Compilation of 13 factsheets on key sustainable sanitation ... - SSWM

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The technological components and the complete sanitation systems need to be discussed and evaluated with respect to specific sustainability criteria. Examples for such criteria are given in Table 1. This can lead to a comparison <strong>of</strong> the sustainability <strong>of</strong> different systems. Examples <strong>of</strong> such evaluations are given in Section 12 <strong>of</strong> each SuSanA case study (www.susana.org/case-studies). 5 References Cruz, R., Navaluna, M.V., Galing, E., Roncesvalles, J., Sadang, R., de Dios, L.R., Sahagun, V., Luis, R., Kaimo, A., Fuellos, R., Matibag, M., Elvas, L., Sy, E. (2005) Philippines sanitation sourcebook and decision aid. World Bank Water and Sanitation Programme for South East Asia and the Pacific (WSP-EAP), German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Manila, Philippines, www.susana.org/lang-en/library?view=ccbktypeitem& type=2&id=<strong>13</strong>35 DWA (2010). Brauchen wir in Deutschland neuartige Sanitärsysteme? (in German). Deutsche Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e.V. (DWA), Hennef, Germany. www.susana.org/lang-en/library? view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=751 Gutterer, B., Sasse, L., Panzerbieter, T., Reckerzügel, T. (2009). Decentralised wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS) and sanitation in developing countries - A practical guide. Sample version, selected pages only. Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University, UK, Bremen Overseas Research (BORDA), Bremen, Germany. www.susana.org/lang-en/library?view=ccbktypeitem & type=2&id=1153 IWA (2005) Sanitation 21 - Simple approaches to complex sanitation. International Water Association (IWA), London, UK, www.susana.org/lang-en/library? view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=<strong>13</strong>36 Luethi, C., Panesar, A., Schütze, T., Norström, A., McConville, J., Parkinson, J., Saywell, D., Ingle, R. (2011). Sustainable sanitation in cities: a framework for action. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA), International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU), Papiroz Publishing House, Rijswijk, The Netherlands. www.susana.org/lang-en/library?view=ccbktypeitem& type=2&id=1019 Rieck, C., von Münch, E., H<strong>of</strong>fmann, H. (2012). Technology review <strong>of</strong> urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) - Overview on design, management, maintenance and costs. Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany. www.susana.org/langen/library?view=ccbktypeitem& type=2&id=874 Stenstroem, T. A., Seidu, R., Ekane, N., Zurbruegg, C. (2011). Microbial exposure and health assessments in sanitation technologies and systems - EcoSanRes Series, 2011-1. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Stockholm, Sweden. www.susana.org/lang-en/library ?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=1236 SuSanA (2008) Vision Document 1 <strong>of</strong> the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance: Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions, www.susana.org/lang-en/library?view=ccbk typeitem&type=2&id=270 Tilley, E., Luethi, C., Morel, A., Zurbruegg, C., Schertenleib, R. (2008). Compendium <strong>of</strong> sanitation systems and technologies. Swiss Federal Institute <strong>of</strong> Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG). Duebendorf, Switzerland. www.susana.org/lang-en/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type =2&id=454 Tilley, E., Zurbruegg, C. (2007) Evaluation <strong>of</strong> existing lowcost conventional as well as innovative sanitation system and technologies. Netssaf deliverable 22 & 23. Swiss Federal Institute <strong>of</strong> Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG). Duebendorf, Switzerland, www.susana.org/ lang-en/library?view=ccbktypeitem&type =2&id=<strong>13</strong>50 von Muench, E., Winker, M. (2011). Technology review <strong>of</strong> urine diversion components - Overview on urine diversion components such as waterless urinals, urine diversion toilets, urine storage and reuse systems. Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Eschborn, Germany. www.susana.org/lang-en/library?view=ccbk typeitem&type=2&id=875 Authors and contributors Main authors: • Christian Zurbruegg, Eawag/Sandec, Switzerland (christian.zurbruegg@eawag.ch) • Arne Panesar, GIZ, Germany (arne.panesar@giz.de) • Soeren Rued, GIZ, Germany (soeren.rued@giz.de) Acknowledgements are given to the following persons for their valuable contributions: Elisabeth von Münch and Rahul Ingle (GIZ, Germany), David Del Porto (Ecological Engineering Group Inc., USA), Alexander Grieb (KfW, Germany), Ian Pearson (consultant, South Africa) For questions or comments please contact the SuSanA secretariat at info@susana.org or susana@giz.de. We invite you to join the SuSanA discussion forum: www.forum.susana.org. This document is available at www.susana.org. More photos <strong>of</strong> sanitation systems and technology options are available here: http://www.flickr.com/photos/gtzecosan/collections/ 72157626218059440 © All SuSanA materials are freely available following the open source concept for capacity development and non-pr<strong>of</strong>it use, as long as proper acknowledgement <strong>of</strong> the source is made when used. Users should always give credit in citations to the original author, source and copyright holder. Sanitation systems, technology options, hygiene and health: Working Group 4 - page 6
1 Summary This factsheet provides information on the link between sanitation and agriculture as well as related implications on health, economy and the environment. It presents examples <strong>of</strong> treating and using treated excreta and wastewater in a productive way and describes the potential for urban agriculture and resource recovery in rural areas. Institutional and legal aspects, business opportunities and management <strong>of</strong> associated health risks are also discussed. Productive sanitation is the term used for the variety <strong>of</strong> sanitation systems that make productive use <strong>of</strong> the nutrient, organic matter, water and energy content <strong>of</strong> human excreta and wastewater in agricultural production and aquaculture. These systems should enable the recovery <strong>of</strong> resources in household wastewater, minimise consumption and pollution <strong>of</strong> water resources, support the conservation <strong>of</strong> soil fertility as well as agricultural productivity and thereby contribute to food security and help to reduce malnutrition. The implementation and scaling-up <strong>of</strong> productive sanitation systems is inhibited by weak, non-existing and sometimes prohibiting legislation. It is therefore necessary to develop relevant legislation along the sanitation chain taking into consideration the type <strong>of</strong> crops, occupational health, food hygiene and other preventive and risk management measures. This requires awareness raising, advocacy and behavioural change by all stakeholders. Further applied research is also needed to assess risk management options at the interface between agriculture and sanitation to support policy dialogue at the local and national level. 2 Background Food security and the access to safe water and sanitation are fundamental human rights that for many people remain a promise unfulfilled. Globally still some estimated 2.6 billion people do not use improved sanitation facilities (WHO/UNICEF, 2010) and around 925 million worldwide are chronically undernourished (FAO, 2010). To meet the dietary demands from a growing world population, projected to reach 9 billion by 2050, the world food production in 2050 would need to increase by 70% (FAO, 2009). A great deal <strong>of</strong> the population growth will take place in urban areas leading to a substantial increase in urban food demand and a corresponding increase in the amount <strong>of</strong> organic waste, human excreta and wastewater from cities to be managed in a safe and productive way. The safe recycling <strong>of</strong> sanitation products can contribute to SuSanA factsheet Productive sanitation and the link to food security April 2012 improved resource management, reduce environmental impact and improved health and nutrition. The resource perspective Considering the number <strong>of</strong> people to be fed and the existing resource limitations, the food security issue should be approached with having resource preservation and recovery in mind. Here, productive sanitation systems play a key role. At present farmers worldwide use around 164 million tons <strong>of</strong> synthetic fertiliser 1 in terms <strong>of</strong> N, P2O5 and K2O annually (IFA, 2011). The production <strong>of</strong> the most important and commonly used fertiliser ingredients i.e. nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) is energy-intensive. Furthermore, the mineable phosphorus and potassium reserves are finite. The crop yields today depend to a large extent on mined phosphate rock and potassium, a significant departure from historical food production methods (UNEP, 2011). Figure 1: Left: Greywater towers in Arba Minch, Ethiopia (source: W. Shewa, 2009). Right: Urine applied on petchay crops in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines (source: W. Repulo, 2007). How long exactly the phosphorus and potassium reserves will last is hotly disputed as estimates depend on many factors, like the potential discovery <strong>of</strong> new reserves, increasing population growth and demand, increasing difficulty to extract reserves, and related market price developments (Cordell et al., 2009; UNEP, 2011). One additional concern is that lower grade phosphorus which might increasingly be mined in the future is <strong>of</strong>ten contaminated with radioactive uranium. Recent phosphorus fertiliser price increases and the uncertain phosphorus future, stress the need for resource 1 The term “synthetic fertiliser” in this factsheet equates more or less to other terms used colloquially for this type <strong>of</strong> fertiliser, namely industrial, chemical, commercial or inorganic fertiliser. Productive sanitation and the link to food security: Working Group 5 - page 1
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