Methoden voor de berekening van de emissies door mobiele ... - CBS

More documents

Recommendations

Info

1. ROAD TRAFFIC 1.1 Introduction This chapter describes the methods that have been used for determining emissions from road traffic. Road traffic is defined as follows: all motorized vehicles that are licensed and which travel on the public road. Road traffic comprises, among other things, passenger cars, light duty vehicles, lorries, road tractors, buses, special vehicles (such as fire trucks and refuse trucks), motorcycles and mopeds. The emissions from road traffic are part of both the actual emissions and the IPCC and NEC emissions. The calculation of the actual and NEC emissions takes place using the same methodology, i.e. based on vehicle kilometres. The calculation of the IPCC emissions deviates from this; it is based on the sales of motor fuels. For more information on this topic, see the Introduction and Chapter 9 (IPCC method). 1.2 Contribution to the national emissions Road traffic is one of the most important sources of air-polluting emissions in the Netherlands. Tables 1A and 1B below provide a general picture of this contribution. Table 1A Share of road traffic in the national emissions, 2010 Actual IPCC NEC emissions 1) % emissions emissions CO 49 CO2 15 19 N2O 4.2 4.6 NH3 2.0 2.0 NOx 27 35 SO2 0.4 0.8 NMVOC 19 19 CH4 0.3 0.3 PM10 20 24 Table 1B Share of road traffic in emissions from the traffic target group 1) , 2010 Actual IPCC NEC emissions % emissions emissions CO 74 CO2 74 89 N2O 87 97 NH3 99 99 NOx 41 64 SO2 0.7 23 NMVOC 71 76 CH4 82 89 PM10 47 76 1) Including mobile machinery. Source: Statistics Netherlands (CBS), StatLine. 14
1.3 Description of the process With the exception of a relatively small number of electric vehicles, road vehicles are equipped with a combustion engine for propulsion. In such engines, the chemical energy of fuels such as petrol, diesel and LPG is converted into mechanical energy. During this conversion process, various substances are emitted via the exhaust. In addition, emissions are created by the evaporation of motor fuels and coolants, the wear of brakes, tyres and the road surface, and the leakage and consumption of motor oil. Depending on the emission component, a specific calculation method has been chosen for the emission-causing processes: Combustion emissions (via the exhaust) Carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOC) 3 , nitrogen oxides (NOx), nitrous oxide (N20), ammonia (NH3) and particulate matter (PM10). These emissions depend primarily on the type of fuel, the engine technology and exhaust gas aftertreatment technology as well as driving behaviour. These emissions are calculated by multiplying vehicle performance figures (vehicle kilometres) and emission factors (in grams per vehicle kilometre). Since 2006 the emission factors are calculated with the empirical emissions model VERSIT+. Sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide and heavy metals (including lead). These emissions depend on fuel consumption and the type of fuel. The emission calculation takes place by multiplying the fuel consumption with emission factors in grams per litre of fuel consumed (based on the content of sulphur, carbon and heavy metals in the fuel). VOC components. These components comprise a large group of divergent substances. VOC in exhaust gas can be subdivided into alkanes, alkenes, aromatics (including benzene), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Calculation of the various VOC components takes place by multiplying the total VOC emission with the VOC profile, to obtain the composition of the VOC according to substance groups (e.g. aromatics, alkanes) and individual chemical substances (e.g. benzene, formaldehyde). Evaporative emissions (from the fuel system of petrol vehicles) VOC total and VOC components. VOC emissions caused by evaporation are calculated by multiplying the number of vehicles with emission factors expressed in grams per vehicle per day. The emission factor depends on the year of manufacturing of the vehicle because the demands regarding the maximum quantity of evaporation from a vehicle have become increasingly strict over the years. Emissions caused by wear processes PM10 emission caused by the wear of tyres, brakes and the road surface. Calculation takes place by multiplying the total particle matter emission per tyre per vehicle kilometre with a factor for the share of PM10 in the total emission; then this emission factor is multiplied by the number of tyres per vehicle and by the number of vehicle kilometres per vehicle category; Heavy metals and PAHs caused by the wear of tyres, brakes and the road surface. In many cases, particulate matter emission originating from the wear of tyres, brakes and the road surface contain heavy metals and PAHs. Calculation takes place by means of profiles that describe the content of heavy metals and PAHs in the total particulate matter emission. Other emissions Heavy metals and PAHs from the leakage of engine oil. Calculation takes place by combining data about total engine oil leakage (based on the amount of gaskets) per vehicle per year and the content of heavy metals and PAHs in lubricants; Heavy metals due to the consumption (combustion) of engine oil. Calculation takes place by combining data about the total consumption of engine oil (leakage via the piston rings into the combustion chambers) per vehicle per year and the content of heavy metals and PAHs in lubricants. 3 VOC are also called hydrocarbons (HC or CH). 15
Page 1: Methods for calculating the emissio
Page 4 and 5: 1.10 Points for improvement 1.10.1
Page 6 and 7: 4.7 Substance profiles 4.8 Regional
Page 8 and 9: 8. Military activities 8.1 Introduc
Page 10 and 11: Within the transport sector, severa
Page 12 and 13: Tabel B Emissions by mobile sources
Page 16 and 17: 1.4 Calculation methods 1.4.1 Actua
Page 18 and 19: Figure 1.2 Calculating emissions fr
Page 20 and 21: has been developed for the Dutch si
Page 22 and 23: Heavy metals in road surface partic
Page 24 and 25: Figure 1.7 Calculation of emissions
Page 26 and 27: 1.5 Activity data As indicated in S
Page 28 and 29: "UK Travel Trends" (Office for Nati
Page 30 and 31: 1.6 Emission factors 1.6.1 . Actual
Page 32 and 33: Over the years, for most vehicle ca
Page 34 and 35: the emission method the IPCC defaul
Page 36 and 37: 1.7 Substance profiles 1.7.1 VOC ca
Page 38 and 39: 1.9 Uncertainties This section prov
Page 40 and 41: 1.9.3 Uncertainties in the emission
Page 42 and 43: 2.3 Description of the process The
Page 44 and 45: The data for the calculation as des
Page 46 and 47: 2.4.2 IPCC emissions Professional i
Page 48 and 49: The following graph shows that the
Page 50 and 51: 2.10 Points for improvement General
Page 52 and 53: 3.3 Description of the process Dies
Page 54 and 55: Foreign fishing vessels that offloa
Page 56 and 57: 4. MARITIME SHIPPING 4.1 Introducti
Page 58 and 59: Fv = Vv . Tv . Ev (1) Where: Fv = F
Page 60 and 61: The emision factor corrections excl
Page 62 and 63: 4.4.3 Combustion of motor fuels; VO
Page 64 and 65:
4.9 Uncertainties The uncertainties
Page 66 and 67:
5.3 Description of the process For
Page 68 and 69:
5.9 Uncertainties The uncertainties
Page 70 and 71:
6.3 Description of the process The
Page 72 and 73:
Auxiliary Power Units and General P
Page 74 and 75:
6.10 Points for improvement The det
Page 76 and 77:
7.3 Description of the process The
Page 78 and 79:
7.6 Emission factors The TNO-rappor
Page 80 and 81:
Table 7D List of mobile machinery i
Page 82 and 83:
8.3 Description of the process Mili
Page 84 and 85:
9. IPCC METHOD 9.1 Introduction The
Page 86 and 87:
REFERENCES 1. CBSa. Meerdere jaarga
Page 88 and 89:
60. Ntziachristos, L., Z. Samaras,
Page 90 and 91:
118. RWS Waterdienst, Factsheet “
Page 92 and 93:
B. Quality coding of emission facto
Page 94:
C. Quality coding of emissions from
show all

Methoden voor de berekening van de emissies door mobiele ... - CBS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?