Geoffrey Greatrex (2005). Byzantium and the East in - Kaveh Farrokh

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35°N 30°N Ayla Caesarea Antioch The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian 35°E 40°E Theodosiopolis Damascus al-Jabiya Jerusalem SYRIA Callinicum Palmyra Duma SCALE Tayma 0 100 200 map 13. Sasanid Iran 0 Amida Edessa Carrhae River Euphrates Land over 1000 metres 100 300 40°E 200 Dara ARMENIA Nisibis Perozshapur 400 500 km MESOPOTAMIA Van Hira ASHURESTAN 300 miles Lake Van KURDISTAN River Tigris Zagros Gates Ctesiphon Vah Ardashir 45°E 45°E The Sawad Cambridge Companions Online © Cambridge University Press, 2006 Lake Urmia Canzak ADHARBAIJAN River Diyala MEDIA (MAH) KHUZISTAN MESHAN Trade, particularly with the East, also represented a significant source of wealth. Already in the fourth century AD, one Roman writer had noted how the Persians benefited from their commerce with all their neighbours. 26 By the sixth century, Persians were actively involved in trade in the Indian Ocean; at the same time, archaeological evidence suggests that Lower Mesopotamia was the major beneficiary of this development, while other ports in the Persian Gulf, such as Oman and Bahrain, declined. 27 We shall return in due course to this point. Increased revenues from this trade, combined with the depopulation of certain areas as a result of the upheavals of the Mazdakite 484 Susa
Daylam Elburz Mts Iranian Plateau Zagros Mts Karun Byzantium and the East in the Sixth Century 50°E 55°E 60°E Gulf Gulf Persian Persian Caspian Sea Rayy Persepolis GURGAN G r e a t K a v i r Salt Desert Yazd PARTHIA Istakhr FARS Siraf Khorasan Dasht-i Lut TURKESTAN TRANSOXIANA Nishapur 50°E 55°E 60°E Cambridge Companions Online © Cambridge University Press, 2006 Marv 35°N Herat movement, provided an opportunity for the Sasanian kings to strengthen their position at the expense of the nobility and clergy. It is clear that Kavadh initiated and Khusro completed an important series of reforms to the structure of the state, but the precise details of when and how they did so remain uncertain: our sources are late and their interpretation disputed. However, the following features may be noted. A land survey of Lower Mesopotamia was begun under Kavadh and completed under Khusro. A new taxation system was then introduced, according to which state incomes were fixed in advance, rather than fluctuating from year to year. Khusro eliminated the differences between taxes on royal land and those on land belonging to magnates and emphasised 485 30°N
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Geoffrey Greatrex (2005). Byzantium and the East in - Kaveh Farrokh

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