-durriyya,z thez harâmz andz the

permittedzkindszofztaghannîzarezexplainedzinzdetailzinzArabic.zThe

wholezofzthezformerzwaszprintedzinzthezmarginszofzthezbookzTas’hil

al-manâfi’,z andz thez chapterz onz taghannîz ofz thez latterz was

–z401 –

appendedz toz thez bookz Al-hable al-matine fîe ittibâ’e as-Salafe assâlihîn.z

Thesez twoz booksz havez beenz publishedz byz Hakîkat

KitâbevizinzIstanbul.

Oh, do not get lured by the world, the end will be ruination one day,

The moments that you now enjoy will surely be a lie one day.

Do not rely on property and post, only the shroud is what you will take away,

And also that will rot in the soil, and you’ll become one with the earth one day.

People will be resurrected from their graves, some unveiled and some naked.

Bare-footed and bare-headed, all will wear their skins one day.

Deed-books will fall like snow, men will shiver when they see them.

All people will sweat to their shin, great council will be held one day.

Some of them are wholely stained, never have they helped Islam.

He who follows Islam will smile happily one day.

25e–eSECONDeVOLUME,eFORTY-SIXTHeLETTER

Translationz ofz thez forty-sixthz letterz inz thez secondz volumez of

Maktûbât,zbyzImâmzRabbânîzMujaddid-i-alf-i-thânîzAhmadzFârûqî

Serhendîz‘quddisazsirruh’.zThezletter,zwrittenztozMawlânâzHamîd-i-

Banghâlî,z explainsz thez superioritiesz inz thez Kalima-t-tawhîdz and

emphasizeszthatzbeingzazWalîziszimpossiblezwithoutzIslam:

“LÂe ILÂHAe IL-L-ALLAHe MUHAMMADUN

RASÛLULLAH.”z Thisz beautifulz statementz embodiesz dhils,

haqîqaz(truth,zreality),zandzIslam.zAszlongzaszthezsâlikz(personzat

thezstagezofzsulûkzaszhezmakeszprogresszinzazpathzofztasawwuf)

remainszatzthezpositionzofz‘nefy’,z[whichziszthezstagezofzLÂz(NO,

NOT),]zheziszatzthezpositionzofzaztâlibz(traveller).zByztheztimezhe

iszthroughzwithzLÂ,zsozthatzhezseesznonezbutzAllâhuzta’âlâ,zhezis

alsozthroughzwithzhisztravel,zhavingzreachedzhiszdestination,zi.e.

thez positionz termedz ‘Fanâ’.z Nextz afterz thez stagez ofz ‘nefy’,z he

reachesz thez positionz ofz ‘ithbât,z [i.e.z thez rankz ofz ‘haqîqa’,z or

‘Baqâ’,]zwhichziszattainedzwhenzthezpersonzmakingzthezprogresszis

transferredz fromz thez stagez termedz ‘sulûk’z toz thez stagez termed

‘jadhba’zbyzsayingz“IL-L-ALLAH.”zWithzthisz‘nefy’zandz‘ithbât’,

[i.e.zbyzsaying,z“LÂeILÂHAe‹LLALLAH.”]zandzbyzwayzofzthis

travelzandzhaqîqa,zandzbyzwayzofzthisz‘fanâ’zandz‘baqâ’zandz‘sulûk’

andz‘jadhba’,zhezattainszthezgrade namedz‘Wilâya’,z[i.e.zbeingza

‘Walî’].zTheznafsz(azmalignantzcreaturezinzman’sznature)zbecomes

liberatedz fromz itsz dormantz maleficence,z whereinz itz isz called

‘ammâra’,z andz attainsz az statez ofz docilityz termedz ‘itmi’nân’;z it

–z402 –

becomesz cleansedz andz purified.z Hence,z wilâyaz isz attainablez by

wayzofz‘nefy’zandz‘ithbât’,zwhichzmakezupzthezinitialzhalfzofzthat

beautifulz statement.z Thez secondz halfz ofz thez statementz isz the

confirmationzofzthezfactzthatzthezfinalzProphetz‘alaihizwaz’alaihimus-salawât’ziszthezMessengerzofzAllah.zThiszsecondzhalfzmakeszup

Islamzandzbringszitztozperfection.zIslamzatzthezbeginningzofzseyr

(travel)z andz midwayz throughz itz isz thez outwardz appearancez of

Islam.zItzisznozmorezthanznamezandzshape.zRealzIslam,zitszessence,

thatzis,ziszobtainedzafterzthezattainmentzofzwilâya.zAtzthisztime,

thosezwhozperfectlyzfollowzinzthezfootstepszofzProphetsz‘alaihimus-salawât’zattainzthez‘kamâlât-i-nubuwwa’zallottedzforzthem.zThe

travelz(seyr)zandzthezhaqîqa,zwhichzareztheztwozcomponentzparts

ofz wilâya,z are,z asz itz were,z twoz conditionsz toz bez fulfilledz forz the

attainmentzofzIslam’szinnerzessencez(HaqîqatzofzIslam)zandzthe

Kamâlât-i-nubuwwa.z Wilâyatz is,z soz toz speak,z thez ablutionz for

namâz,z Islamz beingz thez namâzz itself.z Inz thez beginningz (ibtidâ),

realz[visible,zmaterial]zdirtsz(najâsat)zare,zsortzof,zcleansedzaway;

oncez haqîqaz isz obtained,z hukmîz [immaterial,z invisible]z dirtsz are

gottenzridzof.zOnlyzafterzthezattainmentzofzthiszperfectzcleanliness

isz az personz capablez ofz performingz thez ahkâm-i-islâmiyya

(commandmentszandzprohibitionszofzIslam)zinzthezfullzsense,zand

onlyzatzthiszlevelzofzspiritualzperfectionzcanzazpersonzadequately

performz thez namâzz whichz isz thez acmez ofz thez avenuesz leading

towardszAllâhuzta’âlâ.zTheznamâzziszthezpillarzofzIslamzandzthe

Mi’râjz ofz az Believer.z Andz thereinz liesz thez wayz ofz cultivating

oneselfzsozasztozperformzthatznamâz.

Izseezthiszsecondzhalfzofzthatzbeautifulzstatementzaszanzendless

ocean.zInzcomparisonztozthiszhalf,zthezinitialzhalfzlookszlikezazdrop

ofz water.z Yes;z thez kamâlâtz (perfections)z ofz wilâyatz arez az mere

nothingzwhenzcomparedzwithzthezkamâlâtzofzProphethood.z[What

canz anz atom’sz weightz bez inz termsz ofz thez weightz ofz thez Sun?]

Subhân-Allah!z Somez peoplez mustz bez squint-eyedz toz seez things

awry,zasztheyzdo,zinzthatztheyzthinkzmorezofzwilâyatzthanztheyzdo

ofz Prophethoodz andz lookz onz Islam,z whichz isz thez essencez ofz all

essentials,zaszazmerezouterzcover.zHowzcouldztheyzseezanyzbetter

withz thatz extrinsicz stancez ofz theirs,z sincez whatz suchz onlookers

wouldz viewz inz thez namez ofz Islamz wouldz normallyz bez thez outer

coverz ofz Islam!z Whatz isz reflectedz onz theirz shallowz visionz isz the

outerzcoverzofzsomethingzwhichzitselfziszthezessencezofzwhatzthey

see.z Prophets’z busyingz themselvesz withz creaturesz mustz havez led

themzintozthinkingzlesszofzthem.zTheyzmustzhavezmistakenzthose

propheticz occupationsz forz thez socialz interactionsz amongz people.

–z403 –

Theirz thinkingz betterz ofz wilâyatz mustz bez anz opticalz illusion

aggrandizedz byz thez factz thatz wilâyatz involvesz progressz towards

Allâhuzta’âlâ.zSo,ztheirzsayingzthatzwilâyatziszsuperiorztoznubuwwa

(prophethood)z isz simplyz anz expressionz ofz theirz short-sighted

syllogism.z Theyz doz notz knowz something:z asz therez isz progress

towardsz Allâhuz ta’âlâz inz wilâyat,z likewisez thez improvements

accomplishedz inz thez kamâlât-i-nubuwwaz havez theirz specific

progressztowardszAllâhuzta’âlâ.zInzfact,zthezprogresszinzwilâyatzis

onlyzazvision,zanzappearancezofzthezprogresszinznubuwwa.zDuring

thez nuzûl,z [i.e.z inz thez coursez ofz descent,]z therez arez phasesz of

occupationz withz thez khalqz [creatures]z bothz inz wilâyatz andz in

nubuwwat.z Yetz thez bothz typesz ofz occupationz arez unlikez each

other.z Inz wilâyatz thez ‘Bâtinz [thez heart,z thez soul,z andz thez other

latîfas]’z arez withz Allâhuz ta’âlâz asz thez ‘Zâhirz [thez bodyz andz the

sensezorgans]’zarezwithzcreatures,zwhereaszinzprophethoodzboth

thezzâhirzandzthezbâtinzarezbusyzwithzcreatureszduringzthezdescent.

Az Prophetz callsz thez bornz slavesz toz Allâhuz ta’âlâz withz allz his

existence.zThiszkindzofznuzûlz(descent)ziszmorezthoroughgoingzand

morezperfectzthanzthezdescentzinzwilâyat.

Thosezgreatzpeople’szturningztheirzattentionz(tawajjuh)ztozthe

creation,z i.e.z theirz communicationsz withz people,z isz dissimilarz to

transactionszamongzcommonzpeople.zAszcommonzpeopleztransact

amongzthemselves,ztheyzarezfondzofzandzattachedztozonezanother,

whichzinvolveszazfondnesszofzandzattachmentztozbeingszotherzthan

Allâhuzta’âlâ.zThosezsuperiorzpeople,zhowever,zareznotzattachedzto

commonz peoplez asz theyz communicatez withz them.z For,z those

superiorsz havez freedz themselvesz fromz allz sortsz ofz attachments

otherzthanzthatztozAllâhuzta’âlâ,zhavingzattachedzthemselvesztozthe

Khâliqz (Creator)z ofz thez khalqz (creation,z creatures).z Their

communicationzwithzthezkhalqziszintendedztozattractzthemztozHaqq

(Allâhuzta’âlâ),zandztozbringzthemzroundztozthezpathzAllâhuzta’âlâ

likesz andz approvesz of.z Toz communicatez withz peoplez forz the

purposez ofz deliveringz themz fromz thez shamefulz statez ofz being

others’z slaves,z isz certainlyz preferablez toz andz morez valuablez than

communicationz carriedz onz forz thez purposez ofz keepingz oneself

attachedz toz Haqqz (Allâhuz ta’âlâ).z Imaginez az personz murmuring

thezNamezofzAllâhuzta’âlâzandzazblindzmanzpassingzbyzhimzinzthe

directionzofzazwellzquitezclosezby.zSozurgentziszthezsituationzthatzone

morezstepzandzthezblindzmanzwillzendzupzdownzinzthezwell.

Now,z whichz choicez willz bez morez valuablez forz thisz personz to

make;ztozcarryzonzwithzhiszmurmuringzthezNamezofzAllâhuzta’âlâ,

orztozstopzdoingzsozandzsavezthezblindzmanzfromzfallingzintozthe

–z404 –

well?zDoubtless,zsavingzthezblindzmanziszbetterzthanzthezdhikr-iilâhî.zFor,zAllâhuzta’âlâzdoesznotzneedzhimzorzhiszmakingzdhikr.

Thezblindzman,zonzthezotherzhand,ziszazneedyzbornzslave.zHezhaszto

bezsavedzfromzthezdanger.zInzfact,zsincezitziszIslam’szcommandment

tozsavezhim,zsavingzhimziszmorezimportantzthanzthezdhikr-i-ilâhî.zBy

doingzso,zhezwillzhavezobeyedzthezcommandment.zOnlyzthezrightzof

Allâhuzta’âlâziszinvolvedzinzmakingzdhikr,zwhereasztwozdifferent

rightszwillzhavezbeenzpaidzbyzobeyingzHiszcommandzandzsavingzthe

blindzman:zonezofzthemziszthezrightzofzazcreature,zandzthezotherzone

iszthezrightzofzthezCreator.zAszazmatterzofzfact,zitzwouldzbezazsinful

actztozcontinuezdhikringzatzsuchzanzurgency.zFor,zdhikringzmayznot

alwaysz bez good.z Therez arez timesz whenz itz isz betterz notz toz dhikr.

Therezarezcertainzdayszandzsituationszduringzwhichzitziszforbidden

tozperformznamâzzorztozfast;zitziszbetterzonzthosezdayszorzinzthose

situationsztozomitzthezso-calledzactszofzworshipszthanzperforming

them.

[EnemieszofzreligionzsupposezthatzMuslimszarezegoistic,zselfish

people.zTheyzvilifyzMuslimszbyzsayingzthatztheyzarezconcernedzonly

aboutzwhatztheyzshouldzdoztozattainztozthezblessingszofzParadise

withoutzeverzthinkingzofzdoingzfavoursztozothers.zThezfactszwritten

abovezclearlyzshowzthatzthosezassertionszonzthezpartzofzthezenemies

ofzIslamzarezlieszandzslanders.]

‘Dhikring’zmeansz‘liberatingzoneselfzfromz(thezstatezof)zghafla’.

[‘Ghafla’zmeansz‘tozforgetzaboutzAllâhuzta’âlâ’.]zDhikringzdoesznot

meanzonlyzsayingzthez‘Kalima-i-tawhîd’zorzcontinuouslyzrepeating

thezNamezofz‘Allah’.zItzisz‘dhikr’ztozsomehowzdeliverzyourselfzfrom

thezstatezofzghafla.zThen,zactszofzworshipzsuchzaszperformancezof

Islam’szcommandmentszandzavoidingzitszprohibitions,zarezallzdhikr.

Soziszazbusinessztransactionzsuchzaszbuyingzandzsellingzcarriedzout

inzobservancezofzIslam’szdictations.zAndzsoziszaznikâhz(marriage

contractzperformedzcompatiblyzwithzIslam)zandzaztalâqz(divorce,

dissolutionzofzmarriage)zperformedzinzazwayzprescribedzbyzIslam.

For,zthesezactszarezdonezinzazstatezofzconsciousnesszofzthezsourcezof

thezcommandmentszandzprohibitions;zinzotherzwords,zthezstatezof

ghaflaziszgone.zItziszalsozazfact,zhowever,zthatzazdhikrzperformedzin

thezaccompanimentzofzazrepeatedz(silent)zutterancezofzthezNames

andzAttributeszofzAllâhuzta’âlâziszfastztoztakezeffect,zsozthatzlovezof

Himzwillzbezattainedzinzazshortztime.zNotzsoziszthezcasezwithzthe

dhikrz thatz isz realizedz byz wayz ofz strictz obediencez toz the

commandmentsz andz prohibitions.z Therez havez beenz occasions,

however,zwhenzdhikrszofzthisznaturezwerezseenztozproducezrapid

results,zquitezrarezasztheyzare.zMuhammadzBehâ-ad-dînzBukhârî,

–z405 –

(718z [1318z A.D.]z –z 791z [1389],z Qasr-i-’ârifân,z Bukhârâ,)z stated:

“MawlânâzZeyn-ud-dînzTaybâdî,z(d.z791z[1388zA.D.],)z–zSozstrictly

obedientztozIslamzwaszthiszprofoundzscholarzthatzowingztozhiszclose

adherencez toz thez Sunnatz hez attainedz highz gradesz inz bâtinî

(spiritual)z knowledgez –z ‘qaddas-Allâhuz ta’âlâz sirrah-ul-’azîz’

attainedztozAllâhuzta’âlâzaszazfruitzofzhiszadherence.”zFurthermore,

thez dhikrz performedz byz wayz ofz thez Namesz andz Attributesz (of

Allâhuz ta’âlâ)z causesz thez dhikrz byz wayz ofz adaptingz oneselfz to

Islam.zFor,zunlesszonezperfectlyzloveszthezOwnerzofzIslamzitzwillzbe

veryzdifficultzforzoneztozobservezIslamzinzeverythingzonezdoes.zAnd

obtainingz perfectz love,z inz turn,z requiresz thez dhikrz performedz by

wayz ofz thez Namesz andz Attributes.z Then,z inz orderz toz attainz the

dhikrzbyzwayzofzadaptingzoneselfztozIslam,zonezshouldzfirstzperform

thez dhikrz byz wayz ofz thez Namesz andz Attributes.z Itz isz alsoz true,

however,z thatz az specialz lûtfz (favour,z grace)z andz ihsânz (kindness,

blessing)zonzthezpartzofzJenâb-i-Haqqz(Allâhuzta’âlâ)zcomeszgratis.

Withoutzanyzapparentzreason,zHezmayzbestowzanythingzHezlikes

onz anyonez Hez choses.z Asz az matterz ofz fact,z Hez declares,z asz is

purportedzinzthezthirteenthzâyat-i-kerîmazofzShûrâzsûra:z“...eAllâhu

ta’âlâechoosesetoeHimselfethoseewhomeHeepleases,”z(42:13)

[Mazhar-Jân-i-Jânân,z (1111z [1699z A.D.],z Indiaz –z 1195z [1781],

martyred,)z ‘qadda-Allâhuz sirrah-ul-’azîz’z statesz asz followsz inz the

eleventhz letterz ofz hisz valuablez bookz ‘Maqâmât-i-Mazhariyya’:

“Therezarezthreezkindszofzdhikr:

“1–zDhikringzonlyzwithzthezlips,zwithoutzthezheartzpartakingzin

thezevent.zItziszuseless.

“2–z Dhikringz onlyz withz thez heart,z withoutz thez tonguez taking

part.zHowztozdhikrziszdescribedzin,zthezhundredzandzfortiethzletter

inz thez secondz volumez ofz ‘Maktûbât-i-Ma’thûmiyya’.z [Pleasez see

thez fortiethz chapter,z thez finalz fourz paragraphsz ofz thez forty-sixth

chapterzinzthezfirstzfascicle,zofz‘EndlesseBliss’,zandztheznineteenth

chapterzinzthezthirdzfascicle.zThiszdhikrziszcalledz‘dhikr-i-khafî’.zItzis

thezdhikrzofzthezDhât-i-Ilâhîz(ThezPersonzofzAllâhuzta’âlâ).zOr,zit

mightz asz wellz bez donez byz thinkingz ofz Hisz Attributes.z Whenz one

thinkszofzHiszblessingszaszwell,zone’szdhikringzbecomesz‘Tafakkur’

(Meditation).

“3–zDhikringzbothzwithzthezheartzandzwithztheztongue.zIfzthis

dhikrziszsaidzloudzenoughzonlyzforzthezpersonzwhozsayszitztozhear,zit

iszcalledzaz‘dhikr-i-khafî’.zItziszthiszdhikr-i-khafîzthatziszcommanded

inzthezâyat-i-kerîma.zIfzitziszlouder,zsozthatzitzcanzbezheardzbyzothers

aszwell,zitzisztermedzaz‘dhikr-i-jehrî’.zÂyat-i-kerîmaszandzhadîth-isherîfsz

showz thatz thez dhikr-i-khafîz isz morez meritoriousz thanz the

–z406 –

dhikr-i-jehrî.zThezdhikr-i-jehrîzthatzRasûlullahz‘sall-Allâhuz‘alaihi

waz sallam’z taughtz Hadratz ’Alîz wasz noz louderz thanz enoughz toz be

heardzbyzhimself;zitzwaszazdhikr-i-khafîzinzitsztruezsense.zHiszhaving

thez doorz shutz showsz thatz thisz wasz thez case.”z Thez authorz ofz the

bookz ‘Tafsîr-i-’Azîzî’z (Abd-ul-’Azîzz Dahlawî,z 1159z [1745z A.D.],

Delhiz –z 1239z [1824],z Delhi,)z ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’z statesz as

followszinzhiszexplanationzofzthezDahrz(Time)zsûra,z(thezseventysixthzsûra,zwhichziszalsoznamedzthezInsânz[Man]zsûra):z“Dhikringzis

intendedz toz expellz allz sortsz ofz lovez andz fondnessz exceptz lovez of

Allahzfromzthezheart.zItziszanzexperientialzrealityzthatzdhikringzis

thez mostz potentz medicationz forz thez eliminationz ofz thez heart’s

attachmentz toz creatures.z Az hadîth-i-sherîfz readsz asz follows:z “By

dhikringejoinetheewayeofethoseewhoedeliveretheireheartsefrometheir

burden!”z Toz thisz endz theyz (Islamicz superiors)z said: ‘Inz orderz to

attainztozAllâhuzta’âlâzandztozHiszlovezandzgrace,zwezshouldzcutzthe

linesz attachingz ourz heartsz toz creaturesz andz eliminatez their

keennesszonzworldlyzpleasures.zNozotherzmedicationziszmorezuseful

thanzdhikringzinzthezliberationzofzthezheart.’z”z[Twozkindszofzsimâ’

andzraqszarezwidelyzknownzamongzmenzofzTasawwuf.zThezfirstzkind

happenszduringzthezmanifestationzofzthezAttributeszofzJemâlzand

Jelâl,zwhichzfollowszthezFanâzofzthezheartzandztheznafs.zMindzand

nafszdoznotzperformzazfunctionzinzthiszkind.zExampleszofzthiszkind

arez thez dhikr,z simâ’,z andz raqsz supervisedz byz superiorsz suchz as

Celaleddinz (Jelâl-ad-dîn)z Rûmî,z (604z [1207z A.D.],z Belkhz –z 672

[1273],zKonya,)zandzSünbülz(Sunbul)zSinanzEfendi,z(d.z936z[1529

A.D.],z ‹stanbul.)z Shâh-i-Naqshibandz Bahâ-ad-dînz Bukhârî

‘rahmatullâhiz’alaih’,zstatedzaszfollowsz(whenzheztalkedzaboutzthis

firstzkind):z“Wezdoznotzrejectzit.”zAndzaboutzthezsecondzkind,zwhich

consistedz inz fitsz ofz frenzy,z asz somez ignorantz andz unconscious

dervisheszyelledzandzjumped,zandzwhichzwereznozmorezthanzacrid

illustrationsz ofz thez shortagez ofz mentalz rangez theyz havez been

sufferingzfromzandztheirzhelplessnesszinztheztalonszofzanzunbridled

nafs,zhezstatedzaszfollows:z“Wezwouldznotzdozasztheyzdo.”]

(Somezhundredzandzfortyzpages,zpageszfromz1059zthroughz1198,

ofzthezTurkishzbookzentitledzSe’âdet-izEbediyyezandzwrittenzbyzthe

IslamiczscholarzandzbelovedzWaliyyullahzHüseynzHilmizbinzSa’îd

Iş›kz‘rahmatullâhizta’âlâz’alaih’,zhaszbeenzallottedztozbiographies.

Thezfollowingzsampleziszanzabridgedzandzsummarizedzinformation

fromz thez hundredz andz ninety-fourthz article,z whichz isz az short

biographyzofzMawlânâz(Mevlânâ)zJelâl-ad-deenzRûmî:

[Itz isz statedz asz followsz inz thez hundredz andz seventhz pagez of

Mekâtib-i-sherîfa:z “Mawlânâz Jelâl-ad-dînz Rûmîz wasz amongz the

–z407 –

greaterzoneszofzthezAwliyâzofzthezAhlzas-SunnazMuslims.”zHezwas

inz thez Qâdirîz Tarîqa.z Hisz father,z Sultânz ul-’Ulamâz Muhammad

Bahâ-ad-dînz Veled,z wasz az greatz scholarz andz Walî.z Hadratz Rûmî

waszonlyzazchildzwhenzhezattainedzthezfayzzinzhiszfather’szheart.zHe

didznotzplayzmusicalzinstrumentszsuchzaszreedszorzdrums,znorzwas

hezeverzseenztozwhirl.zSuchzabsurditieszwerezinventedzlaterzinzthe

namezofzTarîqazbyzignorantzpeople.])

Anzâyat-i-kerîmazinzRa’dzSûrazpurports:z“...eIteshouldebeeknown

withoute doubte thate ine thee dhikre ofe Allâhue ta’âlâe doe heartse find

satisfaction.”z(13:28).zItmi’nânzmeanszsatisfaction,zcalmness,zease?

Whenzthezwordz‘dhikr’zwithzazharf-i-jerz(preposition)ziszsaidzbefore

thezverb,zitzexpresseszhasrz(restrictionztozonezpurpose).zSo,zitzwas

statedz(byzscholars)zthatz“inzonlyzthezdhikrz(ofzAllâhuzta’âlâ)zdo

heartsz findz satisfaction.”z Dhikrz meansz remembrance.

RemembrancezofzAllâhuzta’âlâziszpossiblezbyzsayingzHiszNamezor

byzseeingzazWalî,zazbornzslavezofzHiszwhomzHezloveszveryzmuch.

Aszazmatterzofzfact,zazhadîth-i-sherîfzreadszaszfollows:z“Whenethey

aree seene Allâhue ta’âlâe ise remembered.”z Otherz thoughtsz may

occupyzyourzmindzaszyouzhearzorzsayzHiszName,zandzremembrance

ofz Himz becomesz dubious.z Rememberingz Himz continuously

requireszsayingzHiszNamezthousandszofztimeszdaily.zAszthezgood

newsz(inzthezhadîth-i-sherîfzquotedzabove)zasseverates,zwhenzyou

seez az Walîz andz lovez him,z youz willz definitelyz rememberz Allâhu

ta’âlâ.zAszthezeventzofzseeingziszrealizedzwithztheznûrz(light)zofzeyes,

whenz youz bringz thez outwardz appearancez andz thez facez ofz az Walî

intoz yourz imaginationz andz heart,z itz willz bez inz effectz asz ifz you

actuallyzsawzthatzWalî,zwhichzinzturnzwillzcausezyourzremembering

Allâhuzta’âlâ.zThiszkindzofzseeingzazWalîzthroughzheartziszcalled

‘râbita’;zitziszazmeansztozhavezrecoursezto,ztozdeliverzthezheartzfrom

lovingzorzthinkingzofzbeingszotherzthanzAllâhuzta’âlâ;zitziszazway

thatz leadsz toz thez attainmentz ofz az heartz blessedz withz thez ikhlâs

impartedz inz thez âyat-i-kerîmaz andz thez hadîth-i-sherîfz quoted

above.zYes,ztozadhereztozIslam,zi.e.ztozperformzthezcommandments

andztozavoidzthezprohibitions,zwillzprovidezonezwithzthezgracezand

lovez ofz Allâhuz ta’âlâ;z butz itz isz az conditionz thatz thisz obedience

shouldz bez accompainedz byz ikhlâs.z Then,z wez shouldz bothz adapt

ourselvesztozIslamzandzobtainzikhlâs.]

Letzuszreturnztozthezpointzwezhavezbeenzdiscussing!zThereziszone

morezthingzthatziszbeyondzthezthreezentitieszwezhavezsozfarzbeen

dealingzwith,zi.e.zTarîqa,zHaqîqa,zandzIslam,zandzwhenzcompared

withz thez valuez ofz whichz thatz ofz thosez threez entitiesz isz az mere

nothing.zThezspiritualzstatezexperiencedzwhenzthezsâlikzsays,z“...zil-

–z408 –

l-Allah,”zatzthezpositionzofzhaqîqa,ziszthezappearance,z[thezvision,]

ofzit,z(i.e.zhaqîqa,)zandzyetzitziszthezhaqîqa,zthezoriginzofzthezother

visionszexperiencedzenrouteztozthatzrank.zByzthezsameztoken,zevery

Muslimz possessesz Islam’sz visionz inz thez beginning.z Afterz the

attainmentz ofz Tarîqaz andz Haqîqa,z thez Haqîqaz ofz thatz visionz is

attained.zThiszsubjectzshouldzbezgivenzsoberingzthought:zazsortzof

haqîqaz(reality,ztruth,zessence,zorigin)zwhosezvisionz[appearance]zis

haqîqazandzwhosezbeginningziszwilâya.zHowzcouldzthatzhaqîqazever

bez definedz throughz words?z Evenz ifz itz werez possiblez toz definez it,

whoz couldz everz understandz it,z andz whatz littlez ofz itz couldz they

understand?zThiszhaqîqaziszsozsuperbzazrarityzthatzveryzfew,znay,

veryzveryzfewzofzthezinheritorszofzthosezProphetszcalledzUlûl’’azm,

[thezsixzhighestzoneszofzProphetszwithzdispensations,]zhavezbeen

giftedz withz it.z Sincez therez arez fewz Prophetsz singledz outz withz the

attributezUlûl’azm,zthenzazfortioriztherezarezevenzfewerzpeoplezto

inheritzfromzthem.

QUESTION:z Thez explanationsz madez abovez leadz toz the

conclusionzthatzanz’ârifzwhozhaszattainedzthatzhaqîqazhaszgonezout

ofzIslam.zFor,zhezhaszattainedzazrankzabovezIslam.

ANSWER:z Thez ahkâm-i-islâmiyyaz (Islam’sz commandments

andzprohibitions)zconsistzofzactszofzworshipztozbezperformedzbyzthe

zâhir,z[i.e.zbyzthezdiscerniblezlimbs].zOnzthezotherzhand,zthezhaqîqa

fallsztozthezlotzofzthezbâtin,z[i.e.zheartzandzsoul.]zThezzâhirzhaszbeen

enjoinedz toz alwaysz obeyz thez ahkâm-i-islâmiyyaz (byz doingz the

commandmentsz andz avoidingz thez prohibitions).z Inz thez meantime

thez bâtinz isz busyz withz thez deedsz ofz thatz haqîqa.z ’Amals,z actsz of

worshipzareznecessaryzinzthiszworld.zThesezactszofzworshipzarezvery

helpfulztozthezbâtin.zInzotherzwords,zthezbâtin’szimprovementzand

progresszarezdependentzonzthezzâhir’szobedienceztozthezahkâm-iislâmiyya.zThen,zinzthiszworldzbothzthezzâhirzandzthezbâtinzneedzthe

ahkâm-i-islâmiyya.zThezzâhir’szbusinesszisztozadaptzitselfztozIslam,

andzthezbâtin’szbusinesszisztozcollectzthezfruits,zthezbenefitszofzIslam.

Islamz isz thez sourcez ofz allz sortsz ofz perfection,z thez basisz ofz all

ennoblements.zIslam’szfruitfulness,zbeneficence,zisznotzconfinedzto

thiszworld.zThezperfectionszandzblessingszawaitingzinzthezHereafter

arez allz productsz andz fruitsz ofz Islam.z Asz isz seen,z Islamz isz suchz a

‘Shajara-i-tayyiba’z[blessedztree]zthatzallzcreationzbenefitszfromzits

fruitszbothzinzthiszworldzandzinzthezHereafter.

QUESTION:z Thatz meansz toz sayz thatz inz thez kamâlât-inubuwwaz

(perfectionsz ofz prophethood)z also,z thez bâtinz isz with

Haqqz (Allâhuz ta’âlâ)z andz thez zâhirz isz withz thez khalkz (creation,

creatures).z Inz otherz lettersz (writtenz byz Hadratz Imâmz Rabbânî),

–z409 –

however,zitziszstatedzthatzbothzthezzâhirzandzthezbâtinzarezwithzthe

khalk,z wherebyz toz invitez peoplez (toz Islam).z Howz canz thesez two

statementszbezreconciled?

ANSWER:zWhatzwezcallzthezkamâlât-i-nubuwwazarezazserieszof

kamâlâtz (perfections)z attainedz duringz thez stagesz ofz urûjz (ascent,

promotion,zimprovement).zThezrankzofzprophethood,zinzcontrast,

involveszazprocesszofznuzûlz(descent).zDuringzthezascentzthezbâtinzis

withzHaqqz(Allâhuzta’âlâ).zThezzâhir,zinzthezmeantime,ziszwithzthe

khalq,zpayingzthezrightszofzthezkhalqzinzazwayzcompatiblezwithzIslam.

Duringztheznuzûlzbothzthezzâhirzandzthezbâtinzarezwithzthezkhalq,

andztherebyzthezProphetzemployszbothzhiszzâhirzandzhiszbâtinzinzhis

missionztozcallzthezcreaturesztozAllâhuzta’âlâ.

Then,z inconsistencyz betweenz thez twoz statementsz isz notz the

case.zTozbezwithzthezkhalk,z(inzthiszsense,)zmeansztozbezwithzHaqq.

Thezhundredzandzfifteenthzâyat-i-kerîmazofzBaqarazsûrazpurports:

“...eWithersoevereyeeturn,ethereeisetheepresenceeofeAllâhueta’âlâ,

(andz therez willz yez findz Him,)...”z However,z thisz shouldz notz be

construedz as,z “creaturesz willz bez Allah,”z orz as,z “creaturesz are

mirrorszthatzreflectzAllâhuzta’âlâ.”zHowzcouldzitzeverzbezpossible

forzthezmumkin,z(i.e.zforzsomethingzwhosezexistenceziszdependent)

toz bez thez Wâjibz (Allâhuz ta’âlâ,z whosez existencez isz independent

andzindispensable)?zHowzcouldzazcreaturezeverzbezthezCreator?

HowzcanzitzbezazmirrorztozreflectzHim?z(Onzthezcontrary,)zitzmight

makezsenseztozsayzthatzthezWâjibziszazmirrorztozreflectzthez(vision

ofz the)z mumkin.z Yes.z Duringz thez nuzûlz [descentz back],z the

existencezcanzbezazmirrorzforzthezvisionszofzthezDivinezAttributes.

For,zattributeszsuchzaszhearing,zsight,zandzpowerzthatzarezseenzon

creatureszarezthezvisionszofzthezattributeszofzhearing,zseeingzand

power,z whichz arez themselvesz mirrorsz reflectingz thez creatures.

Theyzarezthezattributeszofzthezmirrorzthatzmanifestzthemselveszon

visiblez creatures.z Andz thez visionsz seenz onz thez mirrorz are

themselveszthezmirrorszofzthezattributeszandzworkszofzthezmirror.

Forzinstance,zifzthezmirrorziszlongzthezvisionszalsozwillzlookzlong,

andztheyzwillzbezmirrorszshowingzthezlengthzofzthezmirror.zIfzthe

mirrorziszsmallzeachzofzthezvisionszwillzbe,zsoztozspeak,zazmirror

showingzthezsmallnesszofzthezmirror.

Duringzthezurûj,zorzthezascent,zitziszfeltzaszifzthingszwerezbeing

seenz inz thez mirrorz ofz Allâhuz ta’âlâ.z Itz isz likez visionsz seenz inz the

mirrorzgivingzthezimpressionzaszifztheyzwerezthezthingszthemselveszin

there.zInzactualzfact,zhowever,zthezvisionszofzthingszdoznotzexistzin

thezmirror.zLikewise,zthezcreatureszareznotzinzthezmirrorzofzAllâhu

ta’âlâ.zNothingzexistszinzthezmirror.zVisionszareznotzinzthezmirror;

–z410 –

theyzarezinzourzimagination.zTherezareznozvisionszinzthezmirror.zNor

canztherezbezazmirrorzinzthezplacezwherezvisionszexist.zVisionszarezin

ourzfancyzandzimagination.zIfztheyzhavezazplace,zitziszonzthezlevelzof

fancy;zifztheyzhaveztime,zitziszonzthezlevelzofzimagination.zHowever,

becausez thisz incorporealz visionz ofz thez creaturesz existsz withz the

powerzofzAllâhuzta’âlâ,zitziszpermanent.zItziszthesezvisionszthatzwill

tastezthezeternalztormentszorzblessingszofzthezHereafter.

Inz thez world’sz mirrors,z visionsz arez firstz toz comez intoz sight.

Seeingzthezmirrorzitselfzrequireszazspeciallyzfocusedzattention.zIn

thezmirrorzofzAllâhuzta’âlâ,zhowever,zwhatziszseenzfirstziszthezmirror

itself.z Seeingz thez creaturesz requiresz specialz concentration.z When

thezWalîzstartsztozmakezrujû’z(withdrawal,zretreat),zthezcreatures’

visionsz inz thez mirrorsz ofz Divinez Attributesz startz toz manifest

themselves.zWhenzrujû’zandznuzûlz(descent)zcomesztozanzendzand

thez statez ofz ‘seyrz derz eshyâ’,z i.e.z progressz inz things,z assumesz its

motion,z thez shuhûd-i-ilâhîz isz gone,z soz thatz itz getsz intoz az statez of

ghayb;zthezîmân-i-shuhûdîzchangeszintozîmân-i-ghaybî.zWhenzthe

Walîzpasseszawayzafterzthezcompletionzofzhiszinvitatoryzmission,zthe

statez ofz shuhûdz returns.z Yetz thisz statez ofz shuhûdz isz morez closegrainedzandzmorezimmaculatezthanzthezshuhûdzexperiencedzbefore

thezstatezofzrujû’;zitziszazperfectzstatezofzshuhûd.zThezshuhûdzinzthe

Hereafterziszmorezimpressivezthanzthezshuhûdzinzthezworld.

Inz conclusion,z visionsz seenz inz az mirrorz arez notz inz thez mirror.

Theirz existencez isz onlyz az fancy,z whichz canz bez saidz toz havez been

enveloped,zcoveredzbyzthezmirror,zsozthatzwezsayzthatzthezmirrorzis

withz them.z However,z thisz statez ofz qurbz (affinity,z closeness),

encompassionz andz togethernessz isz unlikez thez statez ofz affinity,

encompassion,z andz togethernessz betweenz objectsz orz betweenz an

objectz andz itsz properties,z [suchz asz itsz colour,z etc.]z Humanz brain

cannotz reasonz onz orz comprehendz thez naturez ofz affinity,

encompassionz andz togethernessz betweenz visionsz andz az mirror

(whereinztheyzarezseen).zItziszforzcertainzthatzthezvisionszarezclose

tozthezmirror,zthatztheyzarezwithzit,zthatztheyzarezenvelopedzbyzit.

Butzitsznaturezcannotzbezdefinedzorzdescribed.zSoziszthezcasezwith

theznaturezofzcloseness,zencompassionzandztogethernesszbetween

Allâhuz ta’âlâz andz thez creatures.z Wez believez thatz thesez statesz do

exist.z Butz wez cannotz knowz whatz sortsz ofz thingsz thesez statesz are.

For,zthesezAttributeszofzAllâhuzta’âlâzarezquitezdissimilarztozthe

attributesz ofz creatures;z therez is,z inz actualz fact,z noz resemblance

betweenz themz andz thez propertiesz ofz objects.z Thisz universez isz a

merezvisionaryzsamplezofzreality;zsozourzmentionzofzvisionszandzthe

mirrorzinzanzattemptztozexemplifyzthezrelationszbetweenzattributes

–z411 –

haszbeenzintendedzforzpeoplezofzwisdomztozrealizezthiszfactzfrom

thatzexample.zAzstanza:

“Make namâz for the sake of Allah five times a day,

Waste no time, winter or summer, be it as it may!

If you wish to be close to Haqq,

Perform the sunnat and fard, for it’s the only way!

26e–eSECONDeVOLUME,eTHIRTY-SEVENTHeLETTER

Thezthirty-seventhzletterzinzthezsecondzvolumezofzthezvaluable

bookzentitledzMaktûbât,zbyzthezgreatzWalîzandzprofoundzscholar

Imâmz Rabbânîz ‘quddisaz sirruh’,z wasz writtenz forz faqîrz andz haqîr

’Abd-ul-Hayyz ‘rahmatullâhiz ta’âlâz ’alaih’,z andz tellsz aboutz the

superiorz meritsz andz virtuesz inherentz inz thez Kalima-i-tawhîd,z LÂ

ILÂHAzIL-L-ALLAH.zHadratzAbd-ul-HayyzofzSafâ,zIndia,z(was

onez ofz thosez fortunatez peoplez whoz attended,z andz servedz inz the

blessedz sohbatz ofz Hadratz Imâmz Rabbânîz forz years,z andz thereby

attainedzplentyzofzfayz.zBeingzcommandedzbyzHadratzMuhammad

Ma’thûmz‘quddisazsirruh’,zthezthirdzsonzofzImâmzRabbânîzandzalso

hiszimmediatezsuccessorzinzthezMujaddidîzorder,zhezcompiledzthe

letterszmakingzupzthezsecondzvolumezofzMaktûbât.zHezwaszsentzto

thezcityzofzPutnaztozteachzTasawwufztozthezloverszlivingzthere,zand

guidedzthemztozperfection.zHezeducatedzandztrainedzmanyzazWalî

andzKhalîfa.zHezwaszhonouredzwithzthezgladztidingszthatzhezwaszone

ofz thez Qutbs.)z Thez followingz essayz isz anz attemptz wez havez so

brazenlyzmadeztoztranslatezthatzgreatzletterzintozEnglish:

Nothingzinzthezworldzcouldzbezmorezeffectivezthanzthezbeautiful

utterancez “LÂz ILÂHAz IL-L-ALLAH”z toz extinguishz thez Wrath,

thez Vengeancez ofz ourz Rabb,z (Allâhuz ta’âlâ,)z ‘jallaz sultânuh’.

Inasmuchzaszthiszpulchritudinouszutteranceziszcapablezofzassuaging

thez Wrathz thatz isz operativez enoughz toz dragz onez toz Hell,z thenz a

fortiori itz mustz bringz downz Hisz Wrathz incurredz onz accountz of

matterszofzlesserzimportance.zWhyzshouldzitznot,zinzthezfacezofzthe

factzthatzwhenzazbornzslavezrepeatszthiszlovelyzwordztimezandzagain

hez shakesz offz allz thez occupantsz otherz thanz Himz inz hisz cognitive

repertory,zturnszawayzfromzall,zandzdirectszallzhiszexistenceztozone

rightfulzma’bûd?zThezreasonzforzHiszWrathziszHiszslaves’zturning

towardszbeingszotherzthanzHimzandzattachingzthemselvesztozthose

otherz beings.z Wez observez examplesz ofz thisz statez inz thisz worldz of

tokens.z Imaginez az wealthyz personz angeredz byz hisz servant.z The

servant,zazgood-heartedzone,zturnszawayzfromzotherszandzcommits

himselfz thoroughlyz toz thez commandmentsz ofz hisz overlord.z Willy-

–z412 –

nilly,zhiszmasterzwillzsoftenzdown,zhisztenderzmercieszbestirredzand

hiszangerzappeased.zLikewise,zthiszlovablezphraseziszthezkeyztozthe

ninety-ninez treasuriesz ofz Rahmaz (Compassion)z reservedz forz the

Hereafter.z Forz thez cleansingz ofz thez darknessesz ofz kufrz (unbelief)

andzdirtszofzshirkz(polytheism),znozaidzcouldzbezmorezadequately

antidotalzthanzthiszgracefulzutterance.zOncezazpersonzattainszbelief

inzthiszphrase,zthezearliestzmotezofzîmânzblossoms.

Ifz az person,z afterz developingz az motez ofz îmânz inz hisz heartz on

accountz ofz hisz beliefz inz thisz beautifulz word,z stillz imitates

disbelieverszinztheirzcustomaryzandzdirtyzpolytheisticzrites,zhezwill

beztakenzoutzofzHellzdueztozthezshafâ’az(intercession)zofzthiszlovely

word;z hez willz bez savedz fromz thez eternalz torment.z Likewise,z the

mightiestz saviourz bestowedz uponz thisz Ummaz (Muslims)z is

Muhammadz Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ’alaihiz waz sallam’,z whoz will

savezthemzfromztormentzbyzintercedingzforztheirzgravezsins.zWezsay,

“gravezsins,”zbecauseztherezwerezveryzfewzpeopleztozcommitzgrave

sinszamongzthezpreviouszummats.zAndzeverzfewerzwerezthezpeople

whozdirtiedztheirzîmânzwithzcustomszofzdisbeliefzandzpolytheism.zIt

isz thisz Ummaz whoz arez mostz desperatelyz inz needz ofz shafâ’a

(intercession).zAszforzthezpreviouszummats;zpeoplezthatzonezwould

expectz toz encounterz werez eitherz somez obduratez heathensz orz a

congregationzofztrue,zadherentzandzdevotedzbelievers.

Hadz itz notz beenz forz thisz beautifulz wordz andz az treasurez of

shafâ’atzlikezthezPinnaclezofzProphethoodz‘alaihizwaz’alaihim-ussalawât-u-wa-t-tehiyyat’,zthiszUmmazwouldzhavezperishedzinztheir

ownzwrongdoings.zThiszUmmazarezsozsinful.zYet,zboundlesszalsozis

thez forgiveness,z thez ’afwz andz maghfira,z ofz Allâhuz ta’âlâ.z So

profuselyzwillzAllâhuzta’âlâzshowerzHisz’afwzandzmaghfirazonzthis

UmmatzthatzHezisznotzknownztozhavezshownzsozgreatzmagnanimity

overzanyzofzthezpreviouszummats.zItziszaszifzHezreservedzninety-nine

percentzofzHiszCompassionzforzthiszUmmatzofzoffenders.zKindness

andzgrace,zonezfeelszeggedzonztozsay,zfavourzsinnerszandzoffenders.

Allâhuz ta’âlâz lovesz blessingz Hisz slavesz withz ’afwz andz maghfira.

Nothingzwillzbeztreatedzwithzsuchzabundancezofz’afwzandzmaghfira

aszwillzbezthiszUmmat,zsozsinfulzandzguiltyzasztheyzare.zAndzthiszis

thez veryz reasonz forz whichz thisz Ummatz hasz beenz giftedz withz the

championshipzofzmeritoriousness,zaheadzofzallzotherzummats;zthis

exquisitez word,z whichz isz theirz intercessor,z hasz beenz thez most

valuablezofzallzwordszeverzsaid;zandzlikewiseztheirzProphet,ztheir

intermediator,z hasz beenz thez highestz ofz Prophetsz ‘alaihiz wa

’alaihim-us-salawât-u-wa-t-tehiyyât’.zThezseventiethzâyat-i-kerîma

ofzFurqânzsûrazpurports:z“TheyeareetheepersonsewhoseeevileAllâhu

–z413 –

ta’âlâe wille changee intoe good.e Allâhue ta’âlâe ise ofte forgiving,e most

merciful.”z(25:70)

ThatziszsomethingzquitezsimplezforzAllâhuzta’âlâztozdo.zOzour

Rabbz (Allâhuz ta’âlâ)!z Forgivez usz ourz sins,z extravagancez and

excessz inz ourz doings.z Keepz usz inz thez rightz path!z Helpz usz to

overcomezthezfaithless!zNow,zhearkenztozthezmeritszofzthiszlovely

word:

Rasûlullahz ‘sall-Allâhuz ta’âlâz ’alaihiz waz âlihiz waz sallamaz wa

bâreka’zstated:z“Aeperson whozsaysz‘Lâeilâhaeil-l-Allâh’,ewilleenter

Paradise.”z Short-sightedz peoplez willz bez astonishedz atz this

statement.z “Howz couldz itz everz bez possiblez toz enterz Paradisez by

saying,z‘lâzilâhazil-l-Allah,’zonce,”ztheyzwillzsay.zTheyzdoznotzknow

thez barakats,z thez benefitsz ofz thisz comelyz word.z Toz the

understandingz ofz thisz faqîrz [Imâmz Rabânîz ‘rahmatullâhiz ’alaih’

meansz himself],z itz wouldz bez fairz ifz theyz werez toz forgivez all

unbelieverszandzsendzthenzallztozParadisezinzreturnzforzsayingzthat

beautifulzwordzonlyzonce.zIzseezitzthatzifztheyzwereztozdividezthe

barakatszandzbenefitszofzthatzsacredzutterancezbyztheznumberzofzall

thez creaturesz tillz thez endz ofz thez worldz itz wouldz satiatez themz all.

Overz andz abovez that,z whenz thatz sacredz andz beautifulz wordz is

complementedzwithzthezadditionzofz“Muhammad-un-Rasûlullah’,

andz therebyz tablighz andz tawhîdz arez arrangedz sidez byz sidez like

culturedzpearls,zwherebyzRisâlatz(Prophethood)zandzWilâyatzwill

havezbeenzbroughtznearerztozeachzother,zallzthezsuperiorzandzhigh

qualitieszofzWilâyatzandzNubuwwazwillzcomeztogether.zItziszthese

utterancesz thatz makez onez attainz thez gatewayz leadingz toz thez two

resourcesz ofz happiness.z Itz isz thisz statementz thatz deliversz Wilâya

fromzthezgloomszofzshadeszandzreflections,zclarifieszit,zandzraises

Nubuwwaztozheightszofzculmination.zOzourzAllah!zDoznotzdeprive

uszfromzthezbenefitszofzthiszbeautifulzword!zTakezourzsoulszoutzatza

timezwhenzwezarezinzazstatezofzaffirmationzofzthiszbeautifulzword!

OnzthezRisingzDay,zmakezuszamongzthosezwhozaffirmzthiszbeautiful

word!z Forz thez sakez ofz thisz wordz andz forz thez sakez ofz thosez who

taughtzuszthiszwordz‘alaihim-us-salawâtzwa-t-taslîmâtzwa-t-tehiyyât,

wa-l-barakât’,zplacezuszintozJannaz(Paradise)!zÂmîn.

Whenzsightzandzadvancezarezincapacitated,zwhenzthezwingszof

himmazfall,zandzoncezyouzhavezgonezbeyondzthezboundarieszofzall

sortsz ofz knowledgez andz exploration,z nothingz otherz thanz the

Kalima-t-at-tawhîd,z “Lâe ilâhae il-l-Allahe Muhammadun

Rasûlullah,”zwillzhelpzyouzmakezfurtherzprogress.zUnlesszyouzfind

sanctuaryz inz thez bosomz ofz thisz wordz youz willz makez noz progress

beyondzthosezheights.zOnezsinglezutterancezofzthatzbeautifulzword

–z414 –

makesz thez ‘sâlik’z soarz andz reachz thosez heights.z Owingz toz the

haqîqaz signifiedz byz thatz highlyz honourablez wordz hez makesz an

ascentzabovezthosezheights.zHezgetszfurtherzawayzfromzhimselfzand

drawsznearerztozAllâhuzta’âlâ.zAztinyzpartzofzthatzupliftingzpathzis

timesz andz againz greaterz thanz allz thez celestialz spheresz aroundz us.

Thisz comparisonz shouldz sufficez toz givez anz ideaz aboutz the

superiorityzofzthatzword.zExistencezofzallzcreatureszwouldzlookza

merez nothing,z werez itz possiblez toz placez themz besidez thatz word.

Theyz wouldz bez quitez imperceptible.z Theyz wouldz notz evenz bez a

dropz ofz waterz comparedz withz anz immensez ocean.z Thez superior

gradeszofzthiszbeautifulzwordzwillzmanifestzthemselveszdepending

onz thez levelsz ofz thosez whoz utterz it.z Thez higherz thez levelz ofz the

personzwhozutterszit,zthezhigherzwillzthezgrandeurzbezwhereinzthat

divinezwordzwillzmanifestzitself.zAnzArabiczcoupletzrenderedzinto

Englishzreadszaszfollows:

“The beauty will show itself the more,

As the look comes from deeper in the core.”

Noz otherz worldlyz appetitez couldz bez morez valuablez thanz or

superiorztozthezpleasurezandzthezdeliciousztastezonezrelisheszfrom

utteringzthiszsplendidzwordztimezandztimezagain,z[throughoutzone’s

occupationszandzduties.]zYetztherezisznozhelpzforzit,zandzonezcannot

getzallzone’szwishes.zTalkingztozothersziszineluctable,zevenzatzthe

costzofzghafla.

27e–eSECONDeVOLUME,eTHIRTY-NINTHeLETTER

Thisz isz anz attemptz toz translatez intoz Englishz thez thirty-ninth

letterzinzthezsecondzvolumezofzthezgreatzbookzMaktûbât,zbyzHadrat

ImâmzRabbânîz‘quddisazsirruh’.zWrittenzforzSayyidz’Abd-ul-Bâqî

Sârenkpûrî,z thez blessedz letterz explainsz termsz suchz asz ‘Ashâb-iyemîn’,z‘Ashâb-i-shimâl’,zandz‘Sâbiqûn’.

Hamdz (praisez andz gratitude)z bez toz Allâhuz ta’âlâ.z Salâm

(salutations)zbeztozHiszchosenzslaves.zMayzAllâhuzta’âlâzblesszyou

withzmakingzprogresszinzthezrightzpath!

Peoplezwhozremainzbehindzzulmânî,zdark,zgloomyzcurtainszare

calledz ‘Ashâb-i-shimâl’.z Thosez whoz havez passedz overz those

curtainsz andz arez thereforez behindz curtainsz ofz nûrz (lights,

radiationsz ofz light),z arez calledz ‘Ashâb-i-yemîn’.z Andz thosez who

havez passedz overz curtainsz ofz nûr,z too,z arez thez ‘Sâbiqûn’.z They

havezpassedzoverzcurtainszofzcreatureszandzcurtainszofzwujûb,zand

attainedz toz thez ’aslz (essencez ofz existence).z Theyz rejectz names,

attributes,z shu’ûnsz andz i’tibârs,z [i.e.z thingsz considered,]z and

anythingzwhatsoeverzotherzthanzthezDhât-i-ilâhîz(ThezPersonzof

–z415 –

Allâhuz ta’âlâ).z Thez Ashâb-i-shimâlz arez disbelieversz andz shaqîs.

Thez Ashâb-i-yemînz arez Muslimsz andz thez Awliyâ.z Andz the

SâbiqûnzarezProphetsz‘alahim-us-salawât-u-wa-t-taslîmât’.zAzfew

ofzthosezwhozfollowzinzthezfootstepszofzthesezsuperiorzpeoplezhave

beenzhonouredzwithzthiszgrandzfortune.zThezgreaterzoneszofzthe

Sahâbazholdzazmajorityzamongzthosezhonouredzspiritualzeliteszof

ummats.z Andz amongz thez non-Sahâba,z fewerz personagesz have

beenzhonouredzwithzthiszhighestzspiritualzstate.zThesezpeoplezare

accountedztozbezamongzthezSahâbazandzhavezattainedzthezkamâlât

(perfections)z ofz Prophethood.z Itz mightz havez beenz inz this

connectionzthatzourzProphetz‘’alaihizwaz’alâzâlihissalawâtuzwa-ttaslîmât’z

stated:z “Aree thee earliere onese ore thee latere onese more

beneficent?eIteisenoteknowneforecertain.”zItzisztrue,zonzthezother

hand,z thatz hez statedz asz followsz inz anotherz hadîth-i-sherîf:z “The

mostebeneficenteofealletimeseisetheetimeewhereineIelive.”zHowever,

whereaszageszandztimeszarezmeantzinzthiszlatterzhadîth-i-sherîf,zthe

formerz onez concernsz people.z Scholarsz ofz Ahlz as-Sunna

unanimouslyzstatezthatz“WithzthezexceptionzofzProphetsz‘’alaihimus-salawât-u-wa-t-taslîmât’,znozoneziszsuperiorztozAbûzBakrzand

’Umar,zandznozoneziszsuperiorztozAbûzBakr.zHeziszthezhighestzof

thezhighestzoneszofzthiszUmmaz(Muslims).”z’Umarz‘radiy-Allâhu

’anh’z becamez superiorz becausez hez followedz inz thez footstepsz of

Abûz Bakrz as-Siddîq;z hez surpassedz othersz becausez hez adapted

himselfztozthezSiddîq.zHezwaszthereforezcalledz‘Khalîfa-i-Siddîq’,

andz hisz namez wasz mentionedz asz ‘Khalîfa-i-Khalîfa-i-Rasûlullah

(SuccessorzofzthezSuccessorzofzthezMessengerzofzAllah),”zduring

Khutbas.z Hadratz Abûz Bakrz as-Siddîqz isz thez cavalrymanz inz the

lead.z Hadratz ’Umar-ul-Fârûqz ‘radiy-Allâhuz ’anhumâ’z isz his

groom,z orz reservist,z soz toz speak.z Andz suchz az wonderfulz groom,

too,zwhozhaszperfectlyzadaptedzhimselfztozthezcavalryman,zsozthat

hezhaszbecomezthezcavalryman’szpartnerzinzhiszsuperiorities.

Letzuszcomezbackztozthezsubjectzwezhavezbeenzdiscussing!zThe

Sâbiqûnz arez dissimilarz toz thez Ashâb-i-yemînz orz toz thez Ashâb-ishimâl.zTheyzarezbeyondzzulmânîzandznûrânîzmatters.zTheirzbooks,

[i.e.zdeed-books,]zarezunlikezthezbookszofzthezotherztwo.zAndztheir

accounts,z onz thez Risingz Day,z willz bez unlikez thez accountsz ofz the

others. Theyzwillzbezservedzazspecialztreatment.zTheyzwillzbezshown

exceptionalzcourtesyzandzkindness.zFor,zthezAshâb-i-yemîn,zaszwell

aszthezAshâb-i-shimâl,zarezquitezfarzawayzfromzthezkamâlâtzthat

thesezelitezpeoplezhavezbeenzhonouredzwith.zThezAwliyâz‘qaddas-

Allâhuz ta’âlâz asrârahum-ul-’azîz’,z asz wellz asz otherz Believers,z are

incapablez ofz comprehendingz theirz hiddenz superiorities.z The

–z416 –

symbolszwrittenzinzdifferentzletterszinzthezQur’ânzal-kerîmzsignify

thezhiddenzsuperioritieszallottedzforzthem.zThezsymbolicalzâyat-ikerîmasz

inz thez Qur’ânz al-kerîmz arez thez treasuresz signifyingz the

highzgradesztheyzhavezobtained.zAttainingztozthez’asl,ztheyzhavezrid

themselveszofzshadeszandzvisions.zThosezwhozhavezattainedztozthe

dhilsz arez quitez unawarez ofz thez rankz allottedz forz thesez superiors.

Thesezpersonszarezthez(oneszcalled)zmuqarrabs,zthezoneszwhozare

closeztozthez’Asl.zComfortzandzcompassionzarezforzthesezpeople.zIt

iszthesezpeoplezwhozarezsafezagainstzthezfearzofzthezRisingzDay.

Unlikez others,z theyz willz notz bez frightenedz byz thez horrorz ofz the

RisingzDay.

OzourzAllah,zMostzGreat!zMakezuszloverszofzthem!zFor,zonzthat

dayzeveryzpersonzwillzbezwithzthezpersonztheyzlove.zAszanzalmszfor

thezMasterzofzallzProphets,zdozacceptzthiszdu’âzofzoursz‘’alaihizwa

’alâzâlihizwaz’alaihimzwaz’alâzâlizkullinzas-salât-u-wa-t-teslîmât-uwa-t-tehiyyât-u-wa-l-barakât’.zÂmîn.

________________

HÜSEYNzH‹LM‹zIŞIK,

‘Rahmat-Allahiz’alaih’

Hüseynz Hilmiz Iş›k,z ‘Rahmat-Allahiz ’alaih’,z publisherz ofz the

HakikatzKitabevizPublications,zwaszbornzinzEyyubzSultan,zIstanbul

inz1329z(A.D.z1911).z

Ofzthezonezhundredzandzforty-fourzbookszhezpublished,zsixty

arez Arabic,z twenty-fivez Persian,z fourteenz Turkish,z andz the

remainingz arez booksz inz French,z German,z English,z Russian,z and

otherzlanguages.

Hüseynz Hilmiz Iş›k,z ‘Rahmat-Allahiz ’alaih’z (guidedz byz Sayyid

’AbdulhakimzArwâsî,z‘Rahmat-Allahiz’alaih’,zazprofound Islamic

scholarzandzperfectzinzvirtueszofzTasawwufzandzcapableztozguide

disciplesz inz az fullyz maturez manner;z possessorz ofz gloriesz and

wisdom),zwaszazcompetent,zgreatzIslamiczscholarzableztozguidezto

happiness,zpassedzawayzduringztheznightzbetweenzOctoberz25,z2001

(8zSha’bânz1422)zandzOctoberz26,z2001z(9zSha’bânz1422).zHezwas

buriedzatzEyyubzSultan,zwherezhezhadzbeenzborn.

–z417 –

AppendixeI

FINDING

THEeFIRSTeDAYeOFeANeARABICeMONTH

Therezarezvariouszmethodszforzfindingzwhatzthezfirstzdayzofzan

Arabicz(lunar)zmonthzis.zThezmostzvalidzofzthemziszthezonezwritten

byz Uluğz Bey.z Accordingz toz hisz method,z initiallyz thez firstz dayz of

Muharram,zthezfirstzmonthzofzthezHijrîzyear,ziszfound.zTozfindzthe

firstzdayzofzMuharram,zthezyearzinzquestionziszalwayszdividedzby

210.zThezlastzdigitzofzthezremainderzofzthiszdivisionziszsubtracted

fromzthezremainderzandzthiszsecondzremainderziszlookedzupzinzthe

firstzcolumnzofzthezfirstztablez[belowzleft].zInzthezotherzcolumnszof

thezsameztable,ztheznumberzcorrespondingztozthezfirstzdigitzofzthe

remainderzwrittenzinzthezfirstzlinezofztheztableziszobtainedztozbezthe

numberz correspondingz toz thez dayz ofz thez weekz beginningz from

Sunday.zAndzitziszthezfirstzdayzofzMuharram.zLet’szfindzthezfirstzday

ofzMuharramzofzthezHijrîzyearz1316,zforzexample:

Thezfirstzdigit,z6,ziszsubtractedzfromz56,zthezremainder,zandzthus

50ziszobtained.zAcrosszfromztheznumberz50zinzthezfirstzcolumn,z1zis

writtenzinzthezcolumnzheadedzbyz6,zthezfirstzdigit.zThus,zthezfirstzday

ofzthezyearziszfoundztozbezSunday.zAfterzfindingzthezfirstzdayzofzthe

year,zthezfirstzdayzofzazmounthziszfoundzbyzthezusezofzthezsecond

table.zInzthezlinezcontainingzMuharram,ztheznumberzcorresponding

tozthezfirstzdayzofzthezyearziszfound.zTheznumberzbelowzthiszand

acrosszfromzthezmonthzinzquestionziszthezday,zasznumberedzfrom

Sunday,zofzthezmonthzinzquestion.zLet’szfind,zforzexample,zthezfirst

dayzofzRamadânzinz1316:zthezfirstzdayzofzthiszyearziszSunday,zi.e.zthe

firstzdayzofzthezweek,zand,zinzthezcolumnzheadedzbyz1zinzthezfirst

linezofzthezsecondztable,z6ziszwrittenzacrosszfromzRamadân.zThus,

thezfirstzdayzofzRamadânziszthezsixthzdayzofzthezweek,zi.e.zFriday.

–z418 –

AppendixeII

ULU⁄eBEY’SeTABLESeFOReLUNARe(QAMARÎ)

MONTHS

The remainder minus its last digit

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

TABLE I

First digit of the remainder

0

2

3

4

7

1

3

5

6

1

3

4

6

1

2

4

6

7

2

4

5

7

1

6

1

2

4

6

7

2

4

5

7

2

3

5

7

1

3

5

6

1

3

4

2

3

5

7

1

3

5

6

1

3

4

6

1

2

4

6

7

2

4

5

7

2

3

1

2

4

6

7

2

4

5

7

2

3

5

7

1

3

5

6

1

3

4

6

4

5

7

1

3

5

6

1

3

4

6

1

2

4

6

7

2

4

5

7

2

3

TABLE IV

5

2

4

6

7

2

4

5

7

2

3

5

7

1

3

5

6

1

3

4

6

1

6

7

2

3

5

7

1

3

5

6

1

3

4

6

1

2

4

6

7

2

4

5

7

4

6

1

2

4

6

7

2

4

5

7

2

3

5

7

1

3

5

6

1

3

8

2

3

5

7

1

3

5

6

1

3

4

6

1

2

4

6

7

2

4

5

7

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

December November October September August July

9

6

1

2

4

6

7

2

4

5

7

2

3

5

7

1

3

5

6

1

3

4

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

June May April March February January

MONTHS

Muharram

Safar

Rabi'al-awwal

Rabi'al-âkhir

Jamâzi'l-awwal

Jamâzi'l-âkhir

Rajab

Sha'ban

Ramadân

Shawwal

Dhu'l-qa'da

Dhu'l-hijja

TABLE II

DAYS

5 6 7 1 2

7 1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5

3 4 5 6 7

4 5 6 7 1

6 7 1 2 3

7 1 2 3 4

2 3 4 5 6

3 4 5 6 7

5 6 7 1 2

6 7 1 2 3

1 2 3 4 5

'id al-ad'hâ 3 4 5 6 7 1 2

Mîlâdî

Year

1323

1356

1388

1421

1454

1486

1519

1551

1585

1617

1650

1682

1715

1748

1780

1813

1845

1878

1911

1943

1976

2008

TABLE III

Hijrî

Year

724

758

791

825

859

892

926

959

994

1027

1061

1094

1128

1162

1195

1229

1262

1296

1330

1363

1397

1430

Mîlâdî

Year

607

640

672

705

737

770

802

835

868

900

933

965

998

1030

1063

1095

1128

1160

1193

1226

1258

1291

3

5

6

1

2

4

5

7

1

3

4

6

Hijrî

Year

-14

20

53

87

120

154

187

221

255

288

322

355

389

422

456

489

523

556

590

624

657

691

4

6

7

2

3

5

6

1

2

4

5

7

–z419 –

AppendixeIII

FINDINGeTHEeMÎLÂDÎeYEAReCOINCIDING

WITHeTHEeBEGINNINGeOFeTHEeHIJRÎeYEAR

Everyzhijrîzyearzbeginszinzthezmîlâdîz(Christian)zyearzfollowing

thezyearzwhereinzthezpreviouszhijrîzyearzbegan,zandzapproximately

elevenzdayszearlier.zEveryz33.58zhijrîzandz32.58zmîlâdîzyears,zthe

beginningzofzthezhijrîzyearztakeszplacezduringzthezfirstztenzdayszof

January.z TABLEz IIIz z containsz thez hijrîz yearsz beginningz in

December.z Thez hijrîz yearz beginningsz followingz eachz ofz these

movezbackwardszfromzthisztwelfthzmonth,zcoincidingzwithzeachzof

thez mîlâdîz monthsz inz rearwardz order.z Forz findingz thez mîlâdî

equivalentz ofz anyz onez ofz thez hijrîz yearz beginningsz thatz arez not

writtenzonztheztable,zthezhijrîzyearzpreviousztozitzandzwrittenzonzthe

tablez andz thez mîlâdîz yearz levelz withz itz arez foundz onz thez table.

Differencezbetweenztheztwozhijrîzyearsziszaddedztozthezmîlâdîzyear

foundzonztheztable.zForzexample,ztozfindzthezmîlâdîzyearzcoinciding

withzthezbeginningzofzthezhijrîzyearz1344:z1344z-z1330z=z14;zhence

1911z+z14z=z1925.zWhenzitziszcheckedzonztheztablezindicatingzthe

monthsz(TABLEzIV),zitzwillzbezseenzthatzitzcoincidedzwithzJuly,

whichziszthezmonthzbelowznumberz14zonztheztable.zThezmîlâdîzyear

withzwhichzazsolarzmonthzinzazcertainzhijrîzyearzcoincidesziszone

yearz aheadz ofz thez numberz foundz ifz thez monthz concernedz is

previousztozthezmonthzwithzwhichzthezbeginningzofzthezhijrîzyear

coincides.

–z420 –

AppendixeIV

TABLE EQUATIONzOFzTIMEzandzDECLINATIONzOFzTHEzSUNz(1986z*)

00:00zinzUniversalzTimez(UT,zGMT)

DATE E

min.sec.

∞

°ee’

Jan. 0–02z48 –23z07

1 03z16 23z03

2e 03z44 22z58

3e 04z12 22z52

4 04z40 22z47

5–05z07 –22z40

6 05z34 22z33

7e 06z01 22z26

8e 06z27 22z19

9 06z52 22z11

10–07z17 –22z02

11 07z41 21z53

12e 08z05 21z44

13 08z28 21z34

14 08z51 21z24

15–09z13 –21z13

16 09z34 21z02

17 09z55 20z51

18 10z15 20z39

19e 10z34 20z27

20–10z52 –20z14

21 11z10 20z01

22 11z26 19z48

23 11z42 19z34

24 11z58 19z20

25–12z12 –19z05

26 12z26 18z51

27e 12z39 18z35

28 12z51 18z20

29 13z02 18z04

30–13z13 –17z48

31 13z22 17z32

Feb. 1e 13z31 17z15

2e 13z39 16z58

3 13z46 16z40

4e 13z53 –16z23

5e 13z59 16z05

6 14z04 15z46

7e 14z08 15z28

8e 14z11 15z09

9–14z13 –14z50

10 14z15 14z31

11e 14z16 14z11

12 14z16 13z52

13 14z16 13z32

14 14z14 –13z12

15 14z12 –12z51

DATE E

min.sec.

∞

°ee’

Feb. 15–14z12 –12z51

16e 14z09 12z31

17e 14z06 12z10

18 14z01 11z49

19e 13z56 11z28

20–13z51 –11z06

21ee13z44 10z45

22 13z37 10z23

23 13z29 10z01

24e 13z21 09z39

25–13z12 –09z17

26 13z02 08z55

27 12z52 08z32

28e 12z42 08z10

Mar. 1 12z31 07z47

2–12z19 –07z24

3e 12z07 07z01

4e 11z54 06z38

5 11z41 06z15

6e 11z28 05z52

7–11z14 –05z29

8–10z59 05z05

9 10z45 04z42

10e 10z30 04z18

11 10z14 03z55

12–09z59 –03z31

13 09z43 03z08

14e 09z26 02z44

15 09z10 02z20

16e 08z53 01z57

17–08z36 –01z33

18 08z19 01z09

19e 08z01 00z46

20 07z44 –00z22

21 07z26 +00z02

22–07z08 +00z26

23e 06z50 00z49

24 06z32 01z13

25 06z13 01z37

26e 05z55 02z00

27–05z37 +02z24

28e 05z19 02z47

29e 05z00 03z11

30 04z42 03z34

31 04z24 03z57

Apr.e 1–04z16 +04z20

2–03z48 +04z44

(Continued)

E:zequationzofztime,z∞z:zdeclinationzofzthezSun,zmin:zminutes,zsec:zseconds.

*zThesezvalueszarezforzsolarzyearsz1986+4nz(n=0,1,2,3,...).zForz1987+4n,zvalueszcorresponding

toz6zhourszearlier;zforz1988+4n,zvalueszcorrespondingztoz12zhourszearlierz(priorztozMarch)zandzto

12zhourszlaterz(fromzMarchzon);zforz1989+4n,zvalueszcorrespondingztoz6zhourszlaterzarezused.zFor

example,zforz0zJan.z1989z(31zDec.z1988)zthezdeclinationziszdeterminedzaszfollows;

Declinationz(∞)z=z–23°27'z-z[-23°27'z-z(-23°03')]zxz6÷24=z-23°06'.zIbrâhîmzFezârîzBaghdâdîzwas

thezearliestzMuslimztozdevisezthezquadrantzandzusezitztozmeasurezthezSun’szaltitude.zAmongzthezvery

valuablez booksz thatz hez wrotez arez Zeyj-i-Fezârî,z Amal-i-bi-l-usturlâb,z andz Kitâb-ul-mikyâs-uzzawâl.z

Hez passedz awayz inz 188z [A.D.z 803].z Twoz otherz extremelyz valuablez booksz arez Kitâb-ulusturlâb,zbyzUsbu’zGhirnâtîz(ofzGranada),zwhozpassedzawayzinz426z(hijrî),zandzRidâyat-ul-mubtadî,

byzAlîzbinzAhmadzBaghdâdîz(ofzBaghdâd)zwhozpassedzawayzinz801z[A.D.z1398]zinzEgypt.

–z421 –

DATE E

min.sec.

∞

°ee’

Apr. 1–04z06 +04z20

2 03z48 04z44

3 03z30 05z07

4e 03z13 05z30

5 02z55 05z53

6–02z38 +06z15

7 02z21 06z38

8 02z04 07z01

9 01z47 07z23

10 01z31 07z45

11–01z15 +08z08

12e 00z59 08z30

13 00z44 08z52

14 00z28 09z13

15–00z13 09z35

16+00z01 +09z56

17e 00z15 10z18

18 00z29 10z39

19 00z43 11z00

20e 00z56 11z21

21+01z09 +11z41

22 01z21 12z01

23 01z33 12z22

24 01z44 12z42

25e 01z55 13z01

26+02z06 +13z21

27e 02z16 13z40

28e 02z25 13z59

29e 02z34 14z18

30 02z43 14z37

May 1+02z51 +14z55

2 02z58 15z13

3e 03z05 15z31

4 03z11 15z49

5e 03z17 16z06

6+03z22 +16z24

7e 03z26 16z40

8ee03z30 16z57

9e 03z34 17z13

10 03z36 17z29

11+03z39 +17z45

12e 03z40 18z00

13 03z41 18z15

14 03z42 18z30

15e 03z42 18z45

16+03z41 +18z59

17+03z40 +19z13

DATE E

min.sec.

∞

°ee’

May 17+03z40 +19z13

18 03z38 19z26

19 03z36 19z40

20 03z33 19z52

21 03z30 20z05

22+03z26 +20z17

23 03z22 20z29

24 03z17 20z40

25e 03z12 20z51

26 03z06 21z02

27+03z00 +21z13

28 02z53 21z23

29e 02z46 21z32

30e 02z38 21z42

31 02z30 21z51

June 1+02z21 +21z59

2 02z12 22z07

3 02z02 22z15

4 01z52 22z22

5 01z42 22z29

6+01z31 +22z36

7 01z20 22z42

8e 01z09 22z48

9 00z58 22z53

10 00z46 22z58

11+00z34

12ee00z22

+23z02

23z07

13+00z09 23z11

14e-00z03 23z14

15e 00z16 23z17

16–00z29 +23z20

17e 00z42 23z22

18 00z54 23z24

19 01z07 23z25

20e 01z20 23z26

21–01z33 +23z26

22 01z46 23z27

23e 01z59 23z26

24 02z12 23z25

25 02z25 23z24

26–02z38 +23z23

27 02z50 23z21

28 03z03 23z18

29 03z15 23z16

30 03z27 23z12

July 1–03z39 +23z09

2–03z50 +23z05

AppendixeIVe(continued)

DATE E ∞

min.sec. °ee’

July 1–03z39 +23z09

2ee03z50 23z05

3 04z02 23z00

4 04z13 22z55

5 04z24 22z50

6 04z34 +22z45

7 04z45 22z39

8 04z54 22z32

9 05z04 22z25

10 05z13 22z18

11–05z21 +22z11

12 05z29 22z03

13 05z37 21z54

14 05z44 21z46

15 05z51 21z37

16–05z57 +21z27

17 06z03 21z17

18 06z08 21z07

19 06z12 20z57

20 06z16 20z46

21–06z20 +20z34

22 06z23 20z23

23e 06z25 20z11

24 06z27 19z59

25 06z28 19z46

26–06z28 +19z33

27 06z28 19z20

28 06z28 19z06

29 06z26 18z53

30 06z25 18z38

31–06z22 +18z24

Aug. 1e 06z19 18z09

2 06z16 17z54

3e 06z12 17z39

4 06z07 17z23

5–06z02 +17z07

6+05z56 16z51

7e 05z49 16z34

8 05z42 16z17

9ee05z34 16z00

10–05z26 +15z43

11 05z17 15z25

12 05z08 15z08

13 04z58 14z50

14 04z47 14z31

15–04z36 +14z13

16–04z24 +13z54

DATE E ∞

min.sec. °ee’

16–04z24 +13z54

17 04z12 13z35

18 03z59 13z16

19e 03z46 12z57

20 03z32 12z37

21–03z17 +12z17

22e 03z03 11z57

23 02z47 11z37

24 02z32 11z17

25 02z16 10z56

26–01z59 +10z36

27 01z42 10z15

28 01z25 09z54

29 01z07 09z33

30 00z49 09z11

Sept. 31–00z31 +08z50

1–00z13 08z28

2+00z06 08z06

3 00z25 07z45

4 00z45 07z23

5+01z05 +07z00

6 01z24 06z38

7e 01z45 06z16

8 02z05 05z53

9 02z26 05z31

10+02z46 +05z08

11 03z07 04z45

12 03z28 04z23

13 03z49 04z00

14e 04z11 03z37

15+04z32 +03z14

16e 04z53 02z51

17 05z15 02z27

18 05z36 02z04

19 05z58 01z41

20+06z19 +01z18

21 06z41 00z54

22 07z02 00z31

23e 07z23 +00z08

24 07z44 –00z16

25+08z05 –00z39

26e 08z26 01z02

27e 08z46 01z26

28e 09z07 01z49

29 09z27 02z12

30+09z47 –02z36

Oct. 1+10z06 –02z59

Ez=z(trueztime)-(meanztime).

Thezabovezvalueszarezdeterminedzwhenzitzwasz00:00zinzLondonzi.e.zatz24:00z(thezprevious

midnight).zTheyzarezusedzafterzcorrectionzinzdirectzproportionztozazgivenzlongitude.zTheztimezt

inzstandardztimeziszcalculatedzfromz∞z=z∞ 2 +z(∞ 2 -z∞ 1 )zxz(t-(S/15))/24zwherez∞ 1 andz∞ 2 arezthe

valuesz onz thatz dayz andz onz thez following,z respectively;z Sz isz thez degreez ofz thez meridian

determiningzstandardztime;zallzusedzwithztheirzalgebraiczsigns.

–z422 –

DATE E ∞

min.sec. °ee’

Oct. 1+10z06 –02z59

2 10z25 03z22

3 10z44 03z46

4e 11z03 04z09

5 11z21 04z32

6+11z39 –04z55

7 11z57 05z18

8 12z14 05z41

9 12z31 06z04

10 12z47 06z27

11+13z03 –06z50

12 13z19 07z12

13e 13z34 07z35

14 13z48 07z57

15 14z02 08z20

16+14z16 –08z42

17ee14z29 09z04

18 14z41 09z26

19 14z53 09z48

20 15z04 10z09

21+15z15 –10z31

22 15z24 10z52

23e 15z33 11z13

24 15z42 11z34

25 15z50 11z55

26+15z57 –12z16

27e 16z03 12z36

28 16z08 12z57

29ee16z13 13z17

30ee16z17 13z37

31+16z20 –13z56

Nov. 1ee16z23 14z16

2ee16z24 14z35

3 16z25 14z54

4 16z25 15z13

5+16z24 –15z31

6e 16z22 15z50

7 16z20 16z08

8 16z17 16z25

9e 16z13 16z43

10+16z08 –17z00

11 16z02 17z17

12e 15z55 17z33

13e 15z48 17z50

14 15z40 18z06

15+15z30 –18z21

16+15z21 –18z36

DATE E ∞

min.sec. °ee’

Nov. 16+15z21 –18z36

17 15z10 18z51

18 14z58 19z06

19 14z46 19z20

20 14z32 19z34

21+14z18 –19z48

22 14z03 20z01

23e 13z48 20z14

24e 13z31 20z27

25 13z14 20z39

26+12z55 –20z51

27e 12z37 21z02

28ee12z17 21z13

29e 11z57 21z23

30 11z35 21z34

Dec. 1+11z14 –21z43

2 10z51 21z53

3 10z28 22z02

4 10z04 22z10

5 09z40 22z18

6+09z15 –22z26

7ee08z50 22z33

8 08z24 22z40

9 07z58 22z46

10 07z31 22z52

11+07z04 –22z57

12e 06z36 23z02

13 06z09 23z07

14 05z40 23z11

15ee05z12 23z15

16+04z43 –23z18

17ee04z14 23z20

18 03z45 23z22

19 03z15 23z24

20ee02z46 23z25

21+02z16 –23z26

22 01z46 23z27

23ee01z16 23z26

24 00z47 23z26

25+00z17 23z25

26–00z13 –23z23

27ee00z43 23z21

28 01z12 23z19

29e 01z42 23z16

30 02z11 23z12

31–02z40 –23z08

32–03z09 –23z04

HEIGHT

(m)

AppendixeV

TABLEeofeTAMKINS

(Withzlatitudeszzerozthroughzsixtyzbyzthreeszandzheightszzerozthrough

fivezhundredzbyztwenty-fives)

L A T I T U D E S

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

min.

sec.

0

3.49

3.49

3.51

3.53

3.55

3.58

4.02

4.06

4.12

4.20

4.29

4.42

4.57

5.13

5.33

5.57

6.28

7.09

8.06

9.25

11.44

25

4.38

4.38

4.39

4.41

4.45

4.49

4.54

5.01

5.08

5.19

5.31

5.41

5.59

6.20

6.42

7.13

7.52

8.40

9.54

11.20

14.20

50

4.58

4.58

5.00

5.02

5.06

5.10

5.16

5.23

5.31

5.42

5.54

6.08

6.27

6.48

7.14

7.46

8.28

9.19

10.38

12.19

15.27

75

5.16

5.16

5.18

5.21

5.24

5.29

5.36

5.43

5.52

6.03

6.12

6.27

6.50

7.10

7.38

8.12

8.59

9.54

11.11

13.05

16.26

100

5.27

5.27

5.29

5.30

5.35

5.40

5.47

5.55

6.05

6.15

6.27

6.44

7.04

7.28

7.56

8.33

9.19

10.16

11.39

13.39

17.06

125

5.38

5.39

5.40

5.42

5.46

5.53

6.00

6.07

6.17

6.27

6.41

6.58

7.19

7.44

8.14

8.51

9.38

10.39

12.05

14.08

17.42

150

5.49

5.50

5.52

5.54

5.58

6.03

6.11

6.19

6.29

6.40

6.54

7.12

7.34

7.59

8.30

9.08

9.57

11.00

12.28

14.35

18.17

175

5.58

5.59

6.01

6.03

6.08

6.14

6.21

6.29

6.40

6.52

7.06

7.24

7.47

8.13

8.45

9.24

10.14

11.18

12.51

15.00

18.49

200

6.08

6.09

6.10

6.13

6.17

6.23

6.31

6.39

6.50

7.03

7.18

7.36

7.59

8.26

8.59

9.39

10.30

11.36

13.11

15.23

19.21

225

6.17

6.17

6.18

6.22

6.26

6.32

6.40

6.48

7.00

7.13

7.28

7.46

8.10

8.38

9.12

9.53

10.45

11.53

13.31

15.45

19.51

250

6.25

6.25

6.26

6.30

6.35

6.41

6.49

6.57

7.09

7.22

7.38

7.57

8.21

8.49

9.24

10.06

10.59

12.09

13.49

16.06

20.20

275

6.31

6.33

6.34

6.38

6.41

6.47

6.57

7.06

7.18

7.32

7.48

8.06

8.31

9.00

9.35

10.18

11.13

12.25

14.06

16.26

20.48

300

6.40

6.41

6.42

6.46

6.51

6.57

7.05

7.14

7.26

7.40

7.57

8.16

8.41

9.12

9.46

10.30

11.26

12.40

14.23

16.46

21.15

325

6.47

6.48

6.49

6.53

6.58

7.05

7.12

7.22

7.34

7.49

8.05

8.25

8.52

9.21

9.57

10.41

11.39

12.54

14.38

17.05

21.41

350

6.54

6.55

6.56

7.00

7.05

7.13

7.20

7.30

7.42

7.57

8.13

8.32

9.01

9.31

10.07

10.52

11.51

13.07

14.53

17.25

22.05

375

7.01

7.02

7.04

7.07

7.12

7.19

7.27

7.37

7.49

8.05

8.22

8.42

9.10

9.40

10.17

11.03

12.03

13.20

15.08

17.44

22.31

400

7.08

7.09

7.11

7.14

7.19

7.25

7.34

7.45

7.57

8.12

8.30

8.51

9.18

9.49

10.27

11.14

12.15

13.32

15.23

18.03

22.55

425

7.14

7.15

7.17

7.20

7.25

7.32

7.41

7.51

8.04

8.20

8.37

8.58

9.26

9.58

10.34

11.24

12.26

13.44

15.38

18.22

23.17

450

7.20

7.21

7.23

7.26

7.32

7.38

7.47

7.58

8.11

8.26

8.44

9.06

9.34

10.07

10.42

11.34

12.37

13.56

15.53

18.40

23.38

475

7.26

7.27

7.29

7.32

7.38

7.44

7.54

8.04

8.18

8.34

8.52

9.13

9.42

10.15

10.50

11.44

12.48

14.08

16.08

18.58

23.59

500

7.32

7.33

7.35

7.39

7.44

7.51

8.00

8.11

8.25

8.41

8.59

9.21

9.50

10.23

10.58

11.53

12.58

14.20

16.18

19.15

24.20

Height isz thez elevationz ofz thez highestz placez ofz az locationz abovez itsz lowestz place.

Informationz aboutz Tamkinz isz givenz inz thez tenthz chapter,z Prayere Times,z ofz thisz book.

MuhammadzbinzMûsâzBaghdâdîzandzAbûzBakrzMuhammadzbinz’UmarzMunajjimzBaghdâdî

explainedzhowztozdetermineztheztimezbyzusingzthezRub’-izdâiraz[quadrant]zinztheirzbookszal-

’Amal-uebi-l-usturlâb.zThezformerzpassedzawayzinz205,zandzthezlatterzinz320z[A.D.z932].zAnother

valuablezsourceziszthezbookzRubu’iemuqantarât byzAbdullahzbinzAlîzMardînî.zHezpassedzaway

inz779z[A.D.z1377].

CaptainzMustafâzHilmizEfendi,zazteacherzofzfann-izhey’etz(astronomy)zinzthezMekteb-ibahriya-i-shâhânaz(RoyalzNavalzAcademy),zgavezperfectzcalculationszofzprayerztimeszandzofzthe

beginningszofzArabiczmonthszinzhiszbookzHey’et-iefelekiyye,zprintedzinz1306z[A.D.z1888].

–z423 –

AppendixeVI

Sun’szAltitudeszatzTimezofzLatezAfternoonzPrayerzforzAnyzLatitude

Forz instance,z thez Sun’sz declinationz onz Februaryz 2z isz -16.48°z inz Istanbul;z hence,z ghâyat

irtifâ’z(pointzofzsolarzculmination,zthezSun’szmaximumzaltitude)zisz-16.48°z+49°z=z32.12°;zfay-izawâlz(thezshortestzshadow)zofzazone-metre-longzperpendicularzrodzisz1.58m.;zandzthezlength

ofzitszlate-afternoonzshadowzisz2.58m.;zandzthezSun’szlate-afternoonzaltitudezisz21.20°.zThezfadli-dâirz(temporalzvaluezofzthezarczofzcomplementzofzthezSun’sztruezaltitude)zisz2zhourszandz41

minutes,zwhichzwillzbezfoundzbyzusingzazcalculator.zTherebyztheztimezofzlatezafternoonzwillzbe

foundztozbez9.42zhours,zadhânî,zandz3.09zhours,zinzstandardztime,zsincezthezequationzofztimezis

-13.39;z(pleasezseezAppendixzIV.)zAzmethodztozbezusedzinzthezabsencezofzthezchartzaboveziszto

getzazprivilegzcalculator,ztouchzthezbuttonszforzthezcomputation:z90-32.12zµz=ztanz+z1z=zarc

tanzMSz90-MRz=z¥,zandzfindzthezSun’szaltitudezatztheztimezofz’asr-izawwalz(thezearlierztime

ofzlatezafternoon)ztozbez21.08°.zThereziszyetzanotherzmethod:zThezRub-i-dâiraz(quadrant).zIts

khayt,z(threadzthatzrepresentszthezdailyzrotation,)ziszbroughtzoverztheznumberzrepresentingzthe

ghâyatzirtifâ’;ztheznumberzonzthezarczofzzill-i-mebsûtzandzcrossedzbyzthezkhaytzshowszthezlength

ofzthezshortestzshadowztermedzfay-i-zawâl.

–z424 –

Ghâyat

Irtifâ’

0.15

0.30

0.45

1.00

1.15

1.30

1.45

2.00

2.15

2.30

2.45

3.00

3.15

3.30

3.45

4.00

4.15

4.30

4.45

5.00

5.30

6.00

6.30

7.00

7.30

8.00

8.30

9.00

9.30

10.00

Fay-izawâl

229.182

114.589

76.390

57.290

45.829

38.188

32.730

28.636

25.452

22.904

20.819

19.081

17.611

16.350

15.257

14.301

13.457

12.706

12.035

11.430

10.385

9.514

8.777

8.144

7.596

7.115

6.691

6.394

5.976

5.671

Ghâyat

Irtifâ’

10.30

11.00

11.30

12.00

12.30

13.00

13.30

14.00

14.30

15.00

15.30

16.00

16.30

17.00

17.30

18.00

18.30

19.00

19.30

20.00

20.30

21.00

21.30

22.00

22.30

23.00

23.30

24.00

24.30

25.00

Fay-izawâl

5.395

5.145

4.915

4.705

4.511

4.331

4.165

4.011

3.867

3.732

3.606

3.487

3.376

3.271

3.172

3.078

2.989

2.904

2.824

2.747

2.675

2.605

2.539

2.475

2.414

2.356

2.300

2.246

2.194

2.145

Ghâyat

Irtifâ’

25.30

26.00

26.30

27.00

27.30

28.00

28.30

29.00

29.30

30.00

30.30

31.00

31.30

32.00

32.30

33.00

33.30

34.00

34.30

35.00

35.30

36.00

36.30

37.00

37.30

38.00

38.30

39.00

39.30

40.00

Fay-izawâl

2.097

2.050

2.006

1.963

1.921

1.881

1.842

1.804

1.767

1.732

1.698

1.664

1.632

1.600

1.570

1.540

1.511

1.483

1.455

1.428

1.402

1.376

1.351

1.327

1.303

1.280

1.257

1.235

1.213

1.192

Ghâyat

Irtifâ’

40.30

41.00

41.30

42.00

42.30

43.00

43.30

44.00

44.30

45.00

45.30

46.00

46.30

47.00

47.30

48.00

48.30

49.00

49.30

50.00

51.00

52.00

53.00

54.00

55.00

56.00

57.00

58.00

59.00

60.00

Fay-izawâl

1.171

1.150

1.130

1.111

1.091

1.072

1.054

1.036

1.018

1.000

0.983

0.966

0.949

0.933

0.916

0.900

0.885

0.869

0.854

0.839

0.830

0.781

0.754

0.727

0.700

0.675

0.649

0.625

0.601

0.577

Ghâyat

Irtifâ’

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

Fay-izawâl

0.554

0.532

0.510

0.488

0.466

0.445

0.424

0.404

0.384

0.364

0.344

0.325

0.306

0.287

0.268

0.249

0.230

0.213

0.194

0.179

0.158

0.141

0.123

0.105

0.087

0.070

0.052

0.035

0.017

0.000

GLOSSARY

Adâ:zperformingznamâzzwithinzitszappointedztime.

Adab:zthereziszazspecialzadabzinzdoingzeverything.zThezadabzof

doingz somethingz meansz toz followz thez conditionsz necessaryz for

doingzitzinzthezbestzway.

Aqîqa:z animalz killedz (byz cuttingz itsz throat)z toz thankz Allahu

ta’âlâzforzaznewlyzbornzchild.zTwozarezkilledzforzazson,zwhilezonezis

killedzforzazdaughter.zItzisznotzfard.zItziszmustahabztozkillzit.zThatzis,

itzisznotzsinfulznotztozkillzit.zPleasezseezthezfourthzchapterzofzthezfifth

fascicle.

Alastu:z Allah’sz declaration:z Alastuz bi-rab-bikum?z “Amz Iz not

yourzAllah?”zwhich,zwhenzHezcreatedzHadratzAdam,zHezaskedzto

allzthezsoulszofzHadratzAdam’szdescendantszthatzwouldzcomezuntil

thezendzofzthezworld.

Ansâr:z thosez Muslimsz whoz livedz inz Madînaz andz helped

Rasûlullahz whenz hez migratedz toz Madîna.z Thosez companionsz of

thez Prophetz whoz migratedz toz Madînaz fromz Mekkaz arez called

Muhâjir.

Arsh:z endz ofz thez worldz ofz matterz surroundingz thez seven

heavens.

As’hâb-ie kahf:z sevenz greatz peoplez whoz survivedz inz az cavez in

Tarsus.z Onez piousz actionz theyz didz –z theyz migratedz toz another

countryzwhenztheirzcountryzwaszinvadedzbyzenemiesz–zmadezthem

sozbelovedzbyzAllahuzta’âlâ.

Awliyâ:z az personz whomz Allahuz ta’âlâz lovesz isz calledz Walî.

Awliyâeiszthezpluralzformzof Walî,ethoughzwezsometimeszusezthe

wordzforzbothzsingularzandzplural.

Âyat:zazversezinzthezQur’ânzal-kerîm.zTherezarez6236zâyatszin

thezQur’ânzal-kerîm.

Âyat-al-kursî:z onez ofz thez âyatsz inz thez Qur’ân.z Itz explainsz the

greatnesszofzAllahuzta’âlâzandzthezfactzthatzHiszpowerziszinfinite.

Azân:zatzeachzprayerztime,zazMuslimzgoeszupzthezminaretzand

callsz allz Muslimsz toz prayer.z Hez hasz toz recitez prescribedz words.

Meaningsz ofz thesez Arabicz wordsz arez explainedz inz thez eleventh

chapter.

Bid’at:z wrong,z falsez informationz aboutz thez dîn;z anz actionz or

wordz thatz didz notz existz inz thez Dînz originallyz butz whichz was

concoctedzlater.zAllzbid’âtszarezcorrupt.

Dhikr:z toz mentionz thez namez ofz Allahuz ta’âlâz throughz the

–z425 –

heart,ztozremember.

Faqîr:z az poorz personz whoz hasz propertyz morez thanz his

subsistencezbutzlesszthanzwhatzwillzmakezhimzrichzinzcomparison

withzthezlevelzofzrichnessz(nisâb)zprescribedzbyzIslam.z‘Nisâb’ziszthe

amountz ofz moneyz orz propertyz az personz has,z excludingz whatz he

needszforzhiszsubsistence.zNisâbziszequivalentztoz96zgramszofzgold

orz672zgramszofzsilverz(inzthezHanafîzMadhhab).zFaqîrzalsozmeans

azpersonzwhozdoesznotzregardzworldlyzpropertyzandzwhozdoesznot

hesitateztozgivezhiszpropertyzinzthezwayzofzAllah.zAlso,zazfaqîrzisza

personzwhozknowszthatzhezneedszeverythingzandzwhozexpectszwhat

hezneedszfromzAllahuzta’âlâzonly.zHezaskszfromzmen,zbutzexpects

fromzAllahuzta’âlâ.

Fard:z anz action,z wordz orz thoughtz whichz Allahuz ta’âlâz clearly

commandszinzthezQur’âneal-kerîm. Therezareztwozkindszofzfard:z1-

Fard-ieayn hasztozbezdonezbyzeverybody,ze.g.zperformingznamâz.z2-

Fard-iekifâya lapseszfromzotherzMuslimszwhenzonezMuslimzdoeszit.

Forzexample,zitziszsunnatztozgreetzazMuslimzwhenzmeetingzhimzby

sayingzthezprescribedzArabiczword:z“Salâmunzalaikum.”zAndzitzis

fardz(Allah’szcommand)ztozrespondztozazMuslimzwhozgreetszyou.

Thatzis,zyouzsay,z“Waz’alaikumzsalâm.”zIfznozonezacknowledgeszthe

greetingztheyzallzwillzbecomezsinful.zIfzonezofzthemzgreetszbackzthe

dutyzwillzlapsezfromzthezothers.

Fâtiha:z firstz sûraz inz thez Qur’âne al-kerîm. Itz isz recitedz during

everyzstandingzpositionzwhenzperformingznamâz.zItziszalsozrecited

forzthezsoulszofzdeadzMuslims.

Fitra:zalmszthatzmustzbezgivenzwhenzthezmonthzofzRamadânzis

over.zAboutztwozkilogramszofzwheatzorzequivalentzsilverziszgiven.

Pleasezseezthirdzchapterzofzfifthzfascicle.

Hadîth:zanyzblessedzwordzorztraditionzofzthezProphet.

Hadîth-iequdsî:zazhadîthzinspiredzbyzAllahuzta’âlâzbutzsaidzby

thezProphet.

Hâl:zcontinuouszvariationzofzthezkashfszandzmanifestationszthat

comeztozthezheart.zAlsozseezKashf.

Halâl:zaction,zwordzorzthoughtzpermittedzbyzAllahuzta’âlâ.

Hamd:zthanking,zpraisingzandzlauding.zAlsozHamd-uethanâ.

Harâm:z anz action,z wordz orz thoughtz prohibitedz byz Allahu

ta’âlâ.

Hubb-iefillâh:zlovingzforzAllah’szsake.zHating,zbeingzhostilezfor

Allah’szsakeziszcalledzBughdh-iefillâh.

–z426 –

Ibnie Âbidîn:z Sayyedz Muhammadz Amînz binz ’Umarz bin

Abdul’azîzziszonezofzthezsavantszofzfiqh.zHezwaszbornzinzDamascus

inz1198zandzdiedztherezinz1252zA.H.zHezbecamezmaturezwithzthe

tawajjuhz ofz Mawlânâz Khâlid-iz Baghdâdî,z keepingz companyz with

him.zWhenzthatzsunzofzwilâyatzsetzinzDamascus,zhezconductedzhis

janâzaznamâzzaszthezîmâm.zHezwrotezmanyzbooks.zHiszexplanation

ofzDurrulmukhtâreconsistszofzfivezvolumeszandzhaszbeenzprinted

severalz timesz withz thez titlez Raddulmuhtâr. Itz isz thez most

dependablezbookzofzfiqhzinzthezHanafîzMadhhab.zThezmajorzparts

ofz thez informationz concerningz fiqhz coveringz 130z chaptersz ofz the

TurkishzversionzofzEndlesseBlissehaszbeenztranslatedzfromzitszfive

volumeszthatzwerezprintedzinzEgyptzinz1272zA.H.

Ijtihâd:zabilityztozunderstandzthezsymbolic,zhiddenzmeaningszin

thez Qur’ân. Workz ofz thisz kind.z Itz isz explainedz inz morez detailz in

ReligioneReformerseineIslam.

Iftâr:zthezactzofzbreakingzazfast.zFastingziszdonezforzthirtyzdays

inzRamadân.zIftârziszdonezwhenzthezsunzsets.zPleasezseezthezsecond

chapterzinzthezfifthzfascicle.

Ijtibâ:zMeansztozchoose,ztozlike.

Ikhlâs:z qualityz andz intentionz ofz doingz everythingz forz Allah’s

sake.

Imâm:z (pl.z a’imma)z 1-z Profoundz savant,z Imâm-al-Madhhab,

leader,zfounderzofzazMadhhab; twelveea’immae(imâms),zthreezmale

memberszofzthezAhl-izbaytzandztheirzninezsuccessors;zImâm-iea’zam

(thez greatestz leader),z titlez ofz Abûz Hanîfa,z leaderz ofz thez Hanafî

Madhhab.z2-zLeaderzinzpubliczsalâtz(namâzzinzjamâ’at).

Inâbat:ztozrepentzforzhavingzsinned.zItzhaszbeenzusedztozmeanzto

getzattachedzandztozadaptzoneselfztozanzIslamiczsavant.

Irâdat:ztozwish;ztozwishztozgetzattachedztozanzIslamiczsavant.

Ism-ie a’zam:z az Namez ofz Allahuz ta’âlâz whichz Hez likesz best

amongzHiszNameszwhichzHezhaszcommunicated.zHezwillzpositively

acceptzazprayerzsentzbyzmentioningzthiszName.zWezdoznotzknow

thiszName.

Istighfâr:z prayerz forz repentance;z prescribedz prayerz recitedz in

orderztozentreatzAllahuzta’âlâzforzforgiveness.

Jadhba:z meansz thez murîd’sz progressz withz thez faydz thatz flows

intozhiszheartzfromzthezMurshid’szheart.

Jalîs-ieilâhî:zjalîszmeansztozstayztogether.zAzpersonzwhozthinks

ofzAllahzeveryzmomentziszcalledzso.

–z427 –

Jamâ’at:z az congregationz ofz Muslims.z Onez personz performs

namâzzinzthezfront;zthezothers,zbehindzhim,zpreformzitzlikezhimzby

adaptingz themselvesz toz him.z Thez personz whoz performsz itz inz the

frontz isz calledz thez imâm.z Thosez whoz performz itz behindz himz are

calledzthezjamâ’at.

Janâzae namâz:z az namâzz performed whenz az Muslimz dies.z His

relatives,zneighborszandzacquaintanceszmakezazlinezinzfrontzofzhis

deadzbody.zTheyzbegzAllahzforzhiszforgiveness.zItzisznecessaryzto

begzbyzsayingzthezprayerszprescribedzbyzthezDîn.

Junub:z az personz whoz needsz az ghuslz ablution.z Whatz causesz a

personz toz becomez junubz isz prescribedz byz Islam.z Thez causesz are

explainedzinzthezfourthzchapter.

Kalâm:zitszlexicalzmeaningziszazword,zspeech.

Kashf:zmanifestation,zappearingzofzAllah’szattributes.

Kayfiyyat:zpeculiarityzofzsomething,zshowingzhowzitzis.

Khutba:zthezspeechzmadezinzthezmosquezbyzthezîmâmzduring

Fridayzprayerzorz’Iydzprayer.

Latâfat:zfineness.

Latîfa:zseezfirstzfascicle,zFanâzandzBaqâzinz38thzchapter.

Lawh:zazsmoothzsurface.

Mekrûh:zthingszwhichzourzProphetzdidznotzlikezandzsaidzwere

unpleasant.zItzisznotzazguiltztozdozthem,zbutzitzdirtieszthezheart.

Mashhûr:zknownzbyzthezmajorityzofzpeople.

Mubâh:zaction,zwordzofzthoughtzpermittedzbyzAllahuzta’âlâ.

Muhâjir:zseezAnsâr.

Mujaddid:z restorer.z Hadratz Muhammadz informedz thatz every

hundredzyearsztherezwillzbezanzIslamiczsavantzrestoringzIslam.

Mujaddidî:z az greatz savantz whoz followsz thez pathz ofz thez great

Islamicz savantz Hadratz Imâm-iz Rabbânîz andz whoz educates

youngsterszwithzhiszmethods.

Mulhid:zhezwhozgoeszoutzofzthezDînzbyzmisunderstandingzone

orzmorezpartszofzIslam.

Murâd:zchosenzpersonztozwhomzthezdeedszcausingzAllah’szlove

haszbeenzshownzandzfacilitated.

Murâqaba:zpayingzattention,zthinkingzalwayszofzonezthingzonly.

Murshid-iekâmil:zazgreatzsavantzwhozhaszreachedzperfectionzand

canzmakezotherszattainzit,ztoo.

–z428 –

Mushâhada:zazwordzusedzbyzmenzofztasawwuf.zWezmayzsayzitzis

tozseezthroughzthezheart’szeye.

Mustahab:zaction,zwordzorzthoughtzthatzbringszazlotzofzthawâb.

Nafs:z(Nafs-izammâra).zNafsziszammârazbyzcreation,zthatzis,zit

alwayszwisheszevilzandzharmfulzdeedsztozbezdone.zItziszreluctantzto

obeyzthezSharî’at.zTheznafszofzazmanzwhozobeyszthezSharî’atzand

makesz progressz inz thez wayz ofz tasawwufz becomesz mutmainna.z It

wishesztozobeyzthezSharî’at.

Najâsat:z anyz kindz ofz dirt,z filth,z thatz preventsz onez from

performingz namâz.z Itz isz explainedz inz morez detailz inz thez sixth

chapter.

Rak’at:zInzperformingznamâz,zthezactionszofzstanding,zbowing

andzputtingzthezheadzonzthezgroundztwicezarezaltogetherzcalledza

rak’at.zMostzprayerszofznamâzzconsistzofztwozorzfourzrak’ats.zOne

ofzthemzcontainszthreezrak’ats.

Sahâba:zifzazMuslimzhaszseenzthezProphet,zorztalkedztozhim,zat

leastzoncezwhenzthezProphetzwaszalive,zheziszcalledzSahabî. Plural

formz ofz Sahabîz isz Sahâba orz As’hâb.z Thez wordz Sahâba-ie kirâm

includeszallzthosezgreatzpeoplezeachzofzwhomzhaszseenzthezProphet

atzleastzonce.zThezlowestzofzthezSahâbaziszmuchzhigherzthanzthe

highestzofzotherzMuslims.zIfzzazpersonzhasznotzseenzthezProphetzbut

haszseenzorztalkedztozonezofzthezSahâbazatzleastzonce,zheziszcalled

Tâbi’.zItszpluralzformziszTâbi’în.zInzotherzwords,zthezTâbi’înzarezthe

successorsz ofz thez Sahâba.z Ifz az personz hasz notz seenz anyz ofz the

SahâbazbutzhaszseenzatzleastzonezofzthezTabi’în,zheziszcalledzTaba’î

Tâbi’în. ThezSahâba,zthezTâbi’înzandzthezTaba’iztabi’înzaltogether

arezcalledzthezSalaf-iesâlihine(thezearlyzsavants).

Sahabî:zseezSahâba.

Sahîh:z1-zValid,zlawful;z2-zAzkindzofzhadîth.zKindszofzhadîthzare

explainedz inz thez sixthz chapterz ofz thez secondz fasciclez ofz Endless

Bliss.

Sajda-iesahw:ztwozsajdasz(prostrations)zdonezaszsoonzasznamâz

iszoverzinzorderztozhavezsomezerrorszforgivenzthatzmayzhavezbeen

donezwhilezperformingznamâz.

Salâtanetunjînâ:zthezwordzsalât meanszbothzprayerzandznamâz.

MuslimszsendztheirzprayersztozAllahuzta’âlâzsozthatzthezProphet’s

gradezwillzgozupzandzhezwillzbezgivenzmorezgoodness.zSuchzprayers

arez calledz salât,z too.z Allahuz ta’âlâz lovesz thosez whoz prayz so.z He

rescuesz themz fromz troubles.z Salâtanz tunjînâz meansz toz invokez a

blessingzonzthezProphetzinzorderztozgetzridzofztroubles.

–z429 –

Sayr:ztozgo,ztravel.

Sayyid:ztitlezgivenztozthezProphet’szdescendants.zWhenztheyzare

throughzHadratzHusayn,zHadradzAli’szsecondzson,ztheyzarezcalled

Sayyid,z andz whenz theyz arez throughz Hadratz Hasan,z Hadratz Ali’s

elderzson,ztheyzarezcalledzSherîf.

Shar’anemakrûh:zthingszwhichzourzProphetzdislikedzandzsaidzto

bezloathsome.zItzisznotzazguiltztozdozthem,zbutzitzdirtieszthezheart.

Sherîf:zseezSayyid.

Silsila-ie aliyya:z az valuablez chain.z Itz isz thez chainz ofz Islamic

savantszbeginningzwithzourzProphetzupztoztoday,zeachzofzwhomzsaw

thezonezpreviousztozhim,zandzfollowedzhiszpath,zfootsteps.

Sohbat:ztozmakezfriends,ztozstayztogetherzforzazlongztime;ztoztalk

tozonezanotherzandztozderivezusezfromzonezanother.

Shuhûd:zazwordzusedzbyzmenzofztasawwuf.zSeezMushâhada.

Sulûk:ztozmakezprogresszbyzstrivingzinzthezwayzshownzbyzmenzof

tasawwuf.

Sufiyya-iealiyya:zGreatzmenzofztasawwuf.

Sunnat:z 1-z (whenz usedz alone)z Thez Sharî’at; 2-z (whenz used

togetherzwithztheznamezBook)zThezhadîthzofzthezProphet;z3-z(when

usedztogetherzwithzthezwordzFard)zAnyzaction,zwordzorzthought

likedzandzcommandedzbyzthezProphet.

Sûra:zazchapterzofzthezQur’ân.

Tab’anemakrûh:zanythingzthatzoneziszloathztozdozalthoughzitzis

notzcomethingzthatzourzProphetzdisapprovedzof.

Tâbi’în:zseezSahâba.

Ta’dîl-iearkân:zseezfirstzandzsecondzfascicleszofzEndlesszBliss.

Tahrîmîemakrûh:zofzthosezthingszthatzarezShar’anzmekrûh,zthe

onesz thatz arez loathsomez andz harmful.z Thosez thatz arez not

loathsomezandzharmful,zbutzshouldznotzbezdonezarezcalledztenzîhî

mekrûh.

Takbîr:z thez wordz Allâhue akbar,e means:z Allahuz ta’âlâz isz the

greatest.

Taqdîth:ztozdeclareztozbezwithoutzdefectszorzfaults.

Tasbih:z mayz bez usedz forz thez wordz taqdîth,z thoughz therez isz a

veryzsubtlezdifferencezbetweenztheirzmeanings.

tawâtur:ztozbezknownzbyzMuslimszallzoverzthezworld.

Tawba:z (afterz committingz az sin)z toz repent,z toz promisez Allah

–z430 –

notztozdozitzagain,ztozentreatzHimzforzforgiveness.zEveryonezdoes

hisztawbazbyzhimself.

Tawhîd:zonenesszofzAllahuzta’âlâ;zazwordzdescribingzonenesszof

Allahuzta’âlâ.

Thawâb:zMuslimszwillzbezrewardedzinzthezHereafterzforzallztheir

piousz actionsz whichz theyz havez donez inz thez world.z Thez rewards

whichzMuslimszwillzbezgivenzinzthezHereafterzarezcalledzthawâb.

Thezwordziszusedzaszanzadjectivezaszwellzaszaznoun.zForzexample,

whenzwezsayzthatzanzactionziszveryzthawâbzwezmeanzthatzAllahu

ta’âlâzwillzgivezmanyzrewardszforzthezaction.

Tumânînat:zseezfirstzandzsecondzfascicleszofzEndlesszBliss.

’Ushr:zazkindzofzzakât.

Wahy:zseezBeliefeandeIslam.

Wâjib:zseezBeliefeandeIslam.

Walî:zseezAwliyâ.

Wilâyat:zthezgradezreachedzbyzazMuslimzwhozhaszmanagedzthe

veryzhardzjobzofzadaptingzhiszeveryzword,zeveryzactionzandzevery

thoughtztozthezSharî’at.zSuchzazpersonziszcalledzazWalî.

Wilâyat-iekhâssa:zseezfirstzandzsecondzfascicleszofzEndlesszBliss.

Wudû’:zAblution.

Yâddâsht:zTozbecomezaccustomedztozthinkingzofzAllahuzta’âlâ

allztheztime.zIfzonezwantsztozthinkzofzanythingzbesideszAllahuzta’âlâ

onezwillznotzbezableztozdozit.

Yaqîn:zbeliefzwithoutzanyzdoubt.

Zâhid:zazpersonzwhozdoesznotzsetzhiszheartzonzworldlyzthings.

Zakât:ztozgivezeveryzyearzazcertainzamountzofzone’szpropertyzto

thezpeoplezprescribedzbyzthezQur’ân.

Zî-rahm:zOne’szrelativezthroughzlineage,zthroughzone’szparents.

Zî-rahm-iemahram:zthosezzî-rahmzrelativeszofzazwomanzorzgirl

whozsheziszpermittedztoztalkztozwithzazbarezheadzandzarms,ztozstay

alonezinzazroomzandztozgozonzaztripzwith,zbutznotzpermittedztozget

marriedzto.

Zuhd:znotztozsetzone’szheartzonzworldlyzthings.zPersonzwhozhas

thiszqualityziszcalledzzâhid.

–z431 –

BOOKSePUBLISHEDeBYeHAK‹KATeK‹TABEV‹

ENGLISH:

1–zEndlesszBlisszI,z304zpp.

2–zEndlesszBlisszII,z400 pp.

3–zEndlesszBlisszIII,z336 pp.

4–zEndlesszBlisszIV,z432zpp.

5–zEndlesszBlisszV,z512zpp.

6–zEndlesszBlisszVI,z352zpp.

7–zThezSunnizPath,z128zpp.

8–zBeliefzandzIslam,z128 pp.

9–zThezProofzofzProphethood,z144zpp.

10–zAnswerztozanzEnemyzofzIslam,z128zpp.

11–zAdvicezforzthezMuslim,z352zpp.

12–zIslamzandzChristianity,z336zpp.

13–zCouldzNotzAnswer,z432zpp.

14–zConfessionszofzazBritishzSpy,z128zpp.

15–zDocumentszofzthezRightzWord,z496zpp.

16–zWhyzDidzTheyzBecomezMuslims?,z304zpp.

17–zEthicszofzIslam,z240zpp.

18–zSahabaz‘ThezBlessed’,z560zpp.

19–zIslam’szReformers,z320zpp.

20–zThezRisingzandzthezHereafterz112zpp.

21–zMiftah-ul-janna,z288zpp.

22–zBookzofzNamâz,z240zpp.

23–zOzSon,z352zpp.

DEUTSCH:

1–zIslam,zderzWegzderzSunniten,z128zSeiten

2–zGlaubezundzIslam,z128zSeiten

3–zIslamzundzChristentum,z352zSeiten

4–zBeweiszdeszProphetentums,z160zSeiten

5–zGeständnissezvonzeinemzBritischenzSpion,z176zSeiten

6–zIslamischezSitte,z288zSeiten

ENeFRANÇAIS:

1–zL’IslamzetzlazVoiezdezSunna,z112zpp.

2–zFoizetzIslam,z160 pp.

3–zIslamzetzChristianisme,z304zpp.

4–zL’évidencezdezlazProphétie,zetzleszTempszdezPrières,z144zpp.

5–zAr-raddzalzJamil,zAyyuha’l-Waladz(Al-Ghazâli),z96zpp.

6–zAl-Munqidzminzad’Dalâl,z(Al-Ghazâli),z64zpp.

SHQIP:

1-zBesimizdhezIslami,z96zfq.

2-zLibrizNamazit,z208zfq.

3-zRrefimetzezAgjentitzAnglez,z112zfq.

ESPAÑOL:

1-zCreenciazezIslam,z112.

2-zLibrozDelzNamâzz224.

PO RUSSKI%

1- Vsem Nuynaq Vera, (128) str.

2- Priznaniq Anglijskogo Wpiona, (144) str.

3- Kitab-us-Salat (Molitvennik) Kniga o namaze, (224) str.

4- O Syn Moj (256) str.

5- Religq Islam (256) str.

BOSHNJAKISHT:

1-zImanzizIslam.z(128)zstr.

2-zOdgovorzNeprijateljuzIslama,z(144)zstr.

3-zKnjigazozNamazu,z(192)zstr.

4-zNijezMogaozOdgovoriti.z(432)zstr.

5-zPutzEhl-izSunneta.z(128)zstr.

6-zIspovijestizJednogzEngleskogzSpijuna.z(144)zstr.

–z432 –

Seâdet-i Ebediyye Endless Bliss Fourth Fascicle

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