report of the twelfth session of the joint organizing committee

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL
OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS
GARP
REPORT
OF THE TWELFTH SESSION OF THE
JOINT ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
NAIROBI, 24-30 JUNE 1976
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL
ORGANiZATION

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF
SC IENT I FI C UN IONS
REPORT OF THE TWELFTH SESSION
OF THE
JOINT ORGANIZING COMMITTEE -FOR GARP
******
Nairobi, 24-30 June 1976
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION

8.
ORGANIZATION OF FUTURE WORK
- i i -
8. I Estab Iishrnent of the JOC Boards .
8.2 Calendar of Future Meetings Related to GARP .
8.3 GARPPublications .
8.4 The Joint Planning Staff and the GARP Activities Office .
8.5 The GARP Implementation Fund .
8.6 Date and Place of the Next Session .
A. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
B. AGENDA OF THE TWELFTH SESSION OF JOC
C. REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN
D. REPORT OF THE JOC OFFICERS' MEETING
ANNEXES
E. REPORT OF THE TWELFTH SESSION OF THE WORKING GROUP ON NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTATION
F. REPORT OF THE THIRTEENTH SESSION OF THE WORKING GROUP ON NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTATION
G. REPORT OF THE JOC AD HOC WORKING GROUP ON THE GLOBAL DATA BASE FOR CLltvlATE RESEARCH
H. EXTENDED CLOUDINESS AND RADIATION STUDY
I. AEROSOL RESEARCH IN CONTEXT OF THE GARP CLI MATE DYNAMI CS SUB-PROGRAMME
J. COMMENTS ON THE WEST AFRICAN MONSOON STUDY
K. REPORT OF THE JOC PLANNING MEETING ON THE GARP POLAR SUB-PROGRAMME
L. GARP IMPLEMENTATION FUND
23
23
24
27
27
28
28

I. ORGAN IZATI ON OF THE SESS ION
I . I Open i ng of the Sess ion
The participants of the twelfth session of the Joint Organizing Committee were
welcomed by Mr. S. Tewungwa, the Director-General of the East African Meteorological
Department and Professor D. Odhiambo, the Deputy Vice Chancellor of the University of
Na i rob i .
In his opening address Prof. Odhiambo thanked the JOC for honouring the East
African Community by holding the meeting in Nairobi and wished them a successful meeting
and a pleasant stay. He said that East Africa intends to participate in as many GARP
experiments as possible and that the scientific staff of the East African Meteorological
Department were looking forward to a period of intensive research during the various subprogrammes
of GARP.
Dr. R.W. Stewart, Chairman of the JOC,expressed gratitude to the hosts for the
invitation to hold the JOC-Xl I in Nairobi.
Opening remarks were also made by the representatives of ICSU and WMO.
The list of participants is given in Annex A*.
1.2 Approval of the Agenda
The final agenda of the session is given in Annex B.
1.3 Election of Officers
In accordance Hith the approved rules of procedure the following Officers of the
JOC were elected:
2.
REPORT ON JOC ACTIVITIES
Prof. J. Smagorinsky
Dr. G.B. Tucker
Acad. E.K. Fedorov
Prof. K. Hasse Imann
Chairman
Vi ce Cha i rman
Offi cer
Officer
Dr. Stewart reported on th€ events since the eleventh session of JOC in October
1975 (see the Report of the Chairman, given in Annex C and the Report of the JOC Officers'
meeting in February 1976, given in Annex DJ.
* Due to the delay in issuing visas, members of the JOC Acad. E.K. Fedorov, Acad. A.M.
Oboukhov and invited expert, Prof. M.A. Petrossiants, were unable to attend the morning
session of the fi rst day of the JOC session. Acad. E.K. Fedorov. was also unable to
participate at the JOC Officers' Meeting held on 23 June.

JOC-XI I Report, p. 3
3.2 Re-evaluation of the Functions of the Working Group on Numerical Experimentation
The JOC approved the evaluation of the WGNE tunctions,based an consulfation
with the JOC Officers (See Annex 0, Chapter 6) and described in the report of the thirteenth
session of the Group.
The JOG agY'eed to the WGNE pY'oposal that:
(a) merribeY'ship of the WGNE should include scientists who, in addition to geneY'al knowledge
of the fiY'st and second GAHP objectives and numerical experiments Y'eZated
theY'eto, weY'e knowledgeable in Oceanic Modelling and TY'opical MeteoY'ology.
(b) the total merribeY'ship of the WGNE should be Urrrited to 8-9 peY'sons
(a) expeY'ts knowledge ab le in the Y'espective GAHP sub-pY'ogY'ammes should be invited
to paY'ticipate in the meetings as appY'opriate.
In view of the above, the JOG Y'equested the GhaiY'man of the WGNE,in consultation
with the DiY'ectoY' of JPS, to take the neaessary steps to add two merribeY's to the WGNE as soon
as possible. The new merribeY's should Y'epY'esent ar>eas of Oceania Modelling and TY'opical
MeteoY'ology.

JOC-XI I Report, p. 4
4. THE GARP CLIMATE DYNAMICS SUB-PROGRAMME
4. I Scope of the GARP Cl imate Dynamics Sub-programme
The JOC examined with care theimpl icatlons for the GARP Cl imate Dynamics Subprogramme
of Resolution 4.5/1 (EC-XXVI I I), with special attention to Annex 3, entitled
"Integrated International Effort Related to Studies of Climatic Change". It was agreed
that the decisi6ns regarding the objectives, the principal tasks and the planning and
coordination of this effort were helpful.
The following principal tasks are identified in the above mentioned Annex:
(a) Improvement of our understanding of the physical basis of cl imate with a view to
developing the capabi lity to predict future trends in th.e probable range of
fluctuations and the occurrence of extremes.
(b) Development of means of assessing and predicting the effects of human activities
on climate.
(c) Development of our knowledge of the effects of cl imatie changes on human activities,
particularly food producHon, I'/ith aviewto mitigating the undesirable
effects.
The responsibilities for the execution of principal task (a) was readily accepted
by JOC and it was recognized that the responsibility for principal task (c) belonged to
other bodies. As regards principal task (b), JOC considered the the mos t suitable means
or scientific bases would be the models being developed within GARP. In its present
formulation, principal task (b) was therefore felt to be partly within the responsibilities
of JOC, whereas the Executive Committee had assigned it solely to CAS.
The representative of JOC on the EC Panel of Experts on Cl imatic Change was
requested to inform the Panel of the interest of JOC in principal task (b). He should
suggest to the Panel either that JOC be assigned the same responsibi Iity for this as for
principal jask (a) or that the formulation of principal task (b) be revised to read
"Assessment and prediction of the effects of human activities on cl imate".
In addition to the practical benefits of the GARP Climate Dynamics Sub-programme,
it should be emphasized that proper understanding of the Cl imate System is a prerequisite
for studies of the global and regional ecology of the earth. It was recognized that ICSU,
particularly through its Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), tries
to promote intensified research In this field, and obviously It 15 desIrable that best
possible Iiaison is maintained between these programme and GARP activities related to
cl imatic problems. Proper understanding of these problems is in turn the fundamental basis
for assessing man's possible influence on climate and the impact of cl imate changes on man.
Also in this sense the GARP Cl imate Dynamics Sub-programme wi I I hopefully provide important
information for the handl ing of these problems and thus be of direct use for UNEP in fulfi
I ling its task for internationally coordinating activities in this field.
4.2
4.2. I
Overai I Programme Planning
The JOC considered a paper on the subject submitted by a JPS consultant, Dr. G.
Paltridge, containing among other things one view of the scientific basis and rationale for
the GARP Cl imate Dynamics Sub-programme (see also Section 4.6).

JOC-XI I Report, p. 8
The Committee fur>ther> suggested that the WGDC consider> the possibility of a special
meeting of exper>ts in 1977 to finalise r>equests for> specific satellite har>iMar>e for> monitoPing
the vaY'iab les mentioned above.
4.5 Parameterization Procedures of Physical/Chemical Processes to be Included in
Cl i mate Mode Is
At its last two meetings, the JOC has given priority to the study of a series of
specific physical/chemical processes that are of fundamental importance in the- development
of climate models. Those chosen are particularly relevant for the climate models, but it
should be emphasized that most parameterizing procedures being developed for short and
extended range weather forecasting are also of importance in this context. It should be
emphasized particularly, however, that the extended integrMions in time which are required
for cl imate studies may imply particular requirements.
4.5. t
On the basis of previous discussions of the Committee (see Report of JOC-XI,
Section 4.3 and Annex G) the JOC cons i dered the actions necessary to imp lement the three
tasks suggested in Para. 4.3.3 of the JOC-XI Report,. namely:
Task Detailed observation of characteristic clouds in selected areas
Task II Assembly of global data sets of three-dimensional cloudiness
Task I I I Global energy budget at wel I defined interface.
Among other> things 3 the JOC for>matly identified the fir>st two tasks as an integr>al
unit to be called STRATEX. It is clear that the detai led planning of STRATEX must now be
carried out by those scientists who intend to become directly involved in the experiments.
In the light of this, the JOC requested the cooperation of the IAMAP Radiation Commission
and Commission on Cloud Physics to engage those who are interested in conducting experiments
of the kind proposed (Task I and Task 11) to cooperate in the planning and implementation
of a series of such experiments.
It is suggested that a special ad hoc group under the chairmanship of Professor
J. London be established to examine the logistic possibilities, and to solicit appropriate
support.
The Committee fur>ther> invited the views of COSPAR Wor>king Gr>oup 6 on the
implementation of Task III.
4.5.2 Aerosol Processes
The JOC noted that the ad hoc group established by JOC at its Eleventh Session
wi I I meet at the time of the Meeting of the IAMAP Radiation Commission (August 1976). The
components of a programme for advancing our knowledge of Atmospheric Aerosol Dynamics as
expressed by JOC (see Report of JOC-XI, para. 4.1.5.2) remain unchanged (see Annex I).
4.5.3
4.5.3.1 Carbon Di oxi de
The' precise role of land plants and oceans for changes of the carbon dioxide con-tent
is sti I I unclear. Particular attention should be paid to:

JOC-XI I Report, p. 9
(i) the role of the ocean sediments in the regulation of the calcium and carbonate
content of the oceans
(ii) the possible and I ikely impact on the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere of
the accelerating changes in the distribution of world forests and in general
changing land use.
The JOC noted the priority given by the XXVI 11th Session of the WMO Executive
Committee to this problem area, the interest shown by SCOPE and also the interest of UNEP
to support an intensified activity in this field. The JOC was of the opinion that a Study
Conference on the Carbon Cycle should be arl'anged as a cooperative effort of the bodies
mentioned.
4.5.3.2 Ozone
The JOC noted that very active research is going on in this field and considered
that no action on its part is necessary. The Committee awaits a report from the Ozone
Commission in due course.
4.5.4
The study of sea-ice dynamics is one of the central topics dealt with in the
Polar Sub-programme. Plans now under development are discussed in the report of the
Toronto Planning Meeting of that sub-programme(Annex K). The JOC asked Professor D.J.
Baker to extract fY'om the report, and produce a document on those aspects of direct relevance
to the GARP Climate Dynamics Sub-programme concern with sea-ice dynamics.
4.5.5
The JOC requested the Director of JPS to engage a consultant (or take other
appropriate steps) to advance a programme on the hydrological cycle (see Report of JOC-XI,
para. 4.1.5.4).
4.6 Immediate Action on Overal I Planning
The Committee recommended:
(i) that a small nurriber of individual experts be asked to prepare scientific bases
for the development of the GARP Climate Dynamics Sub-programme.
(ii) that these scientific bases be available as input to a meeting of the JOC Board
on Climate Dynamics Sub-programme to be held not later than December 19 76.
(iii) that in the light of the input mentioned in (ii) this meeting be charged with
producing an authoritative preliminary scientific plan for the GARP Climate
DynaJTrics Sub-programme for consideration by the JOC in Apri l 1977 and for
submission to the WMO Executive Committee in May 1977.
(iv) that the individual scientific bases mentioned above in (i) and (ii) be published
as soon as available as the initial reports of a new GARP publications series
devoted to the Climate Sub-programme.

· JOC-XII Report, p ,11
At present, a precise estimate of the effect of various levels of resources is not
possible. Even so, a tentative indication of what might be achieved with limited resources
is given below, although there is some difference of opinion within JOC on whether it is
appropriate to make such estimates at this time, or postpone the decision until more precise
information on resources for the FGGE wi I I be avai lable.
Consider first the combination of the southern hemisphere mid-latitude constant
level balloon system and the drifting bUoy system beneath it which were designed to provide
a composite of two hydrostatic reference levels for remote sounding temperature inversions
in the eye Ion i ca II y acti ve mi d-I ati tudes over the vast southern hemi sphere ocean expanses
which are very cloudy. Together, these provide two possible reference levels, also they
can be used to provi de an independent measure of the mean tropospheri c temperature, a
quantity poorly but nevertheless independently measured by the remote sounding techniques.
This design is fundamental to the concept of the FGGE 'and a shortfall in either of these
special observing systems would reduce the value of the experiment significantly and would
imply that the objectives of the FGGE as planned will not be met.
If the constant level balloons were not avai lable, the dual determination of reference
level and mean temperature would be lost. The mass distribution would-beiess accurate,
but not necessarily underdetermined. Furthermore, an independent flight level temperature
and wind determination would also be lost. However, provided the buoy system retained its
design integrity and was supplemented in other ways, one might expect only a modest loss of
predietabi I ity in the southern hemisphere in both short and longer time ranges. On the
other hand, the main impact in the northenn hemisphere might be in the longer time range,
beyond a week or ten days. The supplementary effort referred to above would involve a
major effort-to obtain middle latitude cloud dispacement winds from the geostationarY satellites
and, equally Important, appl icatlon of the techniques currently being developed to
make maximum use of information inherent in cloud patterns obtained from orbitingsatel lite
mosai cs of the southern hemi sphere.
Clearly if either the constant level balloon system or the drifting buoy system
is not implemented to near the stated level of requirement3 the Experiment is no longer the
Global Experiment as defined in GAHP Publications Series No. 11: "The First GARP Global
Experiment - Objectives and Plans" and the Reports of the JOC Sessions.
In the absence of both the constant level balloon and drifting buoy systems3 no
experiment conducted could reasonably be defined a a meaningful Global Exper-l-ment.
With regard to the geostationary satell ite system, obviously a failure of one of
the satel I ites would Imply a major gap in the observing system In the tropics and mid-
I at I tudes unless a major re-Iocati on of other sate I lites were made. I t must a I so be recognized
that merely four geostationary satellites, even if optimally located, would result in
loss of wind data in mid-latitudes which would be particularly serious in -the southern hemisphere
In the absence of the constant level bal loons.
Therefore arrangements need to be made 3 as a matter or urgenCY3 to launch a
replacement.
Equa I Iy, sh I ps in the equator! a I zone, upper-a I r' stations of the WWW system
scheduled for the FGGE and the complete network of Omega stations are vital requirements
for this international experiment. The JOC recognized that much more developed con-tingency
plans are needed.
It should be noted further that the ARGOS location and data collection system on
board one or more of the polar orbiting satel lites is absolutely vital to the FGGE.

JOG-XII Report, p.13
The Committee agroeed that mechanisms should exist that would ensuroe that decisions
could be taken on a wide spectroum of proob lems on time scales froom one day to severoal manths.
Short-term decisions on day-to-day operations are not a matter for the central
management; rather, they should be taken by the individual systems operators. Long-term
decisions are the concern of the Inter-governmental Panel on the FGGE with scientific
advice for the JOG and its Board on the FGGE. However, a mechanism needs to be formulated
to cater for decision-making on intermediate time-scales ranging from days to a few months.
A certain flexibi lity is needed for the operation of some of the observing systems;
this should provide opportunities for adjustments and corrective actions if data gaps
develop due to unexpected performances of parts of the composite observing system.
In view of the above factoros, the JOC agroeed on the need foro a monitoring and
management system foro the direction of the Global Experiment in order to optimize the
efficiency of the FGGE composite global observing system. The Committee agreed that the
design and operation of a monitoring and management system should take into account:
(i) The need to maintain the functioning of individual components of the FGGE
observing system
(ii) The need for essentially "corrective actions" based on the performance of
these components. Excluded aroe short-term technical corrections to be
handled locally, and long-term decisions which are the responsibility of
the Inter-governmental Panel on the FGGE and the JOC
(iii) The nianagement system should be operoated as an activity of the GAO. The staff
should include a small group of about three scientists familiar with -the scientific
objectives of the FGGE and the related regional experiments (MONEX, WAMEX
and POLEX)
(iv) The JPS/GAO should be requested to identify tasks and responsibilities of such
a group.
5.6 The Tropical Wind Observing Ships (TWOS)
The plan for FGGE includes a system of about 50 ships for providing meteorological
soundings in the tropics. It should be emphasized that these ships need not occupy a
stationary position throughout the Special Observing Periods, but a clear plan for thei r
contribution to the FGGE is essential in order -ro assess whether the observational requirements
as laid down by JOG wi II be satisfied or not.
The ships to be provided for this purpose wi I I be of two kinds:
(i) ships primarily devoted to the FGGE
(ii) ships having primari Iy oceanographic research objectives, but wi II ing to contribute
to the Tropical Wind Observing System.
The JOG noted that about 25 ships have been preliminari Iy promised by nations and
that those essentially are of the first kind. In order to reach the target of about 50
ships for the TWOS, the JOG considered it most important that as many ships as possible
of the second kind wi I I make wind soundings.

JOG-XII Report, p. 19
It was recognized that the oceanographic programme of WAMEX was largely concerned
with coastal upwel I ing. It is possible to study coastal effects by using small vessels. The
use of these vessels could make a valuable contribution to WAMEX if such vessels could be
made avai lable without withdrawal of resources from other parts of the Global Experiment.
The Committee recommended that a Regional Planning Meeting of expected participants
in WAMEX be he ld to determine and identify the resources that are UkeZy to be needed for
conducting the experiment. The Planning Meeting could also set up appropriate mechanisTr{s
for implementing the field phase of the experiment.
6.2.5
The JOG recommended that a scientific officer may be seconded by the participating
countries to the GAO/JPS for the planning and implementation of WAMEX. The JOG also decided
to recommend an extension of Dr. Dhonneur's consultancy services to enable him to present a
revised version of his report at the next JOG Officers' Meeting. The revised report could
contain the comments received from Permanent Representatives of countries in Western and
Gentral Africa by way of their response to WAMEX.
6.2.6
According to a recommendation made at the JOG Officers' Meeting in Geneva in
February 1976, it is desirable that the overall management system of MONEX and WAMEX be
establ ished. The JOG suggested that this system be based on the distribution of responsibi­
Iity for the detal led scientific design and the development of regional operational plans
of the observing, telecommunication and data processing systems among the planning centres
and the GARP Acti vitie? Offi ce (GAO).
The following division of the planning work is suggested:
(a) The GAO wi I I be responsi b IEl for the pIann i n9 of the Iarge-sea Ie aspects of MONEX
and WAMEX, and the overall coordination of the regional programmes, both amongst
each other and with FGGE
(b) Three planning centres (for MONEX Summer and \-/inter, and WAMEX) wi 11 deal with the
planning of the various (regional ) component programmes.
The JOG agreed to estcibl ish a Board for the further development of the Monsoon
SUb-programme. The membership of the Board is given in para. 8.1.
6.3
6.3.1
The Polar SUb-programme
The JOG took note of the conclusions reached at the Planning Meeting on the GARP
Polar Sub-programme (Toronto, 17-21 May; see report of the meeting in Annex K). It also
noted with appreciation the efforts of its consultant, Prof. D.J. Baker, Jr., both in preparations
for this meeting and subsequent to it.
6.3.2 Resulting from discussions on this topic, the JOG reached the following conclusions:

11-15 October
18-23 October
1-12 November
November
15- 19 November
29 Novembe r ­
I December
29 Novembe r ­
3 December
6-1 0 December
9-10 December
13-17 December
1977
12-14 January
14-18 February
Fi rst quarte r
First quarter
February
28 February­
4 March
7-12 March
March
Fi rst quarter
Geneva, Switzerland
Mendoza, Argentina
Geneva, Switzerland
Leni ngrad, USSR
Leningrad, USSR
Boulder, Colorado, USA
to be decl dad
Stockholm, Sweden
Brackne 11, UK
Brackne I I, UK
Geneva, Switzerland
Geneva, Switzerland
to be deci ded
to be decided
Miami, USA
New Delhi, India
New De Ihi, Ind i a
to be decided
Seattle, USA
JOC-XI I Report, p. 25
Meeting of Experts Seconded to the GAO for
Preparation of the Final Version of the FGGE
Data Management Plan
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
WMO Commission on Basic Systems, Extraordinary
Session
Workshop on GATE Oceanography
Planning Meeting on Tropical Wind Observing
Ship AI locations and Uti I ization in the
Southern Hemisphere during the FGGE
Meeting of Experts for Activation of the GARP
Extended Cloudiness and Radiation Study
First Planning Meeting for WAMEX
Meeting of the JOC Board for Climate Studies
Meeting of the Board of Review for Level I I I-b
Data
Informal Meeting of Experts on the FGGE Data
Management
Meeting of the JOC Board on the FGGE
Inter-governmental Panel on the FGGE, Fourth
Session
Informal Meeting on GATE Data Processing
Informal PI ann ing Meeti ng on the Organ i zati on
of Observing Systems Tests
Workshop on GATE Oceanography
Third Planning Meeting for the Mbnsoon
Experiment (MONEX)
J 0 i nt IfvIS-AMS Sympos i urn on the Mbnsoon
Second Planning Meeting for WAMEX
Meeting of Experts on Sea Ice Dynamics

JOC-XI I Report, p. 26
13 Apri I
14-20 April
25-31 May
1-3 June
(tentati ve )
Second quarter
Second qua rte r
Second quarter
Second quarter
Second quarter
Second quarter
September
September­
October
Third quarter
Third quarter.
Th i rd quarter
Third quarter
Third quarter
Stockholm, Sweden
(p roposed)
Stockholm, Sweden
(proposed)
Helsinki, Finland
Helsinki, Finland
Washington D.C.
to be deci ded
Stockholm, Sweden
(tentative)
Geneva, Switzerland
to be deci ded
Geneva, Switzerland
Tashkent, USSR
Geneva, Switzerland
Geneva, Switzerland
to be decided
to be deci ded
to be dec ided
to be dec i ded
JOC Officers 1 Meeti ng
Joint Organizing Committee, Thirteenth Session
Joint JOC/SCOR Study Conference on General
Circulation Models of the Ocean and their
Relation to Climate
Working Group on Numerical Experimentation,
Fifteenth Session
Ad-hoc Working Group on Specification of
Satel Iite Observations for the Cl imate Decade
Workshop on Sea Surface Temperature and
Oceanography (GATE)
Meeting of Experts on Telecommunication and
Data Processing Systems for the FGGE
Informal Meeting on the Reserve, Contingency
and Emergency Planning
Informal Meeting on GATE Data Processing
Informal Meeting on the Management of the
Global Experiment
Conference on Energetics of the Tropical
Atmosphere
Inter-governmental Panel on the FGGE, Fifth
Session
Informal Planning Meeting on the Composite
Observing System in the Equatorial Tropics
Meeting for Coordination of MONEX Activities
Study Conference on the GARP Polar Sub-programme
Workshop on Atmospheric BUdgets (GATE)
Informal Meeting on GATE Data Processing

8.3 GARP Publ ications
JOC-XI I Report, p. 27
8.3. I The following reports have been publ ished since the Eleventh Session of the JOC:
GSR No. 17 Report of the Second Session of the WMO Executive Committee Inter-governmental
Panel on the First GARP Global ExperIment - Geneva, September 1976
GSR NQ. 18
GSR No. 19
WGNE Report
No. II
WGNE Report
No. 12
Report of the Inter-governmental Planning Meeting for the First GARP
Global Experiment - Geneva, February 1976
Report of the Extraordinary Session of WMO Executive Committee
Inter-governmental Panel on the First GARP Global Experiment ­
Geneva, February 1976
Proceedings of the JOC Study Group Conference on Four-dimensional
Data Assimi lation - Paris, November 1975
Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic Model ling - Apri I 1976
8.3.2 The following reports are planned to be publ ished in the GARP Publ ications Series:
(i) Numerical Methods used in Atmospheric Models (Volumes I and J I)
(i i) Parameterization of Physical Processes in General Circulation Models
(i i i) The Monsoon Experiment
(i v) The Po Iar Experi ment
(v) Air-flow over and around Mountains
(vi) AMTEX Scientific Results
8.4 The Joint Planning Staff and the GARP Activities Office
8.4.1 The present status of the Joint Planning Staff and the GARP Activities Office
is given be low:
Professional Staff and Consultants:
B.R. Doos
V. Bol di rev
G. Paltridge
J. Perry
T. Nitta
M. Rubin
D. Rodenhu is
E. Jati Ia
J. Kuettner
Director JPS/GAO
Scientific Officer JPS
Consultant JPS
Consultant JPS
Scientific Officer GAO
Scientific Officer GAG
Scientific Officer GAG
Consultant GAO
Advi ser to Secretary-Genera I of WMO GAO

JOC-X I I Report, p. 28
Secretarial Staff
Mrs. M. Stanojevic
Mi ss A-H. Johnsen
Mrs. P. Ni cho I Is
Administrative Assistant
Clerk-Typist
Senior Secretary
JPS/GAO
8.4.2 Since the last JOC session, the following consultants have been actively engaged
in various planning activities.
Mr. E. Tiernan (USA)
Dr. L. Moen (Sweden)
Dr. N. Gustafsson (Sweden)
Mr. T. Kaneshige (USA)
Dr. I. Gal indo (Mexico)
Dr. H. Kraus- (FRG)
Dr. I. Sitnikov(USSR)
Mr. K. Pechmann (USA)
Dr. G. Dhonneur (France)
Dr. R. Keshavamurty (India)
Prof. T.N. Krishnamurti (USA)
Prof. T. Murakami (USA)
Prof. D.J. Baker, Jr. (USA)
Prof. F. Mesinger (Yugoslavia)
Dr. M. Cullen (UK)
8.5 The GARP Imp lementati on Fund
FGGE
FGGE Data Management
FGGE Data Management
FGGE Data Management
Tropical Sub-programme
Tropical Sub-programme
Tropical Sub-programme
Tropical Sub-programme
Monsoon Sub-programme
Monsoon Sub-programme
Monsoon Sub-programme
Monsoon Sub-programme
Polar Sub-programme
JPS
GAO
Numerical Experimentation SUb-programme
Numerical Experimentation SUb-programme
In the document (see Annex L) by the Secretary-General of the WMO, a budget of
$ 168.800 was proposed for the year 1977 on the assumption that WMO and ICSU would contribute
equal amounts into the GARP Implementation Fund.
The Committee endorsed the proposed budget.
8.6 Data and Place of the Next Session
The Committee tentatively agreed to the suggestion that the next session of the
JOC would take place in Apri I-May 1977.
The Committee took note of a possibi I ity to organize its next session in
Stockholm, Sweden.
The Committee also agreed that two meetings of the JOC Officers be held:
6-7 September 1976, Moscow and in April 1977, prior to the next JOC session.

I. The followi ng Members were present:
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
B. Bol in
P.K. Das
E.K. Fedorov (Officer)
K. Gambo
K. Hasselmann (Officer)
J . T. Houghton
C. Lei th
A.M. Oboukhov
J. Smagorinsky (Chairman)
R.W. Stewart
G.B. Tucker (Vice-Chairman)
Prof. P. More I was unable to attend the session.
I I. The following Observers attended the session
From ICSU
From UNEP
From WMO
Inv i ted exp erts :
J. Woods
G. Rao
O. M. Ash ford
W.L Godson
N. Kljukin
0.0. Adefol al u
S. Mbele-Mbong
G. Paltridge
M.A. Petrossiants
A. Wiin-Nielsen
JOC-XI I Report, ANNEX A
The JOC/ICSU liaison officer, Prof. T.F. Malone,was unable to attend.
I I I. Prof. B.R. Doos, Director of the Joint Planning Staff (JPS) acted as secretary
for the session; Dr. V. Boldirev served as joint secretary.

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF
SCIENTIFIC UNIONS
TWELFTH SESS ION
NAIROBI, JUNE 1976
I. ORGANIZATION OF THE SESSION
1.1 Opening of the session
1.2 Approval of the agenda
JOINT GARP ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
AGENDA
1.3 Election of Chairman, Vice-chairman and Officers
2. REPORTS ON JOC ACT! VIT IES
2. I Report of the Chairman
2.2 Report of the JOC Officers' Meeting
3. THE NUMERICAL EXPERIMttNTATION PROGRAMME
3.1 Report of the Working Group on Numerical Experimentation
3.2 Re-evaluation of the functions of the Working Group on
Numerical Experimentation
4. THE CLIMATE DYNAMICS SUB-PROGRAMME
4. I Present status
4.2 Overall strategy for future work
4.3 Plan of action
5. THE GLOBAL EXPERIMENT
5. I Review of the planning
5.2 Contingency planning
5.3 The Board of Review for Level I I I-b Data
5.4 Research aspects of the FGGE
5.5 JOC Board for FGGE
5.6 Operational direction of the FGGE
JOC-XI I Report, ANNEX B
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL
ORGAN IZAT ION

JOC-XII Report, ANNEX B, p. 2
6. OTHER GARP SUB-PROGRAMMES AND RELATED PROJECTS
6.1 The Tropical Sub-programme
6.2 The Monsoon Sub-programme
6.3 The Polar Sub-programme
6.4 Air-Flow over and around Mountains
7. OCEANOGRAPH IC PROGRAMMES
7. I Commi ttee on Oceanography and GARP
8. ORGANIZATION OF FUTURE WORK
8. I Future meetings and planning activities
8.2 GARP publications
8.3 The Joint Planning Staff and the GARP Activities Office
8.4 GARP Implementation Fund
8.5 Date and place of the next session

REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN
JOC-XI I Report, ANNEX C
As has come to be normal, a substantial amount of activity has taken place since
JOC-XI in Tokyo. Most of this wi I I be considerenduring JOC-XI I under the appropriate
topics for discussion, but a few highl ights are worth noting here.
In January of 1976, Professor Doos and I travel led to Baghdad at the invitation
of the Iraqi Meteorological Service, to discuss possible Iraqi contributions to the FGGE.
We were very wel I received there and had discussions with very senior people. As a result,
Iraq sent a delegation to the Inter-governmental Planning Meeting for the FGGE and very
seriously considered making a substantial contribution to the FGGE. Unfortunately, in the
event, it appears that this contribution wi I I not materialize.
In the same vein, later in the year, Professor Doos made a tour of oi I producing
countries in the Middle East, in order to ascertain whether any funds for the FGGE might
be forthcoming. These approaches have not so far produced any definite results, although
there remains some possibi Iity of something positive developing in the future.
In February, the Inter-governmental Planning Meeting for the FGGE was held in
Geneva. 44 nations were represented and commitments and indications for resources which
might be available for the Global Experiment were made. I represented JOC at the meeting.
Following this meeting, an extraordinary session of the FGGE Panel was held, also in Geneva,
to consider the impl ications for the FGGE of the indications and commitments made by the
nations. It was determined that, although commitments sti I I remained sUbstantially short
of the requirements, the prospect of mounting a global experiment not too different from
that which had been defined by the JOC, was good. Planning should be pressed forward.
Despite the economic difficulties which most nations were experiencing, there was a substantial
feel ing of optimism at the Panel session.
This Panel session was followed by a JOC Officers' Meeting, a report of which has
al ready been circulated and so need not be dealt with here.
Much unfinished business remains in connexlon with GATE. The Tropical Experiment
Board met in Geneva in May. It appears that the GATE data analysis is going slower than
pi anned, and continUing pressure wi I I have to be made to keep the work moving. However,
the delays which have occurred are neither particularly surprising nor partiCUlarly
disturbing to those fami liar with major efforts of this kind.
The GARP Cl imate Sub-programme in particular and cl imate change in general have
been prominent in discussions taking place both within ICSU and within the WMO. The international
concern over the problem of cl imate fluctuations has risen very substantially over
the last few years, notably because of agricultural problems in various parts of the world.
A large number of different organizations are turning their attention to climate-related
studies. How unnecessary dupl ication of effort can be avoided is becoming a problem demanding
serious attention. The way in which GARP fits into evolving arrangements wi I I be of
great importance to JOC over the next few years.
I should Iike to close this report with a personal note, since it is my last as
Chairman of JOC. The past four years have been perhaps the most interesting and stimulating
of my life. JOC itself has been certainly the best of the large number of international
committees with which I have been associated. The qual ity of the individuals on the
Committee, the frankness and high level of the debate and the wi I I ingness to be decisive
have been remarkable. Chairing the Committee has frequently been I ike trying to control a
team of very spirited horses, and I wi I I not deny that it has sometimes been exhausting.
However, it has been a stimulating and rewarding- experience for which I would like to
thank al I members of JOC.

JOC-XI I Report, Annex D, p. 3
This solution requires some development although much existing hardware can be
used. It appears that this solution wi I I permit more uniform processing than
version 3.
The disadvantage with this solution is that the sounding wi I I not be avai lable
on-board in "real time".
Version 3: On board processing and retransmission via geostationary satel Iite to a ground
station.
The main advantages with this solution are that few hardware developments are
needed and that the sounding wi I I be avai lable on board in "real-time". Such
a system would thus be more attractive for later use at land stations.
The main disadvantage with this solution is that the ship board equipment is
relatively much more complex, and may require more highly ski I led personnel
to keep it operating. Another important disadvantage with this solution
is the higher cost (twice as expensive as version 2).
The Officers agreed on thedeslrablJ ity that an expert be engaged to provide the
Director of theGAO with information on the field rei iabi I ity and the complexity of the
operation regarding versions 2 and 3.
2.2 Back-Up space communication I ink in Africa
The Officers considered the need for establ ishing a back-up communication I ink
in Africa prior to the Global Experiment.
A possible solution to this problem is described in Appendix A. The proposed back­
up system wi I I make use of the TIROS-N/ARGOS Data Collection and Location system. It wi I I
transmit meteorological data from field stations to any regional centre and to the G.T.S.
through on board storage and transmission to NOAA Space Data Acquisition Faci I ities.
3. THE CLIMATE DYNAMICS SUB-PROGRAMME
The Officers reviewed the tentative schedule of specific activities for the fur-ther
development of the GARP Cl imate Dynamics SUb-programme.

10.2 Lectures
JOC-XI I Report, Annex 0, p. 9
The Officers agreed to invite the following scientists to make presentations of
some of the key problem areas within GARP:
B. Bol in; The GARP Cl imate Dynamics Sub-programme
K. Hasselmann: The Role of the Oceans in Cl i mate Mode I ling
J. Smagorinsky; The Monsoon Experiment
An invited expert: The West African Monsoon Study.
10.3 Experts to be invited
A. Wi in-Nielsen: Chairman of the JOC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation
H. Charnock
S. Tewungwa: Director-General I East African Meteorological Department
An expert on the West African Monsoon Study.

JOC ....XII Report,. Annex D, Appendix C, p. 2
Thus COG, like JOC, wil I effectively put pressure on some scientists to deflect
or even change entirely the direction of their research. Some research orientations wi I I
take precedent over others. Indeed, if this were not the case COG would be largely un­
necessary or largelY ineffective.
Such pressure wi I I only be wel I received if COG is composed of outstanding
scientists, commanding the greatest respect for their scientific judgement. We are aware
that the membership of COG, as proposed, wi I I include several such people. However, we
feel uncomfortable with the way in which the membership is decided, in that a large pro­
portion of the members are ex officio, and the others wi I I be regarded as representatives
of various groups. In our opinion it would be better if each member were chosen as an in­
dividual, with the criteria essentially those of scientific or technological excellence,
together with ensuring that the ful I range of required expertise relative to GARP exists
i·n the Comm ittee .
The JOC Officers note with gratitude that SCOR proposes the inclusion of two
nominees of JOC in COG. We are in ful I accord with the intent: to provide the very
closest I iaison between JOC and COG. However, for the time being we prefer to postpone
identifying any nominee to COG. As we have stated above, we tend not to favour the notion
of representation, and it is difficult for nominees not to be representatIves. Nevertheless,
we agree that there are certain viewpoints which JOC would I ike to ensure were expressed
within COG.
We therefore propose to wait unti I the membership of COG is settled. We may
then find that al I needs we see are met, including the need for close association between
COG and JOC, and so no additional proposals by JOC would be required. This situation would
have the added advantage of restraining somewhat the sIze of COG, which we suspect to be a
bit large.
On the other hand, if we do identify some needs remaining to be fl I led after the
COG membership is chosen, we can then act appropriately either by suggesting one or two
additional members or by proposing some other arrangements.
I would welcome your reactions to these frank comments. It would be especially
useful to have it before JOC XI I, in mid-June.
S j neared y,
R. W. Stewart
Chairman JOC

JOC-XII Report, Annex D, AppendIx D, p.. 2
Furthermore, we recommend to the nations of the TEB that they support the pro­
gramme by making resources avai lable for visitors either through institutional resources,
exchange of scientists on a I: I basis, or possibly through independent bi lateral agreements
which have already been established.
3. RECOMMENDATION ON THE GATE INTERNATIONAL DATA MANAGMENT SYSTEM
Several important components in the design of the international GATE data manage­
ment system are the 5 Subpprogramme Data Centres and the 2 Archives (WDC-A and WDC-B). As
we approach the final year of data processing, it is essential to know exactly the data
products which wi I I be produced with proper val idation and wi I I be placed in the archives
for future scientific research.
Existing plans for these groups appear to be sometimes too ambitious in scope,
or in other cases, not comp Iete. Now that the data are beg inn i ng to flow to these centres
and the resources of these Centres are known (and I imited), it Is important to specify In
detai I what wi I I be done (and wi I I not be done) so that the scientific community wi I I have
no misconceptions.
We request the GAO to encourage each of the SDCs to prepare a final, complete and
real istic plan for the operation of the SDCs during their final year (or so) of work. The
plan should be presented at the meeting of the TEB.

JOC-XI I Report, Annex E. p. 10
5.3 Comments
It was recognized by the WGNE that the proposed tri-scale partitioning of RMS
scores preserved the desired simpl icity and could be appl ied equally wel I to synoptic fore­
casts or analyses and to various time-averaged fields (e.g. 5-, 10- or 30-day averages).
The RMS scores of combinations of such space and time averaged data should prove especially
useful in assessing the ski I I of extended-range and cl imatic forecasts of both the conven­
tional state variables (e.g. temperature, pressure and wind) and of derived variables such
as precipitation, cloudiness and elements of the energy balance (e.g. eddy transports and
energy transformation rates).
5.4 Review
After the recalculation of the RMS scores of a sample of conventional predict-
abi I ity experiments along the I ines suggested in 5.2 above has been performed as a test case,
it is suggested that the WGNE issue guidelines for evaluation of forecasts and analyses for
consideration by the numerical modelling community at its thirteenth session in April 1976.
This issue would conceivably be quite crucial, since the evaluation thus made may determine
the guidel ines for the steering of the future atmospheric sciences.
6. I
6. I. I
6. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTATION PROGRAMME RELATED TO THE GARP
CLIMATE DYNAMICS SUB-PROGRAMME
Performance Comparisons of Cl imate Models
The prel iminary report submitted by the WGNE Ad Hoc Group on Cl imate Model Compari­
sons was reviewed by the WGNE. The importance of this proposed activitiy was reaffirmed
and the report was endorsed with the single revision of the projected timing (see paragraph
6. 1.2 below).

JOC-XI I Report, Annex E, p. 13
(I) to identify the parameterization requirements of ocean-atmosphere interactions on
time scales from 10- 1 to 10 2 years from the viewpoint of their role in cl imate
dynamics;
(2) to identify the further research needed on oceanic processes in order to improve
such parameterizations of ocean-atmosphere interaction on these time scales.
The WGNE feels that such a conference would be the most effective way to plan
the necessary numerical experimentation with ocean models, i.e. by executing them wherever
possible in the context of a coupled ocean-atmosphere system.
To implement this approach to cl'imate model I ing, the WGNE wi I1 invite the chair­
men of SCOR Working Groups 34 and 49 to its thirteenth session in Apri I 1976, and propose
an expansion of the WGNE membership to include a representative of the oceanic model ling
community (see Section 12. I).
7. UTILIZATION OF FGGE DATA SETS
The Working Group wishes to further stimulate the discussion on the uti Iization
ot FGGE data sets in the research community.
8. THE JOC STUDY GROUP CONFERENCE ON FOUR-DIMENSIONAL DATA ASSI.MILATiON
(Paris, 17-21 November 1975)
The final programme was examined by the Working Group. It was decided that the
Proceedings of the Conference include the results of discussions concerning the assessment
of research on tour-dimensional assimi lation: present status and prospects for the future.
9. THE JOC STUDY GROUP CONFERENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUMERICAL MODELS FOR THE TROPICS
(ExGter, U.K., 4-10 Apri I 1976)
It was decided that about half of the time of the Study Conference should be de­
voted to the presentation of scientific papers, and that the rest ot the time should be
spent in discussion groups which would evaluate the state of the art and identify problems
which remain to be solved.

JOC-XI I Report, Annex E, p. /5
groups stating that despite these problems, it was hoped that al I groups would continue with
their integrations based on these data.
I 1.3 A representative of GFDL stated that he_hoped it would be possible to prepare a
different set of analyses for November 1969 (using four-dimensional data assimi lation
techniques) at GFDL within the next year. The WGNE decided that those groups currently
carrying out experiments with the Montreal data should be encouraged to conduct similar
"xp0riments with the GFDL data when it is ava1lable.
I 1.4 In a simi lar token, data sets which wil I be, or have been prepared during the
GAT[ or DST (Data Systems Test) periods should also be uti! ized,
I!. I Re-evaluation of WGNE Functions
17. ORGANIZATION OF FUTURE WORK
12. 1.1 The Working Group discussed the organization of its work now and in the future.
It was real ized that the work in the past had to a large extent been concerned with the pre­
,Iaratlon of the FGGE through the performance of Observlng System Simulatlon Experiments,
the work on the observational sub-programmes and the data management for the FGGE. The
expectation is that these efforts wi I I become unnecessary in the near future when the plans
for the FGGE.have been finalized.
12. 1.2 The activities of the Working Group in the coming years wi I I mainly be concentra-
led on two major areas:
(a) The evaluation of prediction experiments using the FGGE data sets.
(b) The problems deal ing with the incorporation of physical processes (para­
meterization) in prediction models wi I I continue.
(c) The evaluation of the impact and importance of the various components of
the FGGE observation period (OSE = Observing System Experiments).

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF
SCIENTIFIC UNIONS
WORKING GROUP ON
NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTATION
TWELFTH SESSION, PARIS, NOVEMBER 1975
I. ORGANIZATION OF THE SESSION
I. I Opening of the session
1.2 Approval of the Agenda
JOINT GARP ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
AGENDA
2. OBSERVING SYSTEMS SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS (OSSE) FOR THE FGGE
2. I Results of additional experiments for re, :ning the observational
requirements in the equatorial tropics
2.2 Results of further analysis of OSSE for the southern hemisphere
2.3 Additional OSSE's on the buoy array
2.4 Results of four-dimensional data assmi lation carried out at the
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
JOC-XII Report, ANNEX E, APPEND.lX A
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
2.5 Results of new series of OSSE carried out at the UK Meteorological Office
2.6 Evaluation of Observing Systems Simulation Experiments
3. EXPECTED ACCURACIES OF THE OBSERVATIONS OBTAINED FROM THE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS
OF THE FGGE OBSERVING SYSTEM
4. THE DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR THE FGGE
4. I The Data Systems Test
4.2 Production of Level I I data sets
4.3 Production of Level I I I data sets
4.4 Archiving
5. EVALUATION OF NUMERICAL PREDICTABILITY EXPERIMENTS
6. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTATION PROGRAMME RELATED TO THE GARP CLIMATE DYNAMICS SUB-PROGRAMME
6. I Performance comparisons of climate models
6.2 Report of the WGNE Ad-hoc Working Group on the Global Data Base for
Climate Research
6.3 Climate modelling
6.4 Climate parameterization meeting
6.5 Coupled ocean-atmosphere models

JOC-XI I Report, Annex E, Appendix A, p. 2
I. UT ILI ZAT ION OF FGGE DATA SETS
H. THL JOC STUDY GROUP CONFERENCE ON FOUR-DIMENSIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION
lJ. THE JOC STUDY GROUP CONFERENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUMERICAL MODELS
FOR THE TROPICS
10. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTATION RELATED TO OTHER GARP SUB-PROGRAMMES AND
RELATED PROJECTS
10. I The Monsoon Sub-programme
10.2 Air-flow over and around mountains
I I. THE BASIC DATA SET PROJECT
1/. ORGANIZATION OF FUTURE WORK
12. I Re-evaluation of WGNE functions
12.2 Publications
12.) Date and Place of the next meeting

JOC-XII Report, ANNEX E, APPENDIX C
REVIEW OF RECENT OBSERVING SYSTEMS SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS
INTRODUCTION
I. - At its first session the WMO/EC Inter-governmental Panel on the FGGE
requested the JOC to review its recommendations for requirements for Basic and
Speci a I Observi ng Systems, in the light of the most recent Observi ng- Systems
Simulation Experiments (OSSE).
2. In response to this request of the Inter-governmental Panel on the
FGGE, the JOC requested the JOC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation to
further analyse the result of the existing OSSE on a regional basis and give
quantitative comments on the performance of the various feasible observing
platform arrangements.
PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT
3. The purpose of this document Is to Inform the Committee on the re-analysis
of preVious OSSE and the results of the OSSE performed after the first session
of the Panel.
Basic Scheme of OSSE
i
Method of OSSE
DI SCUSS ION
4. At the National Centre for Atmospheric Research, the control data sets
(i.e. artificial observations) for the experiment were generated by a high resolution
model (i.e. the IItruth ll model) and the data were introduced into a low resolution
model (i .e. the lIass imi lation il model) for the four-dimensional assimi lation and
analysis. A simple updating method was used for taking into account new data from
simulated special observing systems which was similar to those proposed by
Bengtsson and More I. The resu Its of the four-d Imens lonal ana Iys Is performed by
the lIass lmi latlon ll model were verified against the pseudo-observation obtained
from the IItruth" model integration.

JOC-XII Report, Annex E, Appendix C, p. 2
5. At the UK Meteorological Office, the "truth" model was not only a high
resolution model, but also possessed soph-isticated physical procedures. On
the other hand, the " ass imi lation" model was a low resolution model and has a
less realistic physical rationale. In introducing new data from a simulated
special observing system, the following three methods of updating were
used and compared:
(a) simple updating
(b) objective analysis with optimum interpolation
(c) 80%""95% (objective analysis with optimum interpolation) + 5%"'20%
("c limatol og i ca I" data)*
Concerning the assumed special observing systens, those proposed by Bengtsson
and More I were simulated. The results of the four-dimensional analysis performed
by the "assimi lation" models were verified against the pseudo-observation obtained
from the "truth" model integration.
6. At the Geophys i ca I Flu id Dynami cs Laboratory, instead of the si mu I ated
data, real data were used. The "assimi lation" model was the GFDL global circulation
model. Three different versions of data insertion were tested. The scheme for
updating was the forward continuous method. The results of the four-dimensional
analysis were mrrparedwith the analyses obtained at the National Meteorological
Center, NOAA, USA.
7. Advanced, sophisticated, finite-difference general cirCUlation models
were used for the experi ments. The characteristi cs of these mode I s are
summarized in Table I.
* The percentage was changed in some experiments. "Ciimatoiogical ii means a time
average for a certain period (about a month) of the simulated data. The
period was also changed in some experiments.

JOC-XI I Report, Annex E, Appendix C, p. 7
12. The analyses obtained at GFDL by a 4-dimensional data assimi lation
method were compared with the Leve I III data obta i ned at the NaHona I Meteoro­
logical Center (NMC), USA, from an objective analysis based on Flattery's Hough·
function method. Results seem to show that a minimum RMS difference on the
average of 6 m/sec exists between the wind analyses for the tropics and northern
hemisphere sUb-tropics, and that at greater densities the range of difference
is smaller.. As to the temperature RMS difference, the minimum difference is
2 0 C and the maximum about aOc.
REFERENCES: I. Nitta, T., Lorenc, A., Gilchrist, A. and Wi I liamson, D., 1975:
Observing Systems Simulation Experiments for the First GARP
Global Experiment. The GARP Programme on Numerical
Experimentation, Report No. 10 (in preparation)
2. WMO/ICSU, 1974: Report of the JOC-X
3. WMO/ICSU, 1974: Report of the WMO/EC Inter-governmental Panel
on the First GARP Global Experiment, First Session.
GARP Special Report No. 14.
4. WMO/ICSU, 1975: Report of the JOC Working Group on Numerical
Experimentation, Eleventh Session.

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF
SCIENTIFIC UNIONS
JOINT GARP ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
JOC-XII Rep9rt 1 ANNEX F
REPORT OF THE THIRTEENTH SESSION OF THE WORKING GROUP ON
NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTATION
(EXETER, U.K., 31 MARCH-2 APRIL 1976)
GENEVA, MAY 1976
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL
ORGANI ZATI ON

I. INTRODUCTION
JOC-XI I Report, Annex F, p. 3
1.1 The Working Group on Numerical Experimentation held its thirtheenth session at
Exeter, United Kingdom, at the Mathematics Department, University of Exeter, 31 March ­
2 Apri I 1976, with the following participation:
Professor A. Wiin-Nielsen, Member (Chairman)
Dr. L. Bengtsson, Member
Mr. F. Bushby, Member
Dr. L. Gates, Member
Dr. A. Robert, Member
Dr. S. Schneider, Member
Professor K. Hasselmann, Invited Expert
Professor A.R. Robinson, Invited Expert
Professor B.R. Doos, Director, JPS and GAO
Dr. T. Nitta, Scientific Officer, GAO
Dr. S.Z. Zi I itinkevich was unable to attend. Professors Hasselmann and Robinson participated
in the discussion on the agenda item 6.3.
1.2 The approved agenda of the meeting is attached as Appendix A.
2. OBSERVING SYSTEM SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS (OSSE) FOR FGGE
2.1 Additional OSSE' s on the drifting bUoy observing systems
Because previous OSSE' s on the effect of different buoy distributions In the
Southern hemisphere had been somewhat inconclusive, a new set of experiments was conducted
by the UK Meteorological Office at Bracknell. These experiments were more real istic than
previous experiments at Bracknel I because better models were used both for the "truth"
and for assimi lation, and in addition to optimum interpolation a repeated insertion technique
was adopted in the assimi lation process.

JOC-XI I Report, Annex F, p. 5
It is important to stress that in the southern hemisphere winter the improvements
in surface analysis due to the addition of a buoy network to the basic observing system are
I ikely to be considerably greater than they were in this OSSE. The improvements due to the
buoy network wi I I also be greater if for any reason the basic observing system is not as
good as was assumed during the latest experiment.
3. EXPECTED ACCURACIES OF THE OBSERVATIONS FROM THE
INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF THE FGGE OBSERVING SYSTEM
Dr. Bengtsson presented a working paper on expected accuracies of observations
from space observing systems and aircraft reports. The paper was a revised version of an
earl ier report which has been reviewed by different users consisting of both operational
and research groups.
Although there are considerable difficulties in obtaining accurate estimates of
the errors, the WGNE feels that it would be useful for the different model I ing groups that
some quantitative values were given. These values must be regarded as best possible esti­
mates based on obtained statistICs and should be updated successively as more complete
information becomes avai lable.
It is found that the space observations have a more complex error than conventional
data and the Working Group recommends therefore that data assimilation procedures are de­
veloped so that such error structures can be taken into consideration.
3.1 Sate I Iite temperature errors
The satel I ite temperature errors are given in Table I. The errors should be re­
garded as free of gross systematic errors. It is found that the error increases with the
latitude and depends on the weather situations such that the error is larger at high lati­
tudes and in areas of clouds.
Satel I ite temperature errors are also correlated in time as wel I as in the
vertical and the horizontal directions. Table 2 presents a matrix of the error correlation

Table I - RMS error for satel Iite temperature sounding
1000 mb 2.9 ± 0.7
850 mb 2.7 ± 0.6
700 mb 2.3 ± 0.5
500 mb 2.0 ± 0.5
300 mb 2.2 ± 0.6
200 mb 2.5 ± 0.7
100 mb 2.9 ± 0.7
50 mb 2.2 ± 0.5
Mean 2.5 ± 0.7
Table 2 - Error correlation matrix for satel I ite temperature error
1000 mb 850 700 500 300 200 100 50
1000 mb 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.2 0 0 0 0
850 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 0 0 0
700 0.4 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.3 0 0 0
500 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.3 0 0 0
300 0 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.1 0 0
200 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.0 0 0
JOC-XI I Report, Annex F, p. 7
100 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0.4
50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 1.0
4. THE DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR THE FGGE
The WGNE reviewed the present status of planning for the data management for the
FGGE. Whi le the WGNE real ises that it has been a practical necessity to subdivide the total
task into many separate parts it nevertheless expressed concern that the many interfaces

6.3
6.3. I
JOC-XI I Report, Annex F, p. I I
Joint JOC-SCOR Study Conference on General Circulation Models of the Ocean
and their Relation to Cl imate
Introduction and Considerations
-------------------------------
The WGNE recognizes the importance of focussing the efforts of the atmospheric
and oceanic model I ing communities on the problem of cl imate in a co-ordinated fashion, and
endorses the idea of a joint conference as an appropriate mechanism to achieve this end.
In accordance with the request of the JOC, the WGNE has appointed a representative
to take part in the planning of a Joint JOC/SCOR Study Conference on the Role of the Oceans
in Models of Cl imate, and an organizing committee consisting of representatives of JOC,
WGNE and SCOR Working Groups 34 and 49, has been formed for this purpose. In planning the
Study Conference, the Organizing Committee has taken into consideration:
i) The desires of the JOC and WGNE to proceed toward the development of comprehensive
coupled ocean-atmospheric models for climatic research on the basis of further
model I ing studies of the ocean and atmosphere as separate components while model ling
of the coupled ocean-atmospheric system proceeds at the same time.
i i) The desire of the SCOR Working Group on Internal Dynamics of the Ocean (W.G. No. 34)
to review the observations and model I ing of oceanic processes, and to review re­
lated cl imatic model I ing on time scales between 6 months and 100 years; and
i i i) The desire of the SCOR Working Group on Mathematical Model I ing of Oceanic Pro­
cesses (W.G. No.49) to review recent research on the model I ing of selected
oceanic processes, to assess the current status of models of the oceanic general
circulation and to develop a focussed view of the relation of ocean models to the
problem of cl imate (as described to WGNE-XI I I by Professor A. Robinson) ..

JOC-XI I Report, Annex F, p. 12
6.3.2
As a result of the initial meeting of the Organizing Committee, the following
actions were taken with respect to the planning of the Joint JOC/SCOR study conference:
(a) An Organizing Committee was establ ished as fol lows:
Professor K. Hasselmann, (JOC), Co-Chairman
Professor A. Robinson (SCaR W.G. 34), Co-Chairman
Dr. K. Bryan, (SCaR W.G. 49)
Dr. W.L. Gates, (WGNE)
Professor A.S. Monin
(b) The titZe of the Conference is suggested to be:
"Joint JOC/SCOR Study Conference on General Circulation lv10dels of the Ocean and
their relation to Climate".
(c) The time and place of the Study Conference are suggested as one week sometime
during the period Apri I - June 1977 in Helsinki.
(d) It is suggested that attendance at the Study Conference be limited to invited
participants in the range 30-50 persons
i) Those participants invited to present a review wi I I be asked to prepare
a written summary in advance of the Conference, whi le other participants
wi I I be invited to contribute to the discussion and evaluation of the
Conference proceedings as a whole.
ii) It is expected that formal invitations to the participants wi I I be issued
on behalf of the Conference organizers by June 1976 in order to al low suf­
ficient time for the preparation of contributions of the highest possible
quality.
(e) The Organizing Committee has proposed that the prel iminary conference programme
be as shown in the Appendix C, with further topical elaboration and the identifica­
tion of specific lectures and speakers to be decided on in subsequent meetings of
the organizing committee.
(f) It is envisaged that a report on the Proceedings of the Study Conference (including
both the invited papers and the discussion) wi I I be prepared immediately following
the conference and wi I I be publ ished in the GARP publ ication series before the
end of 1977.

9. UTILIZATION OF THE FGGE DATA SETS
JOC-XII Report, Annex F, p. 15
As a result of meetings arranged to discuss the plans for the uti I ization of the
FGGE data sets it is apparent that many operational and research groups have formulated
quite specific programmes to use to the various levels of data for studies related to a
diagnosis of atmospheric structures and processes. In addition, some groups have plans to
use the data sets for prediction experiments.
Detai led plans have been received from:
i) The Belgrade Model I ing Group, Yugoslavia
i i) The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, U.S.A.
ii i) The World Meteorological Center, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
iv) The British Meteorological Office, Bracknel I, U.K.
v) The National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, U.S.A.
vi) The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Bracknel I, U.K.
i i ) GFDL
The major areas of interest indicated by the groups are I isted below:
I. Advection problems
2. Geostrophic adjustment
3. Data assimi lation (ordinary analysis, 4-0 assimi lation)
4. Horizontal space arrangement of variables
5. Oceanography.
I. Atmospheric model for data assiml lation
2. Data processing for insertion
3. Assimi lation schemes
4. Seasonal variation of the general clrculation
5. Forecasting (one to several weeks)
6. Monsoon, blocking, stratospheric warming, El Nino.

JOC-XII Report, Annex F, p. 19
Based upon this assessment it was further agreed that the WGNEwould continue to
use its present mode of operation in which a member of the WGNE takes responsibi I ity for each
major problem area for which he co-ordinates the activities between meetings. The member
responsible for a given area may create ad-hoc supporting groups for the solution of specific
problems. The areas are:
1st GARP Objective
2ndGARP Objective
- Analysis and observing system
- Physical processes and their parameterization
- Prediction problems
- Tropical Meteorology
- Data problems
- Parameterlzation problems pecul iar to climate time scales
- Cl imate models (with different combinations of the internal and external systems)
- Ocean models.
The problem areas mentioned above and divided according to their relation to the
first and second GARP objectives may also be summarized as fbl lows:
A. Data Problems
- Analysis
- Observing System (Simulation) Experiments
- Global Data Base for Cl imatic Research
B. Predictions and Simulation
- Computational Consideration
- Prediction Experiments
- Simulation Experiments
C. Physical Processes
- Parameterization Procedures for Weather Prediction Purposes
- Parameterization Procedures for Cl imatic Purposes

JOC-XII Report; Annex F, p. 20
D. GenerC'l1 Circulation Models
- Predictabi I ity
- Joint Ocean-Atmosphere Models
- Cl imatic Models
E. Oceanic Model ling
F. GARP Sub-programmes
The WGNE recommends to the JOC that the membership of the Working Group should in­
clude members who in addition to general knowledge concerning the first and second GARP
objectives and numerical experimentation related thereto should be knowledgeable in Oceanic
Modelling and in Tropical Meteorology (including problems related to the Monsoon Sub-programme).
The Working Group recommends further that the total membership should be limited to 8-9
persons. It is furthermore considered of importance for the future work of the Working
Group that experts knowledgeable in the respective GARP Sub-programmes should be invited
to participate in the meeting of the WGNE 3
as appropriate.
The final corrections for Volume I of "Numerical Methods used in Atmospheric
Models" were received from Prof. A. Arakawa,and Dr. M. Cullen is now in the process of
editing the last chapter. It is expected that the printed book wi I I be ready for dis­
tribution in June or July. It wi I I come out as No. )7 in the GARP Publ ication Series.
A plan for Volume 2 was presented at the neeting and discussed by the members.
Dr. A. Robert and Prof. A. Arakawa wi II take another month to finalize this pICin'. Anumber
of special ists wi I I then be contacted and asked to contribute material for the various
chapters. It is hoped that th is mater ia I wi I I be co I Iected and edited before the end of
the year.
WGNE agreed to undertake the writing of the document "Parameterization of Physical
Processes in General Circulation Models", to appear ultimately as a GARP Publ icotion Series
report •

JOC-XI I Report, Annex F, p. 21
This planned publ ication is intended as a comprehensive survey of the rationale
and physical basis of GCM parameterization schemes used in many current GCMs. In addition
to the cataloging of the basic physical description of parameterization, the potential for
improving such parameterization and the distinction between parameterizations most appro­
priate for models deal ing with the 1st or 2nd GARP objectives would be considered.
Dr. S.H. Schneider of WGNE has agreed to begin compilation of the publication and hopes
to receive written reports on individual parameterization schemes trom GCM groups. The
WGNE establishes an ad-hoc committee consisting of Dr. S.H. Schneider (Chairman)3
Dr. L. Gates and Dr. A. Robert to plan the publication.
I 1.3 Data and Place of the Next Meeting
The next meeting of the WGNE wi I I be at Montreal, Canada, during the period
4-6 October 1976, under invitation of Dr. A. Robert.

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL
OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS
JOINT GARP ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
WORKING GROUP ON
NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTATION
THIRTEENTH SESSION, EXETER, U.K., APRIL 1976
I. ORGANIZATION OF THE SESSION
1.1 Opening of the session
1.2 Approval of the agenda
AGENDA
JOC-XII Report, ANNEX F, APPENDIX A
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
2. OBSERVING SYSTEMS SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS (OSSE) FOR THE FGGE
2. I Additional OSSE's on the drifting buoy observing systems
3. EXPECTED ACCURACIES OF THE OBSERVATIONS FROM THE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS
OF THE FGGE OBSERVING SYSTEM
3. I Satel Iite soundings
3.2 Satel lite winds
3.3 Aircraft winds
4. THE DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR THE FGGE
4. I Second meeting of experts for the development of a data management
plan for the FGGE
5. EVALUATION OF NUMERICAL PREDICTABILITY EXPERIMENTS
5. I Guidel ines for evaluation of forecasts and analyses for consideration
by the numerical model I ing community
6. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTATION PROGRAMME RELATED TO THE GARP CLIMATE DYNAMICS
SUB-PROGRAMME
6.1 Performance comparison of cl imate models
6.2 Global Data Base for cl imate research
6.3 JOC Study Conference on "The Role of the Oceans in Models of Cl imate"

JOC-XI I Report, Annex F, Appendix A, p. 2
7. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTATION RELATED TO OTHER GARP SUB-PROGRAMMES AND
RELATED PROJECTS
7.1 The Mbnsoon Sub-programme
7.2 The Polar SUb-programme
7.3 Air Flow over and around Mountains
8. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTATION USING GATE DATA
8. I The JOC Study Group Conference on the Development of Numerical
Models for the Tropics (Exeter, U.K., Apri I 1976)
9. UTILIZATION OF FGGE DATA SETS
10. THE BASIC DATA SET PROJECT
II. ORGANIZATION OF FUTURE WORK
11.1 Re-organization of WGNE
11.2 Publications
I1.3 Date and place of the next meeting

JOG-XI I Report, Annex F, Appendix B, p. 3
spheric models, the boundary conditions imposed at the equator should
also be given. The model's horizontal computational grid should also
be shown if it is not present,on any of the above maps. A description
of the initial conditions used or of the model's spin-up history should
also be given.
3. Performance data
In the initial comparisons, attention will be focused on a limited
number of modeled variables for both January and July. For each model,
the following performance data should be prepared:
a. Climatic statistics/maps.
(1) Monthly averages. The global (or hemispheric) distribution
·of the simulated averages for January (31 days) and July (31 days) of
the following mode led variables (and recommended isolines) should be
submitted:
(a) sea-level pressure (isolines: 996 mh,
1000 rub, 1004 rub, ••• )
(b) precipitation rate (isolines: 0.5 mm/day,
1 mm/day, 2 mm/day, 5 mm/day, 10 mm/day,
15 mm/day)
(c) temperature at 500 rub (isolines: -4°C,
(d) geopotcntial height at 500 rub (isolines:
5340 m, 540p m, 5460 m, ••• )
Ce) zonal (west-east) wind speed at 500 rub
(isolines:
-1
4 m sec •
-1 -1
-4m sec ,Om sec ,

JOC-XI I Report, Annex F, Appendix B, p. 4
(f) meridional (south-north) wind speed at 500 rob
-(i.solines:
-1 -1 -1
-2 m sec 0 m sec , 2 m sec , ••• )
(1) Stw1dard deviations. The global (or hemispheric) distribution
of the simulated standard deviations for January (31 days) and July (31
days) of the fol1oNing variables (and recommended iso1ines) should be
subnrl_ tted:
(a) sea-level pressure or surface pressure (iso-
lines: 2 rob, 4 rob, 6 rob, ••• )
(b) precipitation rate (iso1ines: 1 mm/day,
2 mm/day, 3 mm/ day, ••• )
(c) temperature at 500 rob (iso1ines: 2°C,
(d) geopotentia1 height at 500 rob (iso1ines:
30 m, 60 m, 90 m, ••• )
(e) zonal wind speed at 500 rob (iso1ines:
-1 -1 -1
2 m sec , 4 msec , 6 m sec , ••• )
(f) meridional wind speed at 500 rob (iso1ines:
-1 -1 -1
1 m sec , 2 m sec , 3 m sec , ••• )
The standard deviation should be calculated from daily simulated values
during the months of January and July; if more frequent data are used,
an estimate of the diurnal contribution to the standard deviation should
be given.
b. Climatic statistics/meridional cross-sections
(1) Monthly c:'erages. The distribution of the averages for Janu-
ary and July of the follO\"ing variables should be submitted in meridi-
ona1 cross-section ::ole-to-pole or equator-to-pole, and from lOG) rob
to 200 rob as rnodele:) :

JOC-XI I Report, Annex F, Appendix C, p. 2
b. Atmospheric responses (AGCM's)
c. Responses in coupled GCM's.
(iii) Experiments with simplified coupled models
V DISCUSSION OF OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS AND OUTLOOK

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF
SCIENTIFIC UNIONS
JOC-XI I Report, ANNEX G
THE GARP CLIMATE DYNAMICS SUB-PROGRAMME
REPORT OF THE JOC AD HOC WORKING GROUP ON
THE GLOBAL DATA BASE FOR CLIMATE RESEARCH
(PRINCETON, 21-23 APRIL 1976)
GENEVA, MAY 1976
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION

JOC-XII Report, Annex G, p'. 2
I. INTRODUCTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2. Cll MATE DATA SETS ..•.•..•.•..•.•....•...•..•..•...•..•...•...••....•.••.•••. ,5
3. DATA BASE SPECI FICS II
3. I Atmosphere.. . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • • . . . . • . • • . • • • . • • • • . . . . • . . • • . • • I I
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
, Da i I Y stat i on data •.••.••..•...••.•......••.•••...••.•.•....••.•
Da i Iy gri d poi nt ana lyses .....•....••.•••.•.••.•.•••.•.•.•....•.
Monthly mean basic station data ••.••.....•••.••.•.......••••••..
For middle and upper stratosphere .•.•.••.•.•.•••••••.•..•••••..•
3.2 Radiation Balance and Clouds ••.•.••••••.••.••••••.•••••..•••••••.•.•••. 17
3.2. I
3.2.2
GI oba I month I y mean ana lyses .••••••.•••••••.•.••••••••.••.•••.•.
Cloud amounts and he i ghts •••.••••••.••...••..•..••••••.••.••••••
3.3 Observations of Surface Conditions •.•.•.••.••.•••••..•.••••..•••.•••.•. 18
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
World Monthly Surface Station Data •.••.••••..•••••.•••.••.••••.•
Summary of the Day Surface Data •.••..••••••••••••.••••.••.••••••
Data for Snow and I ce Cover •••..•.••••.••••••••.••.••••••.••••••
Stream Flow Data ••••••••••.••••••.•.•.••..••••••••••.••••..•••••
Soi I Moisture .••••••••••••••••.•••.••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••
3.4 Oceans •••••••••••••.•..•••••.•••••••••••••••.••.••••.•...•••••••••.••.• 20
3.4.1
3.4.2
Sea Surface Temperature (SST) ••.••••.••••••••.•••.•.••••••••••••• 20
Sub-'surface Cond i t ions •••••••..••••••••••••.••••.•••.••••••••••• 25
3.5 Aerosol Processes and Minor Constituents of Importance for the
Rad i ati ve Ba lance •.•.•.••.••••••.•••••••••.•••••..•..•••••••••••••.•••. 26
3.6 Non- i nstrumenta I Records •.••••••••..•••••••••.••.••••••••.••••••••••••., 26
4. QUALITY CONSiDERATIONS •.••••.••••••.•••.••.•.••••••••••.••••••••.•••••••••.. 27
4. I Genera I •••••.••....•••.••••.••••••.••••••••••.•...••••.••.••••••.•.•••• 27
4.2 Net Radiation Budget .....•••.•••••...••.••.•••.••.••.••.•.•.•..•.•••••• 28
4.3 Cloudiness •••.•........•.....•••.•.••.••••..•••.••••..••.•••••••.•..• ·· 28
4.4 Surface AI bedo ••••••..••.••.•••••.•.•.••.•.••••..•.•.•....•••.••••••... 29
4.5 Snow and Sea Ice ••.....•....••.••.•••••..•.••.•.....••••..•.•..•••••••. 29
4.6 Precipitation ...•......•..•.••.•.•.•.•••.••.••••.•.••..•.......•••.····29
4.7 So i I Mo i sture ..•.......•.........••.••••.•.....•.•••......••..•..•...•• 30
4.8 Sea Surface Temperature •.•.•••••••....••...•.••......••.....••......... 30
4.9 Comparisons between Existing Data Sets ••• , ..••••...•..••....•....•.•.•. 31
Page
4
11
14
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18

JOC-XI I Report, Annex G, p. 4
I. INTRODUCTION
The ad-hoc Group met at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton
New Jersey, U.S·.A., from 21 to 23 Apri I 1976. The following individuals took part in the
meeti ng:
J. Kutzbach
L. Bengtsson
R. Bernstei n
R. Jenne
W. Nordberg
R. Dickson
E. Hol opai nen
A. Oort
J.S. Perry
(JOC consultant,. Chairman)
(JOC Working Group on Numerical Experimentation)
(JOC consultant)
( Invi ted expert)
(I nvited Expert)
(Invited Expert)
(Invited expert)
(Invited expert)
(JOCconsultant)
The objective of the meeting was to develop a general plan for the development of
a Global Data Base (GOB) for cl imate research, as recommended by the JOC at its tenth and
eleventh sessions.
The Group took note than an earl ier ad-hoc Group met at Boulder, Colorado from
24 to 26 July 1975, had made a number of specific recommendations regarding various aspects
of the GOB. The Group reviewed the report of this meeting and has reiterated many of its
recommendations specifically in the present report. Valuable presentations and written
information were provided by R. Jenne, A. Oort, W. Nordberg, R. Dickson and R. Bernstein.
The Group concluded that its principal task was to develop a data base for climate
model I ing research. The requi rements for such a data base are outlined in GARP Publ ications
Series No. 16, and are substantially more stringent than for many other purposes, e.g.
conventional cl imatology, short-range prediction, etc. This is due to the need to define
simultaneously both the internal cl imate system and the external forcing functions which
control its behaviour. For this reason, the Group placed major emphasis on relatively brief
recent periods in which the most complete data are avai lable. The general rationale
adopted is discussed further in Section 2 below.
The Group recogn i zed that an immense amount of data re Ievant to cl i mate mode I ling
research existed in many forms and at many institutions, and much more is scheduled to be
gathered in the years preceding the GARP Cl imate Dynamics Decade. Highly significant efforts
have been made (for example, at NCAR and GFDL) to organize data sets for research. In

JOC-XI I Report, Annex G, p. 8
Data avai lable and usable
Data avai lable, but
process ing requ i red
Fragmentary data
Quality investigation
requi red
Resea rch sate I lite
(future unclear)
Possible measurement during
GARP Climate Dynamics Decade
Legend for Fi gurel
Less than
GI oba I Coverage
xxxxxxxxxxx
00000000000
R
?
Global
Coverage
XXXXXXXXXXX
00000000000

JOC-XII Report, Annex G, p. 10
Category 3: Regional to Hemispheric/Selected Variables
(Emphasis on 3-dimensional atmospheric structure)
This data category is hemispheric or regional in extent. It is less complete than
Category 2 in terms of the number of variables. For example, planetary radiation budget data
and most di rect estimates of atmospheric diabatic heating are lacking or incomplete. However,
the three-dimensional atmospheric structure is wel I-defined. Category 3 data sets are
being produced at this time. For example, the work at MIT-GFDL has produced excellent data
sets of conventional aerological observations for·the northern hemisphere and substantial
portims of the southern hemisphere for the period 1958-1973. Regional to hemispheric sea­
surface temperature analyses are al.so avai lable for this period. Whi le the data sets are not
sufficient for complete cl imate diagnostic studies or model verification studies, they are
nevertheless extremely useful, and continued efforts are needed to upgrade their qual ity
and spatial coverage in selected regions and periods. Potentially, the period since the
early 1950's forms the time domain for Category 3 data sets.
Category 4: Local to Regional/Selected Variables)
(Emphasis on surface observations of atmosphere and ocean)
This data set category is hemispheric or regional in extent. In some cases it may
be Iimited to individual stations. It is limited primari Iy to surface observations of
atmospheric and oceanic variables. It is not complete enough to be of use in detai led model
verification studies. It wi I I be, however, useful for veryfying variabi lity statistics of
model simulations. It wi I I also be extremely useful for the study of processes in selected
regions, particularly with regard to identifying time and space scales and other characteri­
stics of natural climate variabi Iity. The time period of interest is one century (roughly,
1880-1980 ).
Category 5: Local to·Regional/Selected Variables
(Emphasis on non-instrumental observations)
This data category is hemispheric, regional or local in extent. As with Category
4, it is useful for defining time and space scales and describing the statistical characteri­
stics of natural cl imate variabi I ity both for model verification and exploratory diagnostic
studies. Since the JOC has identified the time scales of interest as seasons to about a
century, it is desirable that at least one thousand years of the climatic record should be
avai lable. Instrumental records and non-instrumental records are required. Accurately
dated ·non-instrumental records are provided by tree-ring data, annually laminated lake
sedinient cores and annually laminated ice cores. Proper cal ibration of these non-instrumental
sensors is required.

JOC-XI I Report, Annex G, p. 14
in Figure 6.
Recommendations:
pibal reports (below 850 mb) since about 1950
- aircraft reports (mainly 200 mb) since about 1960
- satell i te deri ved temperatures and winds since about 1970
The periods and regions for which adequate data are avai lable are summarized
(i) Rawinsonde and winds aloft observations
Oai Iy time series of these observations are prepared from data transmitted over
the GT5. Improvements in communications can be very beneficial in decreasing the
loss of these data, but countries should sti I I be strongly encouraged to also
collect al I of their data onto cards or tape in order to make a more complete and
accurate exchange possible. This should include the whole period of record of
the rawindsonde observations.
(i i) Complete NCAR time series fi les back to 1950 (WMO help is needed).
(i i i) Wi nd reports from ai t-craft can fi I1 in some of the gaps in the data that are
needed to describe the circulation of the atmosphere. Data from a number of the
routes between hemi spheres, and in the southern hemi sphere are not be i ng saved.
It is recommended that JOC ask WMO to contact countries with major international
ai rports to ensure that these data are saved.
(iv) Complete listing of where in world data are avai lab le.
(v) Punch pibal data for crucial area (tropics, monsoon region over Africa)
(vi) Add 950 and 900 mb levels in future as standard levels in dai Iy reports for
improved atudies of atmospheric mass and moisture budgets in the boundary layer.
3. 1.2 Oai Iy grid point analyses of T, Z are avai lable since about 1963 for the
northern hemisphere at NMC. Global grid point data of u, v, T, Z, q are avai lable at NMC
since the 1970's. Other versions are avai lable at the WMCs and some RMCs.

JOC-XI I Report, Annex G, p. 16
. . . 12 12 12 12
3. 1.3 Monthly mean basIc station data u, v, T, Z, q, the varlances u , v T, Z ,
12 . 11 11 I I -'-I J:T 11 .
q and the covarlances u v , uT, v T , u Z , v Z , u q between 1000 and 50 mb are being
or have been compi led in the MIT $eneral Circulation Library for 1958-1963 at GFDL.
Monthly mean grid point analyses (300 to 500 km resolution) based on the mean
station data wi I I become avai lable for the northern hemisphere from May 1958 up to the
FGGE. From about 1968 on, monthly global analyses wi I I be made at GFDL. In the northern
hemisphere it seems possible to give meaningful estimates of interannual variabi Iity since
1958, but in the southern hemisphere one is probably I imited to describing the long-term .'-' - YJ\>·
mean state for each calendar month of the year. In other words, one can only describe the
normal annual cycle adequately. Global interannual studies wi I I propobaly not be feasible
before the upper ai r netowrk is improved in the southern hemisphere, perhaps after the FGGE
period. An estimated 20 to 30 additional rawinsonde stations in the oceans (IIPhantom
Weather Shipsll for example) in the southern hemisphere would improve the situation consider-
ably even If the frequency of observation Is low.
A second approach to obtain monthly mean statistics is by using the dai Iy grid
point analyses such as those produced at NMC to compute monthly means, variances and
covari ances.
Recommendations:
(I) For global interannual varlabil ity studies, It is essential to increase the
rawlnsonde network In the southern hemisphere (Phantom Weather Ships?) in any
case during the 1980's.
(ii) Compare different data sets (e.g. NMC monthly mean with cqrresponding GFDL analyses)
and do error analyses (see also section. 4. I).
(i i i) Explore feasibi Iity of global 4-dimensional analyses with GCM or simpler first­
guess models for entire period since 1970 (?). (This would to some extent bridge
the data gaps in the southern hemisphere, and also provide derived variables such
as vertical velocity, precipitation and cloudiness.)
(iv) Conduct in-depth comparison of climatology based purely on conventional with the
cl imatology based on satel Iite derived temperatures and winds (both regarding
mean variables, variances and covariances).

JOC-XI I Report, Annex G, p. 18
3.3
3.3.1
Observations of Surface Conditions
In the current fi le of World Weather Records Data, there are a number of cases in
which data gaps need to be fi I led for stations with long period of observations. About 1500
station years of data are missing from about 100 stations.
3.3.2
Most countries have many stations that measure at least precipitation and maximum­
minimum temperature. Since the distribution of rainfal lover land areas is needed for
cl imatic research, more of these data should be made avai lable for international exchange.
About one station most representative for each area 125xl25 km should be prepared. Also
the "best" average of all data within regions of that size should be prepared when possible.
For example, this means about 400 data points for the United States, each having periods of
record as long as possible, but with emphasis on the later years first.
3.3.3 Data for Snow and Ice Cover
Highly important climate variables have been gathered by G. Kukla since 1967 based
on satel Iite observations for the northern hemisphere. It is important that these data
obtained from experimental satel lites are further gatherred and, where possible, compared
with surface-based observations. Also the sea ice data have been collected for the northern
hemisphere since 1954 and should be continued.
3 ..3.4 Stream Flow Data
Data sets of dai Iy stream flow should be collected for al I of the major streams
of the world for the whole avai lable period of record. Information must also be prepared
about dams or irrigation changes that affect the flow. We request that the WMO Hydrology
Division or a JPS consultant prepare a survey of data avai labi Iity and propose a procedure
for incorporating these data ina climate data base.
3.3.5 Sol I Moi sture
Information on soi I moisture is at the moment not included in the SYNOP messages.
Since soi I moisture analyses are planned to be included in the FGGE Level I I I-b data set,
the data should be included in the SYNOP messages so that an extended data base may be more
easi Iy requi red. One report per day per station is I ikely to be satisfactory.

Re commen dations:
JOC-XI I Report, Annex G, p. 19
(j) Monthly-mean global distributions of snow and sea ice cover for the northern
hemisphere should be estimated and extended to the southern hemisphere (NASA, NESS)
(principally based on satell ite brightness datal.
(ii) The feasibility of monitoring the thickness of global snow and ice should be
i nvesti gated as an important component in the global heat ba lance. COSPAR WG6
should continue to study this problem.
(iii) The feasibility of monitoring soil moisture, surface radiation budget terms,
vegetation indices, surface windstress and surface roughness should be investigated
by an expert. COSPAR WG6 has expressed interest in this problem.
(iv) Global monthly maps of surface albedo based on satel lite minimum brightness should
be constructed and compared with distributions based on conventional data
(Vonder Harr, CSU). COSPAR WG6 should assist in this effort.
(v) Careful regional studies of surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat should be
encouraged for comparison with estimates derived from conventional data sets.
(vi) Observations of surface radiation budgets are being made at isolated locations.
Whi le not providing global coverage, they do provide ground truth for possible
surface radiation budget determinations from satell ites. These observations are
also essential for heat and moisture budget studies. They should be collected
and made avai lable for research use.
(vii) The data gaps noted in world monthly surface station data should be fi I led. The WMO
should inform individual natIons which data are missing and request them to Rrovide
the data in machine-readable form.
(viii) The availability of precipi.tation averages from climatological stations should be
improved. One step, which could wel I be organized by the WMO, would be to
assemble a series of global precipitation maps with a relatively coarse resolution
(say 125xl25 kml.
(ix) Where avai lab le, soi I moisture should be included in SYNOP messages.

JOC-XI I Report, Annex G, p. 21
Major data sources. The principal data sources for the north Pacif1c and north
Atlantic are those produced routinely from ships' logs via the WMO ship sampling programme.
As of I January 1975, some 7000 merchant ships were participating in the scheme witn initial
data collection and exchange undertaken according to giobal areas of responsibi I ity by
8 nations (Figs.. 7, 8, Table I). Convenient analyses of this type of data are made in the United
States by the National Climatic Center (pre-1967l and NMFS, Monterey (after 1967). In
Europe, a further major analysis is being prepared by the Meteorological Office, Bracknel I,
in which the basic NCC data set n.F. 11) is being supplemented by other archived data.
This analysis wi I I eventually extend back to the 1880's. Although based to some extend on
common data, these United States and United Kingdom analyses are not interchangeable or
identical in quality. Prel iminary intercomparison would suggest that the United States data
set, as currently produced, is superior over the north Pacific and Atlantic west of 50 0 W,
and the United Kingdom set is superior over the Atlantic east of 50 0 Wincluding the south
Atlantic and European sub-Arctic. These two sets would together form a convenient GARP
data base, but studies should be carried out to determine which sets should be used to
represent individual areas (via intercomparison of observation density, standard deviation
of means, etc. and to recommend other (perhaps regional) sources which could complement
these data.
Low latitudes and southern hemisphere. The above data sets are confined largely
to the northern hemisphere. Although both of these main sources currently produce analyses
for ocean areas south of 20 0 N latitude, the sparsity of data there severely I imits the
abi I ity to reduce noise through averaging and thus constrains the rei iabi Iity of the data.
This situation can be improved by one or both of the folloWing ways:
increase the sampling via alternative platforms (buoys, etc.)
- markedly decrease the noise characteristic in the existing data.
The latter course appears to be the more feasible in terms of economics. On a
monthly basis the quantity of ship traffic even in a sparsel y trave I led regi on such as the
centra I equatori al Pacific is not inconsi derab le but at present the noise in
individual reports is simply too large to identify al I but the strongest signals. This
situation can be improved principally by improving and standardizing the present shipboard
instrumentation, so that any individual report is rei iable to no worse than 0.5 0 C.

JOC-XI I Report, Annex G, p. 25
The Potential for Augmenting Conventional Observation of SST Using Satel lite
Remote Sensing. Repeated mention of the potential for satel lite derived SST appears in many
previous GARP pUbl ications. The accuracy which is being achieved by present operational
methods is presently under study.
Recommendations:
(i) The major U.S. and U.K. data set should be sUbjected to intercomparison studies to
assess which set is superior in terms of accuracy and coverage over different ocean
regions. The best choice hybrid sets should then be amalgamated, updated and
maintained. It is noted that in their efforts to extend the SST record into the
past, the most recent years ( post 1969) have been neglected. Since these are
the years of greatest importance to GARP, when the total data set should be most
complete, these centres are urged to update and maintain these valuable records,
at the expense of earl ier years if necessary.
(i i) Serious consideration should be given to extending to SST observations the quality
control procedures presently appl ied to sea level pressure and certain other
meteorological parameters. This is primari Iy of value to southern hemisphere
observations but which have valuable noise-reducing effect in the densely
traffi cked northern hemi sphere as wel I.
3.4.2 Sub-surface Conditions
Time and Space Scales and Sub-surface Temperature Variabi lity. Many of the
preceding remarks on the scales of surface temperature variabi Iity extend to sub-surface
levels. In addition, present evidence suggests that the amplitude!of temperature anomalies
in the ocean decreases with depth and that these features are conf i ned to the upper few
hundred meters, down to and including the main pycnocl ine. On the other hand variabi lity
due to meso-scale circulation features (of 200-500 km horizontal extent) becomes a progress­
ively greater source of aliasing-type "noise" with increasing depth, especially in the main
pycnocline. Recent evidence tends to suggest that meso-scale activity is geographically
quite variable, tending to be oonfined to the vicinity of the major current systems; the
greatest activity is associated with the domain of the western boundary currents,
but is by no means insignificant along the principal current axes of the open ocean.
The Stockholm report emphasizes the fact that our abi lity to estimate upper ocean
heat content over basin-wide areas is "marred by aliasing associated with improperly resolved

JOC-XI I Report, Annex G, p. 26
meso-scale and wave structures. Discussion of this probl·em was largely absent in sUbsequent
reports (JOC-X and XI). The Boulder meeting in July 1975 re-emphasized, however, that this
problem was of sufficient importance that it should be attacked using all possible means,
even if the avai lable measurements were restricted in space and time.
Efforts, either in the planning stage, or actually underway are being pursued to
augment the existing sub-surface temperature collection programmes in wel I chosen regions.
One programme, within the NORPAX project, is attempting an intensive but regional Iy restricted
study of the sub-surface temperature field of the north Pacific ocean, uti I izing 20 freighters,
plus U.S. Navy aircraft. As a second approach, SCOR Working Group 48 is studying the
feasibility of using a carefully selected smallpercentageoftheworld's.commercial shipping
fleet to provide time series of expendable BT (XBT) data at a smal I ( 30) number of sites
distributed at fi'xed geographical points, in the data-poor areas of the world ocean. (It
may be of additional interest to note that these so-called "Phantom Weather Ships" sites
are being studied also with a view toward producing radiosonde, solar radiation, I idar and
other measurements to complement the XBT data.)
The working group further recognize that efforts currently being made to digitize
and properly archive previously collected, but generally unavai lable BT data wi II add
significantly to the holdings of the World Data Centres; such efforts are strongly encouraged.
3.5 Aerosol Processes and Minor Constituents of Importance for the Radiative
Balance (C02, 03. aerosol, etc.)
The Working Group noted that JOC-XI has taken action in the further development
of aerosol, carbon dioxi de and ozone programmes and further discussion was therefore deferred.
3.6 Non-i nstrumenta I Records
The Laboratory for Tree Ring Research at Tucson, Arizona, is coordinating the
establishment of a global data bank for tree ring data. This data set can be supplemented
with records from annually laminated lake sediments and annually laminated ice cores.
Efforts to facilitate the coordination of these efforts by the various nations should be
supported.

JOC-XI I Report, Annex G, p. 28
Another way of estimating the quality of the data set is to use simulated
observations from an integration of a general circulation model. This procedure
has been applied, for example, by Oort at the GFDL. Calculations of such quantities
as the monthly mean standing eddy heat flux based on the complete set of simulated
grid-point data and from analyses derived from the points corresponding to the actual
radiosonde network show substantial differences, especially in the southern hemisphere.
As was po i nted out during the first meeti ng of the ad-hoc Work ing Group on the
Global Data Base for Cl imate Studies (Boulder, 24-25 July), there exist inconsistencies in
the GPS No. 16 cl imate requirements and processing of raw data (Ic) during FGGE into a
useful form (lie> may in many cases be premature. In particular, it is necessary that
observations from satell ites be verified or compared with conventional or other independent
observations where the error characteristics are known. The Group therefore suggests that
a number of Ic satellite data sets should not be processed until a satisfactory determination
has been made of their utility for climate studies. Areas for such studies were identified
by the Group, and are noted in the remainder of this section.
Recommendati on:
The horizontal distribution of expected erros in climatic statistics should be
calculated for the principal cl imatic variables by means of optimum interpolation techniques.
4.2 Net Radiation Budget
The Group supported the desired higher resolution requirements suggested in GPS 16.
It was there assumed that observations from a number of satel I ites would be combined to
produce these determinations in order to account for diurnal variations. It was felt that
al I avai lable satel Iite data - including, for example, those from reserach satell ites and
from the U.S. Defense Mi Iitary Satel Iite Programme - should be employed.
Recommendat ion:
Studies should be initiated to develop and validate methods for determining net
radiation budgets from multiple satel lite observations.
4.3 Cloudiness
It was noted that the definition of cloudiness for the purpose of the cl imate data
base is by no means clear. Further study is needed to evolve the definition most useful
for cl imate research.

JOC-XII Report, Annex G, p. 30
It was noted that determination of areally averaged data over land from an irregular
network of observations also presented significant problems. Studies are needed to determine to
what extent avai lable point observations are representative of the space-time average desired.
Recommendation:
Special val idation programmes should be conducted to val idate and cal ibrate preci­
pitation estimates derived from satel Iite microwave data, and to determine optimum methods
for in ferri ng space-time averages. from poi nt observati ons from Iand stati ons.
4.7 Soi I Moisture
The techniques proposed for detection of changes in soi I moisture clearly require
much further elaboration. Some research on this problem has been done by the U.S. Department
of Oefense and other agencies for the purpose of estimating soi I trafficabi lity and agri­
cultural production potential.
Recommendation:
A survey of the capabi Iities of these techniques should be made, perhaps by a
consultant. Comparison using surface observations of soi I moisture should be made to
establ ish "Ground truth".
4.8 Sea Surface Temperature
Estimates of sea surface temperature are now being produced operationally each
day by the U.S. National Environmental Satell ite Service, on a global basis. These esti­
mates are based strictly on infrared radiometry data from polar orbiting satel Iites. The
procedures involved in pro"duction of this field, which is called GOSSTCOMP, have been
descrl bed by Lease.
The useful working accuracy of these estimates is at present not clearly known.
Over the next few months R. Bernstein (Scripps) wi I I be producing some objective maps (and
their attendant error maps) from the GOSSTCOMP data over the mid-latitude North Pacific.
Simi lar maps wi I I also be produced from ships' surface temperature over the region using
identical mapping procedures.

JOC-XI I Report, Annex G, p. 32
characters in length. If short logical records are of widely variable lengths, then a varia­
ble length blocking scheme should be used to conserve storage space. In such a variable
blocking scheme, the first characters (or bits) of each report are used to give the length
of the report. The blocks of data (physical records) may be left with variable lengths or
be padded so that they are of equal size. Very long logical records should be segmented so
that each seation is not more than 6000 characters in length. Some of the sets of data,
such as satel Iite data and most grid point analyses, wi I I only be avai lable in binary packed
form. Computer routines and concepts are avai lable which make the use of binary data very
easy on most machines. The floating-point word structur-e of anyone computer should gener­
ally not be used for data exchange. When selecting a data format, several different formats
should be considered so that the relative data volume, computer time and complexity for each
possible choice can be evaluated. A format should clearly distinguish, for example, between
no rain and rainfal I not reported.
Observations of a given type should normally be in a common format in the final
data set. If data exchange between several organizations or countries is involved, one
should consider the amount of time necessary to define common formats and the relatively
smal I amount of time necessary to reformat the data. It is usually more important to specify
the parameters and their precision rather than the exact format. For long-term programmes,
involving the sharing of data between many centres, common formats can save much effort and
can avoid the possibi Iity of introducing errors during format conversion. For at least
several years the most common tape standards for the exchange of data wi I I be 7-channel
800 BPI or 9-channel 1600 BPI, tapes t inch wide. The use of 7-channel tapes wi I I continue
to decrease compared to 9-channel. Data sets should normally consist of one type of
observational report of a group of such reports that are likely to be used together. Thus
data in the surface synoptic code wi I I be stored together. Rawinsonde data wi I I be in a
set. Another set might include a combination of al I upper air observed data, which thus
wi II include rawinsondes, aircraft winds, winds from cloud drifts seen by satellites, etc.
5.3 Qual ity Control
Checks should be made on data sets to ensure reasonable quality. Thus rawinsonde
data can be checked for internal hydrostatic consistency. Ship tracks can be checked for
reasonable continuity so that a sudden jump in position can be spotted. Checks for reason­
able continuity can also be made on other data.

JOG-XI I Report, AnnexG, p. 33
The use of a data.set for the calculation of statistics or for other scien­
tific calculations often helps to uncover problems in the data.
5.4 Updating
It shou Id be easy for custome rs of a data set to update the i r own set w,i thout
obtaining the whole set. Thus, for example, with time series of station data there should
be some tapes with updates of al I stations for the last few months of data, and other tapes
with blocks of data for the previous one-, two-, or three-year period.
In some data sets, such as historical surface ship data, both old and new
ship logs are often being punched. All of the newly prepared data should be specified
period of time.
5.5 Sort Order of Data Sets
For efficiency of data use, a number of data sets wi I I have to be saved in
both "synoptic" sort and in time-series sort by stations. These are needed to serve the
two types of uses in which one person needs al I reports over a wide area on one day, whi le
another needs to study ten years of data from a station. However, the group creating a
data set should concentrate on creating the set in one of the two sort orders. The intro­
duction of mass storage technology into major data centres and computing centres wi I I make
it easier for them to create the other sort order.
5.6 Station Library Data
station histories for al I global stations should be made avai lab le. For
example, with rawinsonde data, this should at least include location, elevation, and
instrument type as a function of time. Key portions of station histories should be avai la­
ble on magnetic tape; this would include the data mentioned plus the types of observations
taken at the station, cross references between the different station numbering schemes that
were used for the station, and other information. In current station library tapes, one
should be able to distinguish between actual station changes and errors that have been
corrected. It would also help if the station libraries distinguished between stations with
good exposure and negl igible city effects (thus good benchmark stations) and stations that
are affected to differing extents.

JOC-XI I Report, Annex G, p. 36
6. PRACT rCAL ARRANGEMENTS
6.1 General Comments
As implied in Section 2 above, the Group believes that the highest priority near­
term task is to create a "Category 2" data base for the 1970-1980 period, supplemented by
a much less complete "Category 3" data base extending back to 1960. This data base need
not exist as a physical collection of tapes at anyone location. Indeed, methods for
interpreting, processing and storing the data - particularly remotely sensed data - are
rapidly evolving, and it appears best that the data sets remain in the hands of specialized
expert groups wh ich can properl y care for them, update them, and certi fy thei r accuracy.
The GARP Global Data Base for Cl imate Research should therefore be, at least
initially, a virtual data base distributed among a number of institutions in various
countries, each of which would take responsibil ity for maintaining orderly, complete, accu­
rate and accesible data sets for particular quantities, guided (for example) the principles
noted in Section 5 above. These individual data sets would be integrated into a unified
GARP Global Data Base by means of joint agreements on data set content, format, resolution
and accessibi lity. The primary physical implementation of the Global Data Base would then
be a catalogue which would enable the user to gain access to the elements of the data base
most suitable for his needs. At some later time, when data sources and processing techniques
have stabi Iited, centralized data handl ing and storage analogous to the FGGE Level II-b
centre may be desirable and feasible.
A number of surveys of meteorological data resources have a.lready been made. The
WMO, for example, has prepared a Catalogue of Meteorological Data for Research (WMO No. 174,
TP88). At NCAR, R.L. Jenne has developed an annotated inventory of the principal data sets
in the United States. Catalogues of avai lable meteorological, hydrological and oceanographic
data sets also exist at other institutions in some other countries. Further work of this
nature is clearly desirable.
For the immediate purposes of the GARP Global Data Set, however, it is necessary
that a fairly smal I selection of the most important data sets be identified and that action
be initiated to fi I I gaps, reprocess data into more usable format, etc. The resulting
catalogue should thus be fairly smal I (say 75-100 pages).

JOC-XI I Report, Annex G, p. 37
6.2 Cata Iogue of the· GARP Global Data Base for Cl imate Mode I ling Resea rch
The catalogue suggested above could be organized as given in the Appendix.
6.3 Management and Institutional Arrangements
Development and maintenance of this distributed data base cannot be accompl ished
in a single effort. In an environment of continual change in instrumentation, processing
techniques, storage media, etc. continuing work by an expert group with some continuity wi 1I
be required. This group should consist primari'ly of experts in the data sources and
observing techniques needed to assemble the data base, but should also be closely coupled
to the cl imate model I ing community. It is therefore proposed that a smal I Steering Group
be establ ished under the aegis of the WGNE to develop the Global Data Base.
The Group would have the following responsibi I ities:
Review potential sources of data for cl imatic research and evaluate them in
terms of qual ity and suitabi Iity for the purposes of the Programme.
- Where necessary, identify to cooperating institutions the data collection, pro­
cessing, or re-formatting needed to qualify selected data sets for inclusion
in the GARP Global Data Set.
- Prepare and mai ntain the GARP Global Data Set Catalogue.
7. SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATIONS
7. I General Recommendations
A GARP Global Data Base for Cl imate Model ling Research should be created,
consisting of specified data sets physically residing at various national institutions,
but coordinated and made accessible for use through the medium of a centrally prepared
Catalogue. The Data Base should concentrate on the 1970-1980 period for which· assembly of
global data for most important variables is possible. A standing Steering Group with close
ties to the WGNE should be responsible for the development of the Global Data Base and its
assoc iated Cata Iogue·,

JOC-XI I Report, Annex G, p. 38
7.2 Principal Implementation Steps for Specific Elements of the Global Data Base
Section of
Report
3.1.1
3.3
3.1.3
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.2. I
3.2.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
Recommendati on Coord i nati ng
Responsible Agency
Records of upper-air and surface station data should WMO
be completed and data exchanged on computer-readable
form.
Improvements in observational coverage over the
southern hemisphere are needed.
Comparisons between data sets, and exploration of
new methods for creating compact and homogeneous
sets of analyses are needed.
Monthly mean s-tratospheric analyses based on SCR
measurements be made for the enti re peri od of record.
Conti nuous and homogeneous measurements of the
solar maps of global radiation balance are required.
If the value of currently prepared cloud analyses is
assessed to be sati sfactory, arrangements shou I d be
made for it to be archived and made available to
research users in conven-ient for"m,
Monthly mean global distdbution of snow and ice
cover shoul d be cbnti nued and extended.
Soil moisture data should hei nel uded in SYNOP
messages.
Surface radiation budget data should be collected
and eXChanged.
Precipitation average from cl imatological stations
shoul

I. General introduction
TENTATIVE OUTLINE OF GARP GLOBAL DATA BASE CATALOGUE
Purpose of document
Ph i losophy
Instructions for use
2. Data Source
JOC-XI I Report, ANNEX G, APPENDIX
This section wi II Iist for each parameter a carefully selected group of sources
of good qual ity data in computer readable form. Both point data (Level 11) and
analysed field data (Level I I I) wi I I be catalogued.
2. I Sets of Point Observations with Global or Hemispheric Coverage
This wi I I include checked and decoded conventional observations and special cl imatic
data having global or hemispheric coverage for the variables I isted below. Emphasis
would be placed on the "Category 2" period (1970-1980).
- atmospheric parameters (WWW network and FGGE Special Observing Systems)
- snow and ice data
- precipitation
- soi I moisiture
- surface albedo
- radiation data
- sea-surface temperature
sub-surface temperature data in the upper layers of the ocean.
2.2 Climatic Parameters
This would include data needed for long-term survei I lance of slowly varying ele­
ments of the atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere-cloud system. These data would princi­
pally consist of long-term point records of such parameters as

JOC-XII Report, Annex H, p. 8
(e) Ship-based experiments al low 'Lagrangian' studies whereby a particular
cloud field can be tracked through an experimental period. Both
'Lagrangian' and 'Eulerian' experiments should be attempted. Some
overland 'Eulerian' experiments should be planned as a fol low-up to
the oversea work - as an aid to the ultimate parameterization of the
system in terms of surface fluxes. The time variabi I ity of these
fluxes over land then becomes an advantage.
2. Experimental Sites
(a) The major differences in cloud type arise from differences in (a)
inversion character and the relative dryness of the air above the
inversion; (b) the magnitude of the surface fluxes and Bowen ratio
(i .e. surface temperature); and (c) cloud temperature and whether
it is ice or water (i.e. its rad iat ive character). It is therefore
desirable to conduct experiments covering at least the range from
sub-tropical trade-wind stratocumulus through mid-latitude to Arctic
stratus.
(b) The major restriction on sites is the necessity for an airfield
sufficiently close for the chosen aircraft to have at least 3 hours
operational time at the experiment.
3. Measurements reguired
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Surface fluxes (LE and H)
PBL convergence
Surface Radiative Temperature
TO and T profi le to 10 km
W
Average Cloud tota I I iqu id water

JOC-XI I Report, Annex H, p. I I
(c) The central problem is to establ ish how (if?) it is possible to
treat highly variable and perhaps convective (radiatively warmed as
opposed to radiatively cooled?) cirrus in terms of a layer. It is
natural therefore to centre measurement attention on the macroscopic
behaviour cel I structure and the radiative parameterization on that
scale. The most practical method of defining cel I structure and the
macroscopics of high cloud is with ground based Iidars. These­
together with ground-based narrow beam IR radiometers, a single air­
craft to measure radiative fluxes at cloud height and the relevant
cloud microphysics (LWC and OSO), satel lite coverage t and suitable
radiosondings and wind-finding to give overal I convergence on
(approximately) a 100 x 100 km scale - should be sufficient for
initial parameterization. In terms of cl imate mode-I I ing, the immediate
goal is to parameterize the overal I flux emissivity of the cloud
layer (??) and its short-wave albedo and absorption in terms of general
meteorology.
2. Experimental Sites;
(a) The experiments can be land-based if desired. since they are strictly
Eulerian and since surface fluxes are relatively unimportant. Land­
based experiments would be preferable for the frontal and jet stream
studies (see below) since the experiment can be embedded in a region
where the GARP grid-scale meteorology is already avai lable.
(b) Cirrus and altostratus are formed in a great variety of meteorological
situations. The problem is to cover the major situations bearing in
mind that the experimental cloud fields must be fairly 'pure' from
the radiation standpoint. Multi-layer cloud systems such as ones in
tropical situations (e.g. GATE) would not be highly useful. As an
initial programme. the experiments might concentrate (a) on the cirrus
shields associated with isolated convection - common on the equator­
ward side of the sub-tropical high pressure belts; (b) on the cirrus
and altostratus which is associated with the presence of both cold
and warm fronts; and (c) on the cirrus associated with the equator­
ward side of the polar jets.
3. Measurements reguired
I. T d and T w profi les via radiosonde
2. Convergence on (approx.) 100 x 100 km scale (see below)
3. Continuous (i.e. I shot/minute ?) Iidar profi les of vertical
back-scatter (and of polarization for isolating water and ice
layers)

JOC-XI I Report, Annex H, p. 14
2. that an extra ·aircraft be provided to monitor radiative
properties (i.e. aircraft I of STRATEX I) on the scale appropriate
to STRATEX I - purely on those stable days mentioned above
3. that otherwise the aircraft would be avai lable for the furtherence
of pure JASIN objectives.
2. There are many aspects of theGAAREXexperiment (suggested by Professor
Kondratyev) which are closely related to the objectives of both STRATEX I and I I.
In particular, the Iidars and radiation aircraft which wi I I probably be required
for GAAREXaerosol profi le studies would be compatible with STRATEX I I requirements.
The connexion between the two programmes should be exploited to the ful I - with,
however, due regard to priorities for a particular experiment. Compromise in the
programme for STRATEX is not usually an option.

*
JOC-XII Report, Annex H, p. 17
e) restriction (primari Iy) to total cloud cover
f) lack of information on cloud type.
A number of refinements are possible e.g. multi-wavelength observation, polariza­
tion measurements and some degree of stereoscopy using radiances measured at succes­
sive times on the same orbit. The various refinements (which lead to more informa­
tion on cloud height and character) must rely very heavi lyon the val idity of any
associated "cloud truth" programme.
Techniques which monitor the upwel ling IR radiance in the atmospheric
window(s) are more flexible and are more directly related to the radiative cool ing.
Thus it is possible by assigning pre-flxed values of emissivity (e.g. unity for
low cloud and some lower value for higher cloud) to derive grid-point-average
histograms of cloud amount versus height (i .e. temperature)*. The disadvantages
are:
a) the assumption of a given emissivity
b) the assumptions regarding cloud overlap
c) no thickness information
d) no information on cloud type
e) error in height associated with (a) and the inaccurately
known temperature profi le
f) restriction of data to midday and midnight (with present
sate I lites)
g) restricted resolution (to a few km).
Again there are a number of possible extensions to the basic vertical measurement
at a single window wavelength. Thus measurement at 2 wavelengths (over which
cloud emissivity does not vary significantly) al lows removal of the requirement
to assume a pre-fixed emissivity. This in turn leads to si ightly better cloud
height values.
Multi wavelength observations (both invisible and IR) can in principle
give most of the information relevant to the interim data set**. Again the essence
Koffer et al., Monthly Weather Review 101 (3)1 p. 240, 1973
** e.g. Conf. on Atmos. Radiation, Fort Col I ins, 1972 (AMS Publ.)

INTRODUCTION
JOC-XI I Report, ANNEX I
AEROSOL RESEARCH IN CONTEXT OF THE GARP CLIMATE DYNAMICS SUB-PROGRAMME
When considering the plans for the GARP Cl imate Dynamics Sub-programme,
JOC-XI decided that a programme for advancing knowledge of Atmosphere-Aerosol
Dynamics be developed. This paper provides background to Aerosol Research in
the context of the GARPCI imateDynamics Sub-programme, and outl ines three steps
to be taken before specification of extensive field experiments. These steps
are appropriate for the Preparatory Phase of the GARP Cl imate Dynamics Sub­
programme.
BACKGROUND DISCUSSION
Two basic elements of the Cl imate Dynamics Sub-programme are relevant
to the fomulation of proposals to study atmospheric aerosols. First, the time
scale of aerosol residence times is squarely in the range of priority interest
(i .e. months to several years). This means not only that the aerosol processes
may be highly significant in the GARP context, but also that they must be
model led directly and not simply parameterized as sub-grid-scale in terms of
time. Second, the GARP concern is with model I ing itself so that observational
programmes should be directed at studying processes - as opposed (for instance)
to individual regional phenomena. A given observational programme might need
to be carried out in a specific area, but only because that area provides a good
platform for studying a particular process.
A further consideration is the capabi Iity of cl imate models. However
desirable it may be, it is not really I ikely in the forseeable future that
global models wi I I be able to incorporate more than a few individual aerosol
processes. "Incorporation ll in this context means the mechanistic description
of generation, dispersion and removal of the aerosol type such that al I relevant
feed backs from model behaviour are included.
The initial GARP problem is therefore to select the very minimum
number of aerosol types which:
(a) may have a significant effect on cl imate either via radiative modifica­
tion or perhaps by modification of cloud;
(b) may have distinct and identifyable sources and sinks on a scale which
is relevant to, and can be handled by, cl imate models;

JOC-XII Report, ANNEX I, p. 2
(c) when combined in a mode I, may produce an adequate simulation of the
overa II mixture of aerosol types in the atmosphere and (more importantly)
the time and space changes in that mixture.
Having specified such a set of aerosol types, the obvious procedure is to study
those types experimentally and in detai I in regions as pure as possible in the
sense that they wi I I be regions where the complete cycle of generation and removal
of the one type is uncontaminated by the others.
The general monitoring of aerosols throughout the globe should be
of no direct interest to GARP at this stage, except in that it helps to identify
the most significant (and significantly variable) basic types of aerosols which
could be regarded as "pure" examples of a species.
Itv'MEDIATE PLANS
In this preparatory phase of the GARP Cl imate Dynamics Programme there
is the need for three distinct and successive steps:
(I) To disti I I from the aerosol community a short catalogue of basic
aerosol types which in their opinion are likely to be of significance
to cl imate change on the time scale of priority (months to years).
Such aerosol types wi I I probably be themselves mixtures of aerosols,
with the definition of a type based on source or effect rather than
single chem1cal substance. This catalogue should contain, for pur­
poses of the next step, the I ikely or best guess optical characteristics
of each type (average size distributions, refractive indices, number
densities and broad geographical distributions).
(2) To obtain from the radiation and/or numerical model I ing community
a scale of the I ikely relevant importance (to the thermodynamics of
the global system) of changes in the distribution of the various
aeroso I types nom inated instep I. Presumab Iy thi s wi I I invo Ive
a specific series of numerical sensitivity studies. Some consider­
able thought wi I I have to be given to defining a coherent measure
of "importance".

COMMENTS ON THE WEST AFRICAN MONSOON STUDY
by T. N. Kri shnamurti
JOC-XI I Report, ANNEX J
The West African Monsoon Study proposed for May, June, July and
August 1979 is an important proposal. The proposed studies are in two areas,
i.e. the planetary and a regional scale. The problem areas also include a
description of some sub-regional components which are not to be part of the West
African Monsoon Study - but one which wi I I be carried out by a select group of
individual scientists composed primari Iy of ASECNA and other regional groups.
The two problem areas are very broadly defined and are to be regarded
as a phenomenological proposal. The study, if implemented, can benefit the
overall FGGE effort in one important way: the participation of'a number of
West African countries assures some degree of interest and motivation to imple­
ment the proposed WWW network during SOP I lover this region. In particular we
see the possible improvement of the network of upper-air stations in the lOOS to
lOoN during this period. This is very desirable for the overall FGGE effort.
Another added benefit to FGGE from the proposed West African Monsoon
Study would be the possible deployment of three research ships for this programme
in the Gulf of Guinea. One additional dedicated FGGE ship is expected in this
area (equatorial eastern Atlantic region) of the West African monsoons. These
four ships are currently identified as fol lows:
(i) . FGGE Sh i p from France
(i i) WAMEX ship from Nigeria
(i i i) WAMEX ship from Ivory Coast
(iv) WAMEX ship from France
It is suggested here that the planning group of the West African
Monsoon Study take al I necessary steps to assure that these WAMEX ships are
firmly committed. It is also quite important that in the final deployment
of these ships in the equatorial belt, the locations are coordinated closely
with the FGGE planners.

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF
SCIENTIFIC UNIONS
THE GARP POLAR SUB-PROGRAMME
REPORT OF THE JOC PLANNING MEETING ON
THE GARP POLAR SUB-PROGRAMME
(Toronto, 17-20 May 1976)
Geneva, May 1976
JOC-XI I Report, ANNEX K
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION

JOC-XII Report, Annex K., p. 2
TA:BLE OF CONTENTS
1. ORGANIZATION OF THE MEETING ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1
2. REPORT OF THE CONSULTANT •.•••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1
3. REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL PROGRAMMES IN THE POLAR
REGIONS e et •••••••••••••• to ••••••••••••• ,) •• eo •••••••• 0 • 2
4. FORMULATION OF A SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME •••••••••.••••• 2
5. FGGE-RELATED ACTIVITIES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4
6. OTHER POLAR SUB-PROGRAMME ACTIVITIES •••••••••••••••• 7
7. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLAR SUB-PROGRAMME ••••••••••• 8
8. REPORT OF THE MEETING ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9
APPENDICES :
A. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
ll. AGENDA
C. NATIONAL CONTRIllUTIONS TO THE POLAR SUB-PROGRAMME AND POLEX

JOC-XI I Report, Annex K, p. 4
2.2 The consultant was asked to revise the summary of his draft report
and also include the items from the USSR GARP National Committee Report
which were identified as being appropriate. The consultant was asked to
indicate to the JOC how the draft report would be structure in its final
version so that they could make a preliminary judgement about its ultimate
publication and distribution as the basis for a long-term planning of the
GARP Polar SUb-programme.
3. REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL PROGRAMMES IN THE POLAR REGIONS
3.1 The meeting reviewed the background material that had been
prepared by the consultant and the GARP Activities Office. It agreed
that the stated plans for observational programmes in the polar regions
came reasonably close to meeting the criteria for the polar experiment
as defined by the JOC. It was agreed that only a few additional
observations would be required along with increased attention to studies
of some aspects of polar processes that are of importance in global models.
These are specified in later section of this report.
3.2 The consultant was requested to revise the Table which shows the
various national contributions to the Polar Sub-programme and POLEX. This
reVision would be attached as AppendiX C to this report for JOC consideration.
4. FORMULATION OF A SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME
4.1 The Polar Sub-programme is a regional and process-oriented
contribution to GARP. It has two major objectives:
(i) To identify and study those prooesses of partioular importanoe
in the polar regions relating to the improvement of weather
prediotion from general oiroulation models (GARP I);
(ii) To develop a basis for understanding the role of ice in
olimate dynamics through:
(a) parameterization of sea ice dynamios and related
atmospherio and ooeanio prooesses in climate models, and

JOC-X I I Report, Annex K, p. 7
specified horizontal resolution for these observations is 500 km. In the
polar regions, this roquirement can be met only by satellite sounding
retrievals. The principles of satellite sounding retrieval in the infrared
and microwave spectral regions are well established and are expected to
yield useful results in all climatic regions. However, in the polar regions
there are special problems due to:
5·3
(i) Poorly understood properties of polar surfaces
(variable age and structure of sea ice, stratigraphy of cold
snow surfaces, free water content of wet snow pack) in the
microwave spectrum, and the effects of multi-layered stratuB
clouds of small optical thickness in the infrared spectrum.
(ii) Lack of data on surface pressure and temperature structure
and effect of aerosols in the boundary layer.
To overcome the problems outlined above, we recommend that:
(1) Satellite Bounding retrieval techniques be developed for
application in typical high-latitude situations and verified
before the commencement of the FGGE SOP I. This matter
should be referred to an appropriate body such as COSPAR
Working Group 6 for urgent coneideration. Radiation data
collected during stratuB cloud experiments should be exploited
where possible.
(il) Data buoys be deployed on ice in the polar regions to obtain
direct observations of surfaoe temperature and pressure. The
spacing and sensor accuracy of these buoys should conform
with FGGE specifications. Existing data (SUCh as those taken
during the AIDJEX aircraft experiments) should be examined to
establish the degree of areal representativeness of singlepoint
temperature measurements. For the most effective location
of these buoys the WG on Numerical Experimentation should be
consulted.
Mgdelling Ef.forts to Improve our Understanding of High-Latitude
Processes for FGGE
The meeting recommends:
(i) Numerical studies of the 'ffect of data deficiency in polar

JOC-X I I Report, Annex K, p. 10
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
The role of stratus in the Arctic energy budge,t (certai.n
information needed for the FGGE, see para.5.5 above)
The determination of sea/air energy exchanges over complex
polar surfaces: mixed ice, polynyas, and leads
The role of katabatic winds in the southern hemisphere mass
and energy budget and in coastal ice and sea dynamics
Upper ocean mixed layer studies under ice.
6.2 In the field of instrumentation for the Polar Sub-programme, the
meeting identified several unresolved problems and technical needs.
(i) Problems
(a) Riming - recommend intercomparison of techniques by
appropriate WHO authority
(b) Instrumental behaviour in super-cooled clouds needs
further study
(ii) Technical Needs
(a) Ocean current measurements under continuous and moving
ice cover
(b) Ocean salinity sensors for (a) long term moored
measurements (at least one year) of accuracy at least
O.Ol%,and (b) short term measurement by expendable
bathysalinometers
(c) Liquid water sensor for tenuous stratiform clouds.
1. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLAR SUl3-PROGRAMME
1.1 In order to implement the Polar Sub-programme, we recommend that the
JOC establish a special working group. It should have representation from all
the countries with a Polar Sub-programme activity and a membership which is
representative of the scientific problem areas encompassed by the Polar Sub­
programme. The main tasks of the group woud be to:

JOC-XI I Report, Annex K, p. I I
(i) Facilitate international coordination and communication for
(ii)
(iii)
the Polar Sub-programme
Establish specifications for various polar data sets
Recommend appropriate means for storage and dissemination of
polar data.
7.2 Bach of these tasks is to be carried outin the context of the JOC
Polar Sub-programme report and in liaison as required with the appropriate
sub-groups of, e.g., ICPM, SCAR and SCOR.
7.3 It is expected that the international coordination and management
for POLEX will be carried within the context of the overall FGGE planning
and coordination (JOC and Inter-governmental FGGE Panel).
8. REPORT OF THE MEETING
8.1 The GARP Activities Office was requested to complete the editorial
review of the approved repprt of the meeting, including th. approved Appendix
that was to be provided by the consultant, and see to its distribution to the
participants, the JOC, the WMO Inter-governmental PCGE Panel, and other
interested bodies such as ICPM, SCAR, national GARP committees, etc.

JOC-XI I Report, Annex K, ADoendix A, p, 2
Gordon McBean
E. Paul McClain
S. Orvig
E. Raschke
E. F. Roots
M.J. Rubin
(Representing JPS and SCAR)
Albert Semtner
Address
Atmospheric Environment Service,
4905 Dui'ferin Street,
Downsview, Ontario, M3H 5T4,
Canada.
Environmental Sciences Group,
National Environmental Satellite
SerVice/NOli
Washington D.C. 20233
U.S.A.
Department of Meteorology,
McGill University,
Montreal 110, P.Q.,
Canada.
Institut fur Geophysik und Meteorologie,
Kerpener Str. 13,
5000 Koln 41,
Federal Republic of Germany.
Department of the Environment
Ottawa, Ontario, KIA OH3
Canada
GARP Activities Orfice,
WHO Secretariat
Case Postale 5,
CH-121l, Geneva 20,
Switzerland.
Ocean Dynamios Group
National Centre for Atmospheric Researoh,
Boulder, Colorado 80303,
U. S.A.

!!!!!
R.W. stewart
(Chairman)
L.A. Timokhov
Norbert Untersteiner
T. Vinje
JOC-XI I Report, Annex K, Appendix A, p. 3
Address
Ooean and Aquatio Affairs,
Department of the Environment,
5th Floor,
1230 Government street,
Victoria, B.C. V8W lY4,
Canada.
Artic Antarctic Research Institute,
34, Fortanlea,
Leningrad, 192109,
USSR.
Department of Atmospheric Sciences,
University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington 98195,
U. S.A.
Norsk Polarinstitutt,
Rolfstangv 12,
P. O. Box 158,
N-1330 Oslo Lufthavn, Norway.

1. ORGANIZATION OF THE MEETING
2. SCOPE OF THE MEETING
3. REPORT OF THE JOC CONSULTANT
4. REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL PROGRAMMES IN POLAR REGIONS
5. FORMULATION OF A SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME FOR POLEX
6. OBSERVATIONAL PROGRAMMES
7. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTATION
8. RECOMMENDED GARP POLAR EXPERIMENT
JOC-XI I Report, ANNEX K, APPENDIX 8

GARP IMPLEMENTATION FWND
BUDGET FOR 1977
(in US dollars)
JOC-XI I Report, ANNEX L, APPENDI X A
REVENUE 1977 EXPENDITURE. 1977 ANTICIPATED
TOTAL
EXPENDITURE
1976
$ $ $
Contribution 84,400 I Joint GARP 163,800 146,000
from WMO Organizing
Committee
Contribution 84,400 Il Administrative 4,000 3,000
from ICSU and Common
Services
REVENUE
Contribution
from WMO
Contribution
from ICSU
168,800
=======
III Other budgetary 1,000 1,000
provisions
168,800
=======
SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATES FOR 1976
(in US dollars)
1976 EXPENDITURE 1976
$ $
9,500 Joint GARP
Organizing
Committee
9,500 I B.l 19,000
Joint Planning
Staff
19,000 19,000
======
======
150,000
=======

JOC-XI I Report, ANNEX L, APPENDIX B
DETAILED BREAKDOWN OF THE ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE FOR
I. Joint GARP Organizing Committee
A Meetings
A.l Sessions of JOC
A.2 Sessions of the Officers
B Personnel
B.l Joint Planning Staff
B.2 Travel
THE YEAR 1977
C Consultants, Study and Working Groups
E Publications
F Temporary Staff
11. Administrative and Common Services
A Reproduction of documents
B Stationery, office supplies
C Office equipment and machines
1977
20,000
2,000
133,300
8,500
*(12,000)
* (8,000)
* (5,000)
D Communications 4,000
E Premises
F Hospitality
Ill. Other budgetary provisions
A Contingencies and unforeseen expenditures
B
C
External Audit
Insurances and Staff Compensation Fund
100
900
$ 168,800
=========
* These figures are for information only; if necessary, supplementary support from
WMO of $25,000 (approved by EC-XXVIII) would cover these items.

GARP PUBLICATIONS SERIES
No. 1 An Introduction to GARP
No. 2 COSPAR Working Group VI Report to JOC -Systems Possibilities for an Early GARP Experiment
(out of print)
No. 3 The Planning of the First GARP Global Experiment (out of print)
No. 4 The Planning of GARP Tropical Experiments (out of print)
No. 5 Problems of Atmospheric Radiation in GARP
No. 6 Numerical Experimentation Related to GARP
No. 7 The GARP Programme on Numerical Experimentation
No. 8 Parameterization of Sub-Grid Scale Processes
No. 9 The Basic Data Set Project
No. 10 Methods for the Approximate Solution of Time-Dependent Problems
No. 11 The First GARP Global Experiment - Objectives and Plans
No. 12 The Complete Atmospheric Energetics Experiment (CAENEX)
No.13 The Air Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX)
No. 14 Modelling for the First GARP Global Experiment
No. 15 Four-Dimensional Assimilation of Meteorological Observations
No. 16 The Physical Basis of Climate and Climate Modelling
No. 17 Numerical Methods Used in Atmospheric Models (in preparation)
GARP SPECIAL REPORTS
No. 1 Report of Planning Conference on GARP - Brussels, March 1970
No. 2 Report of Interim Planning Group on GARP Tropical Experiment in the Atlantic - London, July 1970
No. 3 Report of the First Session of the Tropical Experiment Council- Geneva, February 1971
No. 4 Report of the First Session of the Tropical Experiment Board - Geneva, February 1971
No. 5 Report of the Second Session of the Tropical Experiment Board - Geneva, December 1971
No. 6 Report of the Third Session of the Tropical Experiment Board - Geneva, April 1972 (out of print)
No. 7 Report of the Second Session of the Tropical Experiment Council- Geneva, September 1972
No. 8 Report of the Planning Conference on the First GARP Global Experiment - Geneva, September 1972
No. 9 Report of the Fourth Session of the Tropical Experiment Board - Geneva, March 1973 (out of print)
No. 10 Report on Special Observing Systems for the First GARP Global Experiment - Geneva, February 1973
No. 11 Report of the Fifth Session of the Tropical Experiment Board - Geneva, December 1973
No. 12 Report of the Sixth Session of the Tropical Experiment Board - Geneva, April 1974
No. 13 Report of the Meeting on Drifting Buoys for the First GARP Global Experiment-Geneva, March 1974
No. 14 Report of the First Session ofWMO Executive Committee Inter-Governmental Panel on the First GARP
Global Experiment - Geneva, October 1974
No. 15 Report of the Seventh Session of the Tropical Experiment Board - Geneva, February 1975
No. 16 Report of the Meeting of Experts for the Development of a Data Management Plan for the FGGE ­
Washington, April 1975
No. 17 Report of the Second Session of WMO Executive Committee Inter-Governmental Panel on the First
GARP Global Experiment - Geneva, September 1975 (in preparation)
No. 18 Report of the Inter-Governmental Planning Meeting for the First GARP Global Experiment - Geneva,
February 1976
No. 19 Report of the Extraordinary Session of WMO Executive Committee Inter-Governmental Panel on the
First GARP Global Experiment - Geneva, February 1976
No. 20 Report of the Eighth Session of the Tropical Experiment Board - Geneva, May 1976
No. 21 Report of the Planning Meeting for the Monsoon-77 Experiment - Colombo, Sri Lanka, May 1976
No.22 Report of the Third Session ofWMO Executive Committee Inter-Governmental Panel on the First GARP
Global Experiment - Geneva, July 1976
By arrangement between ICSU and WMO, these
publications are on sale and copies can be obtained
from the Secretariat of the World Meteorological
Organization, Case postale No. 5, CH-1211 Geneva 20,
Switzerland..

GATE REPORTS
No. 1 Experiment Design Proposal for the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment
No. 2 Pre-GATE Tests and Studies
No. 3 The Central Programme for the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment
No. 4 The Radiation Sub-programme for the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment
No. 5 The Boundary-layer Sub-programme for the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment
No. 6 The Synoptic-scale Sub-programme for the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment
No. 7 The Convection Sub-programme for the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment
No. 8 The Oceanographic Sub-programme for the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment
No. 9 International Operations Plan, Parts I, IV, VI, VII, for the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment
No. 10 Ship Operations for the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment. International Operations Plan, Part II
No. 11 Aircraft Plan for the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment. International Operations Plan, Part III
No. 12 Telecommunications for the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment. International Operations Plan, Part V
No. 13 The International Data Management Plan for the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment
No. 14 Preliminary Scientific Results (Vols. I and Il) of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment
No. 15 Report on the Field Phase of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment - Operations
No. 16 Report on the Field Phase of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment - Scientific Programme
No. 17 Report on the Field Phase of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment - Meteorological Atlas
No. 18 Report on the Field Phase of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment - Aircraft Mission Summary
No. 19 Report on the Field Phase of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment - Summary of Data Collected
No. 20 The Final Plan for the GATE Sub-programme Data Centres