saubari fizikis Sesaxeb - Ganatleba

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Tema I. saubari fizikis Sesaxeb 

1.1. fizika _ mecniereba bunebis Sesaxeb .................................................... 8 

1.2. fizikuri sxeuli. nivTiereba. fizikuri movlena ................................ 10 

1.3. rogor Seiswavlian fizikur movlenebs ............................................... 12 

1.4. fizikuri sidideebi da maTi gazomva ................................................ 14 

1.5. praqtikuli samuSao #1 _ sxeulis moculobis gazomva ................ 16 

rogor warmoiSva metri ..................................................................... 20 

damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi ................................. 22 

Tema II. nivTierebis agebuleba 

2.1. nivTierebis agebuleba .................................................................. 24 

2.2. atomebi da molekulebi ................................................................... 26 

Zvel berZen filosofosTa Sexedulebebi samyaros agebulebaze ... 28 

2.3. difuzia .............................................................................................. 30 

brounis moZraoba ................................................................................. 32 

2.4. molekulaTa urTierTqmedeba ........................................................... 34 

2.5. niv Tie re bis agregatuli mdgomareobebi ............................................... 38 

2.6. airi. siTxe ......................................................................................... 40 

2.7 myari sxeuli ..................................................................................... 42 

damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi ..................................... 46 

Tema III. meqanikuri moZraoba 

3.1 meqanikuri moZraoba ....................................................................... 48 

3.2 moZraobis traeqtoria .................................................................. 50 

3.3 praqtikuli samuSao #2 _ Tanabari da araTanabari moZraobis Seswavla .... 54 

3.4 wrfivi Tanabari moZraobis siCqare ................................................... 56 

3.5 fizika amocanebSi: Tanabari moZraoba ............................................. 58 

3.6 Tanabari moZraobis warmodgena grafikulad ................................. 62 

3.7 araTanabari moZraobis saSualo siCqare. myisi siCqare .................. 66 

3.8 fizika amocanebSi: araTanabari moZraoba ......................................... 70 

3.9 veqtoruli da skalaruli sidideebi ................................................. 72 

damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi ................................... 74 

Tema IV. urTierTqmedeba 

4.1. inercia .................................................................................................... 78 

4.2. masa ......................................................................................................... 80 

4.3. praqtikuli samuSao #3 _ `mZime~ da `msubuqi~ nivTierebebi ........... 82 

4.4. simkvrive ........................................................................................ 84 

4.5. fizika amocanebSi: masa. moculoba. simkvrive ................................ 86 

damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi ................................... 88 

Tema V. Zalebi 

5.1. ra aris Zala ..................................................................................... 90 

5.2. Zala _ veqtoruli sidide ............................................................... 92 

5.3. simZimis Zala .............................................................................. 94 

5.4. praqtikuli samuSao #4 _ tolqmedi Zalis gansazRvra ................... 96 

5.5. drekadobis Zala .......................................................................... 100 

5.6. praqtikuli samuSao #5 _ zambaris deformaciis Seswavla ............. 102 

5.7. xaxunis Zala ........................................................................... 104 

5.8. xaxunis Zalis saxeebi ................................................................ 106 

5.9. praqtikuli samuSao #6 _ xaxunis Zalis Seswavla ........................ 108 

5.10. xaxuni _ mteri Tu megobari .................................................. 110 

proeqti: avtomoyvarulTaTvis .................................................... 112 

damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi ............................. 113 

5

Tema VI. wneva 

6.1. wneva ................................................................................. 118 

6.2. wnevis Semcirebisa da gazrdis xerxebi .................................. 120 

6.3. fizika amocanebSi: wneva ............................................................... 122 

6.4. airis wneva ...................................................................................... 124 

6.5. paskalis kanoni .............................................................................. 126 

6.6. hidravlikuri wnexi ........................................................................ 128 

proeqti: ukan, momavalSi... ........................................................ 130 

6.7. siTxis wneva .................................................................................... 132 

6.8. rogor gamoiTvleba siTxis wneva ............................................ 134 

6.9. ziarWurWeli ......................................................................... 136 

proeqti: ocnebis qalaqi ................................................. 138 

6.10. atmosferuli wneva .............................................................. 140 

6.11. toriCelis cda ...................................................................... 142 

atmosferuli wnevis damokidebuleba simaRleze .................. 144 

proeqti: barometrebi - maTi warsuli da awmyo ................... 146 

damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi ......................... 148 

Tema VII. Zalebi siTxesa da airSi 

haernaosnoba .................................................................................. 151 

7.1. praqtikuli samuSao #7 _ amomgdebi Zalis Seswavla .................... 152 

proeqti: oqros gvirgvinis saidumlo ............................................... 155 

7.2. razea damokidebuli amomgdebi Zala .................................................. 156 

7.3. sxeulTa curva ............................................................................ 158 

proeqti: galileis Termometri .......................................................... 161 

7.4. fizika amocanebSi: sxeulTa curva ............................................ 162 

damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi ............................. 165 

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli masala Tqvengan aqtiur monawileobas 

moiTxovs. am mizniT masSi CarTulia mravalferovani savarjiSoebi, 

romelTagan nawils maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT mTeli klasi erTad 

Seasrulebs, nawili ki individualu ri, wyvilebSi da jgufuri muSaobisaTvis 

aris gankuTv nili. maTi amocnoba ar gagiWirdebaT, radgan TiToeuli 

maTgani wignSi Sesabamisi simboloTi (logoTi) aris aRniSnuli: 

6 

individualuri 

samuSao 

wyvilebSi samuSao 

jgufSi samuSao 

gaakeTeT daskvna 

cdis Catareba sif rTxi les 

moiTxovs! 

daakvirdiT! 

proeqti 

es sainteresoa! 

fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis 

(SedarebiT rTuli jgufuri 

saklaso samuSao) 

saSinao davaleba 

gaiTvaliswineT! 

kiTxvebi

sityva `fizika~ ( `fiuzis~) 

berZnulad bunebas niSnavs 

da pirvelad is Zv. w. IV saukuneSi 

berZeni filosofosis 

aristoteles SromebSi 

gaCnda. uzarmazaria aristoteles 

mecnieruli memkvidreoba: 

misi Sromebi moicavs 

isto rias, politikas, astronomias, 

biologias, fizikas, 

lo gikas, eTikas, fsiqologias, 

poetikas da sxv. 

ganuzomeli iyo aristoteles 

avtoriteti saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. mis moZ- 

Rvrebas eklesiac ki aRiarebda da masSi odnavi eWvis 

Semtans inkvizicia sikvdiliT sjida. jer kidev Cv. 

w.1500 wels ambobdnen: `swavlu li rom iyo, aristotele 

unda icode zepirad. misi gageba aucilebeli 

araa, magram masSi daeWveba mkrexelobaa.~ saukuneebis 

ganmavlobaSi cota vinmes Tu eyo siTamame, rom 

aristoteles moZ Rvre bis sawinaaR mdego azri gamoeTqva… 

mxolod me-17 saukuneSi didma italielma mecnierma 

galileo galileim gabeda da eWvi Seitana aristoteles 

mTeli rigi Sexedulebebis WeSmaritebaSi. 

galileis mTavari dasayrdeni ama Tu im Teoriis WeSmaritebis 

damtkicebaSi eqsperimentuli kvleva iyo, 

maSin, roca aristotele bunebis movlenebis mxolod 

aRweriT Semoifargleboda da mis Sexedulebebs eqsperimentulad 

ganmtkicebuli safuZveli ar hqonda. 

`mecnierebaSi erTi ubralo cdiT dasabuTeba bevrad 

metad fasobs, vidre aTasi avtoriteti erTad~ 

_ ambobda galilei, Tavis legendarul cdebs atarebda 

(romelTa monawilec male Tavad gaxdebiT) da 

fizikis istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc eqsperimentuli 

fizikis fuZemdebeli. am wignis furclebze xSirad 

SexvdebiT galileosa da aristoteles `kamaTs~ , eqsperimentisa 

da Teoriuli kvlevis dapirispirebas da 

SeityobT kidec, vis mxareze iqneba simarTle... 

Tema I 

saubari 

fizikis 

Sesaxeb 

7

1.1 

8 

fizika _ 

mecniereba bunebis Sesaxeb 

dReidan Tqven fizikis Seswavlas iwyebT da, albaT, giCndebaT kiTxvebi: 

ra aris fizika? ras Seiswavlis is? ra saWiroa misi codna? 

cxadia, yvela kiTxvaze pasuxs erTbaSad ver miiRebT, TandaTanobiT ki _ 

aucileblad. jerjerobiT daviwyoT imiT, rom fizika TqvenTvis arc ise ucxoa, 

rogorc ggoniaT: bevri ram, rac fizikis sferodanaa, Tqven bunebismetyvelebis 

gakveTilebze iswavleT. ukve iciT, rom TviT sityva fizikac bunebas niSnavs 

da is, rogorc bunebismetyvelebis erT-erTi dargis aRmniSvneli termini, 

pirvelad berZenma filosofosma aristotelem gamoiyena Zv. w. IV saukuneSi. 

`filosofia~ sibrZnis siyvaruls niSnavs da rogorc mecniereba, im droindeli 

samyarosaTvis misawvdomi codnis yvela sferos moi cavda. mogvianebiT 

ki, roca bunebaze dakvirvebis Sede gad uzar mazari codna dagrovda, 

filosofias gamoeyo cal ke uli mec ni ere bebi, romlebic garkveuli niSniT 

gaer Tianebul bunebriv movlenebs, anu bunebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebs, Seiswavlidnen. 

ase gaCnda bunebis Semswavleli sxvadasxva mecnierebebi: fizika, 

qimia, biologia, geografia, astronomia. 

(gaixseneT, romel bunebriv movlenebs icnobT? romel maTgans Seiswavlis 

bio logia? geografia? astronomia?) 

sur. 1. wylis vardna, elva fizikuri movlenebia 

bunebaSi mimdinare uamravi movle nidan fizika mxolod nawils, fizikur 

mov lenebs Seiswavlis. aseTebia, mag.: CanCqeridan wylis vardna, caze 

cisartyelas warmoqmna, wvima, Tovli, elva, TviTmfrinavis moZraoba, wylis 

duRili, aorTqleba, magnitis mier rkinis mizidva da a. S. erTi sityviT, 

Znelad Tu moZebniT bunebaSi movlenas, romlis axsnasac fizikis kanonebi 

ar udevs safuZvlad. 

fizikas gansakuT rebu li ad gi li uWi ravs sxva sa bu nebis metyvelo mecniere 

bebs Soris, radgan isini fizikis ga reSe bevr mov lenas ver axsnidnen. mag., 

geografiaSi fizi kis kanone biT xsnian, ratom miedineba mdina reebi, rogor 

warmo iSoba qari, ra tom xdeba miwis Zvrebi. 

astronomebi Seis wav lian ciur sxe ulebs, mag ram mxolod fizikis dax marebiT 

SeuZliaT, gas cen pasuxi kiT xvebs: rogor anaTebs varskvla ve bi? ratom moZraoben 

planetebi mzis gar Se mo, ratom aris mTvare deda miwis Tanam gzav ri. 

swored fizika exma reba bio logebs, ax snan, rogor moZraoben cxovelebi, 

rogor gamoscemen isini bgerebs da rogor ismenen maT, rogor aris mowyobili 

mxedve lobis organo ebi da a. S.

fizika _ mecniereba bunebis Sesaxeb 1.1. 

aRsaniSnavia qimiisa da fizikis mWidro urTierTkavSiric, 

radgan xSirad fizikuri da qimiuri 

movlenebi erTdroulad mimdinareobs. 

fizikis gareSe warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove 

teqnikis ganviTarebac: fizikis kanonebis daxmarebiT 

iqmneba sxva dasxva daniSnulebis manqanebi, 

romlebic adamians fizikur da gonebriv Sro mas umsubuqebs 

(SegiZliaT, daasaxeloT romelime maTgani? 

gaixseneT, raSi iyeneben fizikas medicinaSi) 

da mainc, ra saWiroa fizikis codna TqvenTvis? 

yuradRebiT daakvirdiT sur.2-s da aRwereT, ras 

xedavT masze. 

diax, es sapnis buStebia. cxadia, arc Tqven 

da arc Tqvens Tanatols, romelic ase xa lisiT sur. 2. 

beravs maT, eWvi odnavac ki ar geparebaT, rom isini mxolod da mxolod 

sapnis brWyvi ala buStebia da meti ara feri! arada, mecnierTa uzarmazari 

armia swav lobs am buS te bis Tvisebebs da swored Txeli afskebis fi zika (sap nis 

buStic xom Txeli afskia!) gaxda safuZveli Tanamedrove mikroeleq tro nikisa, 

romlis miRwevebsac iye neben dRes sa yo facxov rebo teqnikasa da samedicino 

apara tu ra Si, ra diosa da televiziaSi, kom piuterSi, tele fon Si da a.S. 

ase rom, samyaroze Tqvens warmodgenebsa da mis Sesaxeb mecnierebis mier 

mopovebul codnas Soris didi uf skru lia... swored fizika dagexmarebaT 

bunebis mravali saidum los amoxsnaSi, gaswavliT dak vir vebas, fiqrs da 

damer wmuneT, rom Tqven SeZlebT ubralo sag nebSi, Cveulebriv movlenebSi 

mTeli samyaro dainaxoT... odesme ki iqneb Tqvenc gxvdeT wilad axali aRmoCenis, 

axali gamogonebis bedniereba. 

gaqvT ki amis survili? maS, gadaSaleT wigni! 

sur. 3. 1999 w. 23-28 ivlisi. orbitalur sadgur “vbh”-ze warmatebiT ganxorcielda qarTvel 

mecnierTa mier Seqmnili kosmosuri antena-refleqtoris dadgma, romelsac mTeli msoflio 

sulganabuli adevnebda Tvals. es qarTvel mecni erTa udidesi gamarjveba iyo. 

moamzadeT prezentaciisTvis Tema: 

1. `fizikis gansakuTrebuli roli sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs 

Soris~. 

2. `fizika Cvens yofa-cxovrebaSi~. 

9

1.2 

10 

fizikuri sxeuli. nivTiereba. 

fizikuri movlena 

mimoixedeT garSemo da CamoTvaleT Tqven 

irgvliv arsebuli sagnebi. 

daakvirdiT TiToeul maTgans da SeecadeT 

gamoicnoT, ris ganaa isini damzadebuli. 

fizikuri movlenebis Ses wavlisas fizika saku 

Tar, fizikis enas iyenebs: bunebaSi arsebul 

nebis mi er sagans fizikuri sxeu li an ubra lod, 

sxeuli ewo deba, xolo imas, ris ganac sxeulia 

damzadebuli an, rogorc amboben, risganac sxeuli 

Sedgeba _ nivTi ere ba. 

fizikaSi zogierTi amocanis ganxilvisas WurWelSi Cas xmuli wyali, 

cisternaSi moTavsebuli navTi, balonSi CatvirTuli Jangbadi da a. 

S. ganixileba, rogorc sxeuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom wyali, navTi, 

Jangbadi nivTierebebia. 

dafiqrdiT 

ra niSniT ganasxvavebT sxeuls nivTierebisgan? 

sur.1. oqros lomi. Zv. w. III 

aTawleulis meore naxevari. aRmo- 

Cenilia wnoris yorRanSi. 

dafiqrdiT: oqro sxeulia Tu niv- 

Tiereba? oqros lomi? 

dafiqrdiT 

CamoTvlilTagan romeli sityva aRniSnavs fizikur sxeuls, romeli 

_ nivTierebas da SeavseT cxrili: 

tyvia, relsi, mTvare, spirti, makrateli, magida, carci, TviTmfrinavi, 

navTobi, mze, magniti, kaproni, planeta, vercxli, meteori, qaRaldi, 

traqtori,zeTis wveTi, haeri, wyali, rkina, asfalti, wylis wveTi, 

ze Ti, vercxlis beWedi. 

fizikuri sxeulebia: nivTierebaa: 

ar CaweroT wignSi 

gaixseneT, rom bunebaSi yovelgvar cvlilebas movlena ewodeba da 

daa saxeleT fizikuri movlenebis magaliTebi. dafiqrdiT: ra icvle ba 

Tqven mier dasaxelebul fizikur movlenebSi? SeavseT cxrili: 

fizikuri movlena ra Seicvala? 

Seicvala Tu ara 

nivTiereba? 


maS ase, fizikur movlenebSi nivTiereba ar icvleba. nivTierebaTa 

gardaqmnebs da am gardaqmnaTa Tanmxleb movlenebs qimia Seiswavlis.

fizikuri sxeuli. nivTiereba. fizikuri movlena 1.2. 

imsjeleT, rogori movlenebia gamosaxuli suraTebze. axseniT, ratom 

fiqrobT ase. 

gaixseneT: sxvadasxva nivTierebebs gansxvavebuli fizikuri Tvisebebi aqvs. 

mag., zogi nivTiereba denis kargi gamtaria, zogi advilad orTqldeba, zogi 

siTbos ukeT inarCunebs da a.S. 

fizika, fizikuri movlenebis garda, nivTierebaTa fizikur Tvisebebsac Seiswav 

lis. nivTierebaTa Tvise bebis codna ki sa Sualebas gvaZlevs, isini Cvens 

sasar geb lod gamoviye noT, zogjer ki usiamovno SemTxv e vebic avici loT 

Tavidan. 

mag., cnobilia, rom temperaturis momatebiT sxeu lis moculoba izrdeba. 

swored amas iTvaliswineben liandagze relsebis dagebisas da relsebs Soris 

Suale debs toveben. rogor fiqrobT, ratom iqcevian ase? 

moifiqreT sxva SemTxvevebi, roca nivTierebaTa Tvise bebis winaswari codna 

gexmarebaT safrTxis Tavidan acilebaSi. 

Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi uamravi movlena xdeba, romlis- 

Tvisac aqamde SeiZleba yurad Reba arc ki migiqceviaT. mag., roca 

diliT wyals aaduRebT, fin janSi CaasxamT, CayriT masSi yavas, Saqars 

da siamov ne biT mi ir TmevT, cxadia, arc ki fiqrobT, rom amaso baSi 

bevr fi zi kur movlenaze SeiZleboda dakvirveba. 

erTi sityviT, daakvirdiT da aRmoaCineT Tqven garSemo mimdinare 

uamravi movlena. aRwereT, rogor mimdinareobs isini da SeecadeT 

gaarkvioT, romeli maTgania fizikuri movlena. es Tqveni pirveli 

kvleva iqneba, romelsac fizikaSi CaatarebT da imedia, Zalian bevr 

sa intereso da aqamde TqvenTvis ùCinar~ movlenas Tavi dan aRmoaCenT. 

SeajameT kvlevis Sedegebi da warmoadgineT klasis winaSe 

prezentacia Temaze: `fizika, romliTac dRe iwyeba~ 

11

1.3 rogor Seiswavlian fizikur 

movlenebs 

12 

gadaiwereT mocemuli winadadebebi rveulSi. wertilebis nacvlad CasviT 

saWiro sityvebi: Tbil SenobaSi yinuli ................; yinvis dros 

gubeebSi wyali ................; magniti rkinis sxeulebs .............; wvimis 

Semdeg caze zog jer ....................... Cndeba; wyalSi SegviZlia sakuTari 

.................... davinaxoT; mzian dRes gaumWvirvale sagans ................ 

aqvs; Tu qvas xels gavuSvebT, igi dedamiwaze ................ . 

Turme ramdeni ram gcodniaT fizikaSi? gaixseneT, kidev romel movlenaze 

gicdiaT dakvirveba? 

sur.1. `mecnierebaSi erTi 

ub ra lo cdiT dasabuTeba 

bev rad metad fasobs, vidre 

aTa si avtoriteti erTad~. 

gali leo galilei. 

1564-1642 ww. 

cda II 

diax, bevri movlenis Sesaxeb codna adamianma 

dakvir vebis Sedegad miiRo. mecnierebic dakvirvebiT 

iwyeben ucnobi movlenis Seswavlas, Semdeg isini 

gamoT qvamen varauds, hipoTezas da cdiloben axsnan, 

ratom xdeba esa Tu is movlena, rogor warimarTeba 

SemdgomSi igi, ra moh yveba mas da a. S. Tumca xSirad 

movlenis Sesas wav lad mxo lod masze d a kvir veba 

sak ma ri si ar aris, amitom mec nierebi cdas, eqsperiments 

atareben da mov lenis kvleva-Ziebas xe lov - 

nurad Seq mnil pirobebSi agrZeleben. 

fizikas eqsperimentul mec nierebas uwodeben, 

radgan bune bis movlenebze dak virvebebis Sedegad 

gamoTqmuli hipoTezis WeSmaritebas mec ni e rebi auci 

leblad eqsperimentis sa SualebiT amow meben. Tu 

eqsperimentiT hipoTezis WeSmariteba damtkicdeba, 

es ukve axal aRmoCenaze miuTiTebs! mecnierebis istoria 

uamrav SemTxvevas icnobs, roca saukuneebis 

ganmavlobaSi aRi arebuli Sexedulebebi cdiT ar dadasturda. SemdgomSi Cven 

bevr aseT faqts gavecnobiT. axla ki CavataroT cdebi, raTa davrwmundeT, 

ramdenad aucilebelia Cven mier gamoTqmuli varaudis (romlis WeSmaritebaSic 

xSirad eWvi ar gvepareba)eqsperimentulad Semowmeba. 

cda I 

plastmasis ori erTnairi carieli boTli iatakidan erTnair 

simaRleze aswieT. gamoTqviT varaudi: romeli boTli davardeba 

ufro swrafad, Tu maT erTdroulad gauSvebT xels? 

CaatareT cda da SeamowmeT: gamarTlda Tu ara Tqveni varaudi? 

aavseT erTi boTli wyliT. 

savse da carieli boTlebi iatakidan kvlav erTnair simaRleze 

aswieT. gamoTqviT varaudi: romeli boTli davardeba ufro 

swrafad, Tu maT erT dro ulad gauSvebT xels? 

SeamowmeT eqsperimentulad: gamarTlda Tu ara Tqveni varaudi? 

nu gagikvirdebaT, aseT Secdomas TviT aristotelec uSvebda!

aristotele amtkicebda, rom msubuqi sxeuli 

ufro nela vardeba, vidre mZime, galileo 

galileim ki mis mtkicebaSi eWvi Se itana: `...rogor 

moiqceva vardnisas ori sxe uli, msubuqi da 

mZi me, Tu maT erTad Sev kravT?~ _ dasva SekiTxva 

gali leim da msje lo b a ganagrZo (wertilebis 

nacvlad igulisxme sityvebi: `nela~ an `swrafad~): 

`Tu msubuqi sxeuli ufro nela vardeba, vidre 

mZime, maSin msubuqma sxeulma mZime sxeulis 

moZraoba unda Seanelos, amitom orive erTad 

ufro ................. daeSveba, vidre calke aRebuli 

mZime sxeuli. meore mxriv, erTad Sekruli ori 

sxeuli kidev ufro mZimea, vidre TiToeuli 

maTgani cal-calke. amitom erTad Sekruli 

rogor Seiswavlian fizikur movlenebs 1.3. 

sur.2. birTvebi galileim pizis ko- 

Skidan erTdroulad Camoagdo... 

orive sxeuli ufro ............... daeS veba, vidre calke aRebuli mZime sxeuli. 

gamodis, rom erTad Sekruli sxeulebis vardna erTsa da imave dros kidec 

neldeba da kidec Cqardeba, rac SeuZlebelia. gamosavali mxolod erTia: 

unda vivaraudoT, rom sxeulebis vardnis dro maT simZimeze damokidebuli 

ar aris~. 

galilei mixvda, rom sxeulebis vardnaze Sesam Cnev gavlenas ax denda haeri, 

e. i. eqsperimenti sxvadasxva sim Zimis, magram erTnairi for mis sxeulebze 

unda Cata rebuliyo, raTa haers Tavisi `Sesworeba“ ar Seetana mov lenis 

mimdinareobaSi. am varaudis dasamtkiceblad mecnierma fizikis istoriaSi 

pirveli eqsperimenti Caatara da swored amitom is eqspe rimentuli fizikis 

fuZemdeblad iTvleba. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, ori erTnairi formisa da zomis, 

magram sxvadasxva simZimis (80 kg-iani da 200 g-iani) birTvi galileim pizis 

daxrili koSkidan erTdroulad Camoagdo... orive birTvi erTdroulad 

daeca dedamiwaze! (am cdis animaciis naxva SegiZliaT internetSi, misamarTze: 

http://physics-animations.com/Physics/English/pisa_tmp.htm. 

am eqsperimentiT galileim sabolood daamtkica, rom sxeulTa vardnis 

dro ar aris damokidebuli sxe ul Ta simZimeze. es rom namdvilad asea, amaSi 

Tqvenc advilad darwmun de biT, Tu aseT cdas CaatarebT: aiReT qaRaldis ori 

erTnairi furceli da erTi daW muWneT. gaiTvaliswineT, rom furclebis 

sim Zime erTnairia da gamoTqviT varaudi: erTdroulad daecema Tu ara orive 

furceli iatakze, Tu maT erTsa da imave simaRleze aswevT da orive maTgans 

erT dro ulad gauSvebT xels? CaatareT cda da SeamowmeT: gamarTlda Tu 

ara Tqveni varaudi? ratom? Tqveni azriT, ra aris amis mizezi? 

warmoidgineT, rom furclebze cdas uhaero sivrceSi, va ku umSi, atarebT. 

rogor fiqrobT, cdis Sedegi iseTive iqneba Tu ara? ratom fiqrobT ase? 

es ukve hipoTezaa _ varaudi, azri, romlis WeSmarite basac damtkiceba unda. 

am hipoTezis damtkiceba eqsperimentiT verc galileim SeZlo, radgan im 

dros ar arsebobda saSualeba, romliTac vakuums Seqmnidnen. 

aseTi eqsperimenti mogvianebiT genialurma ingliselma fizikosma isaak 

niutonma Caatara: man minis grZel milSi oqros moneta da bumbuli moaTavsa, 

milidan haeri amotumba da mili gad moabruna... orive sxeuli milis fskerze 

erTdroulad daeSva! 

13

1.4 

diax, dakvirvebebi da cdebis Catareba TiTqmis yovel Tvis fizikuri 

sidideebis gazomvebTanaa dakavSirebuli, romlebic raodenobrivad axasiaTeben 

fizikur movlenebsa da sxeulTa fizikur Tvisebebs. 

fizikuri sididea yvelaferi, ris gazomvac SeiZleba, mag., fizikuri sidideebia 

manZili, dro, masa, farTobi, moculoba da a. S. 

fizikur sidides aqvs ricxviTi mniSvneloba da erTeuli: mag., vTqvaT, gazomvis 

Sedegad miiRes, rom sxeulis moZraobis dro 10 wm-ia. am CanawerSi `10~ _ 

drois ricxviTi mniSvnelobaa, `wm~ ki _ drois erTeulis, wamis, Semoklebuli 

aRniSvna. 

fizikuri sididis ricxviTi mniSvneloba erTeulis arCevazea damokidebuli, 

mag., Tu magidis sigrZe 1m-ia, SeiZleba 

iTqvas, rom is aseve 100 sm-is 

an 1000 mm-is tolia. 

fizikuri sididis erTeulebi 

jer kidev uZveles droSi gaCnda, 

roca adamianebs dasWirdaT gaezomaT 

dro, manZili, WurWlis 

moculoba, miwis nakveTis farTobi, 

sxvadasxva sxeulTa masebi. vaWrobis 

ganviTarebasTan erTad ufro da 

ufro aucilebeli xdeboda sxvadasxva 

sagnebis sigrZis, moculobis, 

masis Sedareba (rogor fiqrobT, 

ratom?). 

erTi da imave fizikuri sidideebis 

(mag., sxvadasxva sxeulis masebis 

an sigrZeebis) Sesadareb- 

14 

fizikuri sidideebi da maTi 

gazomva 

gaixseneT, rogor daamtkica galileo gali le im sxeulTa vardnaze 

aristoteles Sexedulebis mcdaroba? ra daaskvna man? 

warmoidgineT, rom galilei xarT da pizis koSkSi im legendarul 

cdas atarebT, romliTac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi WeSmaritebad 

miCneuli mosazreba unda gadaamowmoT. 

ar dagaviwydeT, rom aristotele udidesi avto ri te tia da arc 

ise advi lia, daarwmuno adamianebi misi Teoriis mcdarobaSi. Tqven 

zusti monacemebi gWirdebaT. 

rogor moiqceviT, raTa darwmundeT, rom birTvebi namdvi lad sxvadasxva 

simZimisa da zustad erTnairi for misaa, rom isini erTnairi 

simaR lidan mar Tlac erTsa da imave droSi Camocvivdnen miwaze? 

sur.1. feodalur saxelmwifoSi sig r Zis erTeulad 

mefis mkla vis sigr Ze iyo miCneuli. cxa dia, mefis 

SecvlasTan er Tad icv le bo da sazomi erT eu le bic. 

warmoidgineT, ra mox deboda, Tu sa xel mwi fo mokle 

droSi me fes ramden jer me Se icv lida. . . 

lad SemoiRes sazo mi erTeulebi, 

romelTac SemdgomSi sidideTa 

erTeulebi ewoda. 

istoriulad sxvadasxva qveyneb- 

Si erTi da imave sididis gansxvave

cxrili 1.1 metruli sistemis TavsarTebi 

fizikuri sidideebi da maTi gazomva 1.4. 

buli sazomi erTeuli gaCnda. mag., saqarTveloSi sigrZis Zalze gavrcelebuli 

sazomi iyo mtkaveli, romelic gaSlili xelis mtevnis neksa da cers Soris 

manZilis tolia. ru seTSi sigrZis erTeulad miRebuli iyo arSi ni _ manZili 

Sua TiTis wveridan idayvamde, holan diu ri duimi cera TiTis, xolo inglisuri 

futi fe xis terfis sigrZes utoldeboda. sxvadasxvagvari sazomi erTeulebi 

ara marto sxva dasxva qveynebs Soris savaWro urTierTobebs afer xebda, aramed 

erTi qveynis Signi Tac ki srul gaugebrobas qmnida (ratom?). 

msoflios civilizebulma qveynebma gadawyvites saerTaSoriso sazomi 

erTe ulebis SemuSaveba da 1793 wlis 1 agvistos Seiqmna kidec aseT sazom 

erTe ul Ta erToblioba _ sistema, romelSic sigrZis ZiriTad erTeulad metri 

iyo miiRebuli, xolo masis ZiriTad erTeulad _ kilogrami. erTeulTa am 

sistemas metruli sistema ewoda. 

metrul sistemaSi, garda ZiriTadi erTeulebisa, Sedis maTze 10-jer, 100-jer, 

1000-jer da.S. meti (naklebi) erTeulebi. maT aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba specialuri 

TavsarTebi. 

dasaxeleba aRniSvna mamravli dasaxeleba aRniSvna mamravli 

mega mg 1000 000 deci d 0,1 

kilo k 

1000 santi s 0,01 

heqto h 100 mili m 0,001 

deka dk 10 mikro mk 0,000 001 

mecnierebaSi dRes gamoiyeneba erTeulTa saerTaSoriso sistema _ SI sistema 

(`Sistema Internationale”), romelic metruli sistemis safuZvelze Camoyalibda. 

SI sistemaSi sigrZis erTeulad miRebulia 1m, drois erTeulad _ 1wm, xolo 

masis erTeulad _1kg. 

SI sistemasTan erTad xSirad e. w. CGS sistemasac iyeneben, romelSic sigrZis 

erTeulad miRebulia 1sm, masis erTeulad _1g, drois erTeuli ki am 

sistemaSic 1wm-ia (swored am erTeulTa dasaxelebidan warmodgeba sistemis 

saxelwodebac: C-sm, G-g, S-wm) 

cxrili 1.2 fizikur sidideTa SI sistemis erTeulebi 

fizikuri SI sistemis 

sidide erTeuli 

aRniSvna erTeulebi, romlebic SI sistemas ar ekuTvnis 

sigrZe 

farTobi 

moculoba 

dro 

masa 

1metri 1m 

1kv. metri 1m 2 

1kub. metri 1m 3 

1wami 1wm 

1kilogrami 1kg 

1km = 1000m; 1dm = 0,1m; 1sm = 0,01m; 1mm = 0,001m 

1heqtari (ha) = 10 000m 2 ; 1ari = 100 m 2 

1 litri (l) = 0,001 m 3 

1 wT = 60 wm; 1 saaTi (sT) = 60 wT = 3600 wm 

1 tona = 1000 kg; 1 centneri (c) = 100 kg; 1grami (g) = 0,001kg 

15

1.5 

16 

I 

praqtikuli samuSao #1 

sxeulis moculobis gazomva 

Tqven ukve iciT, rom dakvirveba da cdebis Catareba TiTqmis 

yovel Tvis fizikuri sidi deebis gazo mvebTanaa dakavSirebuli. 

gazomvebs sxvadasxva gamzomi sa Sua le bebis _ xelsawyoebis 

daxmarebiT atareben. bevri maTgani TqvenTvis 

yovel dRiuri cxov rebidanaa nac nobi. mag., sigrZis gasazo 

mad sazom lentas an saxazavs iye ne ben, drois gasazomad 

saaTs, tem pe ra tu ras ki TermometriT zomaven. 

daaTvaliereT saskolo laboratoriaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva 

gamzomi xelsawyo da gaar kvieT gasa zomi fizikuri 

sididis erTe uli. 

daakvirdiT: gasazomi xelsawyoebis umravlesobas aqvs 

skala, romelzec miTiTebulia gasazomi fizikuri sididis 

erTeuli. skalaze Strixebs Soris danayofebia. TiToeul 

danayofs garkveuli ricxvi Seesabameba. 

skalaze or uaxloes Strixs Soris danayofis Sesabamis ricxvs danayofis 

fasi ewodeba. 

rogorc xedavT, ricxvebi yvela danayofs ar aweria, magram Tu 

danayofis fasi gecodinebaT, gasazom sidides advilad ipoviT. 

rogor gamoviangariSoT danayofis fasi? 

sur.1 

ganvixiloT Termometris skala, romelic gamosaxulia sur.1-ze: 

ipoveT skalaze ori uaxloesi xazi, romelsac ricxvebi aweria; 

gamoakeliT did ricxvs patara; 

gayaviT sxvaoba xazebs Soris danayofebis raodenobaze. 

swored miRebuli ricxvia Termometris danayofis fasi. 

gaarkvieT, ra temperaturas aCvenebs Termometri? 

gansazRvreT saxazavisa da menzuris danayofis fasi (sur.2; sur.3). 

sm sm 

sur.2 sur.3. 

20 

15 

10 

5 sm 3 

fizikuri sididis maqsimalur 

mniSv nelobas, rom lis gazomvac 

SesaZlebelia moce muli xelsawyoTi, 

xel sawyos gazomvis zRva ri 

ewodeba. 

gansazRvreT Termometris gazomvis 

zRvari (sur.1.).

II 

praqtikuli samuSao #1 _ sxeulis moculobis gazomva 1.5. 

samuSaos mizani: marTkuTxa paralelepipedis formis 

sxeulis moculobis gansazRvra 

samuSaosTvis saWiroa: marTkuTxa parale 

lepipedis formis sxeuli, saxaza vi 

b 

an sazomi lenti. 

samuSaos msvleloba: 

c 

gansazRvreT saxazavis (sazomi lentis) 

a 

danayofis fasi; 

a 

gazomeT paralelepipedis sigrZe (a), si- sur.4 

gane (b), simaRle (c). 

miTiTeba: sigrZis gasazomad saxazavis nulovani 

danayo fi SeuTavseT sxeulis erT 

bolos. danayofi, ro melic sxe ulis meore bo- 

b 

los SeuTavsdeba, sxe ulis sigrZes gvi Cvenebs 

(sur.4,a). 

miTiTeba: Tu sxeulis bolo arc erT danayofs ar SeuTavsdeba, maSin mis 

sigrZed miiReT im ori ricxvis saSualo ariT meti kuli, romelTa Sorisac 

meore bolo moTavs da (sur.4,b). 

gaixseneT marTkuTxa para lele pi pedis mocu lobis gamo saTvleli formula 

da gamoTvaleT paralelepipedis mocu lo ba. 

sigrZe a, sm sigane b, sm simaRle c, sm moculoba V, sm 3 

SeitaneT gazomvebisa da gamoTvlis Sedegebi I cxrilSi. 

gazomvas, rodesac saZiebeli fizikuri si di de uSualod xelsawyoTi 

izomeba, pirdapiri ga zo mva ewodeba. 

gazomvas, rodesac saZiebeli fizikuri sidide uSualod xelsawyoTi ki ar 

izo meba, aramed formuliT gamo ian gariSeba, arapirdapiri gazomva hqvia. 

III 

samuSaos mizani: arawesieri formis sxeulis 

moculobis gansazRvra 

cxrili I 


samuSaosTvis saWiroa: menzura, arawesieri formis sxeuli (mag., qva), 

Zafi. 


gansazRvreT menzuris danayofis fasi; 

CaasxiT TvalzomiT im raodenobis wyali menzuraSi, rom: 

a) menzuraSi CaSvebuli sxeuli daifaros; 

b) menzuraSi sxeulis CaSvebis Semdeg wylis done menzuris gazomvis 

zRvars ar ascdes. 

gansazRvreT menzuraSi Casxmuli wylis moculoba (V 1 ). 

17

1.5. praqtikuli samuSao #1 _ sxeulis moculobis gazomva 

daakvirdiT sur. 5-s: wylis done 

men zuris kedlebTan aweulia. anaTvalis 

asa Re bad menzura Tvalis 

doneze daiWireT da anaT vali wylis zedapiris 

Sua na wi lis mixedviT aiReT. 

gamoabiT sxeuli (qva) Zafze da CauSviT 

wyalSi ise, rom wyalma is mTlianad dafaros. 

roca menzuraSi wylis done aiwevs, 

aiReT anaTvali menzuraze (V 2 ), romelic 

wylisa (V 1 ) da masSi CaSvebuli sxeulis (V) 

moculobaTa jamis tolia. 

gamoTvaleT sxeulis moculoba; 

SeitaneT gazomvebisa da gamoTvlis 

Sedegebi II cxrilSi. 

menzuris daxmarebiT gansazRvreT II samuSaoSi gamoyenebuli marT kuTxa 

parale le pipedis formis sxeulis moculoba da SeadareT arapirdapiri 

gazomvis Sedegs. gaiTvaliswineT: SeiZleba, parale le pipedi menzuraSi ar 

Caetios, amitom sanam am davalebas SeasrulebT, 

IV 

18 

sur.5. 

dafiqrdiT 

rogor ipoviT menzuris daxmarebiT: 

a) mo ce muli WurWlis (mag., Wiqis) moculobas; 

b) im sxeulis moculobas, romelic menzuraSi ar eteva? 

cxrili II 

wylis anaTvali menzuraze sxeulis moculoba 

moculoba V sm 1 3 sxeulis CaSvebis Semdeg V sm 2 3 V sm3 ar CaweroT wignSi 

samuSaos mizani: mcire sxeulebis gazomva 

mwkrivis meTodiT 

mcire sxeulebis zomebis dasadgenad specialuri xelsawyoebi (mag., 

mikrometri) gamoiyeneba, magram maTi zomebis gansazRvra Cveulebrivi 

saxazaviTac SeiZleba, Tu mcire zomis erTnairi sxeulebi didi raodenobiT 

gvaqvs. 

samuSaosTvis saWiroa: minis grZeli mili an Rari, saxazavi milimetriani 

danayofebiT, 10-20 cali patara burTula (mag., mZivis marcvlebi), 

mavTuli. 


moaTavseT mcire zomis bu r- 

Tulebi minis milSi an RarSi ise, 

sur.6. 

rom isini erTmaneTs mWidrod 

exebodes (burTulebis mwkrivi 

orive mxridan ise SemozRudeT, 

rom maT gadaadgileba ar SeeZloT) 

(sur.6).

gansazRvreT wris far- 

Tobi uj re debiani furclis 

daxmarebiT (sur.7). CaT valeT, 

rom erTi patara uj redis (kvadratis) 

gverdis sigrZe 1mm-ia. 


a. 

gansazRvreT, ris tolia erTi patara 

ujredis (kvadratis) farTobi; 

daTvaleT patara ujre de bis 

ricxvi da gamoTvaleT wris farTobi mm 2 -iT. 

b. 

gansazRvreT, ris tolia erTi didi kvadratis farTobi (gaiTvaliswineT, 

rom didi kvadratis sigrZe 1 sm-ia); 

daTvaleT didi ujredebis ricxvi, ara sru li ujre de bi naxevrebad CaTvaleT 

da gansazRvreT wris farTo bi sm 2 sur.7 

-iT. 

SeadareT gamoTv le bis Sedegebi a. da b. SemTxvevebSi da gaakeTeT daskvna, 

razea damokidebuli fizikuri sididis ricxviTi mniSvneloba. 

g. 

gaixseneT formula, romliTac wris farTobi gamoiTvleba; 

gazomeT, ris tolia su raTze gamosa xu li wris di ametri jer mm-ebSi, Semdeg 

sm-ebSi da gamoTvaleT misi far Tobi formuliT. 

SeadareT gamoTvlis Sedegi pirdapiri gazomvis Sedegs a. da b. SemTxvevebSi. 

patara 

ujrede 

bis 

ricxvi 

n 

wris 

far 

Tobi S, 

mm 2 

wris 

diametri 

d, mm 

formuliT 

gamo 

Tvlili 

wris 

farTobi 

S, mm 2 

praqtikuli samuSao #1 _ sxeulis moculobis gazomva 1.5. 

gazomeT saxazaviT mwkrivis sigrZe (l); 

gayaviT mwkrivis sigrZe burTulebis ricxvze (N) da gaigebT miaxloebiT 

erTi burTulis diametrs (d). 

mcire sxeulebis zomebis gazomvis am meTods mwkrivis meTods uwodeben. 

SeitaneT gazomvisa da gamoTvlis Sedegebi III cxrilSi. 

burTulis diametri 

V 

mwkrivSi burTulebis 

raodenoba N 

samuSaos mizani: farTobis gansazRvra 

pirdapiri gazomviT 

a. wris farTobis gansazRvra patara 

ujre de bis daxmarebiT: 

mTliani 

didi 

ujredebis 

ricxvi 

n 

mwkrivis sigrZe 

l, mm 

ara sruli 

didi 

ujrede 

bis 

ricxvi 

m 

wris 

far 

To bi 

S, sm 2 

diametri (sisqe) 

d = l / N, mm 

wris 

diametri 

d, sm 

cxrili III 


cxrili IV 

b. wris farTobis gansazRvra didi ujre de bis 

daxmarebiT 


formuliT 

gamo 

Tvlili 

wris 

farTobi 

S, sm 2 

19

20 

rogor warmoiSva metri 

feodalurma daqucmacebulobam mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa sazom sidideTa 

erTeulebis ganviTareba. yvela mmarTveli (mefe, mTavari, hercogi, Tavadi, 

grafi) Tavis pirdapir movaleobad Tvlida fizikuri sidideebis (masis, 

sigrZis, moculobis) sazomi sakuTari erTeulebi SemoeRo, rac ZiriTadad 

maTi dacarielebuli xazinis Sevsebas emsaxureboda. xdeboda isec, rom erTi 

da imave saxelwodebiT sxvadasxva sididis erTeuli mimoiqceoda, rac srul 

qaoss qmnida da sabolood xels uSlida mrewvelobis, vaWrobis, zRvaosnobis 

ganviTarebas. gasakviri ar aris, rom safrangeTis revoluciis dros, 1789 

wels, generaluri Stabis amomrCevelTa erT-erTi moTxovna swored zomisa 

da wonis erTeulTa sistemis mowesrigeba iyo. 

imdroindeli safrangeTis revoluciuri mTavrobis, konventis gadawyvetilebiT 

1793 wlis 1 agvistos sazomTa metruli sistema Seiqmna. 

metruli sistemis erT-erTi avtori da am sistemis praqtikaSi danergvis 

komisiis Tavmjdomare iyo frangi ma Te matikosi, 

fizikosi da astronomi p. lap la si. 

mas kargad esmoda, rom sigrZis er Te u lad 

romelime nacionaluri erTeulis Se mota 

na (mag., franguli tuazis, inglisuri 

iar dis, rusuli saJenis da a. S.) garkveul 

uxerxulobas Seqmnida saerTaSoriso ur- 

Ti erTobebSi. saWiro iyo iseTi erTeulis 

Se motana, romelic yvela saxelmwifosTvis 

erTnairad misaRebi iqneboda. 

im droisTvis laplass Tavisi astronomiuli 

kvlevisTvis dedamiwis meridianis gazomva 

esa Wiroeboda.cxadia, laplasma kargad ico- 

da, rom kvlevisTvis saWiro uzarmazar Tanxebs 

mTavroba ar gaiRebda da amitom aseTi 

dip lomatiuri svla gaakeTa: 1791 wlis 25 marts nacionalur krebas warudgina 

pro eqti, romelSic is dabejiTebiT amtkicebda, rom sigrZis erTeulad unda 

aerCiaT erTi metri _ parizze gamavali meridianis meoTxedis (CrdiloeT 

polusidan ekvatoramde) 1/10 000 000 nawili (sur.1). 

laplasma moaxerxa krebis darwmuneba 

da miiRo kidec dafinaseba im eqspediciisa, 

romelsac unda gaezoma meridiani diunker 

ksa da barselonas Soris. meridianis 

sigrZis gazomva urTules pirobebSi 

mimdinareobda: eqspediciis wevrebi orjer 

Cavardnen espaneTSi tyved. maT 

sakuTari sicocxlis riskis fasad mainc 

moaxerxes gazomvebis Sedegebis gadarCena 

da Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sedegad 1799 

sur.2. àrqivis metri~ 

sur.1 

wels damzadda sigrZis etaloni: 25 mm 

siganis, 4 mm sisqisa da 1 m sigrZis pla

sur.3.es xis naWdevebiani joxi sigrZis erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli sazomia, romelsac Zvel egvipteSi 

iyenebdnen. joxis sigrZe (52,4 sm) faraonis mklavis sigrZes utoldeboda. 

ti nis Rero (sur. 2). es etaloni safrangeTis nacionalur arqivSia daculi 

da mas àrqivis metri~ hqvia. arqivis metrze amotvifrulia warwera: `yvela 

droisTvis, yvela xalxisTvis.~ 

es devizi winaswarmetyveluri 

aR moCnda: metruli sistema 

msof lios yvela civilizebulma 

qve yanam aRiara (dResdReobiT 1 

metrad miRebulia vakuumSi sinaT 

lis mier wamis 1/299 792 458 

na wilSi gavlili manZili). 

erTi sityviT, metruli 

sistemis Camoyalibebas Zalze 

saintereso istoria aqvs da Tu 

Tqvenc daga interesebT, moi- 

ZieT in for macia metris warmoSobis 

Sesaxeb inter netSi: 

sur.4. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi safrangeTSi 

metrTan erTad masisa da moculobis sazomebi 

SemoiRes. 

www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/metre 

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi 

safrangeTSi metrTan erTad 

masisa da moculobis sazomi 

erTeulebi SemoiRes: kilogrami da litri. 1 litri wylis is moculobaa, 

romelic 10 sm sigrZis wibos mqone kubis formis 

WurWels avsebda, xolo erTi litri wylis 

ma sa 1kg-ad iqna miC ne uli. 

SemdgomSi daamzades masis etalonic. kilogramis 

etaloni platina-iridiumis Senadnobisgan 

damzadebuli cilindria, romlis simaRle 

da diametri 39 mm-ia (sur. 5). etaloni 

safrangeTSi, q. sevrSi inaxeba. 

moipoveT informacia, romel sazom erTeulebs 

iyenebdnen Zvelad saqarTveloSi (raSic 

Zalian dagexmareba sulxan - sabas leqsikoni) 

da warmoadgineT Tanaklaselebis winaSe 

prezentacia Temaze: `Zveli sazomi erTeulebi 

saqarTveloSi~. 

sur. 5 

21

I Temis damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, kiTxvebi, amocanebi 

1. qvemoT CamoTvlili sityvebidan romeli aRniSnavs fizikur movlenas, 

romeli _ fi zikur sxeuls da romeli _ niv Tierebas? 

TviTmfrinavi, spilenZi, wvima, kalami, faifuri, rkina, mTvare, magida, 

mexi, pla ne ta, Wiqa, duRili, vertmfreni, qari, nisli, vercxliswyali. 

2. dedamiwis radiusi 6400 km-ia. gamosaxeT es manZili m-iT da sm-iT. 

3. savse mTvare caze yoveli 29,5 dRe-Ramis Semdeg Cndeba. gamosaxeT es dro 

saaTebSi, wuTebSi. 

4. saqarTvelos farTobi 69500 km 2 -ia. gamosaxeT igi m 2 -iT, sm 2 -iT da heq tro biT. 

5. gamoTvaleT oTaxis moculoba, Tu misi sigrZea 3 m, sigane _2 m, xolo 

simaRle _2,8 m. gamosaxeT moculoba sm 3 -iT da km 3 -iT. 

6. wylis zedapirze 1m 3 moculobis navTobis daRvris Sedegad 0,000025 m 

sisqis navTobis fena warmoiqmna. gamoTvaleT, ra farTobs daikavebs wylis 

zedapirze daRvrili navTobi? 

7. fexburTis burTis diametri 22 sm-ia. diametri gamosaxeT decimetriT, 

milimetriT da metriT. 

8. SeasruleT saWiro gazomvebi da gaigeT aguris moculoba. moculoba 

gamosaxeT sm 3 -iT, dm 3 -iT, m 3 -iT. 

9. gaigeT fizikis wignis ydis farTobi da gamosaxeT igi sm 2 -iT, dm 2 -iT, m 2 -iT. 

10. celsiusis Termometri, romelsac msof lios yvela qveynis samecniero 

kvlevebSi iye ne ben, 1742 wels Svedma mecni erma 

cel siusma Seqmna. garda am Termometrisa, 

aSS-sa da did brita neTSi temperaturis 

gasazomad tra diciulad iye neben faren haitis 

Termometrsac, romelic 1714 wels ger ma neli 

fizikosis d. farenhaitis mier iyo Semo- 

Rebuli. daakvirdiT, sur. 1-ze gamosaxul 

Termo metr ze temperaturis ori skalaa: 

22 

celsiusisa da faren haitis (sur.1). 

gansazRvreT TiToeuli skalis danayofis 

fasi. 

gansazRvreT TiToeuli skalis gazomvis maqsi ma luri da minimaluri 

zRvari. 

ra temperaturas aCvenebs TiToeuli Termo met ri? 

celsiusis skalaze temperatura 0 0 C -ia. ra temperatura Seesabameba mas 

faren haitis skalaze? 

11. dagegmeT, rogor ipoviT: a) monetis sisqes (sur.2); 

b) mavTulis sisqes (sur.3). 

sur. 3. 

sur.1. 

sur. 2. 

g) wveTis moculobas 

d) Tqveni xelis mtevnis farTobs (miTiTeba: xeli 

dade ujredebiani rveulis furcelze da SemoxazeT 

konturi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom TiToeuli 

ujris farTobi 25 mm 2 -ia).

gaixseneT: ras Seiswavlis fizika? 

fizikuri movlenebisa da sxeulTa Tvisebebis Seswavla 

gulisxmobs ara marto maT aRweras da maTze 

dakvirvebas, aramed maT axsnasac. 

mag., gifiqriaT, ratom aris wyali `sveli~? ratom 

aris haeris Se kumS va advili, xolo wyli sa da 

myari sxeulisa _ SeuZlebeli? ratomaa ga xurebuli 

rkinis naWris gaRunva uf ro ioli, vidre civis? ratom 

icvlis zogi sxeuli formas advilad, zogi ki 

_ Zne lad? 

am da bevr sxva kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas mogvianebiT 

SeZlebT, roca niv Tierebis age bu le bas gaecnobiT. 

nivTierebis agebulebis codna gvexmareba, ara marto 

avxsnaT mra va li fizikuri movlena, aramed vi wi naswarmetyveloT 

kidec, ro gor warimarTeba igi. swored 

am codnis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli nivTierebaTa Tvisebebis 

axsna, maTi gamoyeneba Cvens sasargeblod da 

aseve sruliad axali nivTierebebis Seqmnac. 

naturaluri kau Cuki tropikuli xis 

heveas wvenia. 

iciT Tu ara, rom naturaluri kau Cuki tropikuli 

xis, heveas, wvenia? 

xelovnuri kauCuki ki mecnierebis meS veo biT Seiqmna. 

aseve xelovnuradaa Seqmnili uamravi masala, romelTac 

farTod gamoiyeneben medicinaSi, teqnikasa da 

yofa-cxovrebaSi, mag,. aseTebia: plastmasebi, kaproni, 

neiloni, cecxlgamZle masalebi da a. S. 

Tema II 

nivTierebis 

agebuleba 

23

2.1 

risgan Sedgeba nivTiereba? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas jer kidev 25 saukunis 

wi naT berZeni filosofosebi Seecadnen. demokritem, romelic Zv. w. 

460-370 wlebSi cxov robda, gamoTqva ucnauri hipoTeza, rom sxeulebi mxolod 

gveCveneba mTliani, si namd vi leSi isini calkeuli umciresi nawilakebisagan 

Sedgeba. misi azriT, mxolod am hipoTeziT aixsneboda, ratom orTqldeba 

wyali, ratom vrceldeba suni, ra tom pataravdeba lodi, Tu mas didi xnis 

manZilze zRvis talRebi exlebian... 

modiT, CavataroT cdebi da maTi Sedegebis mixedviT vimsjeloT 

demokrites hipoTezis WeSmaritebaze. 

24 

nivTierebis agebuleba 

cda I 

CaagdeT cecxlgamZle minis Wur WelSi 

(mag., kolbaSi) iodis mcire kristali da 

Wur Wels Ta vi mWidrod dauceT. 

CaamagreT WurWeli Stativis TaTSi da 

SeaT beT spirt quris alze. ra moxda? 

daakvirdiT gacivebuli kolbis kedels. 

ras amC nevT? 

gamoTqviT varaudi, ratom moxda ase? 

rogor fiqrobT, cdis Sedegis mixedviT 

SeiZleba Tu ara mtkiceba, rom demokrites hipoTeza WeSmaritia? 

cda II 

sami erTnairi minis WurWeli erT 

donemde SeavseT wyliT. 

aiReT iodis mcire kristali da pirvel 

WurWelSi CaagdeT. 

daakvirdiT mcire drois ganmavlobaSi: 

Seferadda Tu ara wyali mTlianad? 

pipetiT amoiReT Seferadebu li wyali da gadaitaneT meore Wur- 

WelSi. ra SeamCnieT? axseniT, ratom moxda ase? 

amoiReT pipetiT meore Wur Wli dan Seferadebuli wyali da gadaitaneT 

mesame WurWelSi. Seferadda Tu ara masSi wyali? 

dafiqrdiT: 

niSnavs Tu ara cdis Sedegebi, rom: 

a) iodis kristali, romelic mTliani gveCveneba, calkeuli umciresi 

nawilakebisgan Sedgeba; 

b) wylis Tundac Zalian mcire ulufaSi (rogoricaa, mag., pipetiT 

amoRebuli wylis moculoba) iodis Semadgeneli nawilakebi didi 

raodenobiTaa; 

g) nivTierebis umciresi nawi la ke bi niv Ti e re bis Tvisebebs inarCuneben? 

axseniT Tqveni mosazrebebi.

cda III 

erTi bolodan daxSul minis milSi Seferadebuli gamoxdili 

wyali naxevramde CaasxiT. 

wyals zemodan frTxi lad daasxiT spirti ise, rom misi done 

minis Ria bolodan 1-2 sm-iT dabla iyos. moniSneT es done. 

milis Ria bolos mWidrod daaxureT sacobi da vertikalur 

sibrt yeSi ramdenjerme frTxilad gadatrialebiT siTxeebi 

erTmaneTs SeurieT. kvlav moniSneT narevis done da daakvirdiT 

Tqven mier gakeTebul niSnulebs. ra SeamCnieT? 

cda IV 

liTonis birTvi, romelic Ta vi suf lad gadis 

rgolSi, gaaxureT spirtquris alze. 

daakvirdiT: gadis Tu ara birTvi rgolSi mas Semdeg, 

rac is gaxurda? 

gamoTqviT varaudi, ratom mox da ase? 

cda V 

viwro da grZelyelian kolbaSi CaasxiT Seferadebuli 

wyali. moniSneT wylis done kolbis yelSi. 

CauSviT kolba sufTa wylian WurWelSi da CaamagreT 

Stativis TaTSi ise, rogorc es suraTzea gamosaxuli. 

SeaTbeT wyali spirtquris alze da daakvirdiT 

wylis dones kolbis yelSi. ra SeamCnieT?gamoTqviT 

varaudi, ratom moxda ase? 

nivTierebis agebuleba 2.1 

dafiqrdiT: 

niSnavs Tu ara cdis Sedegi, rom nivTierebis Semadgenel umcires 

nawi la ke bs Soris Sualedebia? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase? 

Tqven ukve SegeqmnaT garkveuli war mod gena niv- 

Tie re bis agebulebaze da Tu dafiqrdebiT, SeZlebT 

pasuxi gasceT Semdeg kiTx vebs: 

ratom vrceldeba suni? 

yvelaze mkvrivi da erTiani betonisgan agebu 

li kaSxlidanac ki Jonavs wyali. rogor 

fiqrobT, ratom? 

kargad Tavmokruli gaberili sahaero 

buStebic ki ramdenime dRis Semdeg iCuteba. 

rogor fiqrobT, ra tom? 

maS ase, Catarebuli cdebisa da zogierTi 

movlenis gaanalizebis Semdeg SegviZlia gavakeToT 

daskvna: 

nivTiereba umciresi na wi lakebisagan Sedgeba, 

romelTa Soris Sualedebia. 

25

2.2 

ara! _ ase pasuxobda am 

kiTxvaze demokrite. _ nawila 

kebis dayofa usas ru lod 

ar SeiZleba. bolos da bolos 

miviRebT nivTierebis 

nawilaks, romlis gaxleCac 

SeuZlebelia. 

niv Tierebis Semadgenel 

umcires nawilakebs, romel 

Tac am niv Tierebis Tvisebebi 

SenarCunebuli aqvT, molekulebi 

ewodeba. 

mag., wylis Semadgeneli umciresi nawilaki wylis mole ku laa, Saqris Semadgeneli 

um ciresi nawilaki ki _ Saqris mole ku la da a. S. wylis molekulas, 

miuxedavad simcirisa, SenarCunebuli aqvs wylis Tvisebebi, Saq ris molekulas 

ki _ Saqris Tvi se bebi. 

bunebrivia, dagebadebaT kiT xva: ratom ver vxedavT nivTi e re bis Semadgenel 

nawilakebs? 

26 

atomebi da molekulebi 

dafxveniT carcis natexi da miRebuli nafxvenebi kidev ufro 

daaqucmaceT. 

daaTvaliereT nafxvenebi lupiT. SeZlebT maT kidev ufro danawevrebas? 

scadeT da kvlav daaTvaliereT carcis dapataravebuli 

nawilakebi. 

gamoiyeneT eleqtrosafqvavi da kidev ufro mcire nawilakebs miiRebT. 

gaagrZeleT cda azrobrivad, anu gonebaSi warmoidgineT, rom 

ufro da uf ro apataravebT carcis namcecebs. rogor fiqrobT, 

nawilakebis da yo fa usasrulod SeiZleba? 

sur.1. oTaxis buzis Tvalis diametri 1 mm-ia. marjvniv 

eleq t ronul mikros kopSi ga da Re buli fo toa. masze 

kargad Cans buzis dana wevrebuli Tvali: is ram denime 

aTeuli aTasi Tva lakisagan Sedgeba. ga mo an ga ri Se bu lia, 

rom wylis mo le ku lis diametri 100 aTasjer nak lebia er Ti 

Tvalakis diametrze. 

gaixseneT wina gakve Tilze Catarebuli II cda: 

ra raodenobis iodi gav xse niT pirvel WurWelSi? 

Tqveni azriT, iodis ra nawili moxvda mesame WurWelSi? miuxedavad 

amisa, xsnari mesa me WurWelSi sus tad, magram mainc mTlianad 

Se fe radda. raze miganiSnebT es? 

gamoTqviT varaudi: 

a) ra raodenobiT umcires na wilakebs Seicavs iodis mcire kristalic 

ki? 

b) Tqveni azriT, ramdenad mcirea niv Tierebis Semadgeneli nawi la ke bi? 

diax, nivTierebis Semadgeneli mo lekulebis zomebi imdenad mci rea, rom maTi 

da naxva Seuiara Rebeli TvaliT ki ara, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mikroskopiTac 

ki Se uZlebeli iyo. swo red es iyo imis mizezi, rom saukuneebis gan mav lobaSi 

de mok ri tes ide ebma mec ni er Ta Soris aRiareba ver poves. 

molekulebis zomebis ufro TvalsaCinod warmo sadgenad xSi rad aseT Sedarebebs 

iyeneben: 

molekula vaSlis zomis rom gax des, vaSli de da mi wi s xela unda gaxdes;

molekula rom fanq risxela gaxdes, fanqari 

mTvares unda miswvdes; 

wylis asi milioni molekula (molekula 

bur Tu lis saxiT warmoidgineT!) erT rigad rom 

davalagoT, rigis sigrZe 1sm-is to li aRmoCndeba 

(sur.2.). 

dafiqrdiT: 

sur.2 

gaixseneT iodis kristalebze Catarebuli 

cda. Tqveni azriT, aris Tu ara kolbis kedelze gaCenili umciresi 

nawilakebi iodis molekulebi? 

molekulebis ra ode noba nebismier sxe ul Si (Tundac Zalian mcire zomisaSi) 

warmoudgenlad didia. mag., cnobilia, rom Tu rezi nis 

patara bur Tu las, ro mel Sic sul raRac 3 g ha eri eteva, 

iseT nax v rets gavukeTebT, rom 1 wm-Si mi lioni molekula 

gamodi o des, haeris yvela mo le ku lis gamosvlas 30 miliardi 

weli dasWir de ba! 

miuxedavad molekulebis zo meb is aseTi simcirisa, isini 

kidev ufro mcire nawi la kebad iyofa: molekulis Semadgenel 

nawilakebs atomebi ewodeba. 

molekulebi erTmaneTisgan maTi Semadgeneli atomebiT, 

ricx viTa da ganlagebiT gan sxvavdeba. 

mag., Jangbadis molekula Jangbadis ori atomisa gan 

Sedgeba, ozonis mo lekula ki _ Jang badis sami atomisa gan, 

ami to mac ozoni da Jangbadi gansx vavebuli nivTierebebia. 

ozo ni mxolod Weqa-quxilis dros Cndeba atmosferoSi. 

molekulis Se mad gen lo ba Si SeiZ leba iyos ori, sami da me ti atomi. mag., 

cilis mo le ku laSi atomTa ricxvi aseul aTa sobi Taa (sur. 3.) 

nivTierebaTa Tvisebebi da mo kidebulia ara marto ima ze, Tu romeli atome 

bi sa gan Sed geba am nivTi ere bis Se mad ge neli mole kulebi, ara med ima zec, Tu 

ro goraa isini gan la ge bu li sivrceSi. 

almasi da gra fi ti (misgan fanqris guls amzadeben) erTi da imave nivTierebis 

(naxSir badis) ato me bisa gan Sedgeba, oRond isi ni sivrceSi sxvadasxvanairad 

aris gan lagebuli. amis ga mo almassa da gra fits gansx vavebuli Tvi sebebi 

aqvT (sur.4.). molekulas ufro àx los~ momavalSi, qimiis gakveTilebze 

gaecnobi, mag ram manamde gaxsovdes: ar SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom yvela 

nivTiereba molekulebisagan Sedgeba! 

arsebobs nivTierebebi, romlebic 

calkeuli ato me bis gan Sedgeba (mag., 

igive almasi da grafiti). Tumca me-8 

klasis fizikis kursSi mxolod molekuluri 

agebulebis nivTierebebs gan vi xilavT 

da amitom Sev Tanxm deT, rom amis 

Semdeg, nacvlad frazisa: `nivTiereba 

umciresi na wilakebisagan Sedgeba~, xSirad 

vityviT: `nivTiereba molekulebisgan 

sur.4 

Sedgeba~. 

atomebi da molekulebi 2.2 

sur.3 

27

28 

sur.1. evklides elementebi 

Zveli berZeni filosofosebis Sexedulebebi samyaros agebulebaze 

risgan Sedgeba Cveni garemomcveli samyaro? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas 

jer kidev 25 saukunis winaT Seecadnen berZeni filosofosebi. mag., Talesis 

azriT samyaro wylisgan Sedgeba, anaqsimenis azriT _ haerisgan, heraklites 

azriT _ cecxlisgan, xolo empedokle amtkicebda, rom samyaro oTxi ZiriTadi 

elementis, miwis, wylis, haerisa da cecxlisgan Sedgeba. 

cxadia, filosofosTa es Teoriebi cota ucnaurad mogeCvenebaT, magram nu 

dagaviwydebaT, rom kacobriobis istoriaSi es periodi mecnieruli azrovnebis 

mxolod dasawyisia da Teoriebic ZiriTadad bunebaze dakvirvebisa da sakuTari 

SegrZnebebis Sedegadaa Camoyalibebuli. 

aristotelem empedokles moZRvrebaSi Sesworeba Seitana: misi azriT, 

yvelaferi Sedgeba erTi da imave ZiriTadi nivTierebisgan, romelsac Tu oTx 

element_Tvisebas (sicives, siTbos, sisveles da simSrales) mivusadagebT, 

miviRebT empedokles elementebs. mag., mSrali da civi qmnis miwas, mSrali da 

cxeli _ cecxls, sveli da civi _ wyals, sveli da cxeli _ haers. 

aristoteles azriT, mTavari iyo element-TvisebaTa dozebis swori 

proporciiT SerCeva da SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda, mag., tyviis gardaqmna oqrod. 

swored es Zalze momxiblavi idea gaxda alqimiis dabadebis safuZveli: 

alqimikosebi eZebdnen saidumlos, Tu rogor mieRoT erTi nivTierebisgan 

meore, mag., ubralo liTonisgan oqro. eZebdnen `filosofiur qvas~, romelic 

maT am problemis gadaWraSi daexmarebodaT da simdidres, Zalauflebasa da 

maradiul axalgazrdobas moutanda. gana ar aris es momxiblavi idea? 

roca aristoteles Teoria raime sakiTxs pasuxs ver scemda, is am dros

mexuTe elements _ `RvTiur kvintesencias~ iSveliebda da nebismier gaugebrobas 

RvTiuri ZalebiT xsnida. eklesiam aRiara aristoteles moZRvreba da rogorc 

ukva iciT, Zalian didxans, TiTqmis XVIII saukunis Sua xanamde, aravis hyofnida 

simamace, rom gabatonebuli Teoriebi gadaesinja, radgan masSi odnavi eWvis 

Semtansac ki inkvizicia sjida, rogorc eretikoss. 

swored es iyo mizezi imisa, rom demokrites atomisturi moZRvreba didi xniT 

iqna daviwyebuli. aman, cxadia, Seaferxa mecnierebis swori gziT ganviTareba da 

mxolod 1647 wels gamoCnda frang pier gasendis wigni, romelSic man Tamamad 

uaryo aristoteles mcdari Sexedulebebi da kvlav win wamoiswia demokrites 

Teoria nivTierebis agebulebis Sesaxeb... 

Tumca miuxedavad yvelafrisa, aristoteles moZRvrebam Tavisi dadebiTi 

roli mainc Seasrula mecnierebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi: marTalia, alqimikosebma 

ver miagnes oqros miRebis saidumlos, verc `filosofiuri qva~ ipoves, 

magram am ZebnaSi maT uamravi WeSmariti da faseuli codna daagroves. isini 

mixvdnen, rom samyaros Semadgeneli ZiriTadi elementi oTxze metia, rom 

oqroc, vercxliswyalic, gogirdic ZiriTadi elementebia, romelTa miReba 

sxva elementebisgan SeuZlebelia. alqimias sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana 

sakuTarma aRmoCenebma, magram samagierod maT safuZveli daudes qimiis, 

rogorc mecnierebis, warmoSobas. 

moamzadeT Tema prezentaciisTvis: Zveli berZeni filosofosebis Sexedulebebi 

samyaros agebulebaze. 

sur.2. 2000 wlis winaT romaelma poetma 

titus karus lukreciusma dawera poema 

`saganTa bune bi saTvis~, romelSic man 

leqsad mogviTxro samyaros Semadgenel im 

umcires, uxi lav nawilakebze, romlebsac 

manamde xuTi saukuniT adre demok ri tem 

àtomebi~ uwoda. 

29

2.3 

30 

difuzia 

cda I 

daasxiT saklaso oTaxis kuTxeSi mkveTri sunis 

niv Tiereba (mag., niSaduris spirti, eTeri an sunamo). 

gavrcelda Tu ara suni mTel oTaxSi? daaxloebiT 

ra dro dasWirda sunis gavrcelebas? 

wylian WurWelSi CaagdeT iodis mcire zomis 

kristali (sur.1). daakvirdiT xsnars da aRwereT, 

ra moxda? 

sur.2. difuziis mimdinareobis 

meqanizmi airebSi. 

sunis gavrceleba da xsnaris Seferva TqvenTvis 

kargad cnobili movlenebia. gaixseneT, riT aixsneba 

isini? Cven mier Catarebul cdebSi surnelovani niv- 

Tierebis molekulebi haeris molekulebs Seeria, 

iodis molekulebi ki _ wylisas da garkveul man- 

Zilze gavrcelda. amasTan maTi Sereva TavisTavad, 

yovelgvari Carevis gareSe moxda. movlenas, romlis 

drosac nivTierebebi TavisTavad See re va erTmaneTs, 

difuzia ewodeba. 

difuzia kidev erTi mniSvnelovani da das tu re baa 

imi sa, rom nivTiereba calkeuli umciresi nawilakebisgan 

Sedgeba da amasTan, nivTierebis Semadgeneli 

nawilakebi moZ ra oben: er Ti nivTierebis nawilakebi 

SeaRweven meore niv Ti erebis nawilakebs Soris SualedebSi da nivTierebebi 

erT maneTs Ta visTavad Seereva (sur.2.). cxadia, nawilakebis moZraobaze uSualo 

dakvirveba Se uZ le be lia, magram cdebisa da sxvadasxva movlenebis gaanalizeba 

amtkicebs, rom nawilakebi ganuwyvetliv moZraoben, ejaxebian erTmaneTs, 

mravaljer icvlian moZraobis mimarTulebas da amitom maT moZraobas uwesrigo, 

qaosuri xasiaTi aqvs. amaSi male Tavadac darwmundebiT. 

dafiqrdiT: 

airis molekulebi Zalian didi siCqariT moZ ra o ben: 1wm-Si ramdenime aseul 

metrs gadian. amis gaTvaliswinebiT suni I cdaSi oTaxis yvela kuTxeSi 

momentalurad unda gegrZnoT. gaixseneT, daaxloebiT ra droSi igrZeniT 

suni? rogor fiqrobT, ratom gavrcelda suni Se da re biT nela? 

difuzia xdeba, rogorc airebsa da siTxeebSi, ise myar sxeulebSi, mag ram 

siTxeebisa da airebisagan ga nsxvavebiT, myar sxeulebSi difuzia Zalian nela 

(zogjer ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi) mimdinareobs. 

modiT, CavataroT cda da SevadaroT, erTnairi temperaturis pirobebSi 

sad ufro swrafad mimdinareobs difuzia: airebsa Tu siT xe ebSi? 

cda II 

sur.1. 

difuzia airebSi 

cdisTvis saWiroa: sinjara, romelsac mWidrod ergeba sacobi, ni Sa duris 

spirti, lakmusis qaRaldi (cdis Catarebamde darwmundiT, rom lakmusis 

qaRaldi wiTldeba, Tu masze niSaduris spirts daasxurebT).

CaagdeT sinjaraSi niSaduris spirtSi dasvelebuli bamba. 

CakideT sin ja ra Si lak musis qaRaldi da daaxureT sinjaras Tavi. 

aR wereT, ra moxda. SeecadeT, axsnaT es movlena. 

cda III 

difuzia siTxeebSi 

cdisTvis saWiroa: minis ori WurWeli, grZeli 

Zab ri, wyali (sa sur velia, gamoxdili), Sabiamnis 

fxvnili. 

CaasxiT erT-erT WurWelSi wyali da gaxseniT masSi 

Sabiamani iseTi raodenobiT, rom muqi Se ferilobis 

xsnari miiRoT. 

CaasxiT sufTa wyali naxevramde meore WurWelSi 

da CauSviT masSi fske ram de Zab ri. CaasxiT ZabrSi Sa bi am nis xsnari. 

gaiTvaliswineT: 

a) xsnari Zalian frTxilad unda CaasxaT, raTa siT xeebi erT maneTs 

ar Seerios da maT Soris mkveTri sazRvari gaCndes. 

b) imisaTvis, rom Zabris amo Re bisas wyals Sabiamani ar Seerios, ZabrSi 

cotaodeni sufTa wyali CaasxiT da igi Zalian frTxi lad amoiReT. 

dadgiT WurWeli iseT adgilze, rom ar gainZres da ramdenime 

dRis gan mav lo ba Si daakvirdiT, rogor icvleba siTxeebs Soris 

sazRvris simkveTre. 

gaakeTeT daskvna Catarebuli cdebis safuZvelze: erT nairi temperaturis 

piro bebSi sad ufro swra fad mim di nareobs di fuzia: 

aireb Si Tu siTxeebSi? 

dafiqrdiT: 

civ wyalSi ufro swrafad ixsneba Saqari Tu cxelSi? rodis ufro 

swrafad vrceldeba suni: zafxulSi Tu zamTarSi? 

Tqveni azriT, ra gansxvavebaa `civi~ da `cxeli~ wylis molekulebs 

Soris, anu ratomaa difuziis siCqare temperaturaze damokidebuli? 

dagegmeT cdebi da gamoikvlieT difuziis xelSemwyobi da Semaferxebeli 

pirobebi. 

gaakeTeT daskvna: difuziis siCqare damokidebulia temperaturaze: rac 

ufro maRalia temperatura, miT ufro .......... mimdinareobs difuzia 

(wertilebis nacvlad igulisxmeT sityvebi: `swrafad~ an `nela~). 

difuzias didi mniSvneloba aqvs cocxali organizmebisTvis. swored difuziis 

Se degad aRwevs Jangbadi filtvebidan sisxlSi, sisxlidan ki organizms 

miewodeba. difuziis wyalobiT sakvebi nivTierebebi niadagidan mcenaris fesvebSi 

gadadis, kuW-nawlavidan _ cxovelebisa da adamianis sisxlSi. difuziis 

meSveobiT mwerebi Sor manZilze grZnoben mcenareTa aromats, cxovelebi ki 

suniT agneben msxverpls. difuzias zianis motanac SeuZlia. mag., 1986 wels 

Cernobilis atomuri eleqt ro sad guris afeTqebis Sedegad amofrqveuli 

sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi niv Tierebebi ara marto ukrainis teritoriaze gav - 

rcel da, aramed dedamiwis mTel Crdi loeT na xe varsferoSi. 

moamzade prezentaciis Tvis Tema: `difuzia~. 

difuzia 2.3 

31

32 

brounis moZraoba 

1827 wels Sotlandieli botanikosi robert 

brouni wyalSi Setivtivebul mcenaris mtvris 

nawilakebs mikroskopSi akvirdeboda da didi 

xnis dakvirvebis Sedegad sakmaod ucnauri 

movlena aRmoaCina: mtvris nawilakebi qaosurad 

moZraobdnen da maTi moZraoba arasodes 

wydeboda. 

brounma gamoTqva varaudi, rom mtvris 

nawilakebi cocxali organizmebia da Tavisi 

varaudis Sesamowmeblad ganmeorebiTi cda 

gamxmari foTlebis namcecebze Caatara. Sedegi 

sur.1. brounis mikroskopi 

daujerebeli iyo: namcecebi kvlav qaosurad da 

ganuwyvetliv moZraobdnen. 

brounma cdis axsna ver SeZlo. igi istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc manamde ucnobi 

movlenis aRmomCeni. siTxeSi Setivtivebuli nawilakebis moZraobas SemdgomSi 

brounis moZraoba ewoda, TviT nawilakebs ki _ brounis nawilakebi. 

gaixsene: mziT ganaTebul oTaxSi advili SesamCnevia, rogor moZraoben 

mtvris nawilakebi haerSi. es brounis moZraobaa airSi (sur.2). 

varaudi, rom brounis moZraoba wylis Semadgeneli nawilakebis moZraobiT 

iyo gamowveuli, pirvelad 1874 wels belgielma fizikosma i. karbonelem 

mier gamoTqva. 

brounis moZraobis srulyofili axsna mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisSi, 

mas Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli, rac sabolood dadginda, rom nivTiereba 

Sedgeba umciresi nawilakebisgan (atomebisgan an molekulebisgan), romlebic 

ganuwyvetlad da qaosurad moZraoben: 

sur.2. mtvris nawilakebis 

moZraoba haerSi

sur.3. brounis nawilakze garemos molekulebis dajaxebis Sedegad nawilakis 

siCqaris mimarTuleba da sidide ganuwyvetliv icvleba. 

siTxis (an airis) qaosurad moZravi molekulebi yoveli mxridan ejaxebian 

masSi Setivtivebul brounis nawilaks. amis Sedegad, nawilakis siCqare da 

moZraobis mimarTuleba ganuwyvetliv icvleba. brounis moZraobis naxva 

SegiZlia internetSi. moZebneT: www.youtube.com-ze `Brownian Motion~ an misamarTze: 

http://www.brianjford.com/wbbrownc.htm) 

1906 wels frangma fizikosma Jan perenma aRwera brounis sami nawilakis 

moZraobis traeqtoria: is nawilakebis moZraobas mikroskopSi akvirdeboda. 

yoveli 30 wm-is Semdeg mecnieri maT mdebareobas aRniSnavda da Semdeg am 

mdebareobebs monakveTebiT aerTebda 

sur. 4. wyalSi Setivtivebuli yvavilis mtveris nawilakebis 

moZraoba, romelic Jan perenma aRwera. 

33

2.4 

daakvirdiT: 

wylis zedapiri mweris simZimisgan ise izniqeba, TiTqos masze Txeli 

afski iyos gadakruli (sur.1.), zogi mcenaris foTlebze nami wveTebad 

rCeba (sur.2.), zogis foTlebs ki Txel fenad ekvris, wvril milebSi wyali 

zeviT iwevs (sur.3.). am movlenebis axsnas mogvianebiT SeZlebT, manamde ki 

SeecadeT, gaWimoT an gatexoT myari sxeuli, mag., plastmasis joxi. 

Tumca Cveni amocana sulac ar aris joxis ga te xa. ubralod, kidev erTxel 

darwmundiT imaSi, rom amis gakeTeba arc ise advilia. arada, TiTqos arc Zneli 

unda iyos: sxeuli xom mTliani ar aris. is Sedgeba molekulebisgan, romelTa 

Soris Sualedebia. miuxedavad amisa, sxeulebi inarCuneben mTlia no bas, isini 

calkeul molekulebad ar iSlebian! 

metic, Tu molekulebs Soris arsebuli Sualedebis gazrdas (anu sxeulis 

gaWimvas an su lac gatexas) SeecdebiT, darwmunebiT, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi 

es sakmaod Znelia. ratom? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ganvixiloT, rogor 

ìqcevian~ erTmaneTTan zambarebiT dakavSirebuli burTulebi (sur.4.). 

34 

molekulaTa urTierTqmedeba 

sur.1 sur.2 sur.3 

dafiqrdiT: 

ra moxdeba, 

Tu sur. 4-ze gamosaxul sxeuls gavWimavT, 

anu Tu burTulebis erTmaneTisagan 

daSorebas Se vec debiT? 

Tu sxeuls SevkumSavT, anu Tu vecdebiT, 

rom burTulebi erTmaneTs davuax lo voT? 

(gaiTvaliswineT, rom molekulebic swored 

am burTulebis msgavsad ìqcevian~. oRond 

gaxsovdeT, rom Cven mier ganxiluli sxeuli sur.4. 

mxolod modelia da ar ifiqroT, rom molekulebic, burTulebis msgavsad, 

`zambarebiTaa~ SeerTebuli). 

Tu zambarebiT dakavSirebul bur Tulebisa da molekulebis `qcevas~ 

Soris paralels gaavlebT, SeZlebT axsnaT: 

ratom `gewinaaRmdegebaT~ sxeuli, 

roca mis gaWimvas an gatexas cdilobT; 

roca mis SekumSvas cdilobT (SeecadeT, SekumSoT sxvadasxva sxeulebi, 

mag., foladis burTula, wyliT savse plastmasis boTli, rezinis 

burTi da daakvirdiT, advilia Tu ara sxeulebis SekumSva).

molekulaTa urTierTqmedeba 2.4 

amrigad, sxeulis Semadgeneli molekulebi urTierTqmedeben: miizidebian 

da ganizidebian. 

molekulebis urTierTmizidva SesamCnevi mxolod maSin xdeba, ro ca maT 

Soris daSoreba molekulis zomis tolia. aseT manZilebze car cis na texebis 

miaxloeba SeuZlebelia. gadatexili nawilebis uswor mas woro ze dapirebi 

mxolod zogierT wertilSi Seexeba erTmaneTs, mo le kulebis um ravlesoba 

erTmaneTisgan im man Zilebze aRmoCndeba daSore 

buli, rodesac mi zi du lo ba Zalian sus tia an 

sulac ar arsebobs. carcis molekulebs Soris 

0, 000 001 sm daSorebac ki ar aris sakmarisi, rom 

molekulebma erTmaneTi miizidon. 

Zalian gaprialebuli da gluvi sxeulebi erTmaneTze 

miWerisas erTdeba, radgan mo lekulebis umravlesoba 

iseT manZilebze uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, 

rom isini erT ma neTs miizidaven. 

gaixseneT, rogor aRadgenen xis, faifuris, qaR- 

sur.5. 

cda I 

gadatexeT carci or nawilad da SeecadeT, natexebis SeerTebiT 

carci isev gaam Te loT. ra moxda? 

gamoTqviT varaudi, ratom ar SeerTda natexebi, molekulebs 

Soris xom miziduloba arsebobs? 

aldis, sanTlis, rkinis sxe u le bis mTli ano bas? 

rbili masalis (mag., plastilinis) an gaxure- 

bis Sedegad darbilebuli myari sxeulis molekulebi Se iZleba erT maneTs 

im manZilze mivuaxlovoT, romelzec miziduloba iCens Tavs. swored amas 

emyareba liTonebis mirCilva, Sedu Reba: gacxelebisas liToni dne ba da 

SesaZlebelia gam dna ri nawilebis miaxloeba im man Zilze, roca mizi du loba 

iCens Tavs (sur.5.). 

weboTi ki zedapiris uswor maswo ro be bi amoivseba. webos mo lekulebi miizidavs 

rogorc erT maneTs, ise Sesawebebeli zedapirebis mole kulebs da 

gaS robis Semdeg natexebi miwebebuli rCeba. 

dafiqrdiT: 

rogor fiqrobT, ratom aris molekulebs Soris Sualedebi, ratom 

ar ekvrian molekulebi erTmaneTs, isini xom urTierTmiizidebian? 

gaixseneT, rogor ìqcevian~ modelis burTulebi, Tu maT erTmaneTs 

mivuax loebT? ase rom, molekulebi ara marto miizidebian, aramed 

ganizidebian kidec: Tu SevecdebiT, molekulebi ise mivuaxlovoT 

erTmaneTs, rom maT Soris manZili TviT molekulis zomaze naklebi 

gaxdes, aRiZvreba ganzidva. 

maS ase, nivTierebis agebulebis Sesaxeb codna im sam ZiriTad faqts eyrdnoba, 

romelsac ukve gaecaniT: 

nivTiereba Sedgeba umciresi nawilakebisagan, romelTa Soris Sua le debia. 

nivTierebis Semadgeneli nawilakebi ganuwyvetliv moZ raoben. 

molekulebi urTierTqmedeben: miizidebian da ganizidebian. 

35

36 

cda II 

brtyeli sarke frTxilad SeaxeT wylis zedapirs ise, rom wyals 

sarkis mTliani zedapiri exebodes da nela aswieT zeviT. daakvirdiT: 

wylis ze da pi ri dan sarkis moSoreba TiTqos gaZnelda. axseniT, 

ratom xde ba ase. 

cda III 

gaWeriT saponi. miaWireT gadanaWeri TefSis fskers da as wieT 

zeviT. ra moxda? 

axla sapnis gadanaWeri wyliT daasveleT, isev miaWireT TefSis 

fskers da kvlav aswieT zeviT. ra SeamCnieT? 

SeecadeT axsenaT orive cdis Se de gi (albaT mixvdiT kidec, rom es 

movlenebi molekulebis urTierTmizidulobis Sedegia). 

cda IV 

wyalSi CauSviT xis joxi, minis firfita, sanTeli, tyavis naWeri 

da cximwasmuli qa Raldi. romeli maTgani dasvelda? 

dasvelebis movlena molekulebis urTierTmizidulobiT aix sneba. siTxis 

molekulebi miizidebian ro gorc erTmaneTisken, ise masSi CaSvebuli sxeulis 

mole ku lebisken. 

Tu siTxis molekulebi erT mane Tisken ufro ................ miizidebian, vidre 

sxeulis moleku lebisken, maSin siTxe asvelebs sxeuls, xolo Tu siT xis 

mole kulebi erTmaneTisken ufro ................. mi i zidebian, vidre sxeulis 

moleku lebis ken, maSin siTxe ar asvelebs sxeuls (sur.2). 

wylis frinvelebi bumbulze nis kar tiT cxims isvamen, romelsac gan sakuT 

re buli jirk vali gamoyofs. amis gamo bum buli wyliT ar sveldeba da 

mis qveS RinR li yo velT vis mSralia. swored ami tom dacuraven frin ve le bi 

wylis ze da pir ze, ar iZi re bian da civ wyalSic ki ar iyinebian. 

wylis frinvelebisTvis Zalian sa Si Sia wylis gaWuWyianeba navTobiT, 

radgan navTobi frin velis frTebs cxims acilebs, wyali RinRlis sa farq 

veS aR wevs da frinveli SeiZleba gaiyinos. 

axla SegiZliaT isic axsnaT, Tu ratomaa, rom zogi mcenaris foTlebze nami 

wveTebad rCeba, zogis foTlebs ki Txel fenad ekvris (anu asvelebs). 

cda V 

saSrobi qaRaldis lentze daawveTeT iodi. 

gamoTqviT varaudi, ra moxdeba, Tu qaRaldis 

lents erTi boloTi wyalSi CauSveb (sur.6) 

da cota xniT gaaCerebT? CaatareT cda da 

SeamowmeT Tqveni varaudi. 

movlena, romelsac am cdis saSualebiT daakvir 

diT, kapilaruli movlenaa. kapilaruli movlenebic 

molekulebis urTierTmizidulobiT aixsneba. 

`kapillus~ laTinuri sityvaa da `Tmas~ niSnavs. 

aqedan gamomdinare, wvril mi lebs, romelTa diamet 

ri 1 mm-s ar aRemateba, kapilarebi hqvia. sur.6

kapilarebis kedlebis Semadgeneli molekulebi ufro metad izidavs 

damsvelebeli siTxis mo lekulebs, vidre TviT siTxis molekulebi 

erTmaneTs da siTxe kapilarebSi zeviT iwevs. rac ufro wvrilia ka pilari, 

miT ufro zeviT adis masSi siTxe (sur.3). 

kapilaruli movlenebi bunebaSi xSiria: xe, qaRaldi, tyavi, qsovili, 

bamba, mce na ris fesvebi uamravi kapilarisgan Sedgeba, amitom wyali an sxva 

romelime maTi damas ve lebeli siTxe, `Seiwoveba~ ra kapilarebiT, yvela 

mimarTulebiT gadaad gil de ba sxeulSi. bamba, romelsac Tundac odnav 

SevaxebT wyals, swrafad sveldeba, navTi fiTilSi zeviT miiwevs, mce nareTa 

fesvebi niadagidan Seiwoven tens _ es kapilaruli mov lenebia, romelTa 

gamomwvevi mizezi molekulebis ur TierT mizi du lobaa. 

sur.8 

dafiqrdiT 

► minis sinjarebSi sxvadasxva siTxea Casxmuli 

(sur. 7). romeli maTgani asvelebs 

sinjaris kedlebs? pasuxi axseniT. 

► minis firfitis naxevarze mcireodeni 

zeTi wausves. firfitaze wyali daasxes. 

sur. 8-ze gamosaxulia cdis Sedegi. 

firfitis romel mxaresaa zeTi 

was muli? 

sur.7 

molekulebis urTierTmizidulobiT aixsneba isic, Tu ratom izniqeba 

mwe ris simZimis qveS wyali, TiTqos mas ze Txeli afski iyos gadakruli. 

darwmundiT kidev erTxel, rom wyals `kani 

aqvs~. amisaTvis CaatareT aseTi cda: 

nemss an samagrs wausviT cotaodeni zeTi da 

frTxi lad dadeT wylis zedapirze (sur.9). Tu 

cdas sworad gaakeTebT, iseTive Sedegs miiRebT, 

rogoric suraTzea gamosaxuli. axseniT, ratom 

gaCerda nemsi (samagri) wylis zedapirze? 

sur.9 

37

2.5 

38 

niv Tie re bis agregatuli 

mdgomareobebi 

saocari sanaxavia yinulis skul 

pturebi, ganurCevlad imisa, 

bu neba qmnis maT Tu adamiani, magram 

maTi naxva mxolod zamTarSi 

SeiZleba, isic mxolod maSin, Tu 

haeris temperatura 0 0 C-ze daba- 

sur.1 

lia. rogor fiqrobT, ratom? 

Tqven iciT, rom nivTiereba SeiZleba myar, Txevad da airad mdgomareobaSi 

iyos. niv Tie re bis myar, Txevad da airad mdgomareobas agregatuli mdgomareobebi 

hqvia. 

dafiqrdiT: 

yvelaze xSirad romeli nivTiereba gxvdeba sxvadasxva agregatul 

mdgomareobaSi? ra hqvia wyals myar mdgomareobaSi? TxevadSi? 

airadSi? 

gamoTqviT varaudi, ra mizezma SeiZleba gamoiwvios nivTierebis 

erTi agregatuli mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvla? 

modiT, CavataroT cda da SevamowmoT, ramdenad sworia Tqveni varaudi. 

cda 

davakvirdeT, rodis gadadis nivTiereba erTi agregatuli 

mdgomareobidan meoreSi. 

1. 

moaTavseT yinulis natexebi kolbaSi da kolba 

Stativis TaTSi CaamagreT (sur.2.); 

SeaTbeT kolba spirtquris alze da daakvirdiT: 

ra moxda temperaturis momatebisas? rogor Se- 

sur.2. 

icvala yinulis agregatuli mdgomareoba? 

gaakeTeT daskvna: ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom nivTiereba myari 

mdgomareobidan TxevadSi gadavides, anu gadnes? Txevadi mdgomareobidan 

airadSi rom gadavides, anu aorTqldes? 

2. 

daakvirdiT: roca kolbaSi wyali aorTqlebas daiwyebs, kolbis 

kedlebze wveTebi Cndeba. 

dauxvedreT WurWlidan amosul orTqls civi lambaqi 

da daakvirdiT: ras amCnevT lambaqze? 

gaakeTeT daskvna: ra xdeba, roca orTqli civdeba, 

mag., roca is SedarebiT civ garemoSi: haerSi an 

WurWlis kedlebze xvdeba (sur.3)? 

3. 

Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan, albaT, iciT, ra 

unda moimoqmedoT imisaTvis, rom wyali gaiyinos? 

sur.3. 

gaakeTeT daskvna: 

ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom nivTiereba Txevadi mdgomareobidan 

myarSi gadavides, anu gamyardes?

nivTierebis myari mdgomareobidan TxevadSi 

gadasvlas dnoba hqvia, xolo Txevadi mdgomareobidan 

myarSi gadasvlas _ gamyareba. 

nivTierebis Txevadi mdgomareobidan airadSi 

gadasvlas aorTqleba hqvia, xolo airadi mdgomareobidan 

TxevadSi gadasvlas _ kondensacia. 

process, romlis drosac nivTiereba myari 

mdgomareobidan airadSi gadadis (ise, rom ar 

Txevaddeba), sublimacia ewodeba. 

sur.5. es iodis sublimaciaa. 

sur.7. 

niv Tie re bis agregatuli mdgomareobebi 2.5 

sur.6,7. es ulamazesi yinulis `maqmanebi~ fanjris 

minebze da TrTvili balaxze ki desublimaciis Sedegia, 

romlis drosac nivTiereba airadi mdgomareobidan 

(wylis orTqli) ise gadadis myarSi (yinulis kristalebi), 

rom siTxed ar gadaiqceva. 

maS ase, nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobis cvlileba temperaturis 

cvlilebiTaa SesaZlebeli. nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobis cvlileba 

fizikuri procesia, romlis drosac Tavad nivTiereba (anu misi Semadgeneli 

molekulebi) ar icvleba, magram icvleba nivTierebis (an sxeulis) fizikuri 

maxasiaTeblebi: masa, forma, moculoba. 

fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis 

dagegmeT cda, romlis saSualebiTac SeZlebT daakvirdeT, rogor icvleba 

erTi agregatuli mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlisas nivTierebis fizikuri 

maxasiaTeblebi (mag., yinulis forma, masa da moculoba gadnobisas). 

gaaanalizeT Catarebuli cdebis Sedegebi, SeajameT da SeavseT 

cxrili: 

agregatuli mdgomareobis 

cvlileba 

myari → Txevadi 

Txevadi → airadi 

airadi → Txevadi 

Txevadi → myari 

procesis 

dasaxeleba 

sur.6. 

rogor icvleba 

temperatura, izrdeba 

Tu mcirdeba? 

icvleba Tu ara 

forma? moculoba? masa? 


gamyareba 

sur.4. 

dnoba 

aorTqleba 

kondensacia 

39

saubari fizikis Sesaxeb - Ganatleba

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