Human Factors Guidelines for Interactive 3D and Games-Based ...

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Desktop Minigun Trainer Figure 15: Observational features underpinning Minigun “Desktop” trainer development. Source: Author’s Image Archive EOD Search & Planning Tool Figure 16: Observational features underpinning early explosive ordnance search & disposal training / planning system demonstrator. Source: Author’s Image Archive 26
3.1 Real-World Observations & Relevance to Fidelity – Some Introductory Comments In very general terms, fidelity is a term used to describe the extent to which a simulation represents the real world, including natural and man-made environments (Figure 17), systems and, increasingly, participants or agents. However, when applied to simulation, it becomes apparent from the literature that there are many variations on the theme of fidelity. Physical fidelity, or engineering fidelity (as coined by Miller in 1954 23 ), relates to how the Virtual Environment and its component objects mimic the appearance and operation of their real-world counterparts. In contrast, psychological fidelity can be defined as the degree to which simulated tasks reproduce behaviours that are required for the actual, real-world target application. Psychological fidelity has also been more closely associated with positive transfer of training than physical fidelity and relates to how skills and/or knowledge acquired during the use of the simulation – attention, reaction 27 Figure 17: Real (upper) and virtual scenes from Project Gotham Racing 3 (Xbox). Source: www.schrankmonster.de times, decision making, memory, multi-tasking capabilities – manifest themselves in real-world or real operational settings. In many examples of simulation design it has become apparent that physical and psychological fidelities do not necessarily correlate well – more and more physical fidelity does not necessarily guarantee better psychological fidelity. In Figure 18, for example, can the same learning and skills transfer (psychological fidelity) be achieved by exploiting the lower physical fidelity virtual human anatomy in this sequence (i.e. images 1 or 2), or those of higher physical fidelity (4 or 5, with associated higher costs and longer development times), or something in between? Establishing the components of a task that will ultimately contribute to how psychological fidelity is implemented within a simulation is not an exact science 24 . Observational task analyses need to be conducted with care if those human performance elements of relevance to defining psychological fidelity are to be isolated effectively. Recent experience in developing serious games or Virtual Environments for part-task training applications (in defence and medical sectors, at least) suggests that, when observing tasks, there are four key classes of fidelity to be aware of, each of which impact on defining the ultimate physical and psychological attributes of the simulation and each of which will be discussed in more detail in subsequent sections of this document. They are: • Task Fidelity - the design of appropriate sensory and behavioural features into the end user’s task that support the delivery of the desired learning effect. • Interactive Technology “Fidelity” - defined by real-world task coupling observations, interactive technology fidelity is the degree to which input (control) and display technologies 23 Miller, R.B. (1954). “Psychological Considerations in the Designs of Training Equipment”, Wright Air Development Center, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. 24 Tsang, P.S. & Vidulich, M. (2003), “Principles and Practice of Aviation Psychology”, Human Factors in Transportation Series, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Page 1 and 2: Human Factors Guidelines for Intera
Page 3 and 4: Contents Preface 5 1.0 Introduction
Page 5 and 6: defence Preface When considering in
Page 7 and 8: Environment content and usability d
Page 9 and 10: Section 6 - Context Fidelity - conc
Page 11 and 12: Impressive entertainment products s
Page 13 and 14: 2.2 Why Guidelines for Games-Based
Page 15 and 16: From a serious games perspective, o
Page 17 and 18: The early studies described within
Page 19 and 20: 3.0 Real-World Examples In many ins
Page 21 and 22: was the first VR surgical training
Page 23 and 24: of assets, including logistics supp
Page 25: Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer
Page 29 and 30: Section 3.0 Real-World Examples Key
Page 31 and 32: abstracted virtual tasks (i.e. low
Page 33 and 34: A MIST-like low-physical fidelity s
Page 35 and 36: effects are no longer seen as a nov
Page 37 and 38: 4.3 Task Reference Frames Does the
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Page 41 and 42: Looking Up Looking Left Looking Rig
Page 43 and 44: monitoring, even though their prima
Page 45 and 46: Although Human Factors specialists
Page 47 and 48: 4.5 Other Task Coupling Examples Fi
Page 49 and 50: Section 4.0 Task Design Issues & Ta
Page 51 and 52: Earlier, whilst focusing on the top
Page 53 and 54: 4. The interaction device shows pot
Page 55 and 56: Even in cases where the sceptical e
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Page 62 and 63: keyboard input at all on the part o
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Page 68 and 69: an image of an actual tent interior
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Page 72 and 73: Figure 62: Potentially distracting
Page 74 and 75: Artificial Intelligence (AI) depend
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Figure 67: Screenshot from Call of
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contingent was visible around 400-5
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Figure 72: Extracts From a short vi
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7.0 Concluding Comments If one actu
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Abbreviations 2D Two Dimensions (or
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Bibliography Anon. (2007), “A Gen
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