discussion

DISCUSSION
2.t0
The pEst srlrdy w @ied orn ro dPbrc tE dill€@l Fvcholoetc'l
dp€€ls or chdrgs thal nay @cu h s coupl. aftff beinS dia€ros.d wilh a problen of
iMbility b @n@ive. lnf€nility ce be u

pEent 'es€dh. Assrcsion QustioMaire develoFd by BBs @d Perv (1992) ws
us.d to mcase the aggcssio l.vel of infcnile ed f.nil. ouPleg To mcNE lnc
elf{sl€d, ruilal satf&don aid *x!rl elisf&tion, hder of S€r Esl..n Ind€x
231
of Ma'illl Satkfadion dd Index of Sexual Salisfdion espcctiv€lv d.veloP€d bv
Huden (1982) we qsed. Irt p.o€ of adrltalion ad taNlation ha b€'n
disused in pa.t I of tlis re@h The €mpiricd dlta shosed thal lhese scals h3ve
sufrcicnt aliability dd vtlidity, &d @ b. us.d @nlid€trtlv for ih€ p@ 6drch
Pan II of 1he prent Es€dh wd @nducied on a elaiiv€lv wll spl€ lhe
objdriv. of pen It of ln€ Peet sudy s6 pt -tdling of all th€ scal€s dct'lop'd i'
pad I Nd b 6nd oul 1h. n.M $41 My inicf* in ihe findinSs of nain sludv Pan
Itl is @mFi$d of the mi! strdy- This pd .lals with fie D.in objcdive of ln'
6esoh. l1is ludy w .{ned oul wiih E rclativ€ly l6gd ffple using the scal6
adaptcd qd Edslol€d ir pst I of tlt pt€$l rcs€dh.
Plt.boE.aic PbFrdd ofurd!_v.Biont of Bnl BAl, AQ' IsE IMS' ud rSS
Th€

@rclared eirh @h odB 6d Ind€x of Mdir.l satisfa.tion shoeld the high.sl
@Nlllion {ilh Indd of Sex{al Salhfadion, 'I1F* nndings @ ale rupporr€d by lhe
evid@.s foud in &e tulthd.n lysis that ilE idenile @uple, who d dEpEs4
d.l$ dio6 &d i enile oupls who N in satistine miagcs edd 6ls b.
validity .3ti@t6 fo. .ll $d6 lw ale foud sarisfa.lory- Th€ 6trsE8l
validity of.&h qle h evid.nr i! the item-iotal orel.tioos with th. ov.r all $al.
(Tablc l8). Th. @@l{i@s of ttE irds of @h eal. with its os all $de point in
th. me diretio $hil€ mphai2ing th. onsel validig of Udu-v.Biotu of BDI.
BAI, AQ,lSE, IMS, dd ISS s sll th€ cor.lations w@ found lo b€ signincd. ltis
indi€t* llrd .ll thc s.al6 d m$uins thc se cd$rans d suppo6.d lo m@w.
Laeb md Soun6 of D.pro.ioo, Ar{.ty, S€r-Esi..E, Aggstio!, Mrritrl
S.rif.criotr rd Sdu.l S.rtuf.crio! l. F.rfrl. md I ertiL CoopL3
232
'Ih major purpoe of th€ cu€nl 6*h was io.calain $e levels dd
olB of @il!l ald exual stbf&1io4 d.prlsiotr, uicly, slf-estan, Agrsion.
od *lf esteem in f.tnle ed iDf.dile @upl€s. To idotiry l4eb of aU vdisbles,
fEqqcy dtlribuliotr {d cmulgtiE Frcdtag6 wF comput€d. Thc Frenril.
rrls wft @mpucd to find out ihc cut ofl sEs for nild. nod@1e ed hjSI lev€h
of fie!. diff€Ent vdiables. Thc diterion for cu1 ofr sco€s M rl sD ton rhe me&
stds falling on 25n dd ?5$ pe|htilcs wE delemincd 6 cul of points for dl
n sws, The $oEs up to 25'r pqcaril€ wcrc considered s low levels of n€6uEs,
r!. sB alovc 75d pe'@tilc wd @Nidcrcd s hieh l.v.ls of n*c and Est of
thc $oB \lft @6idred s Dod@ie ld.h orne5sfts.
Whtr th€ lroedw s6 .lom b d€t€mift the cul ofr Pojnk tbr
AggNiotr QwstiomiE. the s6 of t7 od 80 l@ found rh,r f.ll or 25d

756 pecntil.s Fspetivcly. The sco..s of 5? falting on 25o t€sntile wer
@tuideed 6 low l€v€ls of.ggrc*io4 th. s@rcs al 4d abov€ 80 falling o' 75lh
Fr.ndle q@ @6ideEd s high l4els of tggr$ion 4d rsr of th. sG w@
@Bid€Fd 6 nod@te levels ofasgBsion (T.ble 19) For th€ grcup of high levels
of aggr€sion, thc &.qum.y of iof€nilc couPles is 46 20lo $at is g!.d.r ihs th'
nlquncy for lov ed ho

234
For th€ d.tcmi@tion of mil4 nod.6le ad high l.vcls of oxiety of infcnib
ed f€nil€ mpl€, clt ofr $oe for D€ct Ani.ty Invenlory 6 indicaLd by B*k for
lLe digioal wEiotr of BAI w@ @lertaitFd- The s.@3 up ro 15 wE @sidcFd a
low ldcb of didt th. eoEs r,ngrne frcn 1610 25 wre @6idd.d 6 nodcdte
lwb of uidy dd s6 tughg nun 26 ro 63 'd .midecd 4 hisb L€k of
diety, Frequ€nci$ dd cmulstiv. tdeitrg* of inf.nile couPl6' eres oh Ba[
adi.ty Itue ory !t$ demBtd! the hiSh tEqlwi6 of itfdlil. @upl.s i..
25.?% thdt lies in ibc SroW ofhid lev.l of&xiety wbercd it {a 10 5% for fcrijle
soup in rhc sroup ofbid lo.l oftuiety oabl. 2l & 22).
The 6nh suppons th€ hypothesis lh.l M b6cd on g€n€ral oberyalion thai
i.&nile colpls e moe dios s @n!6r.d lo fqtile @4le ald 1he cvi4 of
lir€sturc €,g. th€ Editor of Vorld Hedth Fom (1996) dgu€s thll in India. tle
infenilc @upl6 fo. e @ly tr.ltmdt bele of tb. stigE tizllion in de sierv
rcutd drcsdy afret€d ile miial od exud livs of the.oupl6. He Plads
thal if
such @upt.s @ Previded wilh c@tion l suPpon nd fi.ir !w lrd dd on.' ilis
A3 for 6 thc cur of points for thc lrdq of Sdf-Edem, Itd.x of M&it l
ssdsf&tion ed hd.x of S.xud sarisfs.tion wm @neh.4 Hudeo 0981), thc
developa of all th.e tb@ ltAes, had giv@ a clini.al qntilg src of l0- Tnlt is
it g.n6.lly foud ih.l F6otu *tE ohd. a sE .boE 30 h.ve a clinic.llv
siclinot pobl€m h the d€a b.ine m6u€d. whil€ lhoe who $oG below l0 @
gddlly fie of swh Plobld,
Fr.qumy disLibulioc of infertil€ .ouples E8rrdi!8 then slf-estem sbows
thal tlqency of iifcnile @upl6 is high villin thc grcup of los ldels of elf_
este€m (t7 70) thh frequency is also gre * $o thd ofthe frcqusncv of fenile

@upl6 (51%) wilhin thjs sou! (ta!t 23 a 24). The ohpdien oflev.ls oa$lf'
estem trrwM liie sple of iof€nile sd Ierril. couPlcs showd the s€alesl
difieqe h th€ l.vels of $lf-6tccn of both grcups.. h is supponinS lhe htTotlEsis
235
that i.f.dil€ @upl.s show @bp6Blively l.s deerc of clf{st€d to fcnjle @!Pl6
as dAdibed in lii@tw Eview lhal €lery infeltile @uple in @opdisn of fenile
@upl6, ha ld *lf€t€n at erc rin in hb life. Th.y hight fe.l bad afer
diaercsing the probld of infenility, Cfticis @ nate ih.m fel bad. lnfenile m€n
sd wm6 on€n rilicie ihms.lrcs, Tney nay fc.l like thev en'l good enouelt
uls rh./E Fdet (BbsvicL & Tonalr. 1991).
Th. leveh or mdilal dd *xu.l s.tisf!.tion werc also found sisnilicddv
ditr @ni betaen both lh. Smups of i.fcnile md fenile @uPles Tn @uples afi.r
being diasrlos€d wirh inf.niliry rdd to hlve l* merat etisfactioD @rding 10
Bry@1&d congd (1999). It w", also hyPothesiad in the P6dt ts@h dd is
suppoftd by th. 6'nis of frlqudy distibution dd cM'n.dve pe@nlases Hcm
O. t€qMcy of id.rtil€ coupl* on th€ ind.x of milat $thfaclion n high 48.2%
wjlhin th. gbup of lo@ lev€ls of mii.l sdisfa.lion ltis frlqueocv is al$ hiSh€r
6 6np.r.d io 0E a€qeicy of fcnile @upl6 (26 5vd) within tbis greup of lo*q
m&ital salbfacdon (Tabl.23 & 24). This mav.oincide with studv @nduclcd bv
Tushd€afia d ?n. in 1999 6 ciled it liieratuE Fvi4 Ac@dinc 10 $eb
iDlility to @!eiv! rd its m€dicd tt€llnent adv*lv affccl lhe mritd ed snal
slishction in @lples ilst lcsds to l6s li€qrcncv of exual contlcts. Tushen'Catid
@rcludcd in rhe study rhd infeniL oupl6 rcpon d lss etisf.dion wiih th€n
Mi.gcs and s.xu.l liv$ compd€d 10 Lnile group- Th.se Esulis e also in
Mordd@ with th. findings of prcsl snrdy,
TtE urlysk of lhc sxDal $lisfa.tio ofd. infenil. @upla b are s.m d
hs been discusd for the ndi&l etisfaction. Infenile @!pl.s wilh high tuquencv
(532v') fatl in th. €t 8ory of low€r sexud sdsfrcrioa whil€ |be frEquencv for

f.dile @upl6 (32.570) *it[ir lhe mc goup of loM sutl sarlf&lion is low
(Tsble 23 & 24). Conp&ien with ftequetcy offenile grcup is als evealio8lhal
236
infenile @uples.t nonstnte les s.xud s.tisf&lioo thd fcniL @upl6. R€vi4 or
rb. litedtuc aho pltglcd lhe dltt for $* finditSF thlt i@bilitv io oneive is
going to adveMly aflecl$. mditaled sexual satisfdcion {Wrightet 3l l99l)
h is srard rhat Nl otr poi!6 E€d in thc studv m nol ab6ol e od hG |o be
.ontineBly valittll€d for ditreMt goups of popuhtioc. It is turhq slaled thal pon
of 1he licr.tw my favo. ow @nclusior I show€d thal €sLblish€d doms for all $€
@!slc lsed in thc pE*nr snldy @ itr lirc with the findi.lgs of vdou 3tudi6
dis@ed in litq.t6 di.Bed.
Difteren.B ir Depr.$lor, Ari.ty, Aee4!3ioo, S.lf_EsreeE Mtriltl '!d s'xutl
S.rilf.ction Elnibit d Bv h|.rr c tud fcnilt Co[Pl6
Th. sutG re {llvztit on th€ hdsit of dE smptons $al inl€nile €ouples
show high degr.e of exi€lv dd somt as codpatd b f'rdle couPles lnfertile
@upl6 e moE likely to f€l low slf

y@ of rine pdiod I2o, of rhe sMple had s oner of dajo. depr€ssive cphodcs lt
is.ptqed from rhe siudy thlt infenility is rct rc4Milv thc pdn oldc ptsl hislorv
of ihe p@pl. lufrqing Ad dep6ion blr n t thc 6ult of infcnilitv 4d s
c@ped to fcrtile @upls lhe 6rio b high for inf€nile @uPl6 {o dev.loP
d€F€$ion. nEse difl.des b.tw€cn idenile ed Lnile coupl€s s also sigrin'd1
6 to co.vine th. @d.r ofthc crcdibilily of rhe noding of prcsl studv.
The s@nd hyFrh*is thlt infenile @!Pl6 {ill disPtav noE dioB
bchrvior 6 @mpar.d to Gnil. oupLE n supportcd flom tle findings ollhe pll$t
study (Tabl. 39). Thft is a siglificdt ditreenc€ b.Iw€d fenile and inf€nib
couples in showing their Micty tnf€rdte @lples FPorted nN int@sc felings oI
di€ry sdo @m!@d to fdlil. @uPl6- Thc 6ult is in favd of the fitdings of in'
rc* of Aa/c ed Roth (2002) (s di$ussd h chtp: Adiciv) *ho rcpoir'd rhtt th€
.fre.ts of infenilrty dd inf€rtility trauhol on qu.lilv of li& al$vs 6ult in ffiietv
HiCy .icniti@t difi@@s sw foDd lo b€ oi di'tv inlenlorv' *hich
re in @netrily vilh ou culnr.t vtlu6 ard thc Prcs of pcnlhood rele
sializltion. As in ou cdtua edi.d colpl4 in g.EBl ald i enlle oupl4 als
under *v€re ecial prsws to n.el the dp€cutions of perfoning tladnioMr
f.minift and 6.sculin. @Ls paniculdlv sith Efed@ lo their exud rc16 md ihen
abiliy ro pod@ childrb. It is a sisl p6c @ thc vodg @up* to d
lMrdiig b tadiliorsl rc14, Shon id6€k b.t*@ gomlioN @ a @lt of lh'
p6sw3 on young ouples to b. sruallv &dve dd lo bd childG! dry d a m€m
of nnding socidl @eptdnce ed longnem 3..w9
'ne ihird hyFth6is ofthls study siit d rh{ id.nilc @upl6 e DoE likclv
lo sg!g. in tggNion lh& f€nile @u!l6 This hvpolhdit hG b'4 likelv swpondt

tleush rh! qudy (r$1. ,lO). Thjs finding 6 b. judficd by htins irio
condddlid dF c.rtrrl f.'I.||ns ofllc nudics by B.t ock a d. (193) (.s indicnld
in chq&r AsgBti6). AccoldDg to ilDq n L foud rhd infeditily ir $$idcd qilh
238
lhc rist of sb!.qFl rggrciE t |! .mDg @!pl6 with d withour . hinort of
.88rr*tiE bd.vid. h ir fouod lt.r rhd k r significr poririw Ft.tioBhip
b.tcM l! infqrility .rd.i8r!.siE b.bvior. Re&h in psyclDtogicrl .!d
3ociologi€l fi.|& 8gri! rh.l violoEc, ,g8r63ion rnd !.rcss d! *quiFd b.hsvi6
in Gpoile 10 liultni@ p.nicddl, HIt.d non i.fq liry.
Agg*iE b.hrvior @6 *h.d ouplcr nop r rerror. Withi. hoG of
.lorpi!€ tatmq couplB Ey .[ow 9N fc.rlG of .gSBior F.itu! of
!l'|!ncnt c.lg e im@6.d lt* d th. *tbL body d.o rhough dFF leB ro b.
I lenin€ of ld$ AmoB $oF wi$ lssBiE Flonrlirics, F!.pli@ of
infarility ct DeB in ft Fl! of th. br.i! rtu! @rd $id rEpolc, fintdng ,!d
drairy TIE ditrctltE3 mry apl.in dry sre iD&dilc oupl6 rad ro bc mF
rSgr6riw rtm ftrdl. @wld
"lnfcniL @uplB *ill ilw lo1lllr d.g!e of sclf-cd€E rhu fcnil. coupl€"
w lbc foEU hDoth6i! of ili, 3rrd! lbtt h.s bar iuppoi.d by rh. 6nding! ofthi3
rtudr o.bb al). Ttu nyFlhatu e$ poiuldcd keDi.8 ir via rlE pllvioE sudi6
cddEr.d by Croif i. 1997 lvlb !r?orr.d i. a di* uti.t d.tafqtititt art
ptrctolosi@l dttt et" 6.t lDtulilnt rfr.crs $tf-cdeD of infdtit .ouplcs. TtE
s!!l!@ of iti! hypoltAis d b. junifid by @siddirS thd bfarilc cooplca d
hw. I F8.tirc *lf inrlgc, .!d cdctE .bout lhcir Dhysi..l .ppatucc rad FtqFy
B @6Fr!d lo fdtilc splc' SEh cospta !r! goilg io fe rh. pFbLns r$ oFy
.!.drpl to .d.iun b rh.ir @ird &il sud li6. 'IrE fndirgs .$in ptovids
.npincd 3uprDn fd dr. ilrdy @ndod.d br An& ad Al€Edotu (1995) s cir.d in
liG.6$E Fviq who rlFtcd rt'r rlE iDDitiry ro .o@irc is posirivcty @trddd

with lowq l*el ofself6tc.nr hieh lcvcls ofdepesion &d uielv, extqne sial
ielation, dd $v€F sen* of guilt.
239
The fifth hrloth$is of ih. 31udy that tpccul.t€s a decline in mdilal
satisfetion 6 6 coneqBce of infqtilily hs b4n co!6med foi infenil. sffiple bul
nol for f€rtil. smple. The bypoihesh slaied ihst infenile @upl€s expres less narital
elisf&lion thm rhat of fenile .ouplca, Tbe sloogcat .mpincd eviden@ lbr
validation ofth€ ht?otlstu for inf.nil. smplc com.! Iibm the siSnificet difrdena
b€tren inJertil€ ed fcritc's scorc on th. I.dex of Mdilal Satisfdlion (rabk 42)
tlis $8g€ns tEt inf€dile.oopl* hlvc low.r kndency to bc etisfied vilh ftdiag€s
lha fe.!l€ @upl€s. Tn ddon l. for $h fsding is quite logic.l @sin€d Mlh the
findilgs of nudy mndud.d by Bt$ovich dd Toh.la in l99l to ne!s@
pst h^rciat efects of kl*nliry *rb Mly4d rh.r infcnilc p.@N Epon les
@ .nh6r, lowr l*ls of mditat .rd sxual elisfedon, ald loF FlfslaD
Dirte$ aN.d by infatility h.y inpair f.nility by les$ing ndital and
sual satisfactio& afieting adv&lt th! fcq@cy ot *xutl @nla.ts ud my
impat the quality of spem h th. mal6. (T!s.lM-C!fi$ er .1. 1999). Anoihe.
fnding in thjs Fgard is rclated to exul dilfEcdon. Scxual ethf@lion will be lowet
in inledile coupl$ thm ih &rlile couplcs, w6 sixth hypoth6h of $e siudy which
@ swponed Gabl.
43). The hypothF's w4 madc in @oid&ce sirh vd zyl, s
lDdings (19871) abour i.fedile couples who report ihat lh€n i.ability to conceive hs
sious negaive efiecis on th.ir liv6. pani.ulaly theit Fxual ed Milal relations
'nE d@llnce of th€ ht?oth*G nighl b..n buled to the f&1(a indisted
in chaFd squd slisfedon) thlt th. najoniy of @uplas rcponed @nflici, low

sxual sarisli.tion, 8ap h o@widbn, @onicts upon nodc of m.dical ra[nd.
alsm ofsymMy md emrurhy (tudrs.r al., l9l)
Geld.r Dtfieftncd In Dep@iotr, Ann.ty, Aggr.sio4 S.lt-E.t .n, M.rli.l md
S.t!.I S.tirt crio! R.lDned ty llf.rtiL CouDL.
240
An ihtond objetivc of this $!dt wa ro |,r€ @gt)ida of the e€nd€r
difeMas in lh.l.v.h ofdepresi@, exicty, self-*l€.n, aggc$ion, Edital &d
sxual satislaclion of infenile .ouples. Thc study Ev€al.d inteBting patterm ofth€
gendq diFeMes in t @ of all lh* pEchological chrng.s that @u in outl6
ats being dilgnoi.d wilh prebld of inf€niliry, *nich qpl.jned how do tM ard
mn@ dills in th€n kv€lc md menitudB of d@esion {d dxiely, how do lhey
difd in f€eling klf-6tM md in exprcsing ageEsio.. dd how do lhey show
diferent pat|hs of 3attf&tjon silh th.ir mmiaad and exual liv* while
sinultFuly Ndliddng the dilleMr p6lh of Elarioship mong rh* sir
@nsti&ls fd ceh ghder.
I eGting gcod€r diif@@s w€r€ €nelged d a resull of rhc i.test amlysh of
fi. d.pr*ior (Trbl.45). Il *a hypolh$i&d thar iDftnil. emo wiU disllay dor
d.prsior a @npl ed lo i.f.niL no. R6ulrs indior.d rhar 6o ed wno dilld
siglificddy in h.ving depF$ion.nr b€irg disgnos€d with a prcblm ofiifertiliry,
\voma were fouod lo be nore likely ro denonsrdte nore deprcssion s €obpared 10
m.n whd they rcMjr childl6s. Ihis finding h i! tee with 1h€ findines of rhe sludy
publish€d in 1993 by Vhit€ et ol. (3 indic!&d i. Evi* of lit 6rft), who Epolled
ind wona who @niinu.lly f@ de dieppointnor of ror @neiving nonth altd
nontL show noc frequent si$s ofgii€f, depression md uiely. R€seNh aboul lhe
ElalioEhip of inl'rdlity with depcsion cxplailed rhat depcaioo is a mdnat
@lion to the cxp.ri€re of inGnility. Conpu€d wirh m.q d.p6ion is

@nnorplM dong wond feing inf.diliiy F€mles exp.rience no€ d,etv'
e8cr, s€N of euiL nwo6s &d dcptc$ion d cmD6Fd to mal.s Snrdies havc
shoM thar ihe ld.l of dcpBion whil. .xFne@iig infdilitv is clo$ ro fcmdcs
241
'Ihe 8roed5 ot whrch l[* findinSs c& be defddcd cnltil dE pN$ or
gcid6 rele @iatiztion o&ush sbich qonen led Ual $ey rculd have to plod@
b6by, Every soiety .mphsies rhe inpote@ of childb€din8 sbiliiv one of lh.
idportdt ia.ks fo. @ude aner l)triasc k to hav€ chil&en (lre & Kuo, 2000)
Childls woM f@d tlsl their lormcB would abandon lh€F, dd sepanre $m A
rcmo eto is found 10 bc involved in a 6tc of mother, Bh.n diagno*d *ilh
i enility, be.on€s deprssd whe@ no such noods €xists ior a mm ird'need in th€
slm p@tieg Ou g€ndd rele prictic* dllow Mnd to b. involved in ihe rc1. of
pddtbood DUsi an* heiage i is Mid.r.d 3 . fqdnine bch.vior slool qhich a
&n.le shodd bosl viihin th. splft of hd $cial eroup, This cleifies why somo
ae mor€ likdy lo deno$irat€ d.pression mood s comp4ed !o he.
I is @monly @.pl€d ihat moE wom€o @ depE*d lhd rch. Tne db
!ppc6 ro be aloor trc dqssed rcm.n ro €wy depm*d lm. women E
nedic.l feilitid ooF ond tho mo, thcy isit a physicie mot€ f€qMtly od for
mildq syntlom thd m€n do- Ihu ii My oDry app€ar $al
d.pFsed b@os noc of tbd @n in fo. Eqhs . Es moE inter6litrg, $c
onsd of detEsion in both no ai|d en n which fomrly ws host liequent duing
the mid-forties, eems !o be noving brck in tim.. YoDS adulth@d is nos be@ming
th. mo$ nlqudt tin€ for d€p6siol But, rcm.n slbw a high.r 6ie thd nq. This
q diffcMe ha ben folrd not jusl in thc Udted srab or VGt E bnoF, but
worldwide. This aho day coincid€ with th. work oI Bluer (1989) sto tFned thlt

eren dqelop signilimt lsels of d.pt€sioi after only a f.w monrhr of irying lo
242
Tne bosr srrildng diff€ren€ ss.viddt ih lh€ ulysis of di€iy for infenile
n n ad women (Iabl€ 46). A siEnificsl g€ndd difercnce ws round in the srs
of di€ty th.l suggdc thlr inf.rtile @n6 @ noF likely lo .xnibn the dio6
b.l$vid G mpsred b infcrtil€ no. ASain thc pntiem ofgddd olc i. ou cdr@
derge s lhe most plawible llen for this diffs€rce s qplain d while discusins
the g6dd difl@nq in 1eo3 ofdepssio!. won€n\ likelih@d of donostrains
dioN behavim is nairdrxy Elat d lo ou cultw.nd lh. pd.s of cends ole
eisliztior Thc 6ndi.g prcvides empirictl support tur rhc $4h di$Nsd in
rview lilerarw, .onductcd by Tdlarzis.t sl. (199r. nF aulhoB 6.clu.led lhal
fenales drd nal$ ract d io the blrdd of lol hsvins children in dif€Ht ways.
Womd EFncd mN int E felina3 of dxiety ed d.pBion @mpaiql to men.
Arg/le dd Rorh. (2002) line of @nin8 (d iodrer€d in chlptd Adi.ty) thar rhe
€fidts of tufenitit/ dd infeniliiy trefiic.t on qulity of lif€ llwys 6ult in di.g
No del4trbl. g€rler ditr@@e ss lound in tems of aggasion s'hd lhc
d.l. peiainine ro agBiion B@ slbjdlcd to G&dysis Gablc 4?). Si.@ rggr6sion
in this snldy. w @rc.pturlizld 6 a p.Mnality thil it sholld b. dislribul€d in the
populatior ir ac@rdee wilh the nomal cude iresFclive of g€nder ihat *ffi lo
hlvc m direr b.!in8 upon s@h a peMndity mit 6 aggFsion. Non sienin@l
g.!dd ditr@n@ found on aggBion md$ure slggdts ihtr aga6iv€ beh,vioa
Bultile due 10 infenility e ev€dy engrcssd by infenile mo ed wod€n. Ior nGt
@upl.s, inlenility do.$t aue thm to bc.ggresive. Howv€t, ii is posibb dat
Fople who G prem to b€irg aggBir. my b@on moE sgg6ive 6 . Gull of
th.n hoFls falings of id.nility. fti! finding of prcsl sfudy may @i@ide sjlh

ihe nldlnEs of Talds (1988) (6 discus$d i! €hapler Assrcsion) Thc Es@bes
odd not qplai! th€ difrdncd ofihe rcsloms in lh..xprcsion ofmg.i bv Ear.s
243
ud fdElcs. Ii is ale B@gniz.d thal borh irfenite nm us. aletesion B d€4 of
exercisins conircl over oth.r D€ople becaule for lhm by subjugaling o$er thev cd
Egain lhcn eftstem. On thc othd hdd for a f.o.L the expcri.n€ of
powl6sn65 Esutls in a scvcr sense of 8!i11. Mlls usullv do nol deteloP $tue or
A signili@t djfl.cn@ .swial€d *ith *f-61em bct@n intdtilc neD atd
wm€n m lo be lle expcctcd frding. Tlis dlle@4 ce be erplain d in tems ol'
g€ndd rele $cialialion s disEsd p.fiinc to gendci ditrercnes in depre$ioh
and uiety- As di$uss€d dli.r thrl inferlil€ enen @ noe lilclv lo.xhibn high
deg@ of depBsion ed ui€ty s @mped lo itleftile men thal al$ posit a fi@l
to the low *lf4l4n ofinLnil. wom.n. ft.oud lhis qpsled Elsliotuhip, il F6
ht?oth€sizti that i.fenile somen being nor depEssed md hore mios comPared
lo i.f€rtil€ n€n also d€honslrat€ low *lf{sleem vbeo compared to inlenile neo.
Subde psnms of 8.ndd dified6 m.4ed dhlgh dE edris of ellsten ld
inferlile men &d wonen (Tabl. 48). The nidine cm b. cxplained in tems or ou
cdtnal vslG dd sFcifi.dly itr co .rt of 8.ldd blc sialiadon. Mon of od
womd d burhi to haE E notheih@d Fl. aftd beinS lMi€d bui whm oEv de
diaeroed wnh i.f€rtilig md hale peK.ption of failue to prcdu.e babv' tnev
becorc depEss€d dd fdl low elf€leen. This ddfi8 *hv em€n @np6tEd to
men e nGt lik€ly lo .xperioe lot elf-esl€en, nc Esult is consislelt wiih
uothd revi4 by woods er al. (191) (3 indic*€d in cview lilenluc) uat covss
@ s edotion4t rcsptu* to irt.,irt. The aulhoE d*nbe tnal De$tibes thar
inabilrty 10 conceive adv@ly affecb females ell ih.ge md

l.!el of slf .slem ad this rsulls into . gear sme of dlienation, ftlstldon dd
gri.t lftb€y de prcvid.d right tin& oftsrhe slrategies that wdd atr€ct $en
mi.d *t pGilirely. ThcE e 6e wys i! snich heith ce !rcfsiorals @
fa.ilitlte the d€ctcd fenal.s by imMins fcMles la.l of elf 6t.d by prcvidine
.notiod! suppon from the siety md fmily' and by Mrkitr8 wilh rhos coping
mcheis that qill dc.lte then bvel of p.ychologicil iob6l&@.
u4
A cE libl. ju{lietion fd this findins is thar in ou @icty. for wDea il is
@NidcEd importdt ihat penEps won€n .xFriace mor strcss thm men becaus
lhcir liv€s @nlain norc s[Estul €v.nrs, The pictN of thc arnsful life of a
hm.h.td or a etu uying to @bbin. homdaring *ilh a carr is wll *nos,
e fd, how€r, qe{ch h6 not shoM fiar wono qp.rie.e noE fEqufll
st.ssful €vents ih& n.n or lhat they *p.ri.@ them s b.ing moe sn6sful.
HMv.r, ar the s. ld.ls of sf6s, en n Eport sFptoh of low slf estcn
i dsnies about twnly-fivc per@t hielB fie ns! $til. oft midr Bnclude lhll
rcn.n de morc IiE lo.xp6s synpbms thar nen b€cse oui cultE qpel5 nen
to Lcp a stif urper liC' enib *m€n @ allowd !o be doriooal.
Th. rcjolion ofthis hypothgis tu b.justifi.d by coBid.dae lhe @tufilc.l
eLn.nt of dggEsion 6d it is ms n*sarl to doelop difi@l ti@rctical
fomulitioG b md.6tod in&nik m.n!s dd yome.'s dggr*sion. Lapr€$ive
l[od* for w@s @rcgdicdly sea 0[t f.bal6 have to @nnol then iinitutud
bchivior othcoise thcy have b fe $cial osterciation, On rhe otbq hdd
theoreiical fondalions for nen *en $al nals M ageessioo b€cau* th€y e
b.ins b.oefir€d by ir (Cdpbetl, 1993).
Thc hlts ptrbiDing 1o lhe h}?olh.ris lhod ln. EeDd{ djfcMcd in mdi|.l
sdilfadion ofer uexpected findirgs, It w6 hyporhesizd thdt Mmen e leasl

stisfi.d *nh ln.n ll6i.e6 d @bp6!!d to i.Lrtil€ n 16. Itis bFrh6t h4 not
ben suppon d thrcugh this study Gable 49), A lurpnsiig yicld of rhis study rs thal
no diF€r€nces w€r€ foud b.twer inf.nil€ Esl6 ed Imal€s rsgdding iheir nrilal
$lisf&tion, nE failft !o 6nd a diffcmcc betren md and mmd @ b.
a,tEibutc.l to th. f&i dEt fch.lec fa@ phtsical ab$ or dE rhMt of sorbq wifc by
thei. hubands dE to theh inability to prcdu€ childr€n. Socially they be@c oulcdr
od h4 to fe hMililrioN ar rhc fdily 8!th.rines.
The $ul1s e not in lire with pdios €st*hcs, As clov€r cr al. (1999)
argu€d ihat fenale menbqs ol coupl6 exp.dsnc6 mrilal &d sexu,l disadsfa.lion
tbs fi.ir m16. 6 d*ribd h chaprer M&iral S,rda.rion The hlTolnsis ws
nade qhilc ouid*ine lhc f&1 dsr primdily wonen s Mciion io inl€rriliry wnhout
m exdimiion of how rh. other dmb.r of rh€ ouple is Factilg ro rhe sc ev€nl
o. how @h !€rh.ds qpqic@ is !f,€.ring the oth6 p6nEr i5 alEys ! deline in
rheir Miial $iisfa.tion (GFil, 1997).
Simildly, inf€rtile E.D & wno h.d not shom diff.dt pan€m of sxual
elisfa.lion (Table 50). Orc d.|. do nor $pton d. nyF1h6is rhrr infenilc n n ed
wom€n would differ in th.n slal sdisfaction. Result of rhis salysis d@s not
indicar. thal id.rtil€ women e l.s likely ro exually erisry 6 .onpdd lo men.
ft€ BdB Ftrai.ing lo 86dq dmebq i! @nal and *xual edsfe on e in
@ntrssr with lnc 6.dings of Afe.t dd Disod (2003) s indicared i. ftvid
ftmte eho dsluared thc diflftn€d in Fychological disrtlss, @iial stisf.crioq
dd sud s.dsf&tion. He Eport d lLal hsb6ndr Ev€lted noE disfEs in neir.l
ed sexual stisfaction 4 .ompd€d to wiv.s,
'ft€ rejecdor ofthb htlollesis mighl b€ alrribnled ro ih. f&1(a di$wd ii
ch,piq Squd $tisfa.tion) rh.l ene ofih. @upl6 Eponcd that inf.riilily poblen
245

etully inpiove their relatioNhip that moy lead 10 exual sltisf&tion (Hulb€n et 51 ,
246
193). BoU rhc gendd, dd€ fqnalc d cqu.lly victim of moE Nicty, loa elf
€$m, blmc dld ietaiion ed this @ lcld io sxutl iddcq@y paniculdly qh€n
the Eal caue li6 vilh the nDl.s.(webb & Deiluk, I99).
A3 n@tiorcd sticr while dislsine tne inls-s.d. @@latios tot all six
n4ws u.d in pF$ sndy, inf.nilc @upl.s who @ deprcsed Bould be
d.6nit ly moE uios s fould hish @el.lion hr@tt d.pEsion and di€ly
$5ls (T61. l7). Th€ sMp(d h6 bc! suppon d by rhc atrdings of F€*nr
study. A onmon thead th.i.ne.ged fom Dr. Dondt FwNh (1999) is lh€ frcl
thar d€pNion In€d in pidmt! duing inf.nilny. In f&l il app.6 t!.t detesior is
mE clely ssiared witb idetiility the dieg. Il do6 *m ih.i qtta
depFsion Gdu@s in. Eroup ofvery d€pres.d ihf€nil€ women, lh. concaPtion 6te
Aloth.r findiq cd bc ddon liad by the fad thai infcnile couplcs who m
h d€pEssioo dd diety would h{e th. feelings oI low ellestem a foud higltlv
pcitire @GlatioN monr &pr6sioq dicty and low *lfGi.em (Tablc l7). The
6nd'nes @ suggslibl€ for ih. suppon of thee dsmpiioD lhd infenil. @upl6
wilh hieh d.s@ or deFe$ion &d tuiery aE norc lilcly ro have low *ll.seem
bfertiL @upl6' likelilood of d@osmlinS ndiral elitfdtion is al$ if,volved in
sul stisf&tion thal h moiDgfinly Elaled io the f&l about tbose couples who @
in stisryirg mdiares ae .le in srare of $isfacid wilh th€ir et!.j liv6
lof.rtllc Coupl€t Ov.nll Prcfile lftlp.ciive OfF.nily SydeD on Urdu
vcBio!. of BDI, BAI, Aq lsq IMS' .nd ISS
Wifiin th€ @ ext of ldily sysrd. wc hlve only two f.mily syicms F.s1
in ou fdily sellines i,e, nucl€s ed joiht living syslems, Th€ fsnilt srsiem in

Palislan is cloely i .n*ir.d or.. A fuily in P*istan is diff.@t nom Amdi6
dd ENFan &niu.s in imm@bl€ @urn nd6 seh a culluE, wys of livinS,
Frltds fo. eldtr @mbin€d fmily systcm, .nd . mol€r ed trong€t contdd with
e&h oth€r (Mohsin, 1990). WtEn d.t w€!€ fudrs dalyzcd lo €xploE lhe
ph.@m.oon of psy.hological a$e.b of inf.nilily on tne din€Nion of fuily sysen
ir. trala .nd joinl 6mily system, no one difrem I foud suri$icrtly
siSnificdt (Lble 5l), It vd nold $d i.fenile olpl€s frcm diff@ {mily
syst€ms did no1 dilLr on ihe me6w of dcprcssion. Inf.rlil€ couph non nEI*
.rd joiDl 6nily sytLm ale showd m dif.!4. on rhe m@d of diety implying
rhal fmily sr$en dG noI apFu to @ninbde lo d@Bion rnd diely of
'nfenile
couples a il wa ht?othcsi&d. Al th€ sdc iime infenile coupl.s ftom nucl€d ud
joint feilid hav€ simil& kiod of fndins fo, their self.d*n Ir suss.s$ tnat fmily
.nvibmdt difding from @n orh6 for inf.nile @u!16, de mt @nEibute 10 lhc
sF of lo* self

P.lisiani f.mily sysLn, it ffi d'.r otho .lderly mmbe6 prcsd in ihe rmily
srch s gEd p!mt! .!c, my ndfiU motioD.l ne€ds of infcniL @uples. In thc
pr.sEM of g@d puerts dd so{all€d authority fi8rEs do nol use orpodl
puistuhdn for inf.rlil€. hdce, fuily systen does nor *d lo plly e impotul rele
in de.linina Dqit l etisfacdon of infenilc @!plcs.
244
The difr€de in exFri€ncing $c *xud satisfddon b.iwd infenilc
couples lion .uclcd and joinl fuili€s qas also idenlified nod+ig.ificadce. h 16
.l5o aothd inpoirdt asmplion ol rh. plwnl study lhat fmily sysren would
@nliib|ne b rh. lo*r l.vel of ex!.I sri5f&don. Th. hypod.sis @ncdins tnc
s|!c!Mr fiat infcnilc @lples expced to nal@ f.nili6 d l6s lik€ly to fel
sxud salhf*l'on s @mpa@d io infertile @uples exposed to joint fmilis, ha not
bea eupponed by th€ nndings of pBmt srudy. Th€ Ejalion of rh. hypoth€sis might
b. rlt ibuted ro ihc fad dBr i.f.nil..@pt.s tu nEl@ fdily sysllh misht
innencldby eionomy ed€latedncs In $e ontext of fdily auioiomy mes the
tlee@ of ind€pendmc. ed iodividualily od f@doo €xpdi€nce by ihe pan 6
(R.!l.in-EsqB er !1., 1997) whe@ clalcdhds t b6ic.lly rbe .xFri€nce of
cloens dd @n6d.ic€ b.t*a lhe prnEu. Blln ln.* feroF aE signifi@ily
@rel.ted ml ody with @h ollq bur ds e indictjve of adiElrDot rnd tn. lelel
ofsatisfa.lio. in thc pann6, WleEs, inf.nile @lples injoint fmily system ntlt
d.vclop l!€ en* of shdin8 dd intim&y wirh their fmily nmb.B,lhat co hav€
poiitirc innll.1G on th.ir mdnal adjNrm.nt dd exud $tisf!.tion.
Id€nile Couplc'3 Ov.nll Pofil€ lcp..riv€ of Ars ro wbicl Ih., B.lory, or
Urdu V.Biotrr ofBDI, BAI,AQ,ISE, rMS, !trd ISS
A@tlFr hypothBis @ fomulal.d aboul lhe .M to which infedile smpl.
belolg. It E alsM.d ltat infcnil. @upl* muld hare signifimt ditreMes

249
iftsFclive of residcntial @ lo which thcy belong, in displayine their mods of
&F€sioa intesny of uiety, levcl of *lf-.$eb, &d nqritude of,eer6riot!
dce@ of Milat &d 3qual etisfaclion. fte rcsdts of ou csrch shoved lhai
inf.nile @lples hav. significel dif@nc6 in th€n Ror€s on AQ_Urdu qith teSnrd
to .@ bul en*igiifidt diffemcd rcrc found d BDl, BAI, ISE, IMS md ISS.
Thc data wE dlt'zed by dividing infcnil€ @wl6 into tso greupa; lle infcnilc
@upl.s livins in tunl @ ud inf.nile couPlcs livinS in ube e. lt is ou sen@l
obc.flaiion thal infeniL coupl€s &on runl ea may be psycholoeicallv mo!.
disdwtaged d@ to the pobld of infcnil'ly 6 conpded lo inf.nile @upl6 lron
uttdr !e The findines 016. study p6nially suppoded rhe ht?othdis (Toble 52) lt
suSg$ied tnal infaril. couples of @l @s w€E nor€ ogtged in a€gBsion ihs
in&nil€ ouples of !6@ aM,
!.
wire Difi.Eos in DcpBio!, Aori.ty, AggBioq s.lf 6i.cn' l|t tirrl
.Nl SeNll Srtif.clion ofhl€iil€ *npl.
Agine is @e of those poes6 which afie.t €veryonc difleMtlv. Response to
aeing is En lly slow and pii6 larins- Phtsical deline begiD al6lv addthood, but
n is hle in d€ lit. whcn Fople beme lwe of il. Mdy *Mry abilitics su€h 6
vhlal acui9, audiiory accur@y, musclc stFhgn ed Frclio. time dini.hh
ghdu.Iy. h the old ag. $€ onet of a thc.t ning ailnol lilc tLlEssiot! &xielv
elf

m.G th bfenil. @ud6 wftn diffGMr .ge l€v.ls will denomtEr. thc diffctnt
lcv.h of deFt6sio4 diety ed aggr$ion. h wa ale amed rhat infcnilc @upls
muld l6s litcly 10 hav€ $lfareenr ndiid ed exurl etislaction. The nndinrr @
in@$istcni wiur ou hypoth€sis exc.pi for $c asp.cl of s.xual etisfaction. Contrary
to ou hypolh.sis, nrdings prcposed lhal fsclor oa Ege N nol dsciat€d snh vgrying
deg@r of d.prcsiotr di€ty, Flf-.ilcm, a8Ar€ssion and milal erbf&tion (T.bls
54). Only fo. sxu,l salisft.tioa .9. ha ben foud a signfica sssial€d f&!or
panicd&ly for the age gou! of 5C65 tt4 old eh€n @opdd to yomSd dg.
soup of 26-15 ys old od 3G45 rs old (Table 55). Itey had 3ilnificmily
sharper ni.s of declining sexual saihfa.rion the did the young€r ag€ group who
Tn preposd ationale for this Bult isl m6t Fople 6sme rhat ir is oFional
lo Fod@ childm stuneE ln.y vel.d, Bu ancr spodiig

laels didlly diffa in then depe$ion, Mi.ty, el|{sted! aCige$ion, ndital aid
sual eijsf&tiotr. ft w6 cl€rly @Ni&Fd thal ditr€Enl edMtioml l€vels wuld
@ .ibut to the psycbolosicrl foc.G of inf.diliry. The Bdts ofone Wat Anal)sh
of vdia@ for s6 of inf.nil. on BDl, BAI,ISE ad ISS sho*ed non sienifi@l
.frel or eduorion (Table 5D. -rhe findings implicd rhol 0!e infedile sple
bclonging 1o difleMr €duqtio.d l.vels did not difld in d€picting th€ir depesion,
diety, rr+slen ed *xul erisfacrio..
25t
Tbe Mults orceming rhe sm. bt?olhesis tunh€r show€d sis.ifist
difrer€rces a@ng the six grcups of diffoftnl educalional level on the mdures of
aggEsion ed ntrit l etisfeiion. h M hypoihcsi4d thal aCgssion ed n{ilrl
stbf&tion muld b€ in ditr@r ratctu for ditr @t Smups of bfenjle Fople
b.lo4ing lo ditreql caftgori6 of .ducgtion. Thc nidings ol the pe*nt Fseeh
supporr.d rh. hyporheis which impli.d thlt diflemt Cioups of Bpondeo|s showd
difrcEnt degr of agglsi@ ed n&it l stisf&lion. 'nE findings of posl-n@
(Trbl. 58) t6! perfoded ro *'owins {hicb sDups @ dislanr to @h orhd on
AggEsior Qn slio@irc ffidized 1hat inferile sple eiih naric qualificaio.
e.l infenile suple wiih posl eradutc qu.lilicaiion depicred difereni Fltehs of
aggesive behavior. Sinilaly th€ indioSs fo. mdiral saristaciioo indicated ihe
$iti@t diffeme b€tm bf.rlilc smple lhal e belo* moliic and inf€rlile
spL with F.A qualifiation (Tlble 59), On th. b6is of drse fndhes i1c& be
corclud.

252
In Prtjslani *id se1 u! @e 6n& r sl@p @nurn in fmilies, on rh€ om
hnd belonging to very high &d, o th. oiha nand bel@ging io ve.y low incone
The data s@ tutlq &altzed lo exploe thc rcle ofin@h.l€v€l lo {tich infertil€
@'al6 @ dpoe4 in dEi! deprsion, Mi.ry, $r

Lusut8. rik Difi€rcmq b DepBriont Ari€ty, Aglrecrioq S€lf-f,lr.en,
M.rtt l Sirilfatio! .!d Ssurl Soltlf.cti,n ol I .rtil.ebpL
253
11 @Ds to be impofi&i 10 give andion !o oduing ed significot 6pect of
ou $cicty |har tuy flouish sid cfeienc. lo th€s quhs. Most evid.nt in lnis
Fgr.d is laguage. L{lgu,g. t lls u a gut d.al about a culrG. ln @ntat io ene
otha culic, lagug€ pem€ates all pans of s@iety. Tne dsla wre frmne! &altz€d
10 s t!. inpad of laneue. oo depr€sio4 diety, *lf4tftr! a€ersion, hdilal
.!d sud sltisf&tion 6ult d dE lo infd{liry in @uplcs. Thc cfrer ol l&8uge ol
inl€dile olples on theb psycholoSical states h6 nelcr been invesriSaied 6
dbnuehly by thc cseeh6, althouS! it w6 offiderEd thar difI.Ht lsguag€s @
@dbute ro tlillFnr l€vcls of delcsion, diety, *lf€rcd, aggrBsiorr Miral
Thc sulysis sho*td th. vital rele of leguee Dorticuldly
for the m6ws of
d€p6sion, didy ad *xual saisfadior (Tsbl€ 63). Tn findings of lhe p6enl
study suSg€sted lhfi the inf.nilc coupl€s of Ud! dd Pujabi l&e!ae6 di{'ded in
l.m of dcpBiotr R4llts indicate 6ar U'{u sleting rspoftlcnts e moc likely
Io h€ deprcs!.d N @mpd.d io Pujabi spe6li.g Bpond€nrs (Table 64). The r€sults
firnha indi@l.d thal the di{fcrene in displgyi.g Miery b.tyeo Urdu ldg@ge
erc'D dd Pbjabi lesu.gc goup m higily signifi@t, *hich inpli.s th.t Urdu
sroup tpottcd noe uiery when @npaFd io Pujabi grcup (Trble 65). A ocdible
juslific{ion for this findii8 cd b. supponcd by the evid.rc 3 diswd h th€
cDftla,tion stultsis of all m6B b b. studied ir th€ pa*ni srudy dal dcprc$ion
dd uiely ec nighly rbsitively @ftlaied wilh eoch orhcr. Ir explai.s th.l people
*rD @ d.pGsed e noE likely to havc dxicty, This amplion t supDon ! by
thc fudings of cll€ t of ldguec on deprsio! and dxi.ly which suggd thal ihe

grelp of U.du l&guage feb hirhr lev.l of diety, dcP6ion simulra!@Blv. 6
comp@d to sroup of Pujabi lNguase.
254
As for s tE nnding €lar€d to sust satisfaction is otrcm.d' the sulls
indi@ied sigrrifiMl inpgct of lmgu.ae on exu,l sdshcrion (Tlble 66). Th€
ht?oihet Fnsining b tlE diff.rcnce in th. tleere of sexul satisfaction of infefiil.
@upl6 has bdn suPpon€d by lh. frdings of p|tgt study- The infeMrid tnalvsis
suggested fie surynsingly diffede fosd b€l\{d Smiki ud ?6jabi leguge
ereups. IrE fnding 61aik lh. i.ldpet lioi thal both 86u!s diff{ in their *xutl
latisflction od Suiki e l.$ likely lo b. s.tisfied 6 @nPEEd to Pujlbi goup
t qtile Corpl.! Orenl Pmfd.I|cP.divc ofPer..plior ol ld.rtili9 Rruot
Dl.gD6.d io Coupl$ On Urdo-v.Bio.! of BDI, BAI, AQ' ISE IMS' .nd I*5
The dita ot l[. pllst study rr@ tutth€r aFlyad fion @lhd as!6t for
shich th€ infcnil. smpl€ wm grcuFd into fou categotils on th€ bais oftnowing
the caw of inf.nility pment in Espond4r, in hith€r P.nftr,
in bolh ot in non of
ih.E. PLucd @mpdis@ wd *l6rcd ard il 6 htTotheized that lhe lonn s
who h.ve been idotii€d wilh a ca$ of in&nilitv will sbow th€ gtsalet sisns of
d.p6ioa di.ry, atld low slfsl€a! snd high aggcsiolL low @ila1 3d sul
The 6ull3 & @nsist nt wilh lhc ht?olhsis onlv for self$ten md sxual
$rbfa.ti@ (Table 67)- I1jc findin8s slDw€d thai the pstnca who N idcntified e'th
c!@ of infenility hdve siStifi@l diflerenoes on th€ lbdcx of s.lf

pdtcs idoti6.d wilh caue @ morc likcly io haE lov elf

c.e in l0 - 40 % of sll infenilrty c.g- In @tber l0 - 15 7o a @nbiDrion of mde
ard f€dEle factoB coniribut€s €qually. Inf.nilrty inv€stigations should D@foF
dM'5 ircld. a thoreueh lsgtuq of boll p€irlr6, The €botional ed
psycholo8rc.l impd of m6le inf.rdliry is on€n od€Estimalcd. Co@ling .rd
suppon by 6 infertility t !tr! for bolh pdtFB, is !@tm.ndcd to help linil lhe
potdtiaUy &l8tating cmolioEl inp.cr.
256
D6criptiv. @lysis of 6oos foi inf.nility shosrd thsl inability to @nceivc
@ b. €!s.d by di$rdc6 found in dE @uplcs (40r), in 9mcn .lore (23.sv.) or ii
th€ nale par|nd al@e (28%). In some of ih. c@s no Rd case for inf.ltilily k
oh.dvd (08.50,4). Thft my @imide {ih th. FE .se ntio sMied by EsttRE
Clpri \vo*shop (196) s di$ued in chapt r Phtsiological AsFctr of In&nilily.
SuDury of Re€xeslo! A!tly!l! for v.rl.bls h.dlctirg D.pB3ioq Ariely,
Aitrq.i.o, Scr-EllFD, M.nd .d sq!.| s.tid..aioo of ldcrtiL Corpls
T1E d.L of pcsnt E*@h w* fiu1n€r analyzed to cxplore ihc pFdiclin8
dility of all vaiables srch 6 dcpBion, ui.ty, !8grcsion, elf

dePBsiol Ih. fndin8s highlighl rh. facl dlt di.ty and elf-61€d e signifi@t
factoF .onributing towErds deprclsion (Table 69), As dgued by Blaevich &d
Tonaka 09D, infenile coupl€s who rcpon low elfdte€m 6lso Fpon ksg
q@redmar.nd mE ldi€ty. hreugh tnis ftrdins. ! !w sutpriting yield hs bccn
cone to ud.r shrdy that aggFsioo is als sothr siSnficet lactor lb.t may lead lo
Th. 6dt. shom alovc eay l€d G b @n@pnEli& rhc impon ne ot
sigri6@t Etatiorohipe dorg d€pBioa diely agg6ion ad *lf4l@m. Th.
lite€te r€vhw hd 61rc rcved€d th. enpirical suppod for ihese lindi.8s. As AnaL
dd Akercdolq (1995) rcpo €d thal fie imbilily to @neiv. is Fhted with
251
F'lhotogicd Foblens paniculely *ial islalion, €xd4. $@ of euilt hiSkr
lryel of uiety ed d.pBion, od low lev€l of *lf..s1*h in both god6.
Wrfl dd1a *re dalyzed 10 investigdte th. ctTdl of depEssion, mi€tv'
lgg6iion ed elf{sr.d on lMitd ard exutl elisfa.ion of
'nf.ttil€
@uples' n
E foud hc!@ th. Mitat dd $rual srisfacrion e positivelt @rclaled *itl
e&h othq which impli€s th* @uplct who .E it sdhrying Miag€s would h.v.
*xud etisfetion. The €sllis irnhd indicliqi that low€t lev€l of self'6tm of
inldtilc @upl6 is . riSllf@t indicab tor l[cn .Lcli.6 in odital and sod
stisf!.tior (Table 73 & 74).
Regrcssion dalysh .ondncted to find ihe impsd of all vdigbl€s ot Mild
salisfetion sho$€d $e signin@t cff4tr- S*xual etisf*lion dd slf-*ten e
fourd siifi@t for mdilal satjsfedon edich indiet€d lh.t both of dE flclo6 N
sienific&i prcdicloB of Ddilal etbf&tion (Tablc ?3) Ih€ Fgession onalvsh
perfomed to dcremir. the inportane of vdiabl€s cott ibrtirg to{atds slf4$eed
shoqd a FqloniMt ble of dcpBiolr sxi.ty dd, Edrd lrd exu,l srista.tion
'nE fig)lest p w€i8l is a indi€tive of lo*d self_esteen (Tsble 72) This findins is

$pportiv. of pdor @hes B cir.{ in tic6n@ Evi*. Afi€.r nd Di$rd (2ool)
er6lurd the diFctoes in pdtchotogiol disE*, Mir.l s.dsfrctio4 ed Fxu:l
slisfa.rion. H. @nclud€d rhat disft$ qus.d by irfediliry rsutted in t.$ Dsilll
ed sxul !.lisfaction night be a stronS.sl phcnom€noa for loqering lhc *lf-qtceh,
Qu.llbttv. Ar.lyi, of S.ol-Strucrurcd rni.Fiws wirb l!f.rdt. S.npt.
InGFis wirt 60 tq dd 60 rcmcn we @nder€d 10 inwnigrle .o@o!
FMprbis of rhc .a'B of infqdliiy, ibF.r of chiku$6s ard vlrE Dg ,r!d
hbh @!|mnly sek @. Both mo ud woo@ p6@ived infcrtiliry i. wono io
bc cau.d by dil spirils or physical pbbl€ns dd infeniliiy in n€n io bo ihe rcsuh of
psycho*xusl prebl€ns md physical problens. The i.t€ni€w@s p€rceived heftalks
aad raditional heal€B to b€ mns's b.sr ftarndt oprion. Fq @n, howcv6,
@iaa. w rloughl to be th. b.$ oprio,r follou€d by wldng hGtp &on
h.rb.lisrs dd .indig.@u qDerrs.
Ii is intcesdng ro obwc lh.t mosl of thc panicipels imFct'w of rheir
8ee, gcn&r 8d education beliered lhai in&rtility is caused by a suFFnaiural
phenon€m p€niculely srcery wit hcnffs dd cws. Whd il wd turihq.xplond
th.y al$ sighted some oth€r cau6 of infenilily such s pronieuity, use of
@nr&.priv6 and abordo4 b msl of thc cas intcttitity 6 drributed !o fchal6
bur whd ir w.s disu*d wirb ftd $ey ats cm. to @li& fi.t inf.niliry @ b.
@!5.d by th. dcad or wqt sFnhs of msl.s. Wh@evd rh€E js a pDbl.m of
ini€niliiy ii is inilioUy dieNed by th€ ctddly femole nembes oflhe fdity who
may ar fin$ Folmend sde h@tL{ herbal dE6dn€ s they my aho visit .p@8.'
ed eD. orh.r t didonal n€al6 ud rhat b titclt b atr€ct tn n€alrh of fd.l6 s
wll4 mal6. Kidr.y flilE is v.ry omon bd.B of rhis iedcqutc n rM of
258

trsting irfdtility. Ir b stoogly @omc.ded rhat lr*trndt ofcnud6sn€$ sbould
b. a pan ofprieary hedltl c@.
259
Fcnde Feption of i.f€rtility w de Mined rhrclgb i epi.wi wy
f.w qm.n had &y id.! $out Ed ca@ of inJcnility 84ol. of ih. Epondqns wE
of th. vi€v rhal child binn is bAicslry e issue of divine will. Those wom€n who
ewnt pbpq t@rn nl for bf.rriliry @8. from 2el. b 5fl.. 527d of ll|e infcnitc
@mq onsulted uadirion.l MBlim lF.LE lile "pe6" dd .!mih , l87o
conlullcd herbalist nd othcr fons of "Tib.,c.youndi" siSnificei p@ntases visircd
$dd plac$ like BdEuddin Zaldiya romb, Data Ddbe of t torc, Bab6 F&i.l-u,
Infdrile fmales h.d . e@l *.e of itu4uity rhey .pprchod€d ihar ilcir
hub8.d would t t soih6 wife or my j6r abatulon rhm. In $me ofth. c4es
tulB phrsically ab@ rhet *iv* or &.n i cltitit. r.fenitc *o'n s@ *&d of
soci.l tunclim beae rh.y w€E sodlly hmili.r€d fo. rheir b€itre infenile. 20yo
of inf.nile wom€n repon.d rhal they did nol go for the prop.r medicat heatncnr
b€a@ of its high cGrs. Womd sldng iitcniliry netrndt suatly witcd &
.v@gc of I y€6 and rhen Miagc ud dajodry of th. rcspondqc haw sone fo'
diflwni cows of reaim.ri.
Fdily @d rel5riv6 suppon chitdl€ss femLs 10 find oui a $lutior in ou
Daldli.dl *iety. Mordy infcrril. f€bqt6 go ro rlc trldirionat ed herb.t h.jt.E_ rt
lhcy b@he fail, nerly hslf of th€m go !o the hospiial qh.rc ilEy foud ih.
tr.alndt optioN very lop in nhber ed haphuard. F€n.l.s tatt abour lh.n
inl€nility in tudirionrl ways, s resii of hotd by spiriq. rcgativ. match bet*m
rhe Frl!'G' blood- Ext!!roitd *xul rbrions ft 6lmor 10 sucb kind of femd.s
to have a pGgndcy, dd sone f€males adopi.d a child, All wono Epon€d the

felincs of sadn*s md jealousy, &d feh lonely be@uc they were €xctuded fon
ene impo.Ln &dviti* &d ..@on'$ in ou sietis. ,
2@
N.v€nhclc$, fou ala e inponsl $ar rcsbicr acess to tVF (ln Viro
Fenilialion) at the l@al lcvel in dercloping @urics: lsct of loowl.

opponulty for conelion. nowver, lh. siapwis PmsNion
261
thrcugh the plotdol
q pnpel psriats .nd ftdmor $aff alik. b nove to Nc c6pld sreps wiihoul
ncppilg bact to ld.q@tely @midq thc boa&r viw of thc d.cision for qdplc,
rbe inminsly complex elhic.l dilenms, dd of the nmy l.vels of secrcy tlat
hay etrs. As thc momentum of paricDls' €morion l 4d limcial invdmenl
i@F.s, it bam6 noe dd noE difficuh to mate tbe dc.ision 1o sloP lie5rltrcnr
ln lhe qud lo hclp p.opl., we @ forg.l lhd pan of reatm.nl ddisiotu nay be
hdping individuals throus! the difrcult d4isioDs t€gddirg a possibly childlds life
i! rb. tuw. Exciling adrt]g ir kchlology hold the preni* of incF.s.d
@r.eption Er6. For mey, n oil nd rh. rcaliztior of dEir hop.s fd chil&tr
But lor ilos oabl. to @Mive elo qiih ihpnved lehnologi/, the pronise will
Fove
1o be ody d illuio., ed k may s@ a con€slonding increse in dhrcss
Ad@s itr GpFductiv€ t .hroloe/ my aflord incrEs€d @nuol ovc Fprod@don
Bul b.licf in thtu @rlrot @ pove !o be illuery for tho* unable to @neivc,
h.idlenine the dba.$ ih.y qperidce in a wdd wher€ .v.n ihc oth€E who @
infcrlil€ m 6miving. Wilh the inc@ in choia will mn. to th€ incFed budo
of choi.e, shich m.y afal lhe quality of lif€ dd psychological wn-b€ing fot
qdyoE irrolved? Psriois @ chooe th. nyle of @lBling lhil b6t sils tbcjt
n .d! wh€iha individurt @ueling colpL @weling or Smup @Deling.
The word inf.dilily hs a delstaling elleci upon @jority of individub.
Evm tho* Fopl. who wd. hjClly ad@rcd my ac@p1 n 6ion lly but ii beon6
very ditrcult for tlEn b a.ce n morioNlly. TLi. rl.rionship @ be adveely
dfl4&d paniculdly $.ir level of Mital ed exod elisfeliol Thh is
l@m@ded that parird should ot oly coDnuicate wifi each other, underst2ld
.!.h olh.ls pmblm .nd rsl€ mrFou .Lcision fd the Eelulion of dE ptubld.

Corcluio!
The pr.s.ni siudy my be odidcrcd a pioneding Gsdch in studyihe
psycholqrcsl aF.Ls of i enility with speiffc EfeEM to Palisllni cultual
@ qt ftc sudy faus€d l[. morion l ch&g.s thal ()cq
'.
762
@upl6 !fter beinS
diagno*d with. ptoblcn of irtuility thd 6 mosly neel@led ud l4r hcard- The
psot studl h!.! idendfied $v€Bl dim.nsio.s relal€d lo infeiiilily &d ils
Fychological ell6rr, Majof c@cluioN ofltr€ study m given below,
In lirc with thc @jn hyporh€sis of lhis studn the Bult i.di€ted ilBt
inf€rtiL @upl.s cld !o ddonsunc high6 levels of d.p!6sioa dicly,
sggEssion, ed low€r levels of elf.dlco, @iial elisfetioD &d qual
salisli!.lion a conpared b fertile ouples.
Findines of th. g..der dif€Mc.r sugg6r€d thar n les &d f.ma16 h.re no
difl*n6 in $en l4els of aggEsior dd, mnil,l md exual sdsfa.tion.
Howvd, i.fcnile ferBls rad ro h!v. highq l*ls of dcpr$ion, diety
ed loq levds ot *lt."seem s @hplEd ro inJenilemale!.
R€sulls @ncming ed!.alioEl l.vels indicdled thd infenilc p@ple wilh
nrtric qualilic.tioc e mot aggtsiv€ d cdped ro infcnilc Fople wnh
posr gdduL qualifclliG ed infcnile p6ple wnh bcllow naFic
qualifi@tioa e in les edsryiog naElg.s 6 conped lo infertilc p@pl€
Ir wB also foud thal ase of subj€cts hls no €ffd on th.l levels of
d@6io'! diety, .gg6i@, *lf€rc4.nd odital s&f&tio..xept on
sld s.ti.f@tion. It nem th.t inf.nilc Foplc wnn aC€ 8rcups of26-35 and
36 to 45 @ less ss1is6€d with thch sxual li& a conpd.d io in&nile people
wiih age of 56 to 65 y€d.

26J
Conlrary to our ssunpdom, the dat ptuvid€d th€ cvidene tlBr i.conc,
frmily syst m and ru&Yubm @ do not play inporl,nt tul.s in de&rionrion
of mori@al dtuiurborc of inf.dile @upl*. Onlt onc difltu is ro b.
foud signiffcbt on aggBsior Ggltdiog rudyubm ea. Th* findin8r
3ugCEel€d lhat inf.nile @upl6 fron uat al@ aG noE oglged in
lggBive b.hivio6 a @nparcd to infcniL onple lion uban al@
Th. findinss nnh€r shsed rhc positiv. ole plsy.d by langug. for
dep$sion, ui.ty ed sexul elilfaclion bur non{igni6cmr eflat of
ldgu.ge on .8gt!$ion. *lf€$..n 6d lMilll sltisfacdon. It n@s lhal
sple of Urdu luguage e tuE likely to be d€pa*d dd uios 6
obFred to Pujabi spsline spL. R6nrs als sbo*cd th{ effd of
laneuaee is conrdbutins in th€ diflcFrcB of exual srisfaction oI Pojabi
ed S@itj sp€akiog mpl€.
The sludy yield.d inpondt lindi.gs thrr tbe partF s,io is diagnoed wiih
cae of infenility is likely to have I.!s exul salisf.ction sd low elf-este.n
a ompeed to oilr.r partrd with no caue of i.f.nilily,
IE fDdings of ljiis sndy wrc ale suggcdive of this fa.t thar die @upt6.
who have thc m.lc-f&tor infenility. e nore dio6 md haw a delir. in
then lev€l of elf€ste€n nd sxual stisfaclion s @npsed io colples
having f€b.leef&tor infenility.
'I1!. egBion &rlysis showcd fi.l aicq, aggt6ion 6d sr

264
ASg6ior is Eg6s€d |4or dcpBidl, uicry. elt

265
tujor Gtricrion in *ldring ! cptt$ranv. sPl€ of this kind of
Unwiltingnes ofthe padiciponts to psniciplie jn the present r€edcb b@ause
of ilE ssilivig of ltE iss of infcnility lhat h.s a t!o..dos impa.l on lne
wlt beiry of a @uplc, is mthr linirdi@ for Lting epllgtative splq
It is llened dli4 tbal inf€nility is on€n a lodely snd conftsing banle for
@upl6, e ln€ $dity of IHdd Fstricted to el@l lhe spl. bcs.d otr
@nwni€@ mpling instead of a n ionally FpF..nlative ore-
Th€ study sd r$tnct€d to th. habiiarts of $ne big cilies of povin@ of
Psja!. ILe eeeh @ mt b. satElized lo dE infeirile @upl.s of the
*holc @mt y. eFciatly lloF who hold iEdiioDl valr ed *hct g.ndd
ol.s re nore spccined ed strictly inposd like in oth{ pFvind of
R.vicw of the litra w€ tvel€d ih.i Dosl of thc @4hes o. studyiDg th€
psychologrcal sFcls of inf.rlility wc onductcd in rhe wdsLm dd
E@pcan culoG. So, rhc fldln83 @ nor be g4nliz€d to mn'w$6n
sicties. The pt*nt re*dh *s rct a cbs{uhual r€s€@h in ihc true
r.M, a l!€ rakistrnis e with 6 viriety of valuca. Bul lhe pr€ent Femh
s j!.r libii.d to infettle p@pl. or Puja!. But th. diflffic in oveEll
Bpones of infedil. @lples sugg.sl thai cullutal diffcrcnco @uld make big
d'l&t!lr6 mon81h€n in showinS th.i. FycholoSical e&toE lowdds th€
A3 it h4 b.en Falo.ed wli€l thai the non-elailabiliiy of 6!esse.t
inslimdrs for th. D.affmdt of dt l4cb of depesion, 8i.ty,
agg6io4 *lf+!r@n, Eirat 4d su.l siisf&ion of infenilc 6uPl6

266
mdc dE rast of th! pE$Dr l6€4h quil. nedc dd lenglhy ll 6 6li4d
while con@iving tn. .l€si8n of llrc asmn thal e explonlion inlo su.h a
sitiv. isE of irfcdiliiy wolld mt be @mpl.t€d utrls sm. b6i€ tools
for th. 6e$t@t of d.prcsion, dicty, aeigFssion, elf

267
Ncvdlh.l.ss, rhe prelelt sludy hN si€nificddy contobuling in N6sing ihe
pq.lolo8icd aslets of i.fgtiliiy srch 3 &prsio., dicly, aggBion,
elfr$am, ndial dd Fxual etisfetion qith p@dir Ef€tnce b ?olkani
culftdl cod.n. n i! 3ugg.sted thd DoE t!!.ahs sbould b. tri.d out
with a la.g.r suple froB difffit prcvires of Paki$an with E&@ne to
id.nility dd its psychologic.l cfrFl3, A larg.r s&nple b.longing to diff.Glt
a@ of Pakistar may give a b.ttq imidr into irlenility and ic Gl.Ld
psychological prcblm, A brcld b6ed awelss oI infertiliry dd iis
6ut!n cfrel3 on @upls slDuld b. eircn . hi8nq priority ror mdimm
b.nefit to th. ilfenile couples,
AldougL lhc $ftcidl pdyctoncEic pmFd6 of lle adart d and rmslal.d
eal6 wer€ .lctmin€d but ir Eds hoc validsrion sMi€s io slrenelhen ih.
p6ychobcbic !6pcni6 of aI th. ed6 Fo! flrthd lt$eh a 6tio.tl
sple mly be itrcludcd in th€ nudy. Il will hqlp paniculely. to *tablish
nom, @mllml validity and Fli.bilrty of thc s.ales. So it b sAgcsl.d !o
@Dpute tunlq &alysis with a ldlpr dd Ep6dialiE sdnPle 10 porc iis
'Ih. pn@on€m of prychologi€l .spets of inf.tuliiy sbould be *PloEd
ton qu.lil.tive oethods of es.@h 4 reU. Ce snrdy h.lhod muld be
b6l 10 irtc . de? iruidr for p@nfns . dircMl 4d cul$ml spcinc
picne of inf.ni!. @upl.s with p€.ulis EfeEnc. io Patisbni s@i.ty sel up.
A i.€d fo. i!fomdi@.| pogms on inGrtility eeatding its p6ycholoSidl
aspets ed its me.g€not is felt stongly. Mosl ihpond is Lite
iDpldo||tion of @l@liog enlrs for tbc 8lid8re of itf

264
rlat d lo inf€rtihy could b€ reported ud psychological help shonld be
Idplicrtiotr! of rte StudY
Ap.n non the lindingr of lh€ tEsnl Es€4h, th€ sludv ha n@b.r of
inplicari@s in Elaled lo infenility.
'r
. I}€ p6e.t sludy, ried b lgt€ into osiddtion ihe cnaidl i$E of
inf.nility, rhe don n.gl6ted d ir psycholosicd Esrch in Pllillrn snn
sFd to infenility. NdertlELs, thc prcs.l 6@h my bc @nsid€r€d a
pio.ecdne in the aM of infenility, The prsenl 6wch hN opened n€w
v€nss for les€4h in ln. aE of infcnility ad il5 psy.hologi€l apc.ts sdilc
bkinS inlo rc6ut c€tuin oth.r felos.
. The nodioCs ot ilF study ha explot€d lle islc of Psychologrcal 6p€ls of
inf.nitiy nob difi.Enl dim.BiN dd it ha d$ bcd ftuittul in indi@titr3
tudrci al@ of mpiiical inle€sls noh cdt@l sd m€thodologiol poinl of
vid, The p66t r€slNh my irnlrcr h.lp 10 uddc6iand 1n€ ph.nonda of
irldtility Aon othq F6letiv6
and my sugS.st erc dlfr.dt Knds of
@niribuiing factos such s adopdon ol a child, divoee in @uple due to
infcnility ed husbed\ so ffij.ge b€€e of ltmining childl€$.
Anolhd aM which nclds !!sdh it snidyine the.f€.r of fie rc*jns ed
non-working status of intuile fenales on lheir s@ial FlalioN. h dav be
wonh tying lo $udy rn o$d f&1os in Flatio! lo i.f€dilily for fiiw
. The study hs madc najoi @diibuiion lo 1he a@a of itJenilily a3 wcll d
pst holoercrr incdcnlioB s ir hG povided six indigtusly adlpl€d .d
r,mshr|d sde' The s.al6 nay b. us€d 6 Fli.bL D6uG fo lhe
ds.$sment of deprcsion, diely. ag8ression, self..sl*m md, hdital and

269
sxual sarisfetion of @upls in clinicil *nitrcr e'lEn lhey @m to
@seline. Tlrc findings of the pFst study nay help in $lablishing 3it€$
interventions srd n n g@.ot t chniqu*
Msltment instrmen8 pDvided by this study bsed on w.ll6@hcd md
v.lida&d @snucls qitl c@bte thc tutue rcs€4h6 ro d€.| !i@ effctiv.ly
wiih this eBitiv. isw of
'nfenilty,
'ft. Esulb of the p@rt sDdy may povid. a uiqE isue tor nnlhd
a@h in rhh Na od ! lor of Es.eh is io b. @n€d oui lo s!€.gh.n the
firdiler ofpesed snrdy. Th€ isE ofpsycholoei.al aiFcls ofinf.rtilily has
1o b. turthd strengthcncd by dployirg lder sd EFE*itliive mpt. from
vdios Egiotu of Pakbtdi population,
Thc $al6 6 p.ovide staiistjcs about inferlilc @upl6 *ith '!sp.ct io lhen
psychologicdl sllb aner bei.8 diagnoed with prcbl€D of irf€ iliiy, The
pG.ot study is iFr of its tisd and Ue 6ndine! of rhe pilol ud min lnrdy
would help the pnblic snd coustli.g psychologhls to u.de$bnd 6boul
u.dalyirg feroB of irf.riility. II iay help in nising .*lffi of @upl6
ed ileir fmily nenb.s i! this rcgaid. Public my not be !\'@ ofthc hm
dEy @ 6E the inf.nile @upl6- Tbet e simply @9w ol rhe
psy.holoeical dd emotional n*ds of rbm dd e als @we of ibat
infdlile @upl6 rlwats dcmald sid s.plon $iich they ody @ Pbvide