Geoffrey Greatrex (2005). Byzantium and the East in - Kaveh Farrokh

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The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian previously been agreed, or to make the Roman state tributary to the Persians in perpetuity.” 78 Throughout the war that followed, the Romans repeatedly insisted that they wanted to conclude a peace “on equal terms,” that is, without any money changing hands. They had a point: no emperor before Justinian had conceded to the Persians a regularised annual payment, which therefore affronted the Romans all the more. Nevertheless, even the peace finally concluded on such terms in 591 was to last only eleven years. 79 Notes 1 See G. Greatrex and S. N. C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars: Part II, 363–628 A.D., A Narrative Sourcebook (hereafter REF ) (London, 2002), 123–128, for a detailed account of the reception of a Persian embassy in Constantinople. 2 Peter the Patrician, frag. 13, trans. in M. H. Dodgeon and S. N. C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, A.D. 226–363: A Documentary History (hereafter REF) (London, 1994), 131–132. See Theophylact Simocatta, History, 4.11.2, with G. Greatrex, Rome and Persia at War, 502–532 (hereafter RPW) (Leeds, 1998), 17; and N. G. Garsoïan, “Byzantium and the Sasanians,” Cambridge History of Iran (Cambridge, 1983), 3:574–579. 3 M. Whitby, The Emperor Maurice and His Historian (Oxford, 1988), 298–299. 4 Garsoïan, “Byzantium and the Sasanians,” 591. 5 See, for example, Procopius, Wars 1.3–5; and Agathias, Histories, 4.24–29. On disgust at Persian practices, see Agathias, Histories, 2.24.1, 2.30.5–31.1; and Procopius, Wars, 1.12.4. See Garsoïan, “Byzantium and the Sasanians,” 575–577. 6 Greatrex, RPW, 140–145, 215. 7 Anonymous, Itinerarium Alexandri, 5, translated in Dodgeon and Lieu, REF, 177. 8 John the Lydian, On Offices, 3.34, with G. Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth (Princeton, N.J., 1993), 93–97. 9 Dodgeon and Lieu, REF, chap. 9, and J. F. Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammianus (London, 1989), 130–161. 10 Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 1–13. 11 R. C. Blockley, East Roman Foreign Policy (hereafter ERFP ) (Leeds, 1992), 42–52, 152–163; J. Bardill and G. Greatrex, “Antiochus the Praepositus: A Persian Eunuch at the Court of Theodosius II,” DOP 50 (1996): 171–197; Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 16–34. 12 See n. 45 on the Persian church generally. On the synods held in the early fifth century, starting in 410, see S. Brock, “The Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire up to the Sixth Century and Its Absence from the Councils in the Roman Empire,” in Syriac Dialogue (Vienna, 1994), 69–76; and see J. Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia from 550 B.C. to 650 A.D. (London, 1996), 201–205, on the changing situation of the Persian Christians from the third century onwards. 13 See Greatrex, RPW, 13, 73–165; and Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 31–81. 504 Cambridge Companions Online © Cambridge University Press, 2006
Byzantium and the East in the Sixth Century 14 On the nature of these sources, see A.D. Lee, Information and Frontiers (Cambridge, 1993), 35–48; and J. D. Howard-Johnston, “The Official History of Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns,” in E. Da¸browa, ed., The Roman and Byzantine Army in the East (hereafter RBAE) (Cracow, 1994), 57–87. 15 On Euphrasius, see PLRE 2, Euphrasius 3. Euphrasius’s grandson Nonnosus wrote a work on his travels in Arabia. On Rufinus, see PLRE 2, Rufinus 13. See Lee, Information and Frontiers, 47. 16 On Peter, see PLRE 2, Petrus 27. On Sittas, see PLRE 3, Sittas 1. Malalas, Chronographia, 18.10 shows Justinian accepting input from Sittas in his reorganisation of Armenia. 17 Quotation from Joshua the Stylite, chap. 8, trans. F. R. Trombley and J. W. Watt, The Chronicle of Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite (Liverpool, 2000), 9; see Greatrex, RPW, 14–18. 18 By way of comparison, in 443 Theodosius II had been compelled to pay the Huns 2,100 pounds of gold per year (see Blockley, ERFP, 64). 19 Procopius, Wars, 8.11.1–7, 15.1–20. In 556 a riot broke out in the hippodrome in the presence of a Persian ambassador (Malalas, Chronographia, 18.121). See Agathias, Histories, 5.24.1, on popular discontent with subsidies to foreign peoples. 20 Menander Protector, History, frag. 6.1.162–174. This also accounts for his preference for giving a lump sum in 532 rather than continued payments. 21 For monuments, see a column at Hierapolis, ascribing the ending of the war to “Justinian alone, by divine counsel,” trans. in Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 97. See also fig. 1. On works of history, see John the Lydian, On Offices, 3.28. On the epigrams, see Greatrex, RPW, 185. 22 R. N. Frye, “The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians,” Cambridge History of Iran, 147–148; and Greatrex, RPW, 45–8. 23 Frye, “The Political History,” 148–151; M. Morony, “Sasanids,” Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed. (1995): 76–77; and Greatrex, RPW, 48–52. 24 P. Crone, “Kavad’s Heresy and Mazdak’s Revolt,” Iran 29 (1991): 21–42, M. Whitby, “The Persian King at War,” 248–250, in Da¸browa, RBAE, Z. Rubin, “The Reforms of Khusro Anūshirwān,” in Cameron, States, Resources, Armies, 229–231, Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, 208–210. 25 J. D. Howard-Johnston, “The Two Great Powers in Late Antiquity: A Comparison,” in Cameron, States, Resources, Armies, 198–203 (upbeat); see St. J. Simpson, “Mesopotamia in the Sasanian Period: Settlement Patterns, Arts and Crafts,” in J. Curtis, ed., Mesopotamia and Iran in the Parthian and Sasanian Periods (London, 2000), 57–66. M. Morony, “Land Use and Settlement Patterns in Late Sasanian and Early Islamic Iraq,” in Cameron and King, Land Use, 221–230, is more cautious. 26 Expositio totius mundi et gentium, chap. 19. See Dodgeon and Lieu, REF, 221; and Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, 194. 27 Howard-Johnston, “The Two Great Powers,” 204–205; see A. Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, vol. 1 (Leiden, 1996), 48–50; and D. Whitehouse, “Sasanian Maritime Activity,” in J. Reade, ed., The Indian Ocean in Antiquity (London, 1996), 339–344. See T. Daryaee, “The Persian Gulf Trade in Late Antiquity,” Journal of World History 14 (2003): 1–16, on the increase in trade in the Persian Gulf in the sixth and seventh centuries. 28 See Morony, “Sasanids,” 77–78; Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, 190–191; and Rubin, “The Reforms,” 243–254. 505 Cambridge Companions Online © Cambridge University Press, 2006
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Geoffrey Greatrex (2005). Byzantium and the East in - Kaveh Farrokh

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