Geoffrey Greatrex (2005). Byzantium and the East in - Kaveh Farrokh

The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian
63 On the crushing of the revolt, see Shahîd, BASIC, 82–95; and Greatrex, RPW,
161. See W. Liebeschuetz, “The Defences of Syria in the Sixth century,” in C.
B. Rüger, ed., Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms II (Cologne, 1977), 487–499,
on the withdrawal of Roman forces from Syria; and see P. J. Casey, “Justinian,
the Limitanei, and Arab-Byzantine Relations in the Sixth Century,” JRA 9 (1996):
214–222.
64 Justinian, Novel 154 of 535–536.
65 Whitby, Emperor Maurice, 210–211; and Key Fowden, Barbarian Plain, 131–173.
66 Shahîd, BASIC, 346–364, 540–549; and Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 136, 166.
67 See J. I. Miller, The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire (Oxford, 1969), chap. 13; G.
K. Young, Rome’s Eastern Trade (London, 2001), 24–26, 201–207.
68 See N. Oikonomides, “Silk Trade and Production in Byzantium from the Sixth to
the Ninth Century: The Seals of Kommerkiarioi,” DOP 40 (1986): 33–35; more
detail appears in J.-P. Callu, “I commerci oltre i confini dell’Impero,” in Storia
di Roma, vol. 3.1, L’età tardoantica (Turin, 1993), 487–491; see also Moorhead,
Justinian, 164–167. From 408, the three cities where trade could be conducted
were Artaxata, Nisibis, and Callinicum, CJ 4.63.4 (trans. in Greatrex and Lieu,
REF, 33–34); see also Menander Protector, History, frag. 6.1 (the treaty of 562).
69 Callu, “I commerci,” 491, 501–510. On the growth of Sasanian commerce in the
fifth and sixth centuries, see D. Whitehouse and A. Williamson, “Sasanian Maritime
Trade,” Iran 11 (1973): 29–49, updated as Whitehouse, “Sasanian Maritime
Activity,” in Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, ed. P. Crone (Oxford, 1987), 40–42;
and see Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, 195–196; and n. 27 here.
70 Theophanes, A.M. 5990, trans. Mango and Scott. The revenues to the state were
considerable: one dux of Palestine was funded in part by the dues collected at the
port of Clysma, cf. M. Sartre, Inscriptions grecque et latines de la Syrie XIII (Paris,
1982), 107–119 (no. 9046); and Z. Rubin, “Byzantium and Southern Arabia” in
D. H. French and C. S. Lightfoot, eds., The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire
(Oxford, 1989), 400.
71 E. Frézouls, “Cosmas Indicopleustes et l’Arabie,” in L’Arabie Préislamique et son
environnement historique et culturel, ed. T. Fahd (Leiden, 1989), 458–460, downplays
Roman involvement even in the Red Sea, but see J.-F. Salles, “Fines Indiae –
Ardh el-Hind,” in Da¸browa, RBAE, 173, n. 36; and Callu, “I commerci,” 516–
523. Rubin, “Byzantium and Southern Arabia,” 400, argues that direct trading
links with the Far East were made possible by the Red Sea route.
72 See Greatrex, RPW, 227–229; Hoyland, Arabia, 51–53; and Rubin, “Byzantium
and Southern Arabia.”
73 Vasiliev, Justin I, 295–297; and Greatrex, RPW, 230–231.
74 See Malalas, Chronographia, 18.56. For competition between Romans and Persians
in Sri Lanka, see Cosmas Indicopleustes, Topographie chrétienne, ed. and trans. W.
Wolska-Conus, vol. 3 (Paris, 1973), 11.17–18, with n. 69 above.
75 For a translation of the inscription, see S. Smith, “Events in Arabia in the Sixth
Century A.D.,” BSOAS 16 (1954): 437–441. See also Hoyland, Arabia, 55–7, 87–
88; and Shahîd, BASIC, 364–372.
76 See Menander Protector, History, frag. 10 with Whitby, Emperor Maurice, 218; and
Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 129, 136–137.
77 On the figures, see Procopius, Wars, 2.24.13; and Agathias, Histories, 3.8.2 (though
both should be treated with caution). On investment in fortifications (not always at
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