Manual for Diagnosis of Screw-worm Fly - xcs consulting

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The predicted distribution of C. bezziana in Australia, using the CLIMEX computer program for matching climates, is illustrated in Fig. 1 for winter and summer seasons (Sutherst et al. 1989). Large livestock rearing areas are at risk of permanent colonisation as far south as the mid-coast of New South Wales in average seasons. Occupation of the predicted areas would undoubtedly be influenced by non-climatic factors such as tree cover, host availability and susceptibility (=wounds). 1.3 Australian research background Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry - Australia Because of perceived dangers to the livestock industries if the Old World screw-worm fly became established in Australia, CSIRO Division of Entomology, with support from the Australian Department of Primary Industries and Energy, established a laboratory in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, in 1973. The facility was dedicated to studying the basic biology, physiology and ecology of Chrysomya bezziana, the Old world screw-worm fly. Artificial cultures were established for the first time for this species, methods were developed for trapping flies in the field to further population and dispersal studies, and the impact of gamma radiation to sterilise flies was studied to enable sterile insect release (SIRM) trials. In 1981, premises at Laloki on the outskirts of Port Moresby became the centre for mass-rearing studies. At this time a SIRM study was carried out by the ground release of sterile flies that resulted in 25% sterility in the local native fly population. The following year a major SIRM trial was carried out at Safia in the Musa Valley in which sterile flies were released from aircraft. The maximum sterility induced in the native Safia population was 33%. During a mass rearing in 1987, 18 million flies per week were produced at Laloki. In 1991 screw-worm fly operations in Papua New Guinea were closed down and in 1995, a new facility established in Malaysia at the Institute Haiwan, Kluang, Johor, under a memorandum of understanding between the Governments of Australia and Malaysia. The Malaysian program’s brief was to develop innovative mass-rearing technologies and to conduct a major SIRM trial to confirm that this technique is a viable eradication option for the Old World screw-worm fly. In a SIRM trial carried out in Malaysia in 2000, the maximum sterility recorded was 62%, thus confirming the validity of the sterile insect release method to eradicate Old World screw-worm fly. The studies at the Institute Haiwan have enabled the design of a large scale, 250 million sterile flies per week facility which could be constructed in Australia should this pest become established. 3 Figure 2: Larva of the Old World screwworm fly Chrysomya bezziana. Scanning electron microscope photograph by Helen Geier
A Manual for the Diagnosis of Screw-Worm Fly 2. Life Cycle (Fig. 4, Plates 1-3) 2.1 Adult screw-worm fly Adult flies emerge from the soil (where the mature larvae have previously burrowed) in a distinct peak around dawn with 60% emerging between 0300 and 0900 hours, the newly-emerged flies thereby largely avoiding the deleterious effects of solar radiation and high daytime temperatures, and the attentions of diurnal predators at this vulnerable moment in their life (Spradbery et al. 1982). After a brief period (
Page 1 and 2: A Manual for the Diagnosis of J.P.
Page 3 and 4: © Commonwealth of Australia 2002 R
Page 5 and 6: A Manual for the Diagnosis of Screw
Page 8 and 9: 1. Introduction Agriculture, Fisher
Page 12 and 13: Figure 4: Life cycle of the Old Wor
Page 14 and 15: 2.4 Larval development 7 Agricultur
Page 16 and 17: 2.5 Pupariation Within 24 hours (at
Page 18 and 19: The egg of C. bezziana is white, 1.
Page 20 and 21: Figure 12: Details of larval morpho
Page 22 and 23: 4- Myiasis: Differential Diagnosis
Page 24 and 25: 5. Flies causing myiasis The follow
Page 26 and 27: Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
Page 28 and 29: 21 Agriculture, Fisheries and Fores
Page 30 and 31: Figure 15: Eggs of several species
Page 36 and 37: Figure 17 (contd): Morphology of th
Page 38 and 39: Figure 19: Cochliomyia hominivorax
Page 40 and 41: Figure 21: Chrysomya megacephala th
Page 42 and 43: Figure 23: Chrysomya rufifacies thi
Page 44 and 45: Figure 25: Chrysomya varipes third
Page 46 and 47: Figure 27: Lucilia species third in
Page 48 and 49: 6.3 Puparia Agriculture, Fisheries
Page 50 and 51: 7. Keys to adults 7.1 Morphological
Page 52 and 53: 45 Agriculture, Fisheries and Fores
Page 56 and 57: Hydrocarbon content (Table 1) Chrys
Page 58 and 59: Cochliomyia macellaria Agriculture,
Page 60 and 61:
8. Surveillance While SWF remains o
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Screw-worm fly sticky trap design a
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8.3 Sentinels (Fig. 35, Plate 8) Ag
Page 66 and 67:
9. Acknowledgements Agriculture, Fi
Page 68 and 69:
Lockey, K.H (1988). Lipids of the i
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Plate One. LIFE CyCLE OF SCREW-WORM
Page 74:
Plate Three. Plate page Agriculture
Page 78:
Plate Five. Plate page Agriculture,
Page 82:
Plate Seven. ADuLT FLIES Plate page
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