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These kingdoms are the only and unique procreators of the rich and powerful civilization
that would sow the whole Asian continent from the Kemit kingdom of Xia (2,100-1,600
BCE), and of which there remains today only a pale copy.
Proceedings of the International Conference on the [Realm of] Campa [or Champa] and
the Malay World in August 1990 at the University of California, Berkeley by the Center
for Southeast Asia Studies (UCB, Usa) and the International Office for Campa in their
introductory notes, summarize the striking features of the ancient history of Cambodia’s
present territory: “We know only the main historical facts of Campa, because we are only informed about it by a
limited number of texts written in China or Vietnam, by epigraphs with dating sometimes uncertain and by some
chronicles written in modern cam.
The sources in Chinese characters that have come down to us have generally been drafted long after the events of
which they speak, so they are often rather imprecise, not very explicit, and sometimes contradictory. On the other
hand, their editors only refer to the Campa when their own country has been in contact with it, which limits the
information that can be drawn from these texts, the content of which is also sometimes questionable. Epigraphy is not
as abundant as in Cambodia, and it remains incomplete, either because the stelae have disappeared, or because the
inscriptions were hammered after the Vietnamese conquest. On the other hand, if it gives information on the religions
practiced in Campa, it is less prolix about its history. Finally, the lack of dating of certain epigraphs which would have
been of great help to the historian, continue to fuel quarrels over their antiquity, which hampers their use. As for the
chronicles in cam writing, they are quite recent and they only deal with the history of the Campa after the 15 th
century. Moreover, they are almost exclusively interested in Panduranga and remain practically silent on the history of
the principalities or kingdoms that occupied the North of the old Southern Campa. Thus, although they are of great
interest, the information they give is limited in time and space.
As we can imagine, the materials that have reached us sometimes pose more problems than they solve. It should not be
surprising, then, that the present historians of Campa should exercise great caution.”
Such findings could be extended to the history of other states in the Southeast and
Northeast Asia.
Almost all official Asian national histories, particularly in the Southeast and the Northeast
Asia, are based on an ancient period of legends and myths. These accounts find their
correspondences in ancient Chinese texts and testimonies. Following the example of
Vietnam, these founding myths are a good substitute for the existence of the Black-Asian
kingdoms victims of genocides. Once the populations are massacred and their traces
erased, all that remains is to occupy the symbolic space of these territories. Thus would
be invented the legendary kingdoms of Van-Lang and Au Lac as ancestors of Vietnam 1 ;
for Cambodia would be imagined the realm of Funan (50 or 68-550) becoming later
Chen-la (about 630-802) which would give place to a real Khmer empire at the beginning
of the 9 th century.
Thus, the invaders appropriated specific civilizations of this end of the first millennium
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