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ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 949-956, September 2011 © 2011 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/jltr.2.5.949-956 Audio Description, Rhetoric and Multimodality © 2011 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Cristina Álvarez de Morales Facultad de Traducción e Interpretación, Universidad de Granada, Spain Email: cristinaalvarez@ugr.es Abstract—This paper constitutes a theoretical reflection within the Project AMATRA of the University of Granada (Spain), part of the European Project Technological on-line framework to integrate the work flow of audiovisual accessible translation. We also are member of the Project PRA2 which is oriented towards creating a technological website platform open to any user, where people, regardless of the functional characteristics, can interact with any audiovisual resources. In the paper, we present the audio descriptive text as a new modern discourse, a coherent oral text and a speech act according to the five phases of Quintilian Rhetoric: inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria and actio. We also offer examples of the main tropes and figures that ornament the audio descriptive text and make it a rhetorical discourse. Index Terms—audio description, inventio, dispositio, elocutio, actio, rhetoric discourse I. INTRODUCTION AMATRA is a translation research group of the University of Granada with a theoretical interest in Access to Knowledge, Multimodality and Translation training. This interest led us to create a data base of films with Spanish audio description (AD) in order to analyze, through Multimodal Corpus Linguistics methods, the characteristics of Spanish AD. Results from this analysis have a professional and a didactic application. They serve the double purpose of being the basis to carry out AD reception experiments that may contribute to the improvement of existing AD guidelines, and a valuable set of reference materials for AD training, AD training teaching, as well as for AD professionals. This paper constitutes a theoretical reflection within the Project AMATRA oriented towards creating a technological website platform open to any user, where people, regardless of the functional characteristics, can interact with any audiovisual resources. In the paper, we present the audio descriptive text as a new modern discourse, a coherent oral text and a speech act according to the five phases of Quintilian Rhetoric: inventio, dispositio, elocutio, memoria and actio. We also offer examples of the main tropes and figures that ornament the audio descriptive text and make it a rhetorical discourse. During the 21 st century, we find that we are immersed in multiple and multicultural thought and thus we could speak of a new foundation for academic knowledge that uses the studies on the audio descriptive text as the basis of the complex theory of discourse. The audio descriptive text makes sense only within a singular society; if Rhetoric was born in the polis, with democracy as the frontier, Audio description can be considered within a social institution: the blind community. It is born into a society able to admit social exclusion as an element of social integration. If Rhetoric seeks to build rhetorical discourses to convince the audience concerning solutions to civil and political problems, the audio descriptive text builds a text to bring artistic discourse closer to the blind audience. II. RHETORIC AND AUDIO DESCRIPTION (AD) We know that Rhetoric is an art that teaches citizens to speak in public and it defends them by giving them the ability to say anything they wish without being offensive with their words. The orator can create a world faithful to reality, a world with a vision of the reality most adapted to the audience. However, there is a mismatch between the real world and the ―world‖ that we apprehend, think about, structure, or try to explain to the others. Therefore, we do not transmit to the other people that the real things are really are there, but rather they appear symbolized by the language, which enables us to build true discourse. As is well known, reality cannot be expressed or thought about only with words. In this sense, Rhetoric is an essential perspective to persuade listeners, who receive the text depending on different communicative situations, sometimes completely opposed to the sensitive world of blind people. Therefore, in this paper, we contend that rhetorical discourse and AD can be, and in fact must be, understood as a real act of communication. However, it is a real act of speech also because it makes it possible for the audio descriptive text to be understood as rhetorical discourse, a coherent and functional text. In this sense, it is important for the audio describer to be conscious of using language in order to build persuasive speech—that is, ―attractive, convincing, and provocative worlds‖—because these resulting discourses, these audio descriptive scripts, try to win followers: blind people completely able to share the feelings and opinions created by the social establishment.
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The Relationship between Self-effic
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