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power in the fastest possible way by conquering neighboring territories (Kaya, etc.),
encouraged territorial extension to the Han River Basin, and finally attacked Paekche.
That is what happened.
The 6 th century was the time of intense diplomacy, as it could have been for the likely
marriage of King Mu (r. 600-641) of Paekche with Shilla King Chinpyeong’s daughter.
The latter received a considerable technical, cultural, and scientific support (building
temples of studies - as for the Hwangnyongsa’s, led by the great Paekche architect Abiji,
sending and training artisans, teachers and engineers, etc.) from Paekche who used them
to restrain Tang China’s aggressive diplomatic and political strategy and make Shilla a
more controllable and reliable ally. Shilla established ties with all kingdoms of the region.
But nothing was made to last…
The battles increased in number, ever more deadly. The battle was also intense between
Paekche and Shilla’s diplomats within Yamato and Tang China imperial courts.
Beset on all sides, the territory of Paekche — at least four times the classical theory’s
assumption — was significantly reduced. However, military attacks continued. This was a
war of different nature: the goal was not the conquest of the territory itself, as Paekche
was not a military power in the true sense. It was a cultural and industrial power, a more
egalitarian society with an indigenous writing system and a spirituality that challenged
Tang China’s civilization model.
While Koguryo protected its northern border from a ground attack, Paekche still resisted.
Then the army of Tang China came into play. Paekche found itself caught in the crossfire
between Shilla’s ground army and naval forces of Tang China. All the mountains and
rivers were blocked. Nothing and nobody from Paekche would escape. It would be a
massacre described in simple and unambiguous terms in the Nihon shoki’s (Chronicles of
Japan) sections XXVI.11 and XXVI.18, and the following sections of the Book of
Empress Saimei. [48][49].
This dramatic last scene looked exactly like another eight-century-old story as recounted
by the Chinese historiography treatise Shih-chi (Historical Records) written around 100 BCE by
Ssu-ma Ch’ien (145-90 BCE).
Taking advantage of the unrest during the Warring States period in “China”, the Ancient
Chosun kingdom continued development until the Qin (249-207 BCE) and Han (207
BCE-220 AD) Dynasties came back to power. The overthrow of Ancient Chosun power
in 190 BCE by refugees fled to the Hans would be finalized by the forced return of the
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