Specialist Group on Use of Macrophytes in Water Pollution ... - IWA

Since removed sediments contain some elements required for plant growth, they can be seen
as a resource that can be put to beneficial use. The most appropriate solution would be land
spreading on a farm in accordance with good farm management practice based on cost and
feasibility considerations.
CONCLUSION
The frequent absence of an artificial liner such as bentonite clay makes ICW technology
affordable. However, appropriate sediment management is paramount to protect groundwater
and receiving watercourses during storm events. Wetland designers and operators should
formally account for sediment accumulation rates. For similar operations, sediments should
be removed from the first cell of an ICW system after approximately 5-6 years of operation to
maintain high removal efficiencies.
REFERENCES
Kadlec, R. H. & Knight, R. L. (1996). Treatment Wetlands. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Kellner, E., Price, J. S. & Waddington, J. M. (2004) Pressure variations in peat as a result of
gas bubble dynamics. Hydrological Processes 18(13), 2599–2605.
Lee, C., Fletcher, T. D. & Sun, G. (2009). Nitrogen removal in constructed wetland systems.
Engineering in Life Science 9(1), 11–22.
Scholz, M. (2006). Wetland systems to control urban runoff. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Scholz, M., Harrington, R., Carroll, P. & Mustafa, A. (2007). The Integrated Constructed
Wetlands (ICW) Concept. Wetlands 27(2), 337–354.
Tokida, T., Miyazaki, T., Mizoguchi, M. & Seki, K. (2005). In situ accumulation of methane
bubbles in a natural wetland soil. European Journal of Soil Science 56(3), 389–395.
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22 IWA <strong>Specialist</strong> <strong>Group</strong> on Use of Macrophytes in Water Pollution Control: Newsletter No. 37