Human Factors Guidelines for Interactive 3D and Games-Based ...

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This work is part-funded by the Human Capability Domain of the UK Ministry of Defence Scientific Research Programme, and was initiated by the MoD Research Director, Human Capability. All recipients of this report are advised that it must not be copied in whole or in part or be given further distribution outside the authority without the written permission of the Research Director (Human Capability). © Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre, February 2008. The authors of this report have asserted their moral rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work. Please visit www.hfidtc.com for further information. This project was co-funded by the Technology Strategy Board's Collaborative Research and Development Programme, following an open competition. The Technology Strategy Board is a business-led executive nondepartmental public body, established by the government. Its mission is to promote and support research into, and development and exploitation of, technology and innovation for the benefit of UK business, in order to increase economic growth and improve the quality of life. It is sponsored by the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills (DIUS). Please visit www.innovateuk.org for further information. 2
Contents Preface 5 1.0 Introduction 6 1.1 Document Structure 8 3 Page 2.0 Background: Why Human Factors Guidelines for i3D and Games-Based Training? 10 2.1 So Why Do We Need Guidelines Now? 11 2.2 Why Guidelines for Games-Based Training Developers? 13 2.3 Why Guidelines for Training System Procurers and End Users? 13 2.4 Not Just Interactive Hardware … Why Guidelines for Human Factors Practitioners? 14 Section 2.0 Key Points Summary 18 3.0 Real-World Examples 19 3.0.1 Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer 20 3.0.2 Early Surgical/Clinical Procedural Trainers 21 3.0.3 Desktop Minigun Trainer 22 3.0.4 Explosive Ordnance Search, Disposal and Incident Planning Tool 22 3.1 Real-World Examples & Relevance to Fidelity – Some Introductory Comments 27 Section 3.0 Key Points Summary 29 4.0 Task Design Issues & Task Fidelity 30 4.1 i3D or Games-Based Technologies for Skill or Decision Training Tasks? 30 4.2 Hypo-/Hyper-fidelity and Distractive Elements in Simulated Tasks 34 4.3 Task Reference Frames 37 4.3.1 Egocentric Presentations 38 4.3.2 Exocentric Presentations 39 4.3.2.1 Over-The-Shoulder 39 4.3.2.2 Low-Angle Projection 40 4.3.2.3 High-/Distant-Angle Projection 40 4.3.3 Exocentric “Tethering” 40 4.4 Task Coupling 44 4.5 Other Task Coupling Examples 47 Section 4.0 Key Points Summary 49
Page 1: Human Factors Guidelines for Intera
Page 5 and 6: defence Preface When considering in
Page 7 and 8: Environment content and usability d
Page 9 and 10: Section 6 - Context Fidelity - conc
Page 11 and 12: Impressive entertainment products s
Page 13 and 14: 2.2 Why Guidelines for Games-Based
Page 15 and 16: From a serious games perspective, o
Page 17 and 18: The early studies described within
Page 19 and 20: 3.0 Real-World Examples In many ins
Page 21 and 22: was the first VR surgical training
Page 23 and 24: of assets, including logistics supp
Page 25 and 26: Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer
Page 27 and 28: 3.1 Real-World Observations & Relev
Page 29 and 30: Section 3.0 Real-World Examples Key
Page 31 and 32: abstracted virtual tasks (i.e. low
Page 33 and 34: A MIST-like low-physical fidelity s
Page 35 and 36: effects are no longer seen as a nov
Page 37 and 38: 4.3 Task Reference Frames Does the
Page 39 and 40: upper left of the end user’s view
Page 41 and 42: Looking Up Looking Left Looking Rig
Page 43 and 44: monitoring, even though their prima
Page 45 and 46: Although Human Factors specialists
Page 47 and 48: 4.5 Other Task Coupling Examples Fi
Page 49 and 50: Section 4.0 Task Design Issues & Ta
Page 51 and 52: Earlier, whilst focusing on the top
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4. The interaction device shows pot
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Even in cases where the sceptical e
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function cues appear, as shown in t
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adopted for a serious application o
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keyboard input at all on the part o
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Section 5.0 Interactive Fidelity Ke
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close attention to issues such as b
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an image of an actual tent interior
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Other context effects employed by i
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Figure 62: Potentially distracting
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) depend
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Figure 67: Screenshot from Call of
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contingent was visible around 400-5
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Figure 72: Extracts From a short vi
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7.0 Concluding Comments If one actu
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Abbreviations 2D Two Dimensions (or
Page 86:
Bibliography Anon. (2007), “A Gen
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