Geoffrey Greatrex (2005). Byzantium and the East in - Kaveh Farrokh

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The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian 29 See Rubin, “The Reforms,” esp. 283–294, for the fullest treatment of these reforms; Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, 198–199; and S. Shahbazi, “Army. 5. The Sasanian Period,” EIr 2 (1987): 496–498; and Howard-Johnston, “The Two Great Powers,” 214–219. See also now R. Gyselen, The Four Generals of the Sasanian Empire: Some Sigillographic Evidence (Rome, 2001). 30 Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, 172–174, Rubin, “The Reforms,” 292–295. The greatest defeat of the Persian army at the hands of the Romans (near Melitene in 576; see Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 153–158) in the sixth century took place after the reforms had been carried through. 31 See Procopius, Wars, 1.11, with Greatrex, RPW, 130–138. 32 Greatrex, RPW, 168–212; and Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 82–97. 33 See Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 97–102 on the 530s and the causes of war. 34 Procopius, Wars, 2.5–13, with Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 102–108. 35 D. Braund, Georgia in Antiquity (Oxford, 1994), 296–311; and Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 111–122. 36 See Menander Protector, History, frag. 6.1 for the terms of the peace, to be found also in Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 131–134. 37 Quotation from Menander Protector, History, frag. 6.1.95–96, trans. Blockley. See Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 135–228 for events from 572 to 630. J. D. Howard- Johnston, “Heraclius’ Persian Campaigns and the Revival of the East Roman Empire, 622–630,” War in History 6 (1999): 1–44, offers an excellent analysis of the Romano-Persian war that broke out in 603. See W. Kaegi, Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium (Cambridge, 2003), chaps. 2–5. 38 N. Adontz, Armenia in the Period of Justinian, trans. N. G. Garsoïan (Lisbon, 1970), 25–53, with N. G. Garsoïan, “Armenia Megale kai eparkhia Mesopotamias,” in Eupsychia. Mélanges offerts àHélène Ahrweiler (Paris, 1998), 251–262. 39 I. Engelhardt, Mission und Politik in Byzanz (Munich, 1974), 5; Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth, chap. 5, esp. 100–104; and see Moorhead, Justinian, 143. 40 See Procopius, Wars, 1.15.25, and Buildings, 3.6.7–12 on the Tzani. Strictly speaking, their lands were already part of the empire. See Procopius, Wars, 8.3.18–21, 8.9.10–30 on the Abasgi (though compare 2.29.15, where he claims that the Abasgi had long been Christians). 41 Malalas, Chronographia, 18.14, with Evans, Justinian, 91–92, and Moorhead, Justinian, 141–143. 42 See T. Eide et al., Fontes Historiae Nubiorum, vol. 3 (Oslo, 1998), 1147–1153, for Silko’s victories; and Siegfried Richter, Studien zur Christianisierung Nubiens (Wiesbaden, 2002), 42–114, for discussion of the Nobatae. 43 See the section “Southern Arabia and the Question of Trade.” 44 Cf. A. Vasiliev, Justin I (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), 250–252, Engelhardt, Mission und Politik, 36, 75. Even within the empire, Justinian sometimes gave his backing to opponents of Chalcedon, for example, to John of Ephesus, who converted thousands of pagans in Asia Minor in the 540s; see Evans, Justinian, 249. 45 On John, see Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 101. On the Persian church, see Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia, 204–205, and S. Brock, “Christians in the Sasanian Empire: A Case of Divided Loyalty,” in Religion and National Identity: Studies in Church History, vol. 18, ed. S. Mews (Oxford, 1982), 1–19. There is no trace of disloyalty to the empire among anti-Chalcedonians during the wars with Persia, however, cf. Whitby, Emperor Maurice, 213–215. 506 Cambridge Companions Online © Cambridge University Press, 2006
Byzantium and the East in the Sixth Century 46 See Adontz, Armenia, 224–225, on the Armenian army in late antiquity (although his figure of 120,000 men is improbably high); and Procopius on the wealth of Dvin, Wars, 2.25.1–3, with M. Chaumont, “Armenia and Iran II,” EIr 2 (1987): 433; and R. H. Hewsen, Armenia: A Historical Atlas (Chicago, 2001), 17–19; see D. Braund, “Procopius on the Economy of Lazica,” Classical Quarterly 41 (1991): 221–225, on Lazica. 47 Braund, Georgia, 273–276, Greatrex, RPW, 122–130. 48 See J. D. Howard-Johnston and N. Ryan, The Scholar and the Gypsy (London, 1992), 78–85, with Whitby, Emperor Maurice, 201–202, and Hewsen, Armenia, 14–19. 49 Details in Procopius, Wars 1.15, and Greatrex, RPW, 185–190. See also Hewsen, Armenia, 87–88. 50 On Christianity in Lazica, see Braund, Georgia, 277–281. On Christianity in Iberia and Armenia, see Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth, 104–109; Braund, Georgia, 283–286; and Hewsen, Armenia, 72. On Iranian influences in Armenia, see N. G. Garsoïan and J.-P. Mahé, Des Parthes au Califat (Paris, 1997), chap. 1. 51 Procopius, Wars, 8.3.13–21. 52 Procopius, Buildings, 3.6.7, and Wars, 1.15.25. See Braund, Georgia, 289; and Greatrex, RPW, 129–130. 53 Novel 31, trans. in Adontz, Armenia, 143–144, and chap. 7 on the reforms generally, with Hewsen, Armenia, 84–86. See also Braund, Georgia, 292–295, on Roman encroachments in Lazica. 54 Procopius, Wars, 2.3 on Armenian complaints, 2.15 on Lazic. See also Braund, Georgia, 295–296. Even the Tzani eventually revolted in 558; see Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 122. 55 For details, see Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 116–122. After 542, fighting was confined essentially to Lazica and the surrounding area. 56 On types of nomad, see F. M. Donner, “The Role of Nomads in the Near East in Late Antiquity,” in Tradition and Innovation in Late Antiquity, ed. F. M. Clover and R. S. Humphreys (Madison, Wis., 1989), 73–85; see also Hoyland, Arabia, 89–91, 96–102. 57 I. Shahîd. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century (hereafter BAFIC), (Washington, D.C., 1989), 120–131; I. Shahîd. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century (hereafter BASIC ), (Washington, D.C., vol. I, 1995) chap. 1; M. Sartre, Trois études sur l’Arabie romaine (Brussels, 1982), 155–162, Hoyland, Arabia, 239–240. On the Arab allies of both powers generally, see Hoyland, Arabia, 78–83, and Donner, Chap. 20 in this volume. 58 Shahîd, BASIC, III A and C; and Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 92–93, 108–109. 59 On the fortification work, see M. Whitby, “Procopius and the Development of Defences in Upper Mesopotamia,” in The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East, ed. P. Freeman and D. Kennedy (Oxford, 1986), 717–735. On the administrative changes, see Greatrex, RPW, 153–155. 60 Wars, 1.16.47. See Sartre, Trois études, 170–172; and Shahîd, BASIC, 95–109. 61 See Procopius, Wars, 2.28.13 for the quotation and Harith’s victory; see Greatrex and Lieu, REF, 129, for the final defeat of Mundhir in 554. On the progress of Harith’s career, see Shahîd, BASIC, 236–288. 62 See Shahîd, BASIC, 735–793; and E. Key Fowden, The Barbarian Plain (Princeton, N. J., 1999), 143–144. 507 Cambridge Companions Online © Cambridge University Press, 2006
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Geoffrey Greatrex (2005). Byzantium and the East in - Kaveh Farrokh

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