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34. Wood BJ, Ramkaransingh JR, Fojo T, Walther MM, Libutti SK. Percutaneous tumor ablation with radiofrequency. Cancer 2002; 94: 443–51. 35. Scaife CL, Curley SA. Complication, local recurrence, and survival rates after radiofrequency ablation for hepatic malignancies. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2003; 12: 243–55. 36. Livraghi T, Solbiati L, Meloni MF, Gazelle GS, Halpern EF, Goldberg SN. Treatment of focal liver tumors with percutaneous radio-frequency ablation: complications encountered in a multicenter study. Radiology 2003; 226: 441–51. 37. Oshowo A, Gillams A, Harrison E, Lees WR, Taylor I. Comparison of resection and radiofrequency ablation for treatment of solitary colorectal liver metastases. Br J Surg 2003; 90: 1240–3. 38. Solbiati L, Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, et al. Percutaneous radio-frequency ablation of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: long-term results in 117 patients. Radiology 2001; 221: 159–66. 39. Ng KK, Lam CM, Poon RT, Ai V, Tso WK, Fan ST. Thermal ablative therapy for malignant liver tumors: a critical appraisal. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18: 616–29. 40. Erce C, Parks RW. Interstitial ablative techniques for hepatic tumours. Br J Surg 2003; 90: 272–89. 41. Garcea G, Lloyd TD, Aylott C, Maddern G, Berry DP. The emergent role of focal liver ablation techniques in the treatment of primary and secondary liver tumours. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39: 2150–64. 42. Goldberg SN. Comparison of techniques for image-guided ablation of focal liver tumors. Radiology 2002; 223: 304–7. 43. Breedis C, Young C. The blood supply of neoplasms in the liver. Am J Pathol 1954; 30: 969– 85. 44. Vauthey JN, Marsh RW, Cendan JC, Chu NM, Copeland EM. Arterial therapy of hepatic colorectal metastases. Br J Surg 1996; 83: 447–55. 45. Hohn DC, Stagg RJ, Friedman MA, et al. A randomized trial of continuous intravenous versus hepatic intraarterial floxuridine in patients with colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver: the Northern California Oncology Group trial. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1646–54. 46. Kemeny N, Daly J, Reichman B, Geller N, Botet J, Oderman P. Intrahepatic or systemic infusion of fluorodeoxyuridine in patients with liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 459–65. 47. Martin JK, Jr., O’Connell MJ, Wieand HS, et al. Intra-arterial floxuridine vs systemic fluorouracil for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. A randomized trial. Arch Surg 1990; 125: 1022–7. 48. Meta-analysis Group in Cancer. Reappraisal of hepatic arterial infusion in the treatment of nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 252–8. 49. Lorenz M, Muller HH. Randomized, multicenter trial of fluorouracil plus leucovorin administered either via hepatic arterial or intravenous infusion versus fluorodeoxyuridine administered via hepatic arterial infusion in patients with nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 243–54. Management of liver and other distant metastases 239
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Clinical Practice Guidelines FOR TH
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© The Cancer Council Australia/Aus
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2.11 Conclusions...................
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11.2 High ligation ................
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17.4 Cost effectiveness of follow u
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Table 14.3 Pathological TNM staging
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Executive Summary • Colorectal Ca
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STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATIONS 2,3 The
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Should red meat intake be altered t
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Chapter Recommendations 4 COMMUNICA
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Chapter 8 Recommendations How shoul
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Chapter Recommendations Should bowe
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Chapter Recommendations When should
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Chapter 17 Recommendations What pos
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Section I Early Colorectal Cancer
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Adenomatous polyps (adenomas) are b
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17. South Australian Cancer Registr
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CHAPTER 2 PRIMARY PREVENTION Studie
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Colorectal adenomas, especially adv
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vegetable (3.5 serves/1000 kcals) d
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mustard greens, swedes and turnips)
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for protection against Colorectal C
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Does selenium supplementation reduc
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the optimal duration of use, and ad
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References 1. Jass JR. Pathogenesis
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34. Kushi L, Giovannucci E. Dietary
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67. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A gene
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100. Il'yasova D, Hodgson ME, Marti
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133. Meyskens FL, Jr., Gerner EW. D
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CHAPTER 3 POPULATION SCREENING FOR
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studies also demonstrate that age i
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• symptoms • family medical his
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Should screening be recommended? Gu
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Box 3.3 Screening Pathway used in t
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References 1. Young GP, Levin B, Ro
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33. Alexander F, Weller D. Evaluati
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CHAPTER 4 COMMUNICATION WITH THE PA
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4.6 Coordination of care Treatment
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• assistance with and care of chi
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17. National Breast Cancer Centre,
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CHAPTER 5 THE PATIENT WITH SYMPTOMS
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considered (see 8.1.5). Double cont
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58 The prevention, early detection
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diagnoses prove difficult to confir
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What recommendations are there for
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References 1. Woolf CM. A genetic s
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34. Australian Health Technology Ad
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CHAPTER 7 HIGH-RISK FAMILIAL COLORE
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offered predictive genetic testing.
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endoscopically uncontrollable numbe
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mutation carriers. 52 There is also
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standard for consideration of MSI a
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added to transvaginal ultrasound. 8
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category 2, see Chapter 6) but may
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What screening is recommended for e
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References 1. Vasen HF, Griffioen G
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33. Giardiello FM, Hamilton SR, Kru
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international criteria for the dete
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96. Burt RW, Jass JR. Hyperplastic
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8.1.2 Sigmoidoscopy: rigid versus f
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For radiological imaging of the lar
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8.2.3 Staging for distant metastase
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The feelings and fears of the patie
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18. Rex DK, Cutler CS, Lemmel GT et
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52. Liu SK, Church JM, Lavery IC, F
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strong family history of Colorectal
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A screening interval of 4-6 years i
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BRAF mutation, particularly when mu
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18. Jass JR, Young J, Leggett BA. E
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52. Jass JR, Young J, Leggett BA. H
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What is the role of the stomal ther
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What happens if a blood transfusion
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References 1. Bass EM, Del Pino A,
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32. The National Working Party on t
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CHAPTER 11 ELECTIVE SURGERY FOR COL
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Total or subtotal colectomy may be
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11.12 Self-expanding metal stents f
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18. Gall FP, Tonak J, Altendorf A.
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etween 1993 and 1999. The local rec
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When should local excision of recta
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What factors influence sphincter pr
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It has been demonstrated that there
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References 1. Smith TJ, Hillner BE,
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36. Vernava AM, III, Moran M, Rothe
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69. Pimentel JM, Duarte A, Gregorio
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A clinical diagnosis of large bowel
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When should primary anastomosis be
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17. Deans GT, Krukowski ZH, Irwin S
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Table 14.1 Clinicopathological stag
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The ACPS system embodies the simpli
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14.4 Translation between staging sy
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16. Shepherd NA, Baxter KJ, Love SB
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CHAPTER 15 ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY FO
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isk of death-favouring treatment (H
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improvement in survival at five yea
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There has been one trial 55 of intr
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References 1. National Institute of
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30. Zaniboni A, Labianca R, Marsoni
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57. Gastrointestinal Tumour Study G
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CHAPTER 16 ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR REC
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preoperative RT 45Gy over 5 weeks s
Page 219 and 220: This suggests that a policy of preo
Page 221 and 222: Mortality from non-cancer causes wa
Page 223 and 224: References 1. Fu KK. Interactions o
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Page 227 and 228: 198 The prevention, early detection
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Page 231 and 232: Ultrasonographic screening Ultrason
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Page 237 and 238: • those with a history of psychia
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Page 244 and 245: CHAPTER 19 RECURRENT AND ADVANCED C
Page 246 and 247: What are the recommendations for in
Page 248 and 249: References 1. National Health and M
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Page 252 and 253: Recurrent and advanced colorectal c
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Page 256 and 257: more patients having disease down-s
Page 258 and 259: References 1. Best L, Simmonds P, B
Page 260 and 261: 30. Fuchs CS, Moore MR, Harker G, V
Page 262 and 263: CHAPTER 21 MANAGEMENT OF LIVER AND
Page 264 and 265: 21.1.3 Imaging controlled destructi
Page 266 and 267: Does combination systemic chemother
Page 268 and 269: References 1. Woodington FF, Waugh
Page 272 and 273: 66. Headrick JR, Miller DL, Nagorne
Page 274 and 275: Management of liver and other dista
Page 276 and 277: years gained can be assessed, which
Page 278 and 279: ‘If neither of the above cases ap
Page 280 and 281: Study Country Study questions Concl
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Page 292 and 293: Three United States studies investi
Page 294 and 295: Table 22.6 Results of studies inves
Page 300 and 301: 22.9 Treatments 22.9.1 Surgery Seve
Page 304 and 305: Table 22.10 Results of studies inve
Page 310 and 311: Table 22.11 Summary of findings fro
Page 312 and 313: References 1. Australian Institute
Page 314 and 315: 32. Nakama, H., B. Zhang, and A.S.
Page 316 and 317: 65. Sieg, A., et al., Screening for
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Cost effectiveness 289
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References 1. National Health and M
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Appendices
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“Zorbas et al 2 Multidisciplinary
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a pathologist-molecular biologist o
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References 1. Australian Cancer Net
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Chapter 2 — Primary prevention an
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Three Cochrane systematic reviews w
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Dates 1 January 1998 to June 2004 S
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Dates Update of 1999 document from
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Search terms MeSH terms were ‘col
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Chapter 20 — The role of systemic
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Search terms Colorectal Cancer, soc
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However, in some cases it was also
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Professor James St John Gastro ente
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Working party on emergency surgery
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Dr Russel Stitz Surgeon, Royal Bris
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14. Dr Michael Izard Radiation Onco
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Mrs Avis Mcphee Consumer (June 9 an
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DVT deep venous thrombosis ECOG Eur
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TNM tumour, node, metastasis stagin
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Chemotherapy The use of drugs (whic
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Malignant Cancerous Malignant cells
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with a specific disease might survi
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