tumor in the light of the revised SIOP-01 classification
tumor in the light of the revised SIOP-01 classification
tumor in the light of the revised SIOP-01 classification
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78<br />
Patients with persistent hypertension need chronic<br />
pharmaco<strong>the</strong>rapy based on α and β receptor antagonists. Calcium<br />
channel blockers also manage an effective blood pressure<br />
control without overshoot and orthostatic hypotension<br />
[2-5, 12, 28]. In case <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>tolerance or resistance to α-blockers<br />
α-methylparatyros<strong>in</strong>e can be used to decrease <strong>tumor</strong> catecholam<strong>in</strong>e<br />
production [2, 28]. There are also some cl<strong>in</strong>ical<br />
experiences with unlabeled somatostat<strong>in</strong> analogues, but <strong>the</strong><br />
first results are not promis<strong>in</strong>g and no <strong>tumor</strong> regression or hormone<br />
level reduction were observed [28].<br />
Follow-up<br />
Long term, lifetime follow-up is necessary <strong>in</strong> all patients with<br />
pheochromocytoma because recurrent disease or distant metastases<br />
can develop even more than 15–20 years after successful<br />
resection <strong>of</strong> apparently benign primary <strong>tumor</strong> [6, 8,<br />
10, 12, 13, 27, 28]. Follow-up should <strong>in</strong>clude blood pressure<br />
References<br />
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effective treatment with a comb<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
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and dacarbaz<strong>in</strong>e. Ann Intern Med<br />
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2. Bravo EL (1994) Evolv<strong>in</strong>g concepts <strong>in</strong><br />
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<strong>of</strong> pheochromocytoma. Endocr<br />
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3. Bravo EL (2004) Pheochromocytoma:<br />
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5. Ciftci AO, Tanyel FC, Senocak ME,<br />
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6. Eisenh<strong>of</strong>er G, Bornste<strong>in</strong> SR, Brouwers<br />
FM, et al (2004) Malignant pheochromocytoma:<br />
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7. European Association <strong>of</strong> Nuclear Medic<strong>in</strong>e<br />
(2003) Guidel<strong>in</strong>es for 131 I–metaiodobenzylguanid<strong>in</strong>e<br />
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9. Garaventa A, Gamb<strong>in</strong>i C, Villavecchia<br />
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10. Goldste<strong>in</strong> RE, O’Neill JA, Holcomb<br />
GW, et al (1999) Cl<strong>in</strong>ical experience<br />
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11. Hoefnagel CA, Schornagel J, Valdes<br />
Olmos RA (1991) 131 I-metaiodobenzylguanid<strong>in</strong>e<br />
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<strong>in</strong>terference <strong>of</strong> medication.<br />
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13. Januszewicz W, Prejbisz A, Januszewicz<br />
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measurement, biochemical tests and imag<strong>in</strong>g studies. The first<br />
evaluation <strong>of</strong> plasma metanephr<strong>in</strong>e level or 24-hour ur<strong>in</strong>e collection<br />
for fractionated catecholam<strong>in</strong>es, metanephr<strong>in</strong>es is recommended<br />
approximately 2–6 weeks after <strong>the</strong> operation [8,<br />
22]. The next exam<strong>in</strong>ations should be obta<strong>in</strong>ed quarterly dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />
<strong>the</strong> first year after surgery and fur<strong>the</strong>r annually [6, 8]. Serum<br />
chromogran<strong>in</strong>-A can be also a good <strong>tumor</strong> marker, but<br />
only <strong>in</strong> patients with normal renal function [2, 4, 8]. Imag<strong>in</strong>g<br />
procedures <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g computed tomography (CT), magnetic<br />
resonance imag<strong>in</strong>g (MRI), 131 I or 123 I MIBG sc<strong>in</strong>tigraphy and<br />
new modalities such as somatostat<strong>in</strong> receptor sc<strong>in</strong>tigraphy or<br />
positron emission tomography (PET) should be performed on<br />
<strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> biochemical test f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs [22].<br />
Conclud<strong>in</strong>g, successful treatment <strong>of</strong> malignant pheochromocytoma<br />
still rema<strong>in</strong>s a challenge for scientists and cl<strong>in</strong>icians.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>r <strong>in</strong>vestigations <strong>of</strong> genetic predispositions,<br />
new molecular prognostic markers and new <strong>the</strong>rapeutical approaches<br />
are required.<br />
17. Kon<strong>in</strong>gs JE, Brun<strong>in</strong>g PF, Abel<strong>in</strong>g NG,<br />
van Gennip AH, Hoefnagel CA (1990)<br />
Diagnosis and treatment <strong>of</strong> malignant<br />
pheochromocytoma with 131 I-metaiodobenzylguanid<strong>in</strong>e:<br />
a case report. Radio<strong>the</strong>rapy<br />
and Oncology 17: 103–108<br />
18. Lam MG, Lips CJ, Jager PL, et al<br />
(2005) Repeated 131 I-metaiodobenzylguanid<strong>in</strong>e<br />
<strong>the</strong>rapy <strong>in</strong> two patients with<br />
malignant pheochromocytoma. J Cl<strong>in</strong><br />
Endocr<strong>in</strong>ol Metab 90: 5888–5895<br />
19. Lio S, Napolitano G, Giuliani C, et al<br />
(1991) A overview on <strong>the</strong> management<br />
<strong>of</strong> malignant pheochromocytoma. J<br />
Nucl Biol Med 35: 263–265<br />
20. Mukherjee JJ, Kaltas GA, Islam N, et al<br />
(20<strong>01</strong>) Treatment <strong>of</strong> metastatic carc<strong>in</strong>oids<br />
tumours, pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma<br />
and nedullary thyroid carc<strong>in</strong>oma<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> thyroid with 131 I-metaiodobenzylguanid<strong>in</strong>e.<br />
Cl<strong>in</strong> Endocr<strong>in</strong>ol 55:<br />
47–60<br />
21. Neumann DR, Bausch B, McWh<strong>in</strong>ney<br />
SR, et al (2002) Germ-l<strong>in</strong>e mutations <strong>in</strong><br />
nonsyndromic pheochromocytoma. N<br />
Engl J Med 346: 1459–466<br />
22. Pacak K, L<strong>in</strong>ehan WM, Eisenh<strong>of</strong>er G,<br />
Mc Clellan MW, Goldste<strong>in</strong> DS (20<strong>01</strong>)<br />
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localization and treatment <strong>of</strong> pheochromocytoma.<br />
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315–329<br />
23. Pham TH, Moir Ch, Thompson GB, et<br />
al (2006) Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma<br />
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surgical management at a tertiary<br />
care center. Pediatrics 118: 1109–1117