samxedro saqme Zvel aRmosavleTSi
samxedro saqme Zvel aRmosavleTSi
samxedro saqme Zvel aRmosavleTSi
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saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro<br />
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi<br />
J7 <strong>samxedro</strong> ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis<br />
departamenti<br />
ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da<br />
eTnologiis instituti<br />
giorgi qavTaraZe<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>saqme</strong> <strong>Zvel</strong><br />
<strong>aRmosavleTSi</strong><br />
meomris biblioTeka #9<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2008
Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ mecxre wigni; seria<br />
iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli<br />
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.<br />
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli<br />
aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es<br />
patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa<br />
udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi<br />
warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel<br />
oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio <strong>samxedro</strong> istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da<br />
a.S.<br />
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />
instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.<br />
didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos<br />
yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.<br />
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom<br />
brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.<br />
2<br />
vaJa kiknaZe<br />
seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe<br />
recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori irine tatiSvili<br />
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani<br />
ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe<br />
redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe<br />
teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili<br />
istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe<br />
mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />
vice polkovniki Temur dalaqiSvili<br />
damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />
gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 <strong>samxedro</strong> ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo<br />
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier<br />
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis<br />
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.<br />
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20<br />
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83<br />
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83
msoflios yvela sxva mxaresTan SedarebiT, <strong>Zvel</strong>i aRmosavleTi da<br />
kerZod misi dasavleTi nawili, axlo aRmosavleTi _ civilizaciis<br />
akvani _ warmoadgenda regions, sadac pirvelad Cndeba sazogadoebriv<br />
doneze organizebuli omi. omi civilizaciis aRmocenebis Tanmxlebi<br />
movlenaa, romelsac miuxedavad yvela uaryofiTi Sedegisa, sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba.<br />
msoflioSi pirvelad sazogadoebriv doneze organizebuli omis<br />
axlo <strong>aRmosavleTSi</strong> aRmoceneba, am mxaris geografiul-topografiuli da<br />
sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri Taviseburebebis erTobliobiT unda yofiliyo<br />
gamowveuli. swored aq, e. w. neoliTuri revoluciis Sedegad,<br />
Camoyalibda kacobriobis istoriaSi pirvelad aRwarmoebiTi meurneoba<br />
anu moxda mcenareTa kultivacia da cxovelTa moSinaureba; amisda<br />
Sesabamisad adgili hqonda siaxleebs teqnologiur sferoSi,<br />
meurneobrivi saqmianobis CamoyalibebasTan erTad xdeboda iaraRis axali<br />
saxeobebis SemoReba. amave regionSi safu<strong>Zvel</strong>i Caeyara kacobriobis<br />
istoriaSi arsebul u<strong>Zvel</strong>es dasaxlebebs. es dasaxlebebi meurneTa<br />
saqmianobis adgilebis maxloblad iqmneboda, raTa maTi monagaris<br />
SedarebiT advilad dacva yofiliyo SesaZlebeli. namati produqti,<br />
Tavis mxriv, mosaxleobis nawilis gamoTavisuflebis saSualebas iZleoda<br />
meurneobisagan da maTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba swored am namati produqtis<br />
dacva xdeboda. kargi mosavalis misaRebad adgili hqonda xolme<br />
Selocvas anu magiis gamoyenebas, rasac ufro adreul xanebSi,<br />
warmatebuli nadirobis `uzrunvelsayofad~ mimarTavdnen; am saqmianobaSi<br />
Cabmuli iyo Sesabamisi `niWis~ mqone xalxi, Cveulebriv<br />
gaTavisuflebuli sxva sazogadoebrivi funqciebisgan. mosaxleobis es<br />
jgufebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT Semdegdroindeli jariskacebisa da<br />
qurumebis winamorbedebad.<br />
namati produqti, bunebrivia, mosaxleobis zrdis tempzec<br />
aisaxeboda. gazrdili mosaxleoba axal miwebs iTvisebda, rac zogjer<br />
ubrZolvelad ar xdeboda, da ase TandaTanobiT xdeboda warmoebiTi<br />
meurneobis gavrceleba <strong>Zvel</strong> axlo <strong>aRmosavleTSi</strong> da mis farglebs gareT.<br />
amave dros, ukve arsebul dasaxlebebSi mosaxleobis ganuxreli zrdis<br />
Sedegad yalibdeba pirveli qalaqebi, xolo ufro gvian qalaqisaxelmwifoebi<br />
da saxelmwifoebi. saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba, Tavis<br />
mxriv, mraval siaxles iTxovda – saWiro xdeboda damwerlobis<br />
SemoReba, mmarTveli aparatis Seqmna, meomarTa, xelosanTa da sasuliero<br />
wodebebis gamoyofa ukve `kastebis~ * saxiT; TandaTanobiT Cayalibebul<br />
aristokratias <strong>Zvel</strong>aRmosavlur sazogadoebebSi saTaveSi edga<br />
erTpirovnuli mbrZanebeli _ mefe an mefe-qurumi.<br />
<strong>Zvel</strong> <strong>aRmosavleTSi</strong> da zogadad brZolaSi gamoyenebuli taqtikuri<br />
xerxebi, sakmaod gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan da damokidebuli iyo: 1.<br />
3
mebrZoli armiebis sididesa da qmediTunarianobaze; 2. maT SemadgenlobaSi<br />
myofi qvedanayofebis saxeobebze; 3. adgilmdebareobis xasiaTze da<br />
mxareTa mier dakavebul poziciaTa upiratesobebze; 4. amindis Taviseburebze.<br />
rodesac sardali grZnobda Zalis mxriv sakuTari laSqris Warb<br />
upiratesobas, igi cdilobda qveiTi jariT Seetia mowinaaRmdegis wina<br />
xazisaTvis, xolo cxenosnebi frTebze anu flangebze ganelagebina.<br />
Tavdapirvelad xdeboda qveiTi jaris ukan moTavsebuli mSvildosnebisa<br />
da saalyo saSualebebis mier gasrolili isrebiTa da qvis WurvebiT<br />
mowinaaRmdegis wina xazis intensiuri dasetyva da amis Sedegad SeTxeleba,<br />
Semdeg qveiTi mebrZolebi gadadiodnen ieriSze da xelCarTuli<br />
brZolis msvlelobisas, cxenosani nawilebi orive frTidan SeteviT<br />
rkalSi moaqcevdnen mowinaaRmdeges da mas ukan daxevis saSualebas aRar<br />
aZlevdnen.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu upiratesoba arcTu mTlad gamokveTili Canda,<br />
sardlis mizani iyo aeZulebina mteri ukan daexia, vinaidan ukandaxeuli<br />
mteri bevrad ufro naklebad organizebuli iqneboda, vidre medgrad<br />
mdgari qvedanayofebi. amis ganxorcieleba SeiZleboda mtris SedarebiT<br />
sust nawilebze qveiTi jaris mZlavri ieriSis Sedegad mowyobili<br />
xocva-JletiT, rac maTi ukandaxevis mizezi gaxdeboda. rodesac erTi<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> nawili Tavisi TanamebrZolebis meore nawilis ukandaxevas<br />
xedavs, masac uCndeba gaqcevis cduneba. kidev ufro mniSvnelovnad<br />
iTvleboda mtris mTavarsardlis nebisyofis Seryeva an misi mokvla. mTavarsardlisa<br />
da misi piradi dacvis ukandaxevisas Tavs iCenda Seuqcevadi<br />
procesebi. aRniSnuli taqtikis gamoyeneba miznad isaxavda dominos<br />
efeqtis * dawyebas, rac saboloo jamSi mowinaaRmdegis mTeli Semadgenlobis<br />
brZolis velidan gaqceviT mTavrdeboda.<br />
adreuli omebis strategia ZiriTadad ori umTavresi miznis miRwevisaken<br />
iyo mimarTuli: mowinaaRmdegis darwmunebaSi, rom omis gagrZeleba<br />
ufro Zviri dajdeboda, vidre danebeba da danebebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli sargebelis SeTavazebaSi. mtris dasamor-<br />
Cileblad sakmarisi iyo xolme brZolis velze misi armiis damarcxeba.<br />
mas mere, rac mtris <strong>samxedro</strong> Zala sabolood iqneboda ganadgurebuli,<br />
mosalodneli alyisa da mosaxleobis amowyvetis safrTxe da sxva misTanebi<br />
aiZulebda damarcxebul mxares mijdomoda molaparakebebis magidas.<br />
kultivirebuli vel-mindvrebis gadabugviTa da mosalodneli SimSilis<br />
winaSe dayenebiT, mteri mosaxleobas aiZulebda xolme an ubrZolvelad<br />
damorCilebuliyo an masTan gadamwyvet brZolaSi Cabmuliyo. gaTvlili<br />
iyo agreTve mosavlis aRebis drois dadgomisa da daqiravebuli meomrebisaTvis<br />
gasacemi Tanxis amowurvis dros mowinaaRmdege mxaris naklebi<br />
brZolisunarianoba, Tu sulac daqsaqsvis SesaZlebloba. omSi wasulTa<br />
4
ZiriTadi individualuri mizani, an materialuri sargeblis miReba, an<br />
politikuri Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba iyo.<br />
<strong>Zvel</strong>i aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva mxareSi <strong>samxedro</strong> saqmis ganviTareba<br />
garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. am mxriv, pirvel rigSi,<br />
gamoirCeva eqvsi ZiriTadi regioni: mesopotamia (evfratisa da tigrosis<br />
SuamdinareTi), egvipte, anatolia (mcire azia), irani, indostanis<br />
naxevarkunZuli da CineTi. qvemoT ganvixilavT TiToeuli am regionis<br />
brinjaos epoqis <strong>samxedro</strong> istorias Zalze SemWidrovebulad da<br />
sqematurad. mis safuZvlian Seswavlas aTeulobiT wignic ar eyofoda.<br />
Cveni Tvalsawieridan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, ZiriTadi yuradReba<br />
daeTmoba Cvens regionTan SedarebiT axlo mdebare mxareebSi arsebul<br />
mdgomareobas. rac Seexeba, levants anu siria-palestinis momcvel<br />
aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTs, misi brinjaos xanis <strong>samxedro</strong><br />
istoria mWidrod aris gadajaWvuli am metad mniSvnelovani <strong>samxedro</strong>strategiuli<br />
da savaWro-ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis mqone regionis<br />
dasaufleblad mesopotamiis, anatoliisa da egviptis xelisufalTa<br />
urTierWidilTan da amdenad, winamdebare naSromSi misi calke ganixilvis<br />
saWiroeba aRar mogvepoveba.<br />
mesopotamia. sakvebwarmoebiT meurneobas arc erT sxva mxareSi ar moutania<br />
im raodenobis zedmeti dovlaTi, rogorc amas adgili hqonda qvemo<br />
SuamdinareTSi anu samxreT mesopotamiaSi. evfratsa da tigrosSi wylis<br />
donis xSiri meryeoba dablobis daWaobebisgan dasaxsnelad mosaxleobis<br />
erTobliv Zalisxmevas moiTxovda. zedmeti sakvebi produqciis raodenobis<br />
ganuxrelma zrdam da koleqtiuri marTva-gamgeobis sul ufro daxvewilma<br />
sistemam xeli Seuwyo urbanizaciis process da sabolood<br />
Sumeruli civilizaciis warmoqmna-Camoyalibebasac. mesopotamiis nayofieri<br />
velebi odiTganve izidavda gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis mosaxleobas;<br />
Sesabamisad aq Camoyalibebuli kulturac sinkretuli xasiaTisa<br />
iyo da Seicavda erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul elementebs. adgilobrivi da<br />
axalmosuli mosaxleobis narevi met Zalisxmevas moiTxovda sazogadoebis<br />
erTianobisaTvis.<br />
miuxedavad sairigacio samuSaoebis erToblivi Catarebis xelsayrelobisa,<br />
mesopotamiis miwa-wyali danawevrebuli iyo erTmaneTisagan<br />
galavniT SemosazRvrul, damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoebad, romlebic<br />
daaxloebiT 3000 km² farTs akontrolebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom es<br />
qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi problemur sakiTxebs xSirad erTmaneTan iaraRis<br />
ZaliT garkvevas iyvnen Cveulni, gareSe mtris winaaRmdeg gaerTianebac<br />
icodnen xolme. erTianobis moTxovnileba, mesopotamiaSi Casatarebeli<br />
samuSaoebis sirTulis gamo, bevrad ufro maRali iyo. egviptelebisaTvis<br />
erTianobis xelsayrel pirobas, maTi izolireba warmoadgenda gare<br />
samyarosagan, rac, Tavis mxriv, maT monur morCilebas ganapirobebda<br />
5
faraonis mimarT, romelic dedamiwaze gansxeulebul RvTaebad iyo warmodgenili.<br />
u<strong>Zvel</strong>esi Sumerebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb araerTi Sexedulebaa<br />
gamoTqmuli, Tumca erTi ram savsebiT naTelia, civilizaciis gariJraJze<br />
mesopotamiaSi mcxovreb, Tundac gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis xalxs,<br />
erTsa da imave enaze unda emetyvela, Tundac qveynis keTildReobis Ziri-<br />
Tadi ganmsazRvreli faqtoris _ sairigacio sistemis gamarTuli funqcionirebis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
SedarebiT ufro gvian, Zv. w. XVIII saukuneSi, Seiqmna babilonis<br />
mefis _ hamurabis kanonTa krebuli; kacobriobis istoriaSi samoqalaqo<br />
samarTlis pirveli, srulfasovnad dokumentirebuli werilobiTi Zegli,<br />
romelmac didi gavlena moaxdina axlo aRmosavleTis momdevno epoqebis<br />
kanonmdeblobaze. mraval sxva sakiTxTan erTad, aq msoflioSi pirvelad<br />
gansazRvruli iyo mkurnalobis wesebi da eqimTa ufleba-movaleobebi. sabanko<br />
saqmianobac aseve pirvelad babilonSi Caisaxa, sadac taZrebSi<br />
Sesanaxad mihqondaT marcvleulis maragi, aseve saqoneli, sameurneo<br />
iaraRebi da Zvirfasi liTonebi.<br />
mesopotamiaSi Tvlidnen, rom maT qveyanaSi mTeli qoneba RmerTs<br />
ekuTvnoda da yvela sakiTxi, iqneboda es sameurneo, savaWro, piradi Tu<br />
omTan dakavSirebuli, kanonis mixedviT unda gadawyvetiliyo. Tu egvipteSi<br />
faraoni TviT iyo RmerTi da yvelaferi xalxica da sagnebic<br />
misi sakuTreba iyo, SumerSi mmarTvelebi ZiriTadad mainc Cveulebriv<br />
mokvdavebad ganixilebodnen.<br />
gavleniani sasuliero wodeba zedamxedvelobas uwevda saritualo<br />
adaTebis Sesrulebas. qurumebi zikuratebidan anu taZrebidan marTavdnen<br />
qveyanas. zikuratebi, faqtobrivad, alizis aguriT nagebi xelovnuri<br />
gorebi iyo, romlis gareTa kibe TandaTanobiT viwrovdeboda wverisaken,<br />
sadac samlocveloebi iyo mowyobili. sididiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda<br />
qalaq uris zikurati. imis gamo, rom SuamdinareTis dablobze<br />
qvis nakleboba iyo, Sumerebma qvis nacvlad daiwyes aguris warmoeba da<br />
am <strong>saqme</strong>Sic, did warmatebas miaRwies. agurebi gzis mosakirwyladac ki<br />
gamoiyeneboda.<br />
maRalganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedeba, daxvewili sairigacio da<br />
wylis saregulirebeli sistemebi Sumeris keTildReobis ZiriTadi mizezi<br />
iyo. miRebuli dovlaTis siuxve didi qalaqebis ricxvis zrdas iwvevda.<br />
Sumeris yvelaze mniSvnelovani qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi iyo: uruqi, eridu,<br />
qiSi, lagaSi, aqadi, aqSaqi, larsa, uri. qalaqis galavnebs zogjer ormagi<br />
daniSnuleba hqonda. qalaqis dacvis garda, maT mtrisaTvis unda<br />
eCvenebinaT adgilobrivi xelisuflebis Zlevamosileba. Sumeruli<br />
qalaqis, uruqis galavans saxeli Sors hqonda gavardnili. igi 9,5 km<br />
sigrZisa da 12 m simaRlis iyo.<br />
6
qalaqebis saxiT Camoyalibebuli kompleqsuri sazogadoebebisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli gaxda specializirebuli xelosnobis institutis arseboba.<br />
Sumeri dawinaurebuli <strong>samxedro</strong> teqnologiis qveyana iyo. aq miiRes li-<br />
Tonis axali saxeoba brinjao, romelsac spilenZisa da kalis minarevis<br />
erTad gamodnobis saSualebiT iRebdnen. axali liToni ufro gamZle da<br />
bevrad ufro magari gamodga, rasac didi <strong>samxedro</strong> mniSvneloba hqonda.<br />
brinjaos iaraRisa da sabrZolo etlis (ix. qvemoT) gamoyenebas gansakuTrebiT<br />
didi mniSvneloba mieniWa SumerSi mefobis institutis SemoRebisa<br />
da calkeuli qalaqi-saxelmwifoebis ZalauflebisaTvis metoqeobis<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
adreuli civilizaciis anu e. w. qalaquri revoluciis Camoyalibebis<br />
upirveles ganmsazRvrel niSnad swored damwerlobis aRmoceneba<br />
aris miCneuli. marTlac, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis garkveul donemde<br />
ganviTarebis gareSe, damwerlobis aRmocenebas azri ar eqneboda, sa-<br />
Tanado funqciis gareSe xom Znelad Tu iqmneba rame. damwerlobis,<br />
rogorc adamianTa Soris arapirdapiri (drois miRma mdgomi) komunikaciis<br />
saSualebis gamogoneba, SumerTa udidesi miRweva iyo. Tu<br />
Tavdapirvelad piqtogramebis * saSualebiT werdnen, TandaTanobiT maT<br />
Camoayalibes lursmuli damwerloba, romlisTvisac lerwmis Reros<br />
soliseburi nawiliT Tixis firfitaze daitaneboda naWdevebi da maTi<br />
saSualebiT ukve sityvis calkeul marcvlebs gadmoscemdnen. lursmuli<br />
damwerloba, piqtogramulTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro moqnili sakomunikacio<br />
saSualeba iyo. damwerlobis gamoyenebiT Sumerebi momaval Taobebs<br />
gadascemdnen TavianT teqnologiur monapovrebs mdinareTa kontrolisa<br />
da mosavlianobis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT da amiT kidev ufro metad<br />
zrdidnen miwaTmoqmedebis efeqtianobas. SedarebiT ufro gvian Cndeba Canawerebi<br />
mefeebisa da maT mier warmoebuli brZolebis Sesaxeb.<br />
rogorc iTqva, <strong>Zvel</strong>i mesopotamielebis warmodgeniT, yvela qalaqi,<br />
misi mosaxleobiTa da qonebiT, ekuTvnoda ama Tu im RvTaebas, xolo misi<br />
nebis aRmasrulebeli da warmomadgeneli iyo enzi, jaris mier qurumebis<br />
mier winaswar Sedgenili siidan arCeuli mmarTveli. uruqis enzi, gilgameSi,<br />
legendarul figurad gadaiqca. gilgameSis eposi * TiTqmis sruli<br />
saxiT aris Semonaxuli. rTuli ganyenebuli da emociuri gamonaTqvamebiT<br />
aRsavse es eposi asaxavs SumerTa ganviTarebis maRal gonebriv dones.<br />
gilgameSis eposi imavdroulad warRvnis Sesaxeb arsebuli sxva axloaRmosavluri<br />
miTebis prototipia.<br />
samxreT mesopotamiaSi cxovrebis arasaimedoba, dakavSirebuli bunebrivi<br />
pirobebis arastabilurobasTan da mtris mosalodnel SemosevebTan,<br />
mosaxleobis religiur cnobierebas SesamCnevad aZlierebda. gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />
rom Sumeruli qalaqebi ZiriTadad aRmocenebuli iyo winaSumeruli<br />
xanis sakulto centrebis siaxloves. qalaqebis sakulto<br />
adgilebis maxloblad ganTavseba ganapirobebda xelisuflebasa da re-<br />
7
ligias Soris mWidro urTierTkavSirs. RvTismosaobisa da salocavad<br />
monaxulebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi centris, eridus, arseboba jer<br />
kidev winaSumeruli xaniT, Zv. w. 5000 w., ganisazRvreba.<br />
im martivi mizezis gamo, rom Sumeruli sazogadoebis keTildReoba<br />
mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli bunebrivi movlenebis SeswavlasTan, qurumTa<br />
saqmianobis mniSvnelovani nawili adreuli saxeobis samecniero<br />
moRvaweobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. am saqmianobis zogierT Sedegs Cven<br />
dResac viyenebT. kerZod, Sumeri qurumebi Tvlidnen, rom yvela RvTaeba<br />
mxolod misTvis gankuTvnili ricxviTi mniSvnelobiT iyo warmodgenili,<br />
mag.: ricxvi samoci, romelic RvTaeba ans * ganekuTvneboda, maTi gamoTvlebis<br />
ZiriTadi sabaziso erTeuli iyo. es ricxvi daudes safuZvlad<br />
Sumerebma saaTis wuTebis raodenobasa da pirvelad maT dayves agreTve<br />
wre 360 gradusad. SumerTa es orive maTematikuri migneba dResac gamoTvliTi<br />
sistemebis safu<strong>Zvel</strong>ia.<br />
gasxvaveba qvisa da adreuli liTonebis (spilenZis, brinjaos) xanis<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>saqme</strong>s Soris, Tundac am epoqebis dasaxelebidan gamomdinare,<br />
pirvel yovlisa, TiTqos teqnologiuri TaviseburebebiT unda yofiliyo<br />
gamowveuli, magram, rogorc irkveva, igi ZiriTadad organizaciuli xasiaTisa<br />
iyo. jer qalaqi-saxelmwifoebisa da bolos adreuli imperiebis<br />
warmoqmna-ganviTarebam Zireulad Secvala <strong>samxedro</strong> saqmianoba. saxelmwifos<br />
SeeZlo iseTi raodenobiT ewarmoebina sasoflo sameurneo produqtebis<br />
namati, rom sameurneo saqmianobisagan mTlianad gaTavisuflebuli<br />
xelisuflebisa da <strong>samxedro</strong> meTaurebis fenis warmoqmna gamxdariyo<br />
SesaZlebeli. garda amisa, vinaidan <strong>samxedro</strong> Zalebis udidesi nawili<br />
meurneobaSi Cabmuli glexebisgan Sedgeboda, sazogadoebas SeeZlo Tavisi<br />
TavisTvis imis ufleba mieca, rom yovelwliurad laSqrobebSi<br />
monawileobisaTvis es xalxi nawilobriv mainc gaeTavisuflebina muSaobisagan.<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> istoriaSi momuSave mkvlevarTa SexedulebiT, swored<br />
ase Seiqmna pirveli organizebuli jari, romelic xels uwyobda saxelmwifos,<br />
erTi mxriv, gazrdiliyo damarcxebuli mowinaaRmdegis xarjze<br />
sivrcobrivad, xolo, meore mxriv, SeeZina Sinagani siZliere sul ufro<br />
mzardi centralizaciis xarjze.<br />
ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom is qveynebi (Sumeri da egvipte), sadac<br />
miwaTmoqmedebam da mesaqonleobam yvelaze adre miaRwia gansakuTrebiT<br />
did masStabebs, aRmoCndnen mxareebi, sadac kacobriobis istoriaSi<br />
pirvelad moxda srulyofilad organizebuli armiebis Camoyalibeba. es<br />
Sumeruli da egvipturi civilizaciebis aRmocenebis Tanamdevi procesi<br />
iyo.<br />
SuamdinareTis qalaq-saxelmwifoebs daaxloebiT 5000-10000 meomrisagan<br />
Semdgari laSqris gamoyvana SeeZloT. brZolisas jari falangad *<br />
ewyoboda da meomrebi erTmaneTis mxardamxar ibrZodnen, wina xazs farebiT<br />
icavdnen. TiToeuli maTgani daculi iyo agreTve muzaradiT da li-<br />
8
Tonis firfitebiT `moWedili~ mosasxamiT. mebrZolebi SeiaraRebuli<br />
iyvnen spilenZis (ufro gvian brinjaos) iaraRebiT, SubebiTa da culebiT<br />
(il. 5). falangaSi myofi mebrZolni mSvildisars ar iyenebdnen; brZolisas<br />
erTmaneTis pirispir falangebad dawyobili mowinaaRmdegeebi Subis<br />
kvriTa da biZgebiT da moqneuli culis CexviT uswordebodnen erTmaneTs.<br />
brZolis dros fornebsa Tu sazidavebs Sumerebi jer kidev adrebrinjaos<br />
xanis adreuli etapidan iyenebdnen, ufro gvian ki _ farTod<br />
gavrcelebuli sabrZolo etlebis winamorbedebs. Sumeruli etlis gamosaxuleba<br />
gvxvdeba Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebiT daTariRebul e.<br />
w. uris Standartze *. am oTxTvala etlebSi moSinaurebuli virebi Tu<br />
onagrebi * iyo Sebmuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT etlebze, meetlis<br />
garda Subosani meomaria gamosaxuli (il. 2), igi, ZiriTadad mainc, ufro<br />
sameurneo da saritualo daniSnulebisa (mag.: dakrZalvis ceremonialis<br />
dros) unda yofiliyo, vidre sabrZolo. Sumerebs agreTve gaaCndaT orTvala<br />
sabrZolo etlebi, romlebSic oTxi onagri iyo Sebmuli. Zv. w. III<br />
aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi mesopotamiaSi soliduri, mTliani Tvali manebianma<br />
borbalma Secvala, xolo imave aTaswleulis dasasruls etlebSi<br />
cxenebis gamoyeneba daiwyes. Sumerebi iyenebdnen agreTve miwis saxnav gu-<br />
Tans da sanaosno niCabs.<br />
SuamdinareTSi, iseve rogorc egvipteSi, iaraRis SemadgenlobaSi<br />
TandaTanobiT matulobda brinjaosagan damzadebuli, maRali xarisxis,<br />
sul ufro daxvewili saxeobis nakeTobebi. Sumeris qveiTi jari<br />
SeiaraRebuli iyo SubebiTa da satyorcni xelSubebiT, maxvilebiTa da<br />
satevrebiT, sabrZolo culebiTa da kverTxebiT. mesopotamiaSi, sxva regionebTan<br />
SedarebiT, Zlier iyo ganviTarebuli, rogorc safortifikacio<br />
nagebobebi, aseve alyis sawarmoebi saSualebebi. farTod gavrcelebul<br />
iaraRs mTel <strong>Zvel</strong> <strong>aRmosavleTSi</strong> warmoadgenda mSvildisari da Subi. am<br />
iaraRiT iyo SeiaraRebuli ricxvmravali qveiTi jari mesopotamiaSic,<br />
egvipteSic da CineTSic. gilgameSis eposidan viciT, rom gilgameSi maxvilisa<br />
da culis garda, SeiaraRebuli iyo mSvildisriT.<br />
Sumeruli laSqari Tu Tavdapirvelad bevrad ufro maRla idga mezobelTa<br />
jarebTan SedarebiT Tavisi mobilurobiT, discipliniTa da aR-<br />
WurvilobiT, TandaTanobiT mezoblebmac qvis iaraRi brinjaos<br />
saWurveliT Secvales, daxvewes Sumerul falangebTan brZolis wesebi.<br />
aRmosavleTidan mTis xalxebma, guTiebma * da elamelebma, xolo dasavleTidan<br />
udabnoSi mcxovrebma momTabare semitebma sul ufro xSirad<br />
daiwyes SuamdinareTSi SeRweva da TareSi. sxvebTan SedarebiT, TavianT<br />
upiratesobaSi Sumerebi imdenad iyvnen darwmunebuli, rom ver xedavdnen<br />
maTTvis safrTxis Semcvel mosalodnel Sedegs da maTi qalaqebis didi<br />
nawili ZiriTadad isev urTierTbrZoliT iyo dakavebuli. Tu romelime<br />
qalaqis mmarTveli sxva qalaqebsac xelSi Caigdebda, igi xdeboda<br />
lugali (`didkaci~), Tumca verc erTi maTgani ver gamodga ise Zleva-<br />
9
mosili, rom SeZleboda mTeli Sumeris gaerTianeba egviptis msgavsad.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SumerTa araSorsmWvretelobam Ziri gamouTxara<br />
maTi qveynis siZlieres. maT sul ufro metad esaWiroebodaT sxvaTa,<br />
kerZod, elamelTa CarTva sakuTari konfliqtebis gadawyvetaSi. Zv. w. III<br />
aTaswleulidan iwyeba semituri tomebis memkvidreebis, aqadelTa infiltracia<br />
Sumeris CrdiloeT raionebSi. sabolood maT moaxerxes Sumeris<br />
teritoriis gaerTianeba. aqadelebma Seisisxlxorces Sumeruli cxovrebis<br />
wesi da kultura da SuamdinareTis cxovrebis mravali mxare ganvi-<br />
Tarebis axal safexurze aiyvanes, maT Soris <strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>saqme</strong>c. <strong>Zvel</strong>i<br />
axlo aRmosavleTis imperiebi, rogorc wesi, ar axdendnen xolme dapyrobili<br />
xalxebis asimilirebas. isinic am imperiebs emorCilebodnen<br />
vidre am ukanasknelT Zala erCodaT Tavisi Zlevamosilebis SesanarCuneblad.<br />
Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisidan axlo aRmosavleTis <strong>samxedro</strong><br />
<strong>saqme</strong>Si Cndeba teqnologiuri siaxle _ cxenebiani, msubuqi sabrZolo<br />
etli. simsubuqe da cxenebi am etls metad swrafsa da mobilurs xdida.<br />
am orTvala etlSi Tavdapirvelad ori cxeni iyo Sebmuli, xolo mogvianebiT<br />
oTxi. simsubuqis gamo, etli advilad yiravdeboda da tydeboda.<br />
etlSi ori pirovneba iyo: meetle da sabrZolo TvisebebiT gamorCeuli<br />
meomari. meetles marjvena mxare ekava da misi movaleoba iyo etli mowinaaRmdegis<br />
susti adgilisaken miemarTa. meomari an mcire zomis skamze<br />
iyo Camomjdari, anda fexze idga. Cveulebriv, mas muzaradi exura,<br />
atarebda mklavis damcvels, xolo mkerdi dajavSnuli hqonda. etlSi<br />
moTavsebuli iyo iaraRis mTeli `arsenali~: Subi, maxvili, satevari,<br />
kverTxi da rac mTavaria, mSvild-isari. swored mSvild-isris gamoyeneba<br />
xdida am mobilur etls brZolis metad efeqtur saSualebad. didi siCqariT<br />
gadaadgilebuli da amdenad, mtris mSvildosnebis mier mouxelTebeli<br />
etlidan nasrol isrebs sagrZnobi areuloba Sehqonda mowinaaRmdegis<br />
rigebSi. misi SemaCerebeli mxolod mtris mier gamoyenebuli<br />
aseTive etli Tu iqneboda. am garemoebam sabrZolo etlebis farTo<br />
gavrceleba gamoiwvia mTel <strong>Zvel</strong> <strong>aRmosavleTSi</strong>, TviT CineTis CaTvliT<br />
(ix. qvemoT). msubuqi cxeniani etlis gamoyenebis dawyebis Semdeg, misi da<br />
qveiTi jaris mterTan erToblivi brZolis xerxebi <strong>Zvel</strong>i aRmosavleTis<br />
yvela qveynis armiaSi gamoiyeneboda.<br />
javSnis uqonloba etlebs daucvels xdida brZolis dros da maTi<br />
xsna mxolod did siCqareSi iyo. Tu etlSi Tavdapirvelad ori kaci iyo,<br />
TandaTanobiT maTi ricxvi xuTamde gaizarda. etlebi Tavisi efeqturobiT<br />
brinjaos xanis tankebs warmoadgendnen. maTi mTavari upiratesoba<br />
mSvildosnebisaTvis micemuli taqtikuri mobiluroba iyo. imis gamo, rom<br />
qveiTi jari mWidrod iyo Sejgufuli brZolis dros da mwyobri,<br />
gaazrebuli moqmedebiTa da erTmaneTis dazRveviT cdilobda gadaulaxavi<br />
cocxali jebiris agebas. sabrZolo etlebs saSualeba eZleodaT Soridan<br />
10
isrebiT daecxrilad maTi rigebi. xolo Tu qveiTebi gaiSlebodnen, maSin<br />
etlebs maTi iolad gadaTelvis Sansi eZleodaT.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, sabrZolo etlebis qona jarisaTvis aucilebeli<br />
iyo. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maTi damzadebisa da SekeTebis sirTules,<br />
rasac daxelovnebuli xelosnis momsaxureba sWirdeboda da calke<br />
cxenis Rirebulebasac, cxadi xdeba, rom etlis qona da Senaxva mxolod<br />
gansakuTrebulad SeZlebul xalxs SeeZlo. bunebrivia, sabrZolo etlis<br />
mqone meomrebi warmoadgendnen warCinebulTa kastas.<br />
im sazogadoebebSi, sadac sabrZolo etlebi sajaro sakuTrebas<br />
warmoadgendnen, maTi momxmareblebi xels uwyobdnen da ganamtkicebdnen<br />
Zlier centralur xelisuflebas. ase iyo magaliTad, egviptis axal<br />
samefoSi. sabrZolo etlebis gamoyenebam umaRles dones miaRwia kadeSis *<br />
brZolis dros (Zv. w. 1274 w.), rodesac brZolis velze orive mebrZoli<br />
mxridan 6000-mde etls unda mieRo monawileoba (ix. qvemoT).<br />
SumerelTa <strong>samxedro</strong> upiratesoba: falanga, sabrZolo etli,<br />
javSani, farebis farTo gamoyeneba, <strong>samxedro</strong> nawilebis disciplina, ver<br />
aanazRaurebda maT araxelsayrel geografiul mdebareobasa da danawevrebulobas.<br />
istorikosTa Soris farTod gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT, is<br />
sazogadoebebi, romlebic ar arian homogenuri * an sxvaTagan geografiulad<br />
izolirebuli da romelTac Taobidan Taobamde uxdebaT sxvadasxva<br />
mxridan momdinare safrTxeebTan gamklaveba, unda Seecadon ar dauSvan<br />
arastabiluroba mmarTvelobis sistemaSi da unda gamoavlinon cvalebad<br />
garemoebebTan swrafi adaptirebis unari. maT aucileblad unda daZlion<br />
uTanxmoeba sazogadoebaSi da am sazogadoebis yvela fenis valia Seinar-<br />
Cunos qveynisadmi erTguleba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mTeli sazogadoeba,<br />
misi Semadgeneli yvela fenis CaTvliT, mtris winaSe ganiaraRebuli dar-<br />
Ceba da Sesabamisad sayovelTao da sruli katastrofis winaSe dadgeba.<br />
es garemoeba ara mxolod SumerTaTvis iyo gasaTvaliswinebeli da<br />
rogorc yvelani vxedavT, visac ki adardebs sakuTari qveynis bedi,<br />
imaTTvis dResac ara aqvs aqtualuroba dakarguli.<br />
Sumeris istoriaSi sam etaps gamoyofen xolme. pirveli maTgani Zv.<br />
w. V aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan III aTaswleulis Sua xanebamde<br />
grZeldeboda. am xanis yvelaze mniSvnelovani politikuri movlena iyo<br />
gabatonebuli sasuliero fenis, romelsac qurumi-mefeebi edga saTaveSi,<br />
samefo ZalauflebiT Canacvleba. vinaidan qvemo mesopotamiis nayofieri<br />
niadagisaTvis qalaq-saxelmwifoebs Soris sul ufro mzardi omianoba<br />
iCenda Tavs, cxadia, maT mefeebs ZiriTadad <strong>samxedro</strong>-politikuri<br />
funqciebi unda ganexorcielebinaT. am periodis mesopotamiis simdidris<br />
yvelaze ufro mkafio gamoxatuleba e. w. uris samefo akldamebia. aq<br />
TviT <strong>samxedro</strong> saWurvelic ki zogjer Zvirfasi liTonebidan aris<br />
damzadebuli. zemo, anu CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSic dasaxlebebi<br />
ganuxrelad izrdeboda, TandaTanobiT isinic damcavi galavniT<br />
11
SemozRudul qalaqebad gadaiqcnen, rac regionSi arsebul garedan<br />
momdinare safrTxeze da TavdacvisaTvis da omisaTvis mzadebis<br />
saWirobaze metyvelebs.<br />
meore etapze, daaxloebiT Zv. w. 2350-2150 w.w., mTeli mesopotamia,<br />
Sumeris CaTvliT, aqadelebma igdes xelT. garda amisa, maT Tavisi mefis<br />
sargon didis (Zv. w. 2334-2279 w.w.) winamZRolobiT, sakuTari<br />
samflobeloebi Sors dasavleTisaken, xmelTaSuazRvispireTamde da<br />
anatoliamde, xolo aRmosavleTiT dasavleT iranamde ganavrces. misi imperia<br />
xmelTaSua zRvas, sparseTis yuresa da kaspiis zRvas Soris gadai-<br />
Wima.<br />
sargonis mier datovebuli warwerebi, mis mier 34 omis mogebas<br />
iuwyebian da SeniSnaven, rom mis winaSe 5400 kaci purs Wamda, rac<br />
SeiZleba miniSnebad CavTvaloT misi armiis ricxovnebaze. Tavisi<br />
droisaTvis es Zalze didi jari iyo da mis jariskacebs arc<br />
gamocdileba aklda.<br />
nipuris * sasaxleSi napovni warwera iuwyeba, rom qvemo<br />
mesopotamiis anu Sumeris dasaufleblad gamarTuli laSqrobisas<br />
sargonma aiRo qalaqi uruqi da miwasTan gaaswora igi. qalaqidan<br />
gaqceulebma ummas * mefes, lugal-zagess, Seafares Tavi, romelmac<br />
Sumeruli Zalebi aqadelTa winaaRmdeg gaaerTiana. gadamwyveti brZola<br />
sargonis gamarjvebiT damTavrda. man mowinaaRmdege Semusra, xolo TviT<br />
lugal-zagesi ZaRliviT Tokgamobmuli Caiyvana nipurSi.<br />
sargoni Zlieri da gaerTianebuli imperiis SeqmniT cdilobda<br />
daeZlia mesopotamiis qalaqi-saxelmwifoebis mudmivi urTierTqiSpi. man<br />
kidev ufro mkveTrad daaSora erTmaneTs religiuri da saero<br />
xelisufleba. sakuTari batonobis uzrunvelsayofad sargonma pirvelad<br />
daaarsa <strong>samxedro</strong> begara, romelic, rogorc Cans, sairigacio da<br />
daWaobebuli adgilebis daSrobisaTvis didZali mosaxleobis<br />
mobilizaciis Cvevis arsebobis gamo ar iyo Zneli gansaxorcielebeli.<br />
aqadur xanas Tanxvdeba mesopotamiaSi axali saxeobis Sedgenili<br />
mSvildis * gamoCena, romelic xisa da rqis nawilebisagan Sedgeboda.<br />
sargonis jarSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda Subebisa da satyorcni<br />
iaraRebis urTierTSeTavseba. brinjaos maxvilebiTa da oTxTvala<br />
sabrZolo etlebiT SeiaraRebuli aqadelebi warmatebis Sanss ar<br />
utovebdnen mowinaaRmdegeebs. miuxedavad maTi <strong>samxedro</strong> geniisa, aqadelTa<br />
hegemonia qvemo mesopotamiaze didxans ar gagrZelebula, ukve daaxl. Zv.<br />
w. 2200 w. zagrosis mTianeTSi mcxovrebi guTiebis meomari tomis xalxi<br />
SeiWra babiloneTSi da bolo mouRo aqadelTa batonobas. maT sargonis<br />
SvilTaSvili daamarcxes.<br />
Sumeris istoriis mesame etapi uris mier guTiebis damarcxebiT<br />
iwyeba. es aris amasTanave uris mesame dinastiis mier, daaxl. Zv. w. 2112-<br />
2004 w.w. Sumeris aRorZinebis xana. uris mesame dinastiis xelisuflebma<br />
12
TiTqmis mTeli mesopotamia igdes xelT. miuxedavad im garemoebisa, rom<br />
am droisaTvis ukve adgili hqonda Sumeruli da aqaduri kulturebis<br />
sinTezs, mainc Sumeruli enis administraciuli uflebebi aRdgenili<br />
iqna. SumerTa mmarTvelobis periodi, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi,<br />
dasavleTidan semituri tomebis axali nakadis, amoreelebis SemoseviT<br />
damTavrda, rasac Tan aRmosavleTidan elamelebis SemoWra daerTo.<br />
sayuradReboa, rom axalma mosaxleobam SeinarCuna da kidev ufro<br />
ganaviTara Sumerul-aqaduri memkvidreoba. amoreelebma babiloni gaixades<br />
dedaqalaqad, sadac jer kidev sargon aqadels hqonia taZari agebuli da<br />
amis Semdeg isini ukve babilonelebis saxeliT Canan istoriis<br />
furclebze, xolo babiloni TiTqmis ori aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi kidev<br />
inarCunebda axloaRmosavleTis kulturuli da savaWro centris<br />
funqcias.<br />
babilonis mefe hamurabma (Zv. w. XVIII s.) mesopotamia TiTqmis<br />
mTlianad gaaerTiana da am vrceli regionis marTvisaTvis Camoayaliba<br />
daxvewili administraciuli sistema. misi udidesi miRweva, ra Tqma unda,<br />
kanonTa kodeqsis Seqmna iyo (ix. zemoT). hamurabis memkvidreTa xelSi<br />
babiloneTi sul ufro dakninda, xolo Zv. w. XVI s. dasawyisidan<br />
xeTebis dasavleTidan, xuritebis * CrdiloeTidan da kasitebis<br />
aRmosavleTidan Semosevebis Sedegad am axali Zalebis mier iqna<br />
faqtobrivad dayofili.<br />
sargon aqadelma mesopotamiaSi semituri modgmis xalxebis TiTqmis<br />
2000 wlovan batonobas daudo saTave. aqadelebisa da amoreelbabilonelebis<br />
garda, mesopotamiis CrdiloeT nawilSi hqondaT kera<br />
asurelebs, romelTac daarses <strong>Zvel</strong>asuruli (Zv. w. II aTaswleulis<br />
pirveli naxevari), Suaasuruli (Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevari)<br />
da axalasuruli (Zv. 911-612 w.w.) samefoebi.<br />
egvipte. egviptis adreuli xanis istoria mowmobs jaris did mniSvnelobas<br />
winadinastiuri egviptis ori samefos erT samefod gaerTianebamde.<br />
imdroindel gamosaxulebebze vxedavT alyaSemortymul cixe-simagreTa<br />
galavnebs, anda omis Sedegad mopovebul nadavls. mdinare nilosis<br />
garSemo egviptelebma, Tavdapirvelad, calkeuli mcire samefoebi Seqmnes,<br />
romlebic droTa msvlelobaSi erT samefod gaerTiandnen. md. nilosi<br />
egviptelTaTvis siuxvisa da keTildReobis pirvelwyaros warmoadgenda.<br />
mdinaris regularuli adideba niadags arnaxulad anayofierebda.<br />
CrdiloeTis Zlieri da TiTqmis mudmivi qari aadvilebda mdinaris aRma<br />
curvas, rac Zalze aiolebda qveynis sxvadasxva nawils Soris<br />
komunikaciebs. misi dineba da CanCqerebi, amave dros, samxreTidan mtris<br />
SemoWras arTulebda. CrdiloeTidan egvipte xmelTaSua zRviT,<br />
aRmosavleTidan wiTeli zRviTa da sinas udabnoTi, xolo dasavleTidan<br />
udabnoebis saSualebiT iyo sxvaTagan daculi.<br />
13
egvipte or did mxared iyofoda, zemo egvipted da qvemo egvipted,<br />
anu md. nilosis zemo da qvemo welis mimdebare mxareebad. faraoni<br />
narmeri iyo pirveli vinc gaaerTiana qveynis orive mxare. Tu Sumerebs<br />
miaCndaT, rom enzi RvTis nebis ganmcxadebeli iyo (ix. zemoT),<br />
egviptelTa faraoni TviT iyo dedamiwaze movlenili RvTaeba, RvTis<br />
gansxeuleba. narmeris memkvidreebis dros, erTi mxriv, moxda zemo da<br />
qvemo egviptis kidev ufro meti konsolidacia, meore mxriv, adgili<br />
hqonda egviptelTa laSqrobebs samxreTisaken _ nubiis, dasavleTisaken<br />
_ libiis, xolo aRmosavleTisaken _ sinas naxevarkunZulis<br />
mimarTulebiT. sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis garda, es<br />
laSqrobebi miznad isaxavda spilenZisa da firuzis sabadoebis xelSi<br />
Cagdebas.<br />
egviptis erT-erTi Tavisebureba iyo is, rom xangrZlivi istoriis<br />
manZilze igi ZiriTadad centralizebul saxelmwifod rCeboda. es,<br />
albaT, misi geografiuli TaviseburebiTac unda yofiliyo gamowveuli;<br />
igi xom, rogorc iTqva, faqtobrivad yvela sxva mxarisagan zRvebiTa da<br />
udabnoebiT gancalkevebul oaziss warmoadgenda. swored amis gamo, maT<br />
qalaqebsa da dasaxlebul punqtebs galavani iSviaTad hqondaT<br />
garSemortymuli.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, jer kidev Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi<br />
egvipteSi gvxvdeba alizisagan nagebi galavniani dasaxlebebi, xolo<br />
alyis amsaxveli erT-erTi adreuli gamosaxuleba, romelzedac<br />
RvTaebrivi cxovelebi qalaqis galavans angreven, TariRdeba egviptis<br />
adredinastiuri xaniT. pirveli saalyo aRWurviloba, romlis<br />
gamosaxulebamac Cvenamde moaRwia, Semonaxulia Zv. w. XXIV saukunis<br />
erT-erTi egvipturi akldamis bareliefze. aq gamosaxulia borblebiani<br />
saalyo misadgami kibe, romlis daxmarebiTac egvipteli jariskacebi<br />
cdiloben qanaanelTa * qalaqis galavnis gadalaxvas.<br />
egviptelebis safortifikacio nagebobebi da forpostebi * ZiriTadad<br />
sasazRvro mxareebSi iyo mowyobili, raTa gareSe mteri egvipteSi ar<br />
SemoeSvaT. daculi iyo nilosis deltis * dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi<br />
mijnebi, aRmosavleTis udabno da samxreTidan nubiis Semosasvlelebi.<br />
mcirericxovan sasazRvro garnizonebs advilad SeeZloT udabnos<br />
momTabareTa md. nilosis deltis nayofieri velebisken SeWris<br />
mcdelobis aRkveTa, xolo mniSvnelovani <strong>samxedro</strong> Zalis gamoCenisTanave<br />
xdeboda xelisuflebis informireba.<br />
piramidebis aRmarTvis garda, mesame-meeqvse dinastiebis momcveli<br />
<strong>Zvel</strong>i samefos xanis (daaxl. Zv. w. 2686-2134 w.w.) faraonebi agebdnen<br />
fortebs anu cixe-simagreebs. yvelaze ufro xSirad es xdeboda md.<br />
nilosis gaswvriv, rac imiT aixsneba, rom ZiriTadi safrTxe am xanaSi<br />
samxreTidan, nubiidan modioda. pirveli forti <strong>Zvel</strong>i samefos xanaSi,<br />
samxreTiT aigo, buhenSi, md. nilosis meore CanCqerTan da ZiriTadad<br />
14
egviptelTa mier qvemo nubiis damorCilebis simbolur gamoxatulebas<br />
warmoadgenda.<br />
TavdacviTi fortebis didi nawili agebuli iyo egviptelTa<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> eqspansiis epoqaSi, Sua samefos xanaSi (daaxl. Zv. w. 2040-1640<br />
w.w.). egvipturi fortebi erTmaneTisgan erTi savali dRis gziT iyo<br />
daSorebuli, rac qveynis TavdacvisaTvis mwyobr sistemas qmnida.<br />
egviptelebs dRevandeli sabaJos msgavsi sasazRvro kontrolis<br />
samsaxuri gaaCndaT. magaliTad: aRmosavleTis sazRvarTan, siles<br />
fortTan aucilebeli iyo registraciis gavla. qveyanaSi Semosvlamde<br />
xdeboda saxelis, warmomavlobisa da daniSnulebis adgilebis fiqsireba.<br />
yvelaze rTuli sagarnizono samuSao ukiduresi dasavleTis forpostTan,<br />
Tanamedrove um-el-raxamTan (q. aleqsandriis dasavleTiT daaxl. 322 km)<br />
udabnoSi mdebare forti iyo. igi warmoadgenda 5 m siganisa da 1600000<br />
cali didi zomis alizis aguriT nagebi galavniT Semokavebul da 20000<br />
m 2 gadaWimul uzarmazar nagebobas.<br />
egviptelebis eqspansia Taviseburi xasiaTisa iyo. isini, ZiriTadad,<br />
cdilobdnen xolme mcocavi taqtikiT TandaTanobiT da srulyofilad<br />
daemorCilebinaT susti <strong>samxedro</strong> Zalis mqone qalaqebi da samefoebi.<br />
mxolod amis Semdeg iwyeboda fiqri axali miwebis aTvisebisaTvis.<br />
jer kidev winadinastiuri xanis egvipteSi, omianobis gavrcelebis<br />
amsaxvelia faraon narmeris cnobili fila. qvadafis (aspidis)<br />
fiqalisagan damzadebuli filis zomebidan gamomdinare (64 sm) Tu<br />
vimsjelebT, aSkaraa, rom igi saceremonio fila iyo da ara yoveldRiuri<br />
gamoyenebis kosmetikuri palitra. filis wina mxares vxedavT faraon<br />
narmers, romelic Tanmxleb pirebTan midis mtris mravalricxovani<br />
TavmoWrili gvamebis grovis sanaxavad (il. 1a, zeda nawili). ukana<br />
mxares narmers muxlmodrekili mtris TmebSi marcxena xeliT aris<br />
Cafrenili da marjvenaTi kverTxis Casartymelad aris mzad (il. 1b, zeda<br />
nawili). wina mxareze, qvemoT, gamosaxulia uzarmazari xaris (albaT,<br />
TviT faraonis simboluri gamosaxulebis) mier, romeliRac qalaqis<br />
galavnis dangreva (il. 1a). egviptologebi fiqroben, rom filaze<br />
gamosaxulia narmeris mier qvemo egviptis dapyroba da orive egviptis<br />
gaerTianeba, amaze maTi azriT, unda metyvelebdes wina mxaris<br />
centralur nawilSi gamosaxuli ori miTiuri, grZelkisera cxovelebis<br />
gamosaxuleba erTmaneTan gadabmuli kisrebiT. SesaZloa, amasve<br />
metyvelebdes iqve, zemo marjvena kuTxeSi, xomaldis gamosaxuleba,<br />
romelis daxmarebiT, albaT, moxdeboda narmeris laSqris, nilosis<br />
saSualebiT, zemo qveynidan qvemo egvipteSi Camoyvana (il. 1a).<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom <strong>Zvel</strong>i samefos gvian xanebSic, <strong>samxedro</strong><br />
operaciebisaTvis egvipturi razmebis gadazidva md. nilosze navebiT<br />
xdeboda.<br />
15
<strong>Zvel</strong>i samefos epoqa, egviptis istoriaSi, erT-erT yvelaze ufro<br />
ayvavebul xanad aris miCneuli. <strong>Zvel</strong>i samefos xana moicavs egviptis III-<br />
VIII dinastiebis xanas. am xanas, zogierTi mkvlevari mxolod III-VI<br />
dinastiebiT gansazRvravs. es sxvaoba damokidebuli iyo momdevno, e. w.<br />
pirveli saSualedo periodis daswyisis gansazRvrasTan. ufro adreuli<br />
periodebi winadinastiur da adredinastiur xanebs ganekuTvnebian.<br />
adredinastiuri xana, igive arqauli periodi, moicavs pirvel da meore<br />
dinastiebs da TariRdeba daaxloebiT Zv. w. 3150-2686 w.w.<br />
qveynis xvavi da baraqa kargad organizebuli Tavdacvis sistemis<br />
SemuSavebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. axal samefos xanamde egvipteSi<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> konfliqtis oTxi ZiriTadi mizezi moipoveboda: 1. libiuri<br />
safrTxe dasavleTidan, 2. nubielebi samxreTSi, 3. sinas naxevarkunZuli<br />
da qanaanelebi Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, 4. saSinao konfliqtebi.<br />
adreuli xanis egvipteSi ar hyavdaT regularuli armia da floti,<br />
arc profesionali, umaRlesi klasifikaciis meomrebi. mebrZolebi,<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, xalxSi SeirCeodnen xolme. <strong>Zvel</strong>i da Sua<br />
samefos epoqebSi jari ZiriTadad Sedgeboda <strong>samxedro</strong> begaris Sedegad<br />
gawveuli glexebisa da xelosnebisgan. TiToeuli nomis (egvipturi<br />
administraciuli erTeuli) mmarTveli <strong>samxedro</strong> samsaxuris<br />
msurvelTagan agrovebda sakuTar jars. im xanad egvipteSi <strong>samxedro</strong><br />
samsaxuri, gansxvavebiT axali samefos xanisagan, ar iyo prestiJulad<br />
miCneuli da Sesabamisad jarSi, ZiriTadad, dabali socialuri fenebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi midiodnen, romelTac ar hqondaT sxva saqmis SeTvisebis<br />
saSualeba. omis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva nomebSi Segrovebuli razmebi<br />
erTiandeboda erTian laSqrad, romelsac saTaveSi faraoni edga.<br />
jariskacebs sakmaod martivi aRWurviloba hqondaT, romelic<br />
Sedgeboda spilenZispiriani wvetiani Subebis, satevrebisa da xis farTo<br />
tyavgadakruli farebisagan. adredinastiur xanaSi gamoiyeneboda<br />
xelketebi, qvisgan damzadebuli bunikiani kverTxebi, Tumca momdevno<br />
xanebSi es iaraRi mxolod saceremonio funqcias inarCunebs, xolo mis<br />
adgils SeiaraRebaSi brinjaos sabrZolo culi ikavebs.<br />
Setevis dros Subosnebs azRvevdnen xolme mSvildosnebi, romlebic<br />
SeiaraRebuli iyvnen martivi, mrudi mSvildiTa da kaJis an<br />
spilenZispiriani isrebiT. sazogadod, yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli<br />
iaraRi mainc mSvil-disari iyo. egviptur gamosaxulebebze, wverebian<br />
ucxoelebTan, rogorc Cans, winaazielebTan brZolisas egvipteli<br />
meomrebi SeiaraRebulni Canan mSvild-isrebiTa da satevrebiT. mSvildi,<br />
im dros, Cveulebrivi, calrkaliani iyo da Sesabamisad isris srolisas<br />
misi srulfasovani daWimva rTuli xdeboda, wvetiani isrebi kaJis an<br />
spilenZis hqondaT. mSvildisris efeqturoba gansakuTrebiT hiqsosuri<br />
Sedgenili mSvildis gavrcelebis Semdeg gaizarda (ix. qvemoT). abjari,<br />
16
Zv. w. III da adreul II aTaswleulebSi egvipteSi, jer kidev ar<br />
gamoiyeneboda.<br />
<strong>Zvel</strong>i axlo aRmosavleTis yvelaze warmatebuli qveyana,<br />
mravalsaukunovani stabilurobis TvalTaxedviT, egviptis <strong>Zvel</strong>i samefo<br />
iyo. imdroindeli qveynis simtkicesa da usafrTxoebas ramdenime<br />
ZiriTadi mizezi hqonda, RvTaeba-faraonis xelqveiTTa arnaxuli<br />
erTianoba, faqtobrivad qveynis mudmivi materialuri keTildReoba,<br />
gareSe mtrebisgan sazRvrebis daculoba, rac uzrunvelyofili iyo<br />
ZalauflebiTa da qveynis geografiuli mdebareobis TaviseburebebiT.<br />
egvipturi sazogadoeba sakmaod karCaketili iyo, sxva xalxebs<br />
isini ar Tvlidnen srulfasovan adamianebad. maTTvis gare samyaro<br />
qaoturi iyo da uzneo adamianebiT dasaxlebuli. adreuli xanis<br />
faraonebi Tavis warwerebSi gvauwyeben xolme imis Taobaze, Tu rogor<br />
daxoces maT 40000 Crdiloeli. faraonTa ganmadidebel Zeglebze, TviT<br />
faraoni, rogorc wesi, yovelTvis brZolis SuagulSia gamosaxuli, misi<br />
sayvareli iaraRiT _ kverTxiT xelSi, xolo mtrebi mis winaSe miwaze<br />
arian garTxmuli. faraonebi gamosaxuli arian maT winaSe daCoqili<br />
azielebis gangmirvis procesSi anda miwaze garTxmuli nubielis Tavze<br />
terfdadgmulis pozaSi.<br />
vinaidan adreuli epoqis egvipteSi, jer kidev ar arsebobda<br />
namdvili profesionaluri jari, egvipturi jaris rigebSi arcTu<br />
iSviaTad SehyavdaT xolme ucxoelebi, mag.: nubieli moqiraveebi <strong>Zvel</strong>i<br />
samefos gviani xanidan warmoadgendnen mSvildosnebis saukeTeso<br />
nawilebs. egviptelebi xSirad iyenebdnen daqiravebul nubielebs; kerZod,<br />
palestinaSi brZolebis dros, maT zogjer jariskacebiT savse<br />
xomaldebiT agzavnidnen palestinis dasaufleblad.<br />
<strong>Zvel</strong>i samefos ukanaskneli Zlevamosili faraonis, pepi II-is dros,<br />
romelmac egviptis istoriaSi yvelaze ufro xangrZlivad imefa (Zv. w.<br />
2278-2184 w.w.), mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi simZime misi vezirebis kisrebze<br />
gadadioda. es ukanasknelni, Tavis mxriv, eyrdnobodnen nomebis<br />
(administraciuli erTeuli) mmarTvelebs anu nomarxebs. TiTqmis<br />
saukunes miRweuli pepi II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, adre arsebuli<br />
mmarTvelobis sistema moiSala, nomarxebma, romlebmac didi gavlena<br />
SeiZines Tavisi mmarTvelobis mxareebSi da didZali simdidrec<br />
daagroves, daiwyes sakuTari damoukideblobisaTvis brZola da momijnave<br />
nomebis dasaqvemdebareblad moqmedeba. xangrZlivi mmarTvelobis Semdeg,<br />
egvipte samoqalaqo omma moicva da qveyanaSi e. w. pirveli Sualeduri<br />
periodi Camoyalibda. es xana sakmaod mZime gamodga qveynisaTvis, moxda<br />
dramatuli gardatexa <strong>samxedro</strong> ideologiaSi. misi mTavari debuleba<br />
sakuTari miwa-wylis SenarCunebaSi gamoixata. palestinaSi egviptis<br />
gavlena gaqarwyalda da aq gabatonebulma `azielebma~ nilosis deltis<br />
aRmosavleT nawilSic SeaRwies.<br />
17
nomarxTa ormocdaaTwliani brZola sabolood Tebes mmarTvelis<br />
gamarjvebiT damTavrda, romelmac daaxl. Zv. w. 2040 w. daaarsa egviptis<br />
Sua samefo. am epoqis faraonebs ukve regularuli ricxvmravali jari<br />
hyavdaT; amave dros, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi brZanebis Tanaxmad,<br />
nomarxebs damatebiTi Zalebi unda miewodebinaT. yoveli asi kacidan erTi<br />
jarSi unda yofiliyo gawveuli.<br />
iseve rogorc <strong>Zvel</strong>i aRmosavleTis bevr sxva mxareSi, am epoqis<br />
egvipteSic, isev farTod gamoiyeneboda arqauli iaraRebi: kverTxi,<br />
sabrZolo culi, mSvild-isari. brinjaos xanaSi maT, bunebrivia, daemata<br />
brinjaosgan damzadebuli iaraRi da abjari. brinjaos saWurvelsa da<br />
abjars am epoqis egvipteSi jaris efeqturobisaTvis ukve gansakuTrebiT<br />
didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. msubuqi qveiTi jari atarebda sartylebs da<br />
SeiaraRebuli iyo martivi mSvildiTa da brinjaos isrispirebiT. mZime<br />
qveiTi jari xisa da tyavisgan tlanqad nakeTebi farebiT, brinjaos<br />
maxvilebiT da spilenZis SubispirebiT. TandaTanobiT gavrcelda ufro<br />
efeqturi, mTlianad liTonisagan damzadebuli farebi.<br />
<strong>Zvel</strong>ad iaraRi oTxi saxeobis arsebobda: 1. xeldaxel<br />
brZolisaTvis: satevrebi, maxvilebi, danebi, xelketebi, kverTxebi,<br />
culebi da sxva; 2. xis tarze damagrebuli liTonis sabrZolo<br />
nawiliani, brZolis dros mowinaaRmdegisagan usafrTxo distanciaze<br />
dasarCenad: Subebi, xelSubebi da sxva; 3. sasroli iaraRebi: mSvildisari,<br />
Surduli; 4. saalyo mowyobilebebi: taranebi, saalyo godolebi<br />
da sxva.<br />
Sua samefos epoqaSi, gansakuTrebiT didi yuradReba eTmoboda<br />
egviptis mudmivad mzardi sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis dacvas. garda gareSe<br />
mtrisagan qveynis dacvis saWiroebisa, sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeboda<br />
egviptis simdidrisa da siZlieris erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faqtoris _<br />
savaWro gzebis kontroli. Tumca am periodis damlevs egviptem mainc<br />
ver SesZlo Tavisi damoukideblobis SenarCuneba. misi dacemis mizezi,<br />
pirvel rigSi, qveynis saarako simdidris mimzidveloba gaxldaT.<br />
egviptis laSqari or nawilad iyo gayofili: zemo da qvemo<br />
egviptis armiebad, romlebic TavTavianT mxedarTmTavarebs<br />
eqvemdebarebodnen. faraoni armiis uzeanaesi mTavarsardali iyo. misi<br />
TanaSemweebi iyvnen armiis mTavarsardlebi. specialistTa azriT,<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> ierarqia egvipteSiDZiriTadad Sua samefos xanidan iCens Tavs.<br />
Sua samefos faraonebis agresiuli strategia palestinasa da siriaSi<br />
miznad isaxavda SeeCerebina egvipteze aRmosavleTidan Semoseuli<br />
tomebis mosalodneli Semoteva. Sedegi sapirispiro gamodga, `azielebma~<br />
kontrieriSiT delta ukve mTlianad Caigdes xelSi da gaerTianebuli egviptis<br />
samefo isev daiSala.<br />
axalmosulebi, gasxvavebuli warmomavlobis xalxisgan Sedgebodnen.<br />
maT Soris iyvnen semitebi * , indo-evropelebi * , xuritebi da sxva. yvela<br />
18
es gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis xalxi egviptelebis mier moixenieboda<br />
hiqsosebad, rac egvipturad `ucxo batonebs~ niSnavda. hiqsosebi egvipteSi<br />
saukuneze met xans batonobdnen (108 wlis ganmavlobaSi). egviptis<br />
istoriis es periodi cnobilia, rogorc meore Sualeduri periodi.<br />
maT daaarses meTxuTmete da SesaZloa meTeqvsmete dinastiebi.<br />
hiqsosebis batonoba efuZneboda <strong>samxedro</strong> teqnikisa da strategiis<br />
upiratesobebs. maT egvipteSi Semoiyvanes cxenebi da Semoitanes msubuqi<br />
etlebi, brinjaos mWreli iaraRebi, javSani da Sedgenili mSvildebi,<br />
romlebic gacilebiT ufro zustad da did manZilze styorcnidnen isars.<br />
brZolis es saSualebebi, maTda uneburad, maT mier Setanili<br />
wvlili gamodga momdevno xanebis egviptis SeiaraRebaSi. egvipteSi<br />
hiqosebis gamoCenas SeiaraRebis teqnologiasa da <strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>saqme</strong>Si<br />
mniSvnelovani dawinaureba ukavSirdeba.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom uaRresad mobiluri e. w. hiqsosuri cxeniani<br />
msubuqi etlebi, pirvelad xuritebma SemoiRes siriaSi maTi cxovrebis<br />
dros. mecnierTa didi nawili xuritebs kavkasiuri warmomavlobis<br />
xalxad miiCnevs.<br />
msubuqi etli faqtobrivad warmoadgenda moZrav baqans, saidanac<br />
xdeboda mtris winaaRmdeg satyorcni iaraRebis gamoyeneba. brZolis<br />
dros misi moqmedeba koordinirebuli iyo qveiTi jaris manevrebTan da<br />
ZiriTadad, am ukanasknelis xelSewyobiT sargeblobda. hiqsosuri etlis<br />
ekipaJi ori kacisagan Sedgeboda, meetlisagan, romelsac etlis marTvis<br />
garda faric unda moemarjvebina da mSvild-isriTa da satyorcni SubebiT<br />
aRWurvili mebrZolisagan. Sedgenili mSvildis daxvewis Sedegad, gaCnda<br />
misi gadazneqilboloebiani saxeoba, kidev ufro gaumjobesda isris pirebic,<br />
gaCnda faris, satevrisa da maxvilis axali saxeobebi, jaWvis perangi,<br />
liTonis muzaradi da sxva.<br />
sabrZolo etlebsa da cxenebze kontrols, maTi batonobis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
mxolod hiqsosebi inarCunebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT<br />
SeiTvises egvipturi ena, wes-Cveulebebi, cxovrebis yvela garegnuli ni-<br />
Sani, isini mainc atarebdnen TavianT araegviptur pirad saxelebs da<br />
eweodnen Tavis <strong>Zvel</strong>, tradiciul RvTismsaxurebas. amave dros, hiqsosebma<br />
SeiTvises tradiciuli egvipturi samefo wodebebi da RvTaeba setis *<br />
kulti. es RvTaeba, Tavdapirvelad, qvemo egviptis mTavari RvTaeba iyo,<br />
xolo mogvianebiT egviptelTa mier ratomRac ucxoelTa RvTaebad miiCneoda.<br />
rogorc Cans, hiqsosebma seti egviptur RvTaebaTa Soris yvelaze<br />
metad miamsgavses Tavis sakuTar mTavar RvTaebas.<br />
hiqsosTa Zalauflebis qveS moqceuli mxare SemozRuduli iyo<br />
nilosis aRmosavleT deltisa da Sua egviptis teritoriebiT. zemo egviptis<br />
mmarTveloba TebeSi * mokalaTebuli egviptelebis xelSi iyo,<br />
romlebic hiqsosebs xarks uxdidnen xolme. hiqsosebma dedaqalaqi mem-<br />
19
fisSi * moiwyes, xolo sazafxulo da amasTanave ZiriTadi rezidencia<br />
avarisSi * hqondaT.<br />
hiqsosebTan brZolis saWiroebam, egviptelebi aiZula gadmoeRoT<br />
bevri ram TavianTi azieli dampyroblebisagan. egvipturi jari maTTan<br />
xangrZliv brZolebSi eziara mtris aRmatebul strategiasa da ukeTes<br />
SeiaraRebas da TandaTanobiT gadaerTo maT gamoyenebaze. axali nimuSis<br />
jari dafuZnebuli iyo mkacri discipliniT kontrolirebad struqturul<br />
ierarqiaze. SeTvisebuli da gaumjobesebuli iqna brinjaos Camosxmis<br />
teqnologia. pirvelad am dros gamoiyeneboda egvipteSi abjari da<br />
namglisformiani maxvili, xofeSi (ix. qvemoT).<br />
am axalma sabrZolo teqnologiebma Zireulad Secvala egviptelTa<br />
saomari efeqturobis done. ukve Zv. w. XVII saukunis damlevidan egviptelebi<br />
iTviseben cxenSebmul sabrZolo etlebs da imdenad daxelovdnen<br />
am <strong>saqme</strong>Si, rom SeZles hiqsosebis brZolaSi gamowveva. pirveli, vinc es<br />
gabeda, Tebes mefe seyenenre (Zv. w. 1558-1554 w.w.) iyo. marTalia, igi am<br />
brZolas Seewira, Tumca cxadi gaxda, rom brZola hiqsosebTan SesaZlebeli<br />
iyo. misi memkvidris, Tebes meCvidmete dinastiis ukanaskneli<br />
faraonis, kamoses (Zv. w. 1554-1549 w.w.) xelmZRvanelobiT, egviptelTa<br />
flotma sakmaod daxvewili moqmedebisa da rTuli sanaosno manevrebis<br />
saSualebiT gaimarjva hiqsosebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi navsadgur avaris-<br />
Tan (daaxl. Zv. w. XVI saukunis Sua xanebi). momdevno faraonma, kamoses<br />
Zmam, iahmes I-ma (Zv. w. 1550-1525 w.w.), romelmac daaarsa egviptis axali,<br />
meTvramete samefo dinastia, Tavisi zeobis meTeqvsmete wels aiRo<br />
hiqsosTa dedaqalaqi da hiqsosebi Zv. w. XVI saukunis Sua xanebidan<br />
sabolood gaaZeva egviptidan. amis Semdgom, egvipteSi dgeba axali samefos<br />
xana. hiqsosebis saxeli didxans SemorCa egviptis istorias. elinistur<br />
xanamde, egviptur literaturaSi, maTi saxelwodeba termin<br />
`azielis~ sinonimad gamoiyeneboda. maTi xvedri bevri ramiT waagavs Sua<br />
saukuneebSi egvipteSi gabatonebul da ZiriTadad kavkasiuri warmomavlobis<br />
mqone mamluqebis bed-iRbals.<br />
rogorc iTqva, orcxenSebmuli etlebi egvipteSi meore Sualeduri<br />
periodis damlevsa da axali samefos xanis (daaxl. Zv. w. 1550-1069 w.w.)<br />
dasawyisSia gavrcelebuli, xolo yvelaze adreuli gamosaxuleba egvipturi<br />
cxenebiani etlisa mocemulia Tutmos I-is (Zv. w. 1504-1492 w.w.)<br />
xoWo-samkaulze (skarabi). misi SviliSvili, Tutmos III (Zv. w. 1479-1425<br />
w.w.), romelmac arnaxulad gaafarTova egviptis farglebi siriapalestinis<br />
xarjze, iuwyeba, rom megidosTan * miRweuli gamarjvebis<br />
Sedegad (Zv. w. 1457 w. 16 aprils, saSualo qronologiiT), man xelT<br />
igdo 924 cali siriuli etli.<br />
siriuli etli sakmaod mZime da uxeSi samarTavi iyo. egviptelebma<br />
mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobeses igi da sakuTar moTxovnilebebs miusadages.<br />
egviptelebma sabrZolo etlis sakuTari versia meTvramete dinastiis (Zv.<br />
20
w. 1550-1295 w.w.) sawyis xanaSi SeimuSaves. kerZod, etlis kedris xis<br />
karkasi ifnis an aryis xis masaliT Caanacvles. mZime siriuli Tvlebi<br />
Secvales TvlebiT, romelTac mxolod eqvsi Tvlis mana hqonda centralur<br />
morgvTan misabmelad. Tu Tavdapirvelad etlis Zara totebisagan<br />
mownuli iyo, ris gamoc siCqaris dros Zlierad injRreoda, ufro<br />
gvian mas ukve gamZle tyavisgan amzadebdnen. baqani ukana mxares gadaxsnili<br />
iyo, raTa etlSi SeRweva da misi mitoveba meetlisa da mSvildosnisaTvis<br />
gaadvilebuli yofiliyo. etlis konstruqciaSi am cvlilebebis<br />
Setanis Sedegad, igi bevrad ufro msubuqi da Sesabamisad swrafi<br />
gaxda. msubuqi etli, hiqsosebis gamogonil Sedgenil mSvildTan erTad,<br />
egviptis jars swrafi da Sori manZilidan Setevis SesaZleblobas<br />
aZlevda. egviptur etls upiratesoba hqonda axlo aRmosavleTis yvela<br />
sxva Tanadrouli xanis etlTan SedarebiT.<br />
etlis ekipaJi ori kacisagan Sedgeboda, meetles xelSi Solti da<br />
aRviri ekava, xolo mebrZols Sedgenili mSvildi, isrebis gamolevis<br />
Semdeg xelSubs iyenebdnen. etlSi msxdomT iSviaTad ecvaT qerclovani<br />
abjari, upiratesoba ZiriTadad tyavis salteebs eniWebodaT, romlebic<br />
an mkerdze iyo gadajvaredinebuli, anda fars hqonda gadakruli. amrigad,<br />
zeda tani metnaklebad daculi iyo, xolo qveda tans etlis korpusi<br />
efareboda. etliT mebrZolTa mozidva ZiriTadad egviptis maRali wreebidan<br />
xdeboda.<br />
amave dros, ZiriTadi gaumjobeseba xdeba saerTod egviptur<br />
SeiaraRebaSi. sainteresoa, rom jer kidev Zv. w. 1274 wels kadeSTan<br />
momxdari generalur brZolamde erTi wliT adre, ramses II (Zv. w. 1279-<br />
1213 w.w.) nabrZanebi hqonda sabrZolo iaraRis didi raodenobiT<br />
damzadeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTeli rigi inovaciebi (siaxle) sabrZolo<br />
aRWurvilobaSi, xeTebisa da egviptelebis urTierTbrZolis xaniT<br />
TariRdeba. garda zemoxsenebuli orkaciani egvipturi msubuqi etlisa,<br />
romelic bevrad ufro mobiluri da Sesabamisad efeqturi iyo, mZime,<br />
samkacian xeTur etlTan SedarebiT, egviptelebi iyenebdnen e. w. gamWvalav<br />
sabrZolo culs _ qveiTi jaris mier gamoyenebuli qvisTaviani<br />
kverTxis monacvles, romelsac SeeZlo xeTebis liTonis muzaradis gapoba.<br />
egviptur jarSi gamoiyeneboda agreTve xofeSi, namglis moyvanilobis<br />
maxvili, romelic faqtobrivad sabrZolo culs warmoadgenda da<br />
namglisagan gansxvavebiT garepiri hqonda galesili. egviptelebma axali<br />
samefos xanaSi igi Tavis erT-erT popularul iaraRad aqcies. garda<br />
sabrZolo daniSnulebisa, igi saceremonio ritualebis drosac gamoiyeneboda.<br />
amaze miuTiTebs am iaraRis zogierTi napovni calis blagvi piri,<br />
aseve samefo akldamebSi maTi aRmoCenis faqti. kerZod, tutanxamonis akldamaSi<br />
ori xofeSi iyo napovni. egvipturi taZrebis kedlebze es<br />
iaraRi gamosaxulia xolme RvTaebaTa xelSi, romlebic mas gadascemen<br />
21
faraonebs brZolaSi gamarjvebis miRwevis sawindrad. sainteresoa, rom es<br />
iaraRi Sumeruli warmomavlobisa iyo da Tavis droze gamoiyeneboda winaazielebis<br />
mier TviT egviptelebTan sabrZolvelad.<br />
winaaziuri warmomavlobis iyo foCiani muzaradi da javSnis moklesaxeloebiani<br />
perangi, romelic Sedgeboda tyavis qurTukisa da masze<br />
Camokiduli liTonis firfitebisagan. mecxramete dinastiis jariskacebi<br />
atarebdnen tyavis an tilos tunikebs, romlebic dafaruli iyo qerclovani<br />
liTonis abjriT. sazogadod, am xanisaTvis liTondamuSaveba<br />
maRal doneze iyo asuli. faraonebis qerclovan abjarSi xSirad inkrustirebuli<br />
iyo naxevrad Zvirfasi qvebi, romlebic kidev ufro<br />
zrdidnen abjris efeqturobas, vinaidan es qvebi ufro myari iyo, vidre<br />
isris wvetisaTvis gamoyenebuli liToni.<br />
egviptelebma hiqsosuri Sedgenili mSvildis garda, SeiTvises<br />
xeTuri ormagi mSvildic. amave dros, rkinisagan damzadebulma iaraRebma,<br />
romelTac xeTebi ukve iyenebdnen, ver hpova gavrceleba egvipteSi.<br />
tutanxamonis akldamaSi mikvleuli rkinis satevari, rogorc Cans,<br />
mxolod saceremonio daniSnulebisa iyo.<br />
hiqsosebis gandevnis Semdeg, egviptelebma usafrTxoebis zona<br />
Camoayalibes, romelic droTa msvlelobaSi egviptis imperiis Semadgeneli<br />
nawili gaxda da egviptec wina aziis umTavres saxelmwifoeb-<br />
Tan uSualo da arcTu yovelTvis mSvidobian kontaqtSi Sevida. Tutmos<br />
I-ma mesopotamiaSi ilaSqra, raTa sabolood amoeZirkva md. evfratTan<br />
mcxovrebi hiqsosebis saxsenebeli. sainteresoa, rom Tavis warweraSi<br />
faraoni evfrats araswor mdinares uwodebs, anu mdinares, romelic ara<br />
marTebuli mimarTulebiT miedineba. fiqroben, rom am SemTxvevaSi Tutmos<br />
I-s mxedvelobaSi unda hqonoda nilosis dineba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken<br />
maSin, rodesac evfrati sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT miedineba. egviptelebisaTvis<br />
xom yvelaferi, rac egviptur sinamdviles Sordeboda<br />
miuRebeli da dasagmobi iyo.<br />
axali samefos xanaSi (Zv. w. daaxl. 1550-1069 w.w.) axali safrTxeebi<br />
gamoCnda _ xeTebi, zRvis xalxebi * da sxva. hiqsosebis mier egviptelTa<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>saqme</strong>Si Setanili wvlili, rogorc ukve iTqva, sasargeblo<br />
gamodga ucxoelTa Tavdasxmisagan qveynis warmatebuli dacvisaTvis.<br />
axali samefos xanaSi egviptis <strong>samxedro</strong> Zalebi ukve sami ganStoebisagan<br />
Sedgeboda: qveiTi jaris, cxeniani etlebis nawilebisa da<br />
flotisagan. axali samefos xanis armiaSi didi raodenobiT iyo moqirave<br />
jariskacebi. qveiTi jari axali samefos xanaSi TiTqmis mTlianad qiriT<br />
iyo Sekrebili, rogorc ucxoeli moqiraveebi, aseve adgilobrivebic.<br />
rogorc wesi, maT imave erovnebis sardali edgaT xolme saTaveSi.<br />
ucxoelTagan nubielebis garda, jer kidev Sua samefos xanidan,<br />
qiraobdnen `marianus~ * nawilebs, romlebic mTel wina aziaze modebul,<br />
22
etlze amxedrebul warCinebul meomrebs warmoadgendnen. gansakuTrebiT<br />
mravlad iyvnen XIX-XX dinastiebis, axali samefos ramesidul periodSi<br />
* (daaxl. Zv. w. 1295-1069 w.w.) Serdenidan, libiidan, siriidan<br />
daqiravebuli nawilebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom ramses II-s damarcxebuli hyavda<br />
Serdenis xalxi, romelic zogierTi mecnieris azriT, sardiniidan iyvnen<br />
wamosulni da sazareli mekobreebis saxeli hqondaT moxveWili. Serdenelebs,<br />
sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli, swori maxvili da rqebiT Semkuli<br />
muzaradebi hqondaT. ramses II-m isini Tavisi armiisaTvis daiqirava da<br />
Serdenelebmac mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules kadeSis brZolaSi, rodesac,<br />
sxvebTan erTad, Semoabrunes ramsesisaTvis tragikulad mimdinare<br />
brZolis msvleloba da egviptelebi gamanadgurebel marcxs gadaarCines.<br />
wina aziaSi posthiqsosuri xanis egviptel faraonTa batonobis<br />
erTpirovnebas zRvari TviT egviptis faraonma, amenhotep IV-m (Zv. w.<br />
1352-1334 w.w.), igive exnatonma, daudo. man egviptis uzenaesi RvTaeba<br />
ameni (`uxilavad~ wodebuli) Secvala ateniT (`mzis disko~) da aiZula<br />
egviptis qurumoba es cvlileba maTi nebis winaaRmdeg eRiarebina. mTeli<br />
misi Zalisxmeva am religiuri reformis (e. w. amarnis revoluciis) gatarebaze<br />
iyo mimarTuli. aziaSi Seqmnili Zalauflebis vakuumiT isargebles<br />
xeTebma da sakvanZo poziciebi igdes xelT. mxolod exnatonis<br />
Zalauflebidan CamoSorebis Semdeg, axalma faraonma tutanxatenma, romelmac<br />
qurumTa mier amunis kultis aRdgenis Semdeg tutanxamonis saxeli<br />
miiRo (Zv. w. 1333-1324 w.w.), daiwyo qveynis aRorZineba.<br />
mkvlevarTa azriT, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevris axloaRmosavluri<br />
samyaro ukve sakmaod erTian, integrirebul regions warmoadgenda.<br />
aq arsebuli mZlavri saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebidan,<br />
verc egviptelebi, verc xeTebi, verc miTanelebi * da verc mesopotamielebi,<br />
ver SeZlebdnen sakuTari siZlieris SenarCunebas sxvaTa<br />
kuTvnili resursebis gamoyenebis gareSe. verc erTi mZlavri qveyana ver<br />
gaxdeboda ramdenadme mniSvnelovani levantSi (aRmosavleT xmel-<br />
TaSuazRvispireTi, siria-palestina) gamavali savaWro gzebis gakontrolebis<br />
gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare, advili gasagebia didi saxelmwifoebis<br />
mudmivi Widili am mxaris xelSi Casagdebad. am mxareSi, Zv. w. II<br />
aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi, megidosa da kadeSis brZolebSi axlo aRmosavleTis<br />
sxvadasxva regionebidan SemoWrili 20000 kaciani armiebi<br />
gadiodnen asobiT kilometrs logistikuri * mxardaWeris sistemiTurT,<br />
romelic jars kudSi mihyveboda. gansakuTrebulad reliefurad gamovlinda<br />
es daintereseba kadeSis brZolasTan dakavSirebiT. es brZola ara<br />
mxolod egviptisa da xeTebis samefos <strong>samxedro</strong> istoriis TvalsazrisiT<br />
aris saintereso, masSi faqtobrivad mTeli axlo aRmosavleTi aRmoCnda<br />
CaTreuli da Sesabamisad misi SeswavliT, Semajamebeli warmodgena iqmneba<br />
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras miaRwia Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevrisaTvis,<br />
23
civilizaciis istoriisaTvis am umniSvnelovanesma mxarem <strong>samxedro</strong> saqmis<br />
ganviTarebis mxriv (ix. qvemoT).<br />
yvelaze adreuli samSvidobo xelSekruleba, romlis teqstmac Cvenamde<br />
sruli saxiT moaRwia daido kadeSis brZolis Semdgom xanaSi, Zv.<br />
w. 1258 w., egviptis faraon ramses II-sa da xeTebis mefe xaTusili III-is<br />
Soris. masSi CamoTvlilia pirobebi, romelTa Sesrulebis Sedegad Sewydeboda<br />
am or qveyanas Soris mimdinare xangrZlivi, sisxlismRvreli omi,<br />
romelmac orive qveyana mniSvnelovnad daazarala da gamofita. mefeebi<br />
SeTanxmdnen, rom erTmaneTTan aRarasodes aRar eomaT, erTmaneTis datyvevebuli<br />
jariskacebi gaecvalaT da erTmaneTs daxmarebodnen, Tuki vinme<br />
sxva, gareSe Zala, romelime maTgans Tavs daesxmeboda (ix. qvemoT).<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom arcTu iSviaTia, <strong>Zvel</strong>aRmosavlur istoriul<br />
wyaroebSi da xelovnebis nimuSebSi alyis amsaxveli cnobebi Tu gamosaxulebi,<br />
arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad dRevandlamde, am mxriv, Zalze<br />
cota ram Tu aris mikvleuli.<br />
Zalze iSviaTi iyo didi armiebis Ria brZolaSi erTmaneTTan<br />
dapirispireba. gamonaklisi iyo kadeSis brZola da isic Ria Setakebis<br />
Semdeg dazavebiT damTavrda (ix. qvemoT). ufro adgili hqonda xolme<br />
naklebi winaaRmdegobis unaris mqone qalaqebisa da saxelmwifoebis<br />
sruli damorCilebisken swrafvas. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia egviptelTa<br />
mier, alyis Sedegad, qalaq dafuris * aReba, gamosaxuli XIX dinastiis<br />
udidesi mefis, ramses II-is memorialuri taZris kedelze, TebeSi. naxatis<br />
mixedviT, dafuri borcvze mdebare, Zlierad gamagrebuli qalaqia<br />
gare da Sida galavnebiT, msgavsad sxva Tanadrouli siriuli qalaqebisa.<br />
moalye egviptelebi misadgami kibiT cdiloben galavnis gadalaxvas,<br />
xolo mSvildosnebi maT azRveven. faraonsa da sxva egviptelebs orcxeniani<br />
orTvala etlebi aqvT brZolaSi gamoyenebuli (il. 4).<br />
alyis Semortymis dros, yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli xerxi iyo<br />
alyaSi moqceulTa gare samyarosagan izolacia da danebebisken iZuleba.<br />
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis nebis gasatexad, garda kedlebis taranebiT<br />
mtvrevis, galavanze midgmuli kibeebisa da cecxlis wakidebisa, gamoyenebuli<br />
iyo alyaSi moqceulTa SimSiliT gamofitvis xerxic. vinaidan<br />
alya zogjer sakmaod xangrZlivad grZeldeboda, mcire ZalebiT misi wamowyeba<br />
logistikuri xasiaTis garemoebebis gamo, SeuZlebeli xdeboda.<br />
faraon Tutmos III-is analebi, Semonaxuli karnakis (zemo egvipte) taZris<br />
kedlebze, gvamcnoben, rom megidos alya Svidi Tvis ganmavlobaSi<br />
grZeldeboda, vidre bolos da bolos misi mcxovreblebi egviptelebs ar<br />
danebdnen. analebSi megidos aReba dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili.<br />
saalyo aRWurvilobaSi kedlis gatarnvisaTvis gamoyenebuli taranebi<br />
ukve brinjaos xanaSi iyo cnobili, Tumca maTi gamosaxulebebi Cvenamde<br />
ar aris moRweuli. yvelaze adre isini axalasuruli xanis<br />
24
nipuris * sasaxlis bareliefebze gvxvdeba da Zv. w. IX saukuniT<br />
TariRdeba (il. 6).<br />
alyis mowyobamde, bunebrivia, mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi Catardeboda.<br />
es kargad Cans <strong>Zvel</strong> aRTqmaSi, ieriqonis mZlavrgalavniani qalaqis<br />
saswaulebrivi aRebis Sesaxeb monaTxrobSi. aq yuradRebas ipyrobs isu<br />
navesis mier ieriqonSi, winaswar farulad, mstovarTa gagzavnis ambavi,<br />
romelTac qalaqSi, Tu mis gareT arsebuli viTarebis dazverva evalebodaT<br />
(isu navesis wigni, 2:1-3,24).<br />
bevri cnobaa Semonaxuli ama Tu im qalaqis aReba-darbevis Sesaxeb,<br />
Tumca arcTu xSirad mogvepoveba konkretuli informacia imis Sesaxeb,<br />
Tu rogor xdeboda xolme es. miuxedavad amisa, zogierT SemTxvevaSi Semonaxulia<br />
naxevrad legendaruli ambebi, gmirTa moxerxebulobisa da<br />
cbierebis Sedegad qalaqebis aRebis Sesaxeb. brZolebis dros mravalgvari<br />
fandebi gamoiyeneboda xolme. amiT gansakuTrebiT saxelganTqmuli iyo<br />
egviptis faraoni Tutmos III. mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli troas<br />
cxenis istoriis msgavsi SemTxveva, romelic dakavSirebulia egviptelTa<br />
mier qalaq iofas aRebasTan. alyisas man saukeTeso egvipteli meomrebi<br />
gadamala mTavari karibWiT qalaqSi Setanil marcvleuliT savse tomrebSi.<br />
Tutmosma TvalTmaqcoba gamoiCina megidoze Tavdasxmis drosac.<br />
megidosaken ori gza midioda, erTi farTo da swori, meore – viwro da<br />
oRro-CoRro, romliTac jaris gadayvana Zneli warmosadgeni iyo, Tutmos<br />
III-m swored es meore gza airCia da ZiriTad gzasTan Casafrebul<br />
mowinaaRmdeges Tavs moulodnelad waadga da `kudiT qva asrolina~.<br />
egvipteSi Tu axali samefos xanamde ar arsebobda mudmivi jari da<br />
TiToeuli nomis mmarTveli agrovebda faraonisaTvis xalxs mosaxleobaSi,<br />
axali samefos periodSi jars hqonda ara damxmare roli saxelmwifos<br />
funqcionirebaSi, aramed warmoadgenda uaRresad arsebiT struqturas.<br />
XVIII dinastiis meomari faraoni Tutmos III iyo pirveli, vinc<br />
daaarsa egvipteSi pirveli mudmivi profesiuli armia. axalwveulebisagan<br />
Sedgenili laSqari Seicvala profesionali jariskacebis mtkice da mudmiv<br />
organizaciad. ucxo qveynebis damorCileba moiTxovda iq mudmivi<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> Zalis sagarnizono samsaxurSi Cayenebas. garda amisa, interesTa<br />
Sejaxebebi iseT mZlavr winaaziur saxelmwifoebTan, rogoric xeTebis,<br />
miTanis, asurelTa da babilonelTa samefoebi iyo, moiTxovda egviptelTa<br />
xSir laSqrobebs Sors, sakuTari qveynis farglebs gareT.<br />
adreuli xanebisgan gansxvavebiT, swored axali samefos xanaSi<br />
gaxda armia rigiTi egviptelebisaTvis mdgomareobisa da statusis gaumjobesebis<br />
saSualeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom meTaurTa Semadgenlobis<br />
yvela doneze Camoyalibebuli iyo mkafiod gansazRvruli ierarqia, nebismier<br />
ganaTlebul egviptels eZleoda Sansi mieRo maRali Tanamdeboba.<br />
maRali wodebis <strong>samxedro</strong>ebs hqondaT SesaZlebloba gamxdariyvnen didebulebi,<br />
es miT ufro xelsayreli iyo, rom didebulTa wina Taoba ar<br />
25
iyo maincadamainc daxelovnebulni <strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>saqme</strong>Si. maRali wodebis<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong>ebi unda yofiliyvnen ara mxolod unariani sardlebi da<br />
strategebi, aramed saTanadod ganaTlebulnic. yvelaze prestiJuli da<br />
dafasebuli wodeba mejinibeTuxucesoba iyo da es arc unda iyos moulodneli<br />
posthiqsosuri xanis egvipteSi. imisaTvis, raTa SeenarCunebina<br />
warCinebul <strong>samxedro</strong>Ta Tayvaniscema, faraoni guluxvad ajildovebda<br />
maT sapatio titulebiT, mamulebiT, monebiTa da oqroTi. araferi iyo<br />
dasaSuri im xalxisaTvis, vinc egviptis sidiades xels uwyobda.<br />
yovelive amis Sedegad, egvipteSi TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda didi gavlenis<br />
mqone <strong>samxedro</strong> elita.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, omi mudmivi da mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo egviptis<br />
sazogadoebriv cxvrebasa da politikaSi. <strong>Zvel</strong>i samefos xanaSi mas<br />
araregularuli xasiaTi hqonda, mezoblebTan SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi<br />
erTob iSviaTi iyo. Sua samefos xanaSi, <strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>saqme</strong> mniSvnelovnad<br />
winaurdeba, erTmaneTTan gadajaWvuli cixe-simagreebis saSualebiT<br />
dainerga Tavdacvis daxvewili sistema. gvian brinjaos xanaSi egvipte<br />
Tavs aRwevs izolacias da gare kontaqtebis zrda xels uwyobs <strong>samxedro</strong>Ta<br />
klasis aRmocenebas, ukve savsebiT Camoyalibebuli saxiT. axali<br />
samefos gviandel xanaSi ucxoelTa Semosevis safrTxis zrdam da ganaTlebuli<br />
`saSualo klasis~ TandaTanobiTma gafarToebam daamsxvria<br />
RvTaeba-mefis idea da Searyia egvipturi sazogadoebis ierarqiuli<br />
struqtura.<br />
anatolia. Tu qvis xanis ganmavlobaSi anatolia msoflios erT-erT u<strong>Zvel</strong>es<br />
sakvebwarmoebiT centrs warmoadgenda, liTonis xanaSi mas ukve<br />
gamorCeuli adgili ekava adreuli metalurgiis, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli,<br />
mdidruli da uaRresad daxvewili tradiciebis arsebobis gamo.<br />
amis damadasturebelia, Tundac qveynis centralur nawilSi, alaja<br />
hoiuqisa da boRazqois (igive xeTebis dedaqalaqi xaTusasa) da CrdilodasavleT<br />
anatoliaSi, hisarliqis (igive homerosis `iliadaSi~ * aRwerili<br />
troa) arqeologiuri gaTxrebis monapovari.<br />
eneoliTis (qalkoliTis * ) xana anatoliaSi moicavda Zv. w. VI-IV<br />
aTaswleulebs. am dros kidev ufro dawinaurda miwaTmoqmedeba da mesaqonleoba.<br />
am epoqis Senobebi, ZiriTadad, alizis aguriT aris nagebi;<br />
WurWleuli Tixis, qvisa da xisaa; xSiria dawnuli kalaTebi; iaraRi ka-<br />
Jidan, obsidianidan, Zvlidan da rqidan mzaddeboda. liTonwarmoebis dawinaurebasTan<br />
erTad ganviTarda anatoliis savaWro urTierToba, rogorc<br />
siria-mesopotamiasTan, aseve balkaneTis naxevarkunZulTan da mis dasavleTiT<br />
mdebare xmelTaSuazRvispireTul samyarosTan. qalkoliTuri xanis<br />
anatoliis umTavresi arqeologiuri Zeglebia hajilaris, jan hasanis,<br />
beijesulTnis, aliSarisa da alaja hoiuqis namosaxlarebi da samarovnebi.<br />
26
injaos xana (Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis damlevidan Zv. w. XII s.<br />
dasawyisamde) xasiaTdeba spilenZisa da kalis (an dariSxanis) Senadnobis<br />
anu brinjaos warmoebiT, romlisganac ZiriTadad mzaddeboda, rogorc<br />
sabrZolo da sameurneo daniSnulebis iaraRebi, WurWleuli, aseve samkaulebi<br />
da statuetebi. fufunebis sagnebis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneboda<br />
agreTve oqro-vercxli da maTi Senadnobisagan miRebul eleqtrumTan *<br />
erTad. gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinod am xanis anatoliis liTondamuSavebis<br />
maRali done gamovlinda alaja hoiuqisa (centraluri anatolia) da<br />
troas (Crdilo-dasavleT anatolia) gaTxrebis Sedegad. samarxebidan<br />
gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT liTonis sagnebia miRebuli. mamakacebi<br />
imarxebodnen saWurvelTan erTad; qalebi samkaulebTan, satualeto da<br />
sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis nivTebTan erTad. mravali sagani Zvirfasi<br />
liTonebidan iyo damzadebuli. anatoliuri metalurgiis maRali done<br />
liTonis nedleuliT qveynis simdidriT iyo ganpirobebuli. aq TiTqmis<br />
yvela saWiro liToni moipoveboda kalis garda, romlis importireba<br />
xdeboda.<br />
winaxeTuri xanis anatoliuri civilizaciis ganviTarebis maRal<br />
doneze migvaniSnebs alaja hoiuqis akldamebis uaRresad STambeWdavi inventari.<br />
mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda daxvewili da sanimuSod nakeTi<br />
iaraRi, samkauli, mcire plastika, vercxlis, oqros, eleqtrumis, brinjaos<br />
da TviT rkinis iaraR-xelsawyoebi da WurWleuli. gansakuTrebiT<br />
sayuradReboa, rkinidan damzadebuli satevari, rac sruliad unikaluri<br />
movlenaa Zv. w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevrisaTvis da aTas welze meti<br />
xniT uswrebs rkinis gamoCenas msoflios sxva mxareebSi.<br />
swored anatoliis gansakuTrebulma simdidrem liTonis wiaRiseuliT<br />
da sazogadod anatoliis uxvma bunebrivma resursebma miizides<br />
asureli sovdagrebi, romlebic, upirveles yovlisa, liTonis gataniT<br />
iyvnen dainteresebuli. mesopotamiaSi gansakuTrebiT didi moTxovnileba<br />
iyo anatoliis liTonis madansa da nakeTobebze. asurelTa savaWro koloniebi<br />
SuamdinareTidan centralur anatoliamde gadaiWima.<br />
Sua brinjaos xanis anatoliaSi asurelebma daafuZnes am qveyanasTan<br />
vaWrobis Taviseburi sistema. kerZod, maT SedarebiT didi qalaqebis siaxloves<br />
Tu maT gareubnebSi daaarses qarumebi anu bazrebi. sul daarsebuli<br />
iyo 20 aseTi qarumi, romlebic imarTeboda sabaziso qanesis qarumidan<br />
(qiulTefe). asurelebi, rogorc wesi, ixdidnen qirasa da gadasaxadebs<br />
adgilobrivi mmarTvelebis sasargeblod da amiT uzrunvelyofdnen<br />
Tavis usafrTxoebas. savaWrod qaravnebi gamoiyeneboda, romelTac<br />
anatoliaSi kala, saparfiumerio sagnebi da samkaulebi SemohqondaT,<br />
xolo gahqondaT vercxlisa da oqros nakeTobebi.<br />
asurelma sovdagrebma sakmao raodenobis werilobiTi dokumentebi<br />
dagvitoves Tavisi savaWro aqtiurobis Sesaxeb. anatoliur qalaqebSi:<br />
nesa-kanesSi (qiulTefe Tanamed. qaiserTan), xaTusasa (boRazqoi) da anqu-<br />
27
vaSi (aliSari) napovni aTasobiT Tixis firfita gvamcnobs <strong>Zvel</strong>asuruli<br />
savaWro koloniis udides aqtiurobaze. maT mesopotamiidan SemohqondaT<br />
iqauri saqoneli, xolo anatoliidan gahqondaT liTonebi da sxva bunebrivi<br />
wiaRiseuli. rogorc cnobilia, mesopotamia Raribia wiaRiseuliT.<br />
dasavleT anatolia naklebad iyo CarTuli asurelTa komerciul interesebSi,<br />
iq ufro kretidan da balkaneTis naxevarkunZulidan momdinare<br />
impulsebi iyo sagrZnobi.<br />
Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnis xanidan anatoliis centralur<br />
nawilSi manamde arnaxuli siuxve da kulturuli dawinaureba SeiniSneba.<br />
kidev ufro intensiuri xdeba qveynis savaWro kontaqtebi.<br />
asuruli savaWro dokumentebis garda, sxva adreuli werilobiTi<br />
cnobebic, anatoliis Sesaxeb isev am mxaris bunebriv simdidreebTan da<br />
maT komerciul gamoyenebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rac Tavis mxriv saomar<br />
moqmedebebTan iyo xolme gadaxlarTuli. Tixis firfitis fragmentze<br />
SemorCenili, xeTuri epikuri Txzulebis `brZolebis mefis~<br />
Tanaxmad, sargon dids, aqadis mefes eaxlnen anatoliaSi myofi vaWrebi<br />
da moaxsenes maTi qalaqis _ furuSxandas * saarako simdidris Sesaxeb da<br />
mis winaaRmdeg gasalaSqreblad daiTanxmes kidevac. qalaqi furuSxanda<br />
mniSvnelovan da damoukidebel politikur erTeulad warmogvidgeba.<br />
teqsti iq wydeba, sadac sargoni iwyebs qalaqis asaRebad misi galavnis<br />
gatarvnas. savaraudod, teqstis dasawyisSi nauwyebi iqneboda, rom sargonma<br />
Tavdapirvelad ver moaxerxa Zalis gamoyenebiT qalaqis aReba. imis<br />
Tqma, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba sinamdviles eposSi asaxuli ambavi arsebuli<br />
monacemebis safu<strong>Zvel</strong>ze Zneli saTqmelia, Tumca specialistebis<br />
azriT, aq wamodgenili saerTo istoriuli perspeqtiva misaRebia. amave<br />
dros, teqstis SemorCenil fragmentSi yuradRebas ipyrobis xeTebis Semdegdroindeli<br />
dedaqalaqis, xaTusas, mouxseniebloba. sargonis SviliSvilis,D<br />
naramsuenis (Zv. w. XXII s.), Sesaxeb legenda ki mogviTxrobs,<br />
rom mas ekuTvnoda furuSxanda, romelic ucnobma da mravalricxovanma<br />
xalxma daarbia.<br />
anatoliis simdidre bunebrivi wiaRiseuliT, gansakuTrebiT liToniT,<br />
maT xelSi Casagdebad, cxadia, imTaviTve araerT dampyrobels miizidavda.<br />
sxva saqonelTan SedarebiT, liToni yvelaze ufro metad wamaqezebeli<br />
iyo savaWro urTierTobebis aRmocenebisaTvis. igi sakmaod kompaqturia<br />
da advilad gadasazidi. rogorc cnobilia, spilenZis sabadoebiT<br />
simdidrem kunZul kvipross, Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis dasasruli<br />
xanidan, didi simdidre moutana.<br />
<strong>Zvel</strong>i aRmosavleTis mraval mxareSi dasturdeba saxelmwifo monopoliis<br />
arseboba liTonze, gansakuTrebiT spilenZze, rac savsebiT<br />
gasagebia; rkinis farTo gamoyenebamde sabrZolo iaraRi xom spilenZisagan<br />
mzaddeboda. asurTa mefis, iluSumas (Zv. w. XX s.) cnobiT, spilenZis<br />
madnis damuSavebasa da vaWrobaze saxelmwifo monopolia arsebobda,<br />
28
xolo misi Zis _ eriSum I-is warwera amis sawinaaRmdegod iuwyeba, rom<br />
man daadgina vercxlis, oqros, spilenZis, tyviis, xorblisa da matylis<br />
Tavisufali mimoqceva, rac, albaT, pirveli SemTxvevaa msoflio istoriaSi,<br />
rodesac xelisufleba saxelmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare<br />
Tavisufali vaWrobis komerciul upiratesobas xvdeba da mis xelSewyobas<br />
cdilobs.<br />
anatoliis asuruli koloniebi Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi,<br />
erTdroulad wyveten arsebobas. etyoba, am dros adgili unda hqonoda<br />
movlenebs, romelTa gamo saqaravno urTierToba asureTsa da anatolias<br />
Soris aramomgebiani, anda saxifaTo Seiqmna.<br />
Zv. w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevris anatoliaSi Cndebian axalmosaxleebi:<br />
indoevropeli, xeTi tomebi. maTi Tanacxovreba da Serwyma<br />
maT mier daqvemdebarebul adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan, xaTebTan, ZiriTadad<br />
mSvidobianad mimdinareobda. maT winamorbedi mosaxleobisagan SeiTvises<br />
ufro maRali kultura, religiuri warmodgenebi da RvTaebaTa<br />
panTeoni * . aRsaniSnavia, rom xeTebi <strong>Zvel</strong> aRTqmaSic ki arian moxseniebulni,<br />
rogorc qetelni, Zeni qetisni.<br />
TviT saxelwodeba `xeTi~ warmodgeba adgilis saxelwodebisagan<br />
`xaTi~, romelsac iyenebda winaxeTuri anu winaindoevropuli xaTuri<br />
mosaxleoba Tavisi qveynis aRsaniSnavad da romelic indoevropel-xeTebs,<br />
qveynis aRsaniSnavad, maTgan unda SeeTvisebinaT. amave dros indoevropeli-xeTebi<br />
sakuTar Tavs neselebs uwodebdnen, qalaq nesas (igive kanesis)<br />
saxelwodebis mixedviT, sadac isini ufro adre saxlobdnen, vidre<br />
xaTusaSi da rac dasturdeba kidec qiulTefes (igive nesa, kanesi)<br />
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros napovni Tixis firfitebiT, sadac, sxvaTa<br />
gverdiT, indoevropuli-xeTuri saxelebis matarebeli mosaxleobaa warmodgenili.<br />
xeTebis istoria or xanad iyofa: <strong>Zvel</strong>i samefos xanad (daaxl. Zv.<br />
w. 1700-1500 w.w.) da axali samefos anu imperiuli epoqis xanad (daaxl.<br />
Zv. w. 1400-1180 w.w.). zogierTi specialistis mier, Sua samefos xanad<br />
daaxl. Zv. w. XV saukune aris miCneuli. xeTebis saxelmwifom politikuri<br />
Zalauflebisa da kulturul monapovarTa umaRles dones Zv. w.<br />
XIV-XIII saukuneebSi miaRwia. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan anatolia<br />
ukve viTardeboda, rogorc msoflioSi rkinis warmoebis u<strong>Zvel</strong>esi<br />
kera.<br />
rac Seexeba anatoliis u<strong>Zvel</strong>esi istoriis aRsadgenad sakuTriv<br />
xeTuri werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebas, unda iTqvas,<br />
rom mxolod ramdenime Tixis firfita Tu TariRdeba boRazqiois xeTuri<br />
arqividan Zv. w. XVII saukuneze ufro adreuli xaniT. Tumca, Zv. w. XIV-<br />
XIII saukunebSi gakeTebulma metnaklebad sando aslebma Semogvinaxes<br />
adreuli xanis zogierTi istoriuli xasiaTis teqsti. erT-erTi maTgani<br />
Seexeba qusaras (adgilmdebareoba ar aris dadgenili), Zv. w. XVIII sau-<br />
29
kunis mefes fiTxanasa da mis Zesa da memkvidres aniTas. maT mier dapyrobil<br />
qalaqebs Soris moxseniebulia nesac, romelic mogvianebiT aniTam<br />
Tavis dedaqalaqad aqcia.<br />
am cnobis sandooba daadastura qiulTefes (nesas) gaTxrebisas napovnma<br />
satevarma, romelzedac aniTas saxeli iyo amotvifruli. rogorc<br />
irkveva, xeTebma, aniTas meTaurobiT, Zv. w. XVIII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis<br />
centralur anatoliaSi samefo Seqmnes. erTi saukunis Semdeg, xaTusili<br />
I-ma dedaqalaqi xaTusaSi, galavnebiT kargad gamagrebul cixesimagreSi,<br />
gadaitana, romelic xeTebis ZiriTad administraciul centrad<br />
rCeboda xeTebis samefos arsebobis TiTqmis mTeli Semdgomi drois man-<br />
Zilze.<br />
xaTusili I-is laSqrobaTa ZiriTadi samizne Crdilo-dasavleTi<br />
siria da mdinare evfrats gadaRma mdebare mesopotamiuri miwebi iyo. am<br />
mxaris dauflebas xeTebi yovelTvis eswrafodnen, vinaidan igi<br />
mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda qveynis ekonomikur siZlieres. xaTusili<br />
I-is Zem, mursili I-ma (Zv. w. XVI s.), warmatebiT ilaSqra xalafze<br />
(igive q. alepo, Tanamedrove halabi siriaSi) da TviT babilonic ki<br />
gaZarcva.<br />
xeTur sazogadoebaSi mefe miCneuli iyo uzenaes xelisuflad,<br />
umaRles mxedarTmTavrad da msajulad, umTavres qurumad. mas gars<br />
ertya didebulebisa da tituliani moxeleebis farTo wre, romlebic,<br />
gansakuTrebiT adreul saukuneebSi, flobdnen did Zalauflebas da mefis<br />
sisxlismieri naTesavebi iyvnen. umTavresi provinciebisa da qalaqebis<br />
mmarTveloba, mefis mier, misi sakuTari ojaxis wevrebs eZleodaT,<br />
romlebic masTan erTgulebis ficiT iyvnen dakavSirebuli. ufro<br />
gviandel epoqaSi, igive principi daculi iyo xeTebis imperiasTan<br />
SemoerTebuli adgilobrivi vasalebis mimarTac, romelTac samefo ojaxi<br />
xSirad inaTesavebda saqorwino kavSirebiT. erTgulebis fici yovel<br />
calkeul SemTxvevaSi piradi <strong>saqme</strong> iyo xolme, amitom axali mefis<br />
taxtze asvlis Semdeg savaldebulo xdeboda am vasalebis mier<br />
ymadnaficobis ficis ganaxleba axal xelisufalTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
es feodaluri kanoni mTlianobaSi xeTuri sazogadoebis safu<strong>Zvel</strong>Ta<br />
safu<strong>Zvel</strong>s warmoadgenda.<br />
xeTur jarSi miRebuli iyo mefisa da samefo ojaxis mimarT ficis<br />
dadeba, agreTve sxvadasxva ritualis aRsruleba, gansakuTrebiT mterTan<br />
damarcxebis Semdeg. es ukanaskneli mdinaris piras sruldeboda da wylis<br />
SesxurebiT mTavrdeboda. albaT, arc erTi <strong>Zvel</strong>i aRmosavluri<br />
sazogadoeba ar iyo ise damyarebuli ficis dadebis wesze, rogorc<br />
xeTuri. es SesaZloa xeTebis indoevropuli warmomavlobiTac yofiliyo<br />
ganpirobebuli. ficis imdagvarad dadeba, romlis drosac ficis damdebi<br />
misi gatexvis SemTxvevaSi sakuTari Tavis dawyevlaze Tanxmdeboda da<br />
30
warmoTqvamda formulas: `de, ase iyos!~, tipuri iyo agreTve sxva<br />
adreindoevropuli enebis matarebeli xalxebisaTvisac.<br />
xeTurma Tixis firfitebma Semogvinaxa u<strong>Zvel</strong>esi ficis nimuSebi.<br />
kerZod, <strong>samxedro</strong> meTaurTa fici <strong>Zvel</strong> xeTur enaze. masSi aRwerilia, Tu<br />
rogor daiwyevleboda ficis gamtexi. erTgulebis ficis damdebis winaSe<br />
mihqondaT qalis kaba, TiTistari, gadatexili isari da eubnebodnen, rom<br />
Tu fics gatexavda, ase gadautydeboda brZolis dros iaraRi, qalad<br />
gadaiqceoda da qalis <strong>saqme</strong> unda ekeTebina. Semdeg SemohyavdaT brma da<br />
yru qalebi, imis saCveneblad, rom brma da yru qalad gadaiqceoda<br />
sityvis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi. bolos mucelSi wyalCamdgari<br />
adamianis gamosaxuleba mohqondaT da aRuTqvamden aseTive daavadebas,<br />
romelic mis STamomavlobas missave sxeulSi musrs gaavlebda.<br />
analogiuri daniSnulebis `<strong>samxedro</strong> ficis~ sxva, ufro mogviano<br />
xanis, teqsti arasruli saxiT aris SemorCenili. aq saubari ukve ufro<br />
imazea, Tu ra didi bedniereba eloda ficis Semsrulebels, xolo<br />
sityvis gamtexi amowyvetiT daisjeboda. es teqsti, masSi warmodgenili<br />
rigi detalebis mixedviT, cxadyofs, rom xurituli RvTaebebis<br />
zegavlena sul ufro izrdeboda xeTur sazogadoebaSi.<br />
gansakuTrebiT warmatebuli aRmoCnda xeTebisaTvis, TuTxalia IIIisa<br />
(Zv. w. XIV s.) da misi Zis _ sufiluliuma I-is xana. sufiluliuma<br />
qveynisaTvis sakmaod mZime dros gamefda. Sina aSlilobis Sedegad, misi<br />
dedaqalaqi gadabuguli iyo, xolo mas mezobeli qveynebis koaliciis<br />
mogerieba uxdeboda. CrdiloeTidan mozRvavebul mterTan igi daaxloebiT<br />
20 wlis ganmavlobaSi awarmoebda brZolas, Tumca misi ZiriTadi<br />
sazrunavi mainc samxreTi iyo. aucilebeli iyo siriis kontrolis qveS<br />
moqceva. sufiluliumam, Tavdapirvelad, did diplomatiur warmatebas<br />
miaRwia. man daarwmuna kicuvaTnas mefe, raTa misTvis siriaze gasasvleli<br />
mieca da xeTebisadmi mxardaWera gamoecxadebina. garda amisa, man<br />
naTesauri kavSiri daamyara babiloneTSi gabatonebul, didi <strong>samxedro</strong><br />
Zalis mqone kasitebis mefesTan. sufiluliumma aRadgina xeTebis<br />
batonoba TiTqmis mTel anatoliaze da ganavrco qveynis sazRvrebi<br />
samxreTiTa da aRmosavleTiT. misi umTavresi monapovari iyo miTanis<br />
damarcxeba da dapyrobebi siriaSi, Zlevamosili qalaqi-saxelmwifoebis,<br />
karqemiSisa da xalebis, xelSi Cagdeba. miTanis gadarCenil nawilebSi<br />
Seiqmna xeTebis ymadnafici xanigalbaTis samefo.<br />
sufiluliumas Zem, mursili II-m (Zv. w. XIV s.), daamarcxa<br />
dasavleT anatoliaSi mdebare da xeTebis winaaRmdeg egviptelTa mier<br />
Segulianebuli arcavas Zlieri qveyana da misi mmarTveli Tavis<br />
ymadnaficad aqcia. Zv. w. XIV-XIII saukuneebSi xeTebis saxelmwifo<br />
Zlevamosil imperiad Camoyalibda. am dros xeTebis samefom Tavisi<br />
siZlieris mwvervals miaRwia, magram TviT maSinac ki, igi ar<br />
warmoadgenda erTian politikur erTeuls.<br />
31
xeTebis warmatebis erT-erT mizezad, maT mier rkinis warmoebaze<br />
monopolia saxeldeba. metalurgiis ganviTarebaSi rkinis warmoebis<br />
dawyeba Zalze mniSvnelovani etapi iyo. rkina erT-erTi yvelaze ufro<br />
farTod gavrcelebuli liTonia dedamiwis zurgze, magram, amave dros,<br />
Zalze Znelad dasamuSavebeli. rkinis dnobis wertili bevrad ufro<br />
maRalia imasTan SedarebiT, ris SesaZleblobasac primitiuli qura<br />
iZleoda. madnidan minarevebis mosacileblad saWiro iyo misi araerTgzis<br />
gacxeleba da Wedva. Zv. w. II aTaswleulamdel arqeologiur masalebSi<br />
mxolod iSviaTad Tu aris mikvleuli rkinis sagnebi: mZivebi, beWdebi,<br />
satevris pirebi. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi ki, rkinis damuSaveba<br />
ukve Cveulebriv xasiaTs iRebs. Tu ra didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda<br />
rkinas, cxadi xdeba xaTusili III-is werilidan asureTis mefisadmi,<br />
romelsac man saCuqrad rkinis satevris piri gaugzavna.<br />
xeTuri armiis ZiriTad <strong>samxedro</strong> Zalas (sxva <strong>Zvel</strong>i aRmosavleTis<br />
qveynebis msgavsad) sabrZolo etlebis korpusi warmoadgenda. xeTebi<br />
ganTqmuli meetlebi iyvnen. maT gamoigones etlis axali konstruqcia,<br />
romelic ori mebrZolis nacvlad sams itevda (il. 3). erTi maTgani<br />
meetle iyo, meores Semtevi iaraRi (Subi da mSvild-isari) epyra xelT,<br />
xolo mesame, faris saSualebiT icavda maT da sakuTar Tavsac. samive<br />
maTgani Cacmuli iyo muxlis qvemoT daSvebul tyavis tansacmelSi da<br />
Tavze muzaradi exura. abjari, rogorc SemorCenili gamosaxulebebidan<br />
Cans, ar unda hqonodaT.<br />
etliT mebrZoli xeTis Tavdasxmis iaraRi saZgerebeli Subi iyo da<br />
ara, egviptelTa msgavsad, mSvild-isari. kadeSis brZolis egviptur<br />
gamosaxulebebze zogierT etliT mebrZol xeTs xelT Subi upyria,<br />
magram arasodes mSvildi. aRsaniSnavia, rom kadeSis brZola etlebiT<br />
brZolis yvelaze did asparezad iTvleba msoflioSi (ix. qvemoT).<br />
etlebiT brZolis Taobaze u<strong>Zvel</strong>esi miniSneba, SesaZloa, Zv. w.<br />
XVIII saukuniT daTariRebul aniTas <strong>Zvel</strong> xeTur teqstSia mocemuli,<br />
sadac naxsenebia mis mier salativaras (qalaqi anatoliaSi) alyis dros<br />
gamoyenebul 1400 qveiT jariskacze da 40 Sebma cxenze. Tumca, pirveli<br />
udavo dadastureba brZolis dros etlebis gamoyenebis Taobaze<br />
ganekuTvneba xaTusili I-is xanas anu gviandel Zv. w. XVII saukunes.<br />
ufro gviandeli xaniT, Zv. w. XV saukunis dasasruliT, TariRdeba<br />
xaTusasas arqivSi napovni, kikuli miTanelis * mier dawerili, etlis<br />
cxenebis movlisa da wvrTnis saxelmZRvanelo. teqsti xeTurad aris<br />
dawerili, Tumca masSi calkeuli indo-ariuli * , xurituli da luviuri *<br />
sityvebis arsebobac dasturdeba.<br />
brZolebis dros xeTebis qveiTi jari, rogorc Cans, damxmare<br />
funqcias asrulebda. mis jariskacebs mogrZo, maRali muzaradebi exuraT<br />
da ZiriTadad, sabrZolo culiT, maxviliTa da xelgasayreli fariT<br />
iyvnen aRWurvilni.<br />
32
anatoliisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli havisa da topografiuli<br />
Taviseburebebis gamo, xeTuri jaris Sekreba gazafxulze xdeboda xolme,<br />
xolo laSqroba, ZiriTadad, zafxulobiT.<br />
xeTebis mier Seqmnili safortifikacio arqiteqtura saukeTesod<br />
iTvleba mTel <strong>Zvel</strong> axlo <strong>aRmosavleTSi</strong>. qalaqis galavnebisa da<br />
safortifikacio nagebobebis qona arsebiTi iyo <strong>Zvel</strong>i aRmosavleTis<br />
qalaqebisaTvis. rogorc zemoTac iTqva, TavdacviT kedlebs agebdnen<br />
qvisgan, alizis agurisagan, xisagan an am masalaTa erTmaneTTan<br />
SeTavsebiT. masalis SerCeva bunebrivi pirobebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, Tu<br />
romeli masala moipoveboda adgilobriv. xeTebi, rogorc wesi, qalaqebis<br />
garSemo masiuri qvis galavnebis agebisas didi xelovnebiT iyenebdnen<br />
mTiani adgilebis ferdobebs, gansakuTrebiT es SeimCneva maT mier<br />
aSenebul cixe-simagreebSi.<br />
alyis warmoebis, yvelaze ufro xSirad gamoyenebuli, xerxi iyo<br />
mocda alyaSi moqceulTa danebebamde. rogorc zemoTac aRvniSnavdiT, Zv.<br />
w. XV saukuneSi egviptelTa mier, megidos alyam, qalaqis danebebamde,<br />
Svid Tves gastana. zogjer alyaSi moqceulTa mier Tavis daxsna<br />
gamosasyidis gadaxdiT xdeboda. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac moalyeebSi<br />
sasikvdilo epidemia iCenda Tavs da isinic iZulebuli xdebodnen<br />
auReblad gaclodnen qalaqsa Tu cixe-simagres.<br />
sainteresoa, xeTebis mier, Zv. w. XIV saukuneSi, anatoliaSi, erTerTi<br />
Tavisi ymadnafici mmarTvelis qalaqis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli<br />
alya, romelic mas mere damTavrda, rodesac deda-dedofali qalaqidan<br />
gamovida da SesTxova moalyeebs misi gulisaTvis SeewyalebinaT xalxi.<br />
maSin, rodesac, ama Tu im laSqrobis dros, ZiriTadi mizani ar iyo<br />
romelime qalaqis aReba, molaSqreebi mas ubralod gverds auvlidnen<br />
xolme. magaliTad, xeTebis mier miTanis winaaRmdeg Zv. w. XIV saukuneSi<br />
Catarebuli erT-erTi laSqrobisas, xeTebma qalaq karqemiSs gverdi<br />
auares da igi mxolod Tavisi ZiriTadi miznis aRsrulebis Semdeg,<br />
ukanmobrunebulebma, rvadRiani alyis Semdeg aiRes.<br />
xeTebis keTildReoba mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli maT mier<br />
savaWro gzebisa da bunebrivi wiaRiseulis, gansakuTrebiT liTonis<br />
sabadoebis, gakontrolebaze. ZiriTadad, amis gamo uxdebodaT maT<br />
asurelebTan, xuritebTan da egviptelebTan brZola.<br />
egviptelTa da xeTebis saomari xasiaTis urTierTobebs, egviptis<br />
meTvramete dinastiis xanaSi eyreba safu<strong>Zvel</strong>i, rodesac faraonma Tutmos<br />
III-m daipyro miTanis samefos kuTvnili miwebi siriaSi da amiT xeTebs<br />
daumezoblda. axlo aRmosavleTis bevrma xalxma am dros gadawyvita<br />
egviptelebisaTvis xarki gadaexada, maT Soris xeTebmac, raTa egviptelTa<br />
guli moegoT da amiT maTi Tavdasxmisagan Tavi daexsnaT. amasTanave,<br />
xeTebisaTvis, egviptelTa mier maTi mudmivi mtris _ miTanis damarcxeba<br />
xelsayrel garemoebas warmoadgenda. momdevno xanebSi xeTebsa da<br />
33
egviptelebs Soris megobruli urTierToba yalibdeboda. e. w.<br />
kurustamas xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, moxda xeTuri qalaqis, kurustamas,<br />
mosaxleobis Casaxleba egviptis mier kontrolirebul siriis<br />
teritoriaze. egviptelebi xeTebs Tavis Tanaswor Zalad ganixilavdnen.<br />
tutanxamonis gardacvalebis Semdeg, misma qvrivma sufiluliumas misi Ze<br />
sTxova Tanamecxedred da TanammarTvelad, Tumca ufliswulma egviptemde<br />
cocxalma ver CaaRwia. zemoaRniSnuli megobrobis mdgradoba, xeTebis<br />
mier <strong>samxedro</strong> Zalis mniSvnelovanma gazrdam da amenhoTeb II-sa da<br />
Tutmos IV-is xanaSi egviptesa da miTans Soris keTilmezobluri<br />
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebam Searyia. xeTebma miTanisa da egviptis<br />
urTierTobaSi TavisTvis safrTxe dainaxes da maTma didma mefem,<br />
sufiluliuma I-ma daiwyo brZola siriis xelSi Casagdebad. ramdenime<br />
warmatebuli laSqrobis Semdeg, man siriis CrdiloeTi nawili SeierTa.<br />
siriaSi xeTebis eqspansiam, maTi aRorZinebuli qveyana egviptesTan ukve<br />
aSkarad daapirispira.<br />
xeTebis qveyanaze uaryofiTad imoqmeda Savma Wirma, romelic<br />
ukanmobrunebulma molaSqreebma da tyveebma Camoitanes da xeTebi<br />
mursili II-is dros, iZulebuli gaxdnen egviptisaTvis ukan<br />
daebrunebinaT sufililiumas mier siriaSi dapyrobili miwebi, Tumca<br />
muvaTali II-is mefobis dros (Zv. w. 1293-1271 ww.), dasavleT<br />
anatoliaSi miRweuli warmatebebis garda, aRsaniSnavia am mefis<br />
brZolebi egviptesTan siriis dasaufleblad. ori maTgani gaimarTa<br />
siriis qalaq kadeSTan, mdinare orontTan. pirveli brZolisas misi<br />
mowinaaRmdege egviptis mecxramete dinastiis meore faraoni seti I (Zv.<br />
w. 1290-1279 w.w.) iyo.<br />
karnakis * taZris warwerebis mixedviT, seti I-ma, 20000 kacisagan<br />
Semdgari jariT ilaSqra qanaansa * da siriaSi, aRadgina iq mitovebuli<br />
egvipturi saguSagoebi da sagarnizono qalaqebi. mas xeTebTan sityvieri<br />
xelSekruleba daudia da dauflebia aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTs.<br />
momdevno laSqrobisas, man qalaqi kadeSi aiRo, sadac am faqtis<br />
aRmniSvneli sveti aRmarTa da daipyro amurrus * qveyana. am laSqrobaSi<br />
seti I-s Tan axlda misi memkvidre ramsesi, romelsac momavalSi, rogorc<br />
egviptis faraon ramses II-s, swored qalaq kadeSTan mouwia<br />
umniSvnelovanesi da sisxlismRvreli brZolis gadatana xeTebTan.<br />
kadeSis brZolas win uswrebda, erTi mxriv, ramses II-is da meore<br />
mxriv, xeTebis mefis, muvaTali II-is, siriuli laSqrobebi. es ori mefe<br />
erTmaneTs ecileboda siriasa da qanaans. vinaidan xeTebis interesebi,<br />
ZiriTadad, savaWro gzebis kontrolze iyo gamaxvilebuli, xolo<br />
CrdiloeTi siria kilikias SuamdinareTTan akavSirebda, am mxaris<br />
dauflebas xeTebisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda.<br />
ramsesi mTel Tves mounda, kadeSisaTvis samxreTidan rom mieRwia.<br />
muvaTalim, amasobaSi, Tavi mouyara Tavis mokavSireebs da kadeSis<br />
34
gadaRma, CrdiloeTiT dabanakda. xeTebis mxareze maTi 19 mokavSiris<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> Zalebs hqonda Tavi moyrili. xeTebTan erTad, ZiriTadad, maT<br />
mier dapyrobili xalxebi ibrZodnen, romelTa Soris, dasavleT<br />
anatolielebic unda yofiliyvnen.<br />
Zv. w. 1274 wlis gazafxulze, kadeSisaken mimavalma ramsesma, mZime<br />
taqtikuri Secdoma dauSva. igi imdenad iyo Sepyrobili surviliT, rom<br />
xeTebze adre aeRo qalaqi, romelSic sinamdvileSi xeTebs ukve misTvis<br />
maxe hqondaT dagebuli, rom mowyda Tavis ZiriTad Zalebs da amiT<br />
gazarda am Zalebs Soris arsebuli manZilebi. es daqsaqsuli danayofebi<br />
gzis sxvadasva monakveTze imyofebodnen. ramsesis armia oTxi diviziisagan<br />
Sedgeboda, romelTac egvipturi RvTaebebis: amonis, ras, setisa da<br />
ftahis saxelebi hqondaT miniWebuli. rodesac faraonma kadeSs miaRwia,<br />
mas ukan amonis danayofi mohyveboda; ras danayofi, am dros, ufro<br />
samxreTiT, qalaq SabTunasTan * mdinaris fons gadadioda; ftahis<br />
danayofi ki ufro Sors, jer kidev qalaq arnaimis * samxreTiT<br />
moZraobda, xolo setis danayofi mTavar Saragzas jerac ar iyo<br />
gamocdenili.<br />
garda amisa, egviptelTa armiaSi kidev iyo <strong>samxedro</strong> danayofi,<br />
nearinis * (na’arni) saxeliT cnobili, romelic egviptelTa erTguli<br />
qanaaneli moqiraveebisa Tu qanaanSi ramses II-is mier datovebuli<br />
egvipteli meomrebisagan Sedgeboda. mas gadamwyveti funqcia daekisra<br />
egviptis gadarCenaSi xeTebTan brZolis dros. egviptelTa mxares<br />
ibrZodnen aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis damarbeveli e. w. zRvis<br />
xalxebis SemadgenlobaSi myofi sardiniuli warmomavlobis Serdenelebi,<br />
romlebic kadeSis brZolis amsaxvel egviptur gamosaxulebebSi<br />
gvianbrinjaos xanis aRmosavleT saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
satevrebiT arian aRWurvilni.<br />
ramsesi da mas midevnebuli amonis danayofebi, mdinare orontis<br />
kalapotis gadalaxvis Semdeg, SeefeTnen xeTebis mier, sagangebod maT<br />
SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT Segzavnil beduinebs, romelTac daarwmunes<br />
faraoni, rom xeTebi, faraonis SiSiT, axlo mosvlas ver bedavdnen da<br />
Sors, xalafis maxloblad iyvnen dabanakebulni (daaxloebiT 200 km<br />
CrdiloeTiT). amasobaSi, iqve Casafrebulma xeTebma saSualeba misces<br />
amonis danayofebs maTTvis gverdze CaevloT da maT mierve dagebul<br />
xafangSi gabmuliyvnen. SecdomaSi Seyvanilma faraonma kadeSTan banakis<br />
dacemis brZaneba gasca. aq egviptelebma xelT igdes ori beduini,<br />
romelTac aRiares, rom sinamdvileSi xeTebis uzarmazari armia, qveiTi<br />
jari da etlebis korpusi mefe muvaTalis winamZRolobiT sul erTi<br />
xelis gawvdenaze iyo maTgan daSorebuli, qalaq kadeSis gadaRma.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, im Soreul epoqaSi, brZolis dawyebamde (daaxloebiT<br />
3300 wlis win), ukve iyenebdnen metoqis dezinformirebis xerxebs.<br />
35
Zola, romelic gaimarTa ramses II-is aRsaydrebis mexuTe wels,<br />
12 maiss, miCneulia etlebiT yvelaze ufro did brZolad msoflios<br />
istoriaSi. masSi monawileobda daaxloebiT 5000-6000 etli. amave<br />
dros, es iyo erT-erTi pirveli brZola msoflios istoriaSi, romlis<br />
mimdinareobis taqtikuri detalebis aRweriloba SemorCenilia.<br />
rogorc iTqva, xeTebis laSqari, egviptelTagan saidumlod, kadeSs<br />
iyo Sefarebuli da rodesac qalaqs miaxloebulma egviptelebma iq banaki<br />
dasces, xeTuri etlebis mZlavrma razmma gamanadgurebeli ieriSi miitana<br />
maT centralur nawilze. xeTebi Tavs daesxnen agreTve amonis Semdeg<br />
momaval da moulodnelobisgan dabneul ras nawilebs. am dros maTgan<br />
Sors myofi ftahis danayofebi mdinare SabTunas fons gadadiodnen.<br />
xeTebis mier mitanili ieriSis Taobaze, ramsesi Cioda, rom misma<br />
xelqveiTebma ver SeZles daedginaT xeTebis WeSmariti ganlageba.<br />
faraonma saswrafod afrina Sikrikebi, raTa daeCqarebina ftahisa da<br />
setis danayofebis SemoerTeba, romlebic jer kidev mdinare orontis<br />
xeobis Soreul nawilSi imyofebodnen. amasobaSi xeTebis etlebma<br />
gadaTeles ras danayofi da TiTqmis mTlianad gaanadgures igi.<br />
gadarCenilebma amonis banaks miaSures, magram xeTebi aqac mihyvnen maT da<br />
aaoxres iqauroba. amonis jarSi SiSis zarma daisadgura, dafeTebuli<br />
jariskacebi xeTuri maxvilisagan sikvdils gaurbodnen. gamarjvebaSi<br />
darwmunebulma xeTebma egviptelTa banakis Zarcva daiwyes da amiT<br />
sabediswero Secdoma dauSves. faraonma mTeli Zalebi moikriba da Tavisi<br />
mcvelTa razmis meTaurobiT mxned Seutia nadavlis SegrovebiT garTul<br />
xeTebs. ramsesma, mxolod Tavisi piradi mamacobis Sedegad, SeZlo<br />
sakuTari Tavisa da armiis cocxlad darCenili nawilebis gadarCena,<br />
rodesac Tavisi etliT mamacurad CaerTo brZolaSi. misi winamZRolobiT<br />
ganxorcielebulma uecarma Setevam arev-dareva Seitana mowinaaRmdegis<br />
rigebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kadeSis brZolaSi ramses II-m didi<br />
mxedarTmTavris Tvisebebi gamoavlina da Tu ara mis mier gamoCenili<br />
gmiroba, egviptelTa sruli marcxi gardauvali iyo. mdgomareoba mainc<br />
sagangaSo iqneboda, dagvianebuli setis danayofebis damatebiTi nawilebi<br />
rom ar gamoCeniliyvnen. egviptelebs gamoadgaT maTi etlebis meti<br />
manevrirebuloba da Sedgenili mSvildebis moqmedebis vrceli radiusi.<br />
xeTebi iZulebulni gaxdnen egviptelTa banaks mocilebodnen da<br />
mdinare orontisaken daexiaT. am dros muvaTalim aamoqmeda rezervSi<br />
myofi aTasi sabrZolo etli da Seutia egviptelebs maSin, rodesac<br />
xeTebma, TiTqos, isev miaRwies egviptelTa banaks. nearinis <strong>samxedro</strong><br />
nawilma Semoaswro brZolis velze da ixsna egviptelebi sruli<br />
damarcxebisagan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, egviptelTa jari mTlianad<br />
amowyvetili iqneboda. ramsesis mier moulodnelad mitanili eqvsi<br />
ieriSis Semdeg, xeTebi TiTqmis alyaSemortymulebi aRmoCndnen da<br />
brZolaSi gadarCenilebma mdinare orontis gadacurviT Tavi kadeSis<br />
36
galavans Seafares. ramses II-isadmi mikuTvnebuli ieroglifuri<br />
warwerebis mixedviT, maT mdinare oronti ise swrafad gadacures, rom<br />
niangebsac ki SeSurdebodaT. xeTebi iZulebuli gaxdnen kadeSisaTvis<br />
SeefarebinaT Tavi.<br />
gaTenebisTanave, gaimarTa meore, faqtobrivad uSedego brZola.<br />
orive mxare Zalze dazaralda. xeTebma, miuxedavad TiTqosda<br />
Tavdapirveli warmatebisa, ver SeZles saboloo gamarjvebis mopoveba,<br />
xolo egviptelebs, <strong>samxedro</strong> Zalis didi danakargis gamo, qalaqisaTvis<br />
alyis Semosartymelad xalxi aRar darCaT. brZolis ZiriTadi Sedegis<br />
Sefasebisas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom egviptelebma ver moaxerxes<br />
galavniT kargad gamagrebuli kadeSis aReba, rac maT Tavdapirvel da<br />
ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda.<br />
xeTebis warmatebis mTavari mizezi, maT mier egvipturi Zalebis<br />
srul danawevrebas unda mieweros, rac ufro ganviTarebuli <strong>samxedro</strong><br />
strategiuli da taqtikuri azrovnebis Sedegi iyo.<br />
vinaidan ramses ar ZaluZda kadeSis xangrZlivi alyisaTvis<br />
logistikuri mxardaWeris uzrunvelyofa, man keTilgoniereba gamoiCina<br />
da jer ukan, damaskosken daixia, xolo sabolood egviptisaken gabrunda.<br />
Sin dabrunebulma faraonma udidesi gamarjvebis Sesaxeb amcno Tavis<br />
qveSevrdomebs, maSin rodesac sinamdvileSi erTaderTi, rac man gaakeTa,<br />
iyo is, rom brZolis msvlelobisas uimedo mdgomareobaSi Cavardnilma,<br />
sabolood mainc SeZlo didi Zalisxmevis, Tavdadebisa da gmirobis<br />
xarjze, sakuTari armiis samSvidoboze gamoyvana. kadeSis brZolis Sedegi<br />
egviptelebisaTvis sinamdvileSi iyo sruli marcxisagan Tavis daRweva. am<br />
bednierma SemTxvevam, SesaZlebloba misca egvipteSi dabrunebul faraons<br />
wagebuli omi did gamarjvebad warmoeCina, xolo sakuTari Tavi xeTebTan<br />
brZolaSi gamarjvebulad gamoecxadebina da amaSi egviptis<br />
sazogadoebriobac daerwmunebina. miuxedavad usazRvro trabaxisa,<br />
miRweuli gamarjvebis Sesaxeb, ramsesis mier gancdili marcxis<br />
maCvenebelia Tundac is garemoeba, rom man Seubraleblad da sastikad<br />
dasaja Tavisi armiis gadarCenili mebrZolebi.<br />
Tavis mxriv, xeTebis gamarjvebac ufro pirosis * gamarjvebas hgavda.<br />
Sesabamisad, maT realurad Seafases sakuTari SesaZleblobebi da<br />
sakmarisad SorsmWvretelni aRmoCndnen imisaTvis, rom sworad<br />
ganesazRvraT egviptelebTan mSvidobisa da kavSiris fasi; miTumetes, rom<br />
ukve igrZnoboda asureTis <strong>samxedro</strong> siZlieris ganuxreli zrda, rac<br />
uaxloes momavalSi daemuqreboda rogorc xeTebis, aseve egviptelebis<br />
interesebs.<br />
unda iTqvas, rom dRemde ar aris Tanxmoba mecnierTa Soris,<br />
kadeSis brZolis Sedegebis Sesaxeb. zogierTis azriT, egviptelebma<br />
gaimarjves; zogi fiqrobs, rom mxareebma Tanabar warmatebasa Tu<br />
warumateblobas miaRwies; zogis azriT, egviptelebi damarcxdnen, xolo<br />
37
egvipturi werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobebi propagandistul miznebs<br />
emsaxureboda.<br />
kadeSis brZolis Sesaxeb cnobebi egvipteSi didi raodenobiT<br />
arisASemorCenili rogorc werilobiTi, maT Soris papirusebze dawerili<br />
calkeuli teqstebis saxiT, aseve karnakis, abu simbelis, abidosis da<br />
Tebes rameseumis * taZrebSi warmodgenili kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebiT.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom jer kidev xaTusili III-s SeumCneveli ar darCenia es<br />
garemoeba da igi werilSi gamqirdavad mimarTavda ramsess, kadeSis<br />
brZolaSi, mis mier sakuTari Tavis gamarjvebulad warmoCenis gamo.<br />
ramsesis sapasuxo werili brZolis egvipturi interpretaciis<br />
gadmocemaa.<br />
kadeSis brZolaSi egviptelebma moralur warmatebas miaRwies.<br />
faraonis gmiruli Tavdadebis wyalobiT, maT Tavi daaRwies<br />
gamanadgurebel marcxs. xeTebma realuri strategiuli mogeba naxes. maT,<br />
miuxedavad <strong>samxedro</strong> etlebis didi nawilis dakargvisa, ar daanebes<br />
mters kadeSi da momdevno wlebis ganmavlobaSi TandaTanobiTi <strong>samxedro</strong><br />
SetevebiT daaTmobines egviptelebs poziciebi ufro samxreTiT mdebare<br />
teritoriebzec. amurrus garda, xeTebma daiqvemdebares upuc * . amis<br />
Sedegad, egviptis aziuri samflobeloebi mxolod qanaaniT SemoisazRvra<br />
da isic mudmivi ajanyebis safrTxis qveS imyofeboda. ramses II<br />
iZulebuli iyo wamoewyo gamudmebuli laSqrobebi qanaanSi. am<br />
laSqrobaTa Sedegad miRweuli <strong>samxedro</strong> warmatebebi, saboloo jamSi,<br />
egviptelTaTvis zedapiruli gamodga. verc isini da verc xeTebi ver<br />
axerxebdnen erTmaneTze gadamwyveti gamarjvebis miRwevas.<br />
aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qalaq-saxelmwifoebze gavlenis<br />
mosapoveblad warmoebuli TxuTmetwliani qiSpobis Semdeg Seqmnili<br />
Cixuri mdgomareobis gamo, ramses II iZulebuli gaxda, Tavisi zeobis 21<br />
wels (anu Zv. w. 1258 w.), xeli moewera xeTebTan samSvidobo<br />
xelSekrulebaze. xeTebis mxridan sazavo xelSekrulebas xeli ukve<br />
axalma mefem, muvaTali II-is Zmam _ xaTusili III-m moawera. es dokumenti<br />
miCneulia msoflios u<strong>Zvel</strong>es oficialurad dadebul xelSekrulebad.<br />
teqsti Sedgenili iyo im epoqis saerTaSoriso diplomatiis enaze,<br />
aqadurad. am xelSekrulebis ZaliT, dadginda egviptesa da xeTebis<br />
qveynis sazRvari qanaanis teritoriaze da egviptem faqtobrivad dakarga<br />
amurrus qveyana.<br />
sazavo xelSekrulebis egvipturi teqsti papirusis saxiT aris<br />
SemorCenili, xolo xeTuri cali vercxlis filaze iyo amokveTili,<br />
romlis Tixis aslic iyo napovni boRazqiois gaTxrebisas. aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom kadeSis xelSekrulebis gadidebuli asli niu-iorkSi, gaerTianebuli<br />
erebis mTavar samarTveloSi kedelzea Camokidebuli, rogorc msoflioSi<br />
pirveli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis nimuSi.<br />
38
xelSekrulebis dadebis momdevno xanaSi, jer isev ramses II-is da<br />
xaTusili III-is mefobisas, ori didi qveynis kavSiri, orive maTganis<br />
sakeTildReod, kidev ufro ganmtkicda da ara naklebi intensiurobiT<br />
gagrZelda maTi memkvidreebis, egviptis faraonis merneftahisa da xeTi<br />
mefeebis TuTxalia IV-isa da arnuvandas zeobis wlebSi. xelSekrulebis<br />
damtkicebas Tan sdevda guliTadi miwer-mowera, ara mxolod mefeebs<br />
Soris, aramed maT meuRleebs Sorisac. xelSekrulebis dadebis cameti<br />
wlis Semdeg xaTusili III-is (Zv. w. XIII s. pirveli naxevari)<br />
qaliSvili, mamamisis mier gamoTqmuli survilis Tanaxmad, daqorwinda<br />
ramses II-ze da faraonis meuRle gaxda.<br />
xeTebisa da egviptelebis urTierTbrZoliT isargebles asurelebma<br />
da Seecadnen miTanis xelSi Cagdebas. asurelebi xeTuri saxelmwifos<br />
savaWro gzebisaTvis aranakleb safrTxes warmoadgendnen, vidre<br />
egviptelebi. muvaTalis Zis _ urhi-TeSubis (igive mursili III) dros<br />
(Zv. w. XIII s. pirveli naxevari), asurelebma miTanis memkvidre<br />
saxelmwifo _ xanigalbaTi igdes xelT da mdinare evfratis aRmosavleT<br />
napirs moadgnen. rodesac urhi-TeSubi biZamisma _ xaTusili III-m<br />
gadaayena taxtidan, es ukanaskneli iZulebuli gaxda Segueboda<br />
xanigalbaTis dakargvas. xaTusili III-is mier, xeTebsa da egviptelTa<br />
Soris samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dadeba ganpirobebuli iyo swored<br />
asureTis <strong>samxedro</strong> siZlieris STambeWdavi zrdiT.<br />
miTanis saxelmwifos narCenebis danawilebisaTvis xeTebsa da<br />
asirielebs Soris daZabulobam umaRles wertils Zv. w. XIII saukunis<br />
meore naxevarSi, xaTusili III-is Zis _ TuTxalia IV-isa da asureTis<br />
mefis _ TuqulTi-ninurta I-is dros miaRwia. TuTxalia sakmaod Zlieri<br />
mefe iyo imisaTvis, rom droebiT mainc SeeCerebina asurelTa SeRweva<br />
siriaSi. manve moaxerxa kviprosis droebiTi dakaveba. mis dros kidev<br />
ufro gaZlierda da gamagrda xaTusas galavani. asurelTa eqspansiis<br />
SesaCereblad man aRmosavleTisaken, asurelTa winaaRmdegac ki gailaSqra.<br />
mowinaaRmdege Zalebi erTmaneTs mdinqre tigrosis mxareSi _ q.<br />
nihriasTan Sexvdnen. nihrias brZolaSi, xeTebma sastiki damarcxeba<br />
ganicades da amiT saSualeba misces asurelebs Tavisi samefosTvis<br />
miierTebinaT nairis * miwebi, saidanac asurelebma male maTTvis<br />
winaaRmdegobis gamwevi 40 adgilobrivi mmarTveli gamoaZeves. marTalia,<br />
asuruli werilobiTi wyaroebi ikvexnian, rom brZolis Sedegad TiTqos<br />
maT 28800 xeTi tyve igdes xelT, magram sinamdvileSi am marcxs<br />
tragikuli Sedegi ar mohyolia xeTebis saxelmwifosaTvis, vinaidan<br />
asurelTa mTavari mizani, im xanad, babilonis aReba iyo. am marcxiT<br />
mxolod qveyanaSi arsebulma Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis mosurne<br />
Zalebma scades esargebladT. sxva mcdelobebTan erTad, urhi-TeSubis<br />
umcrosi Zma _ kurunta Seecada, SeTqmulebis gziT, gadaeyenebina<br />
39
taxtidan TuTxalia IV, magram ver moaxerxa. mefem daamarcxa SeTqmulebi<br />
da SeinarCuna xeTuri saxelmwifo.<br />
anatoliisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli SfoTisa da areulobis <strong>Zvel</strong>i seni<br />
mudmiv safrTxes warmoadgenda xeTuri saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis.<br />
CrdiloeTidan, Savi zRvis mimdebare mxareebidan, safrTxes warmoadgenda<br />
qasqebis (mesaqonle tomebi) gauTavebeli Tavdasxmebi, romelTa Semosevis<br />
SiSiT, xeTebis sataxto qalaqi droebiT ufro samxreTiT,<br />
TarxuntasaSic * ki yofila gadatanili. xeTebs kunZul kvipross aqiava<br />
ecileboda. aqaveeli berZnebis winaprebi, xeTebis mimarT vasalur<br />
mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynebic mudmivad cdilobdnen dakarguli<br />
damoukideblobis dabrunebas.<br />
xeTebis ukanasknelma mefem _ sufiluliuma II-m moaxerxa ramdenime<br />
brZolis mogeba, maT Soris sazRvaosic. es xeTuri imperiis ukanaskneli<br />
gamarjvebebi iyo. kviprosis sanapirosTan, daaxl Zv. w. XIII saukunis<br />
damlevs, xeTebma zRvis xalxebis kuTvnili xomaldebi zRvaSi gadawves<br />
da CaZires, magram es ukve dagvianebuli warmateba iyo. sul male zRvis<br />
xalxebma mTeli xmelTaSuazRvispireTi Caigdes xelT, egeididan *<br />
palestinamde.<br />
Sinagani da garegani wnexis qveS moqceulma xeTebis saxelmwifom,<br />
veRar gauZlo axal „gasaWirs“, dasavleTidan `zRvis xalxebis~<br />
Semosevebs da Zv. w. XII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis ganadgurda. rac<br />
Seexeba egviptes, is sakmarisad Zlieri aRmoCnda imisaTvis, raTa amave<br />
`zRvis xalxebis~ egvipteSi SeWra SeeCerebina.<br />
sanapiro zolidan da sazRvao gzebidan mokveTili xeTebis<br />
saxelmwifos centraluri nawili meomari da veluri tomebis rbevis<br />
obieqti Seiqna, rasac xeTebis dedaqalaqis, xaTusas, saboloo<br />
ganadgureba mohyva. gaurkvvelia, Tu konkretulad vin daangria<br />
sabolood xeTebis dedaqalaqi xaTusa. fiqroben, rom es qasqebs, xeTebis<br />
CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb mesaqonle tomebs an frigielebs, anatoliaSi<br />
dasavleTidan Semosul xalxs unda gaekeTebina. ukanasknel xanebSi<br />
xaTusasas adgilas mdebare boRazqois maxloblad, buiqqaiaSi<br />
Catarebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma cxadyo, rom xeTebis samefos<br />
dacemis momdevno xanaSi aq dasaxlda xeTebisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
warmomavlobis mqone mosaxleoba, romelsac miewereba adgilobrivi<br />
rkinis xanis kultura. savaraudoa, rom qasqebis mier dangreuli xaTusa<br />
drois garkveuli periodis Semdeg frigielebma daasaxles.<br />
xaTusasas dacema, rogorc Cans, nawili iyo xeTuri<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis erTiani daqceva-ganadgurebisa. xeTebi TiTqos<br />
erTbaSad uCinardebian centraluri anatoliidan da maTi<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi tradicia Zv. w. I aTaswleulis adreul saukuneebSi<br />
arsebobas mxolod CrdiloeT siriaSi ganagrZobs, vidre sabolood<br />
asureTma masac ar mouRo bolo.<br />
40
irani. iranis zegnis sxvadasxva adgilebSi mikvleulia paleoliTisa * da<br />
neoliTis * xanis sadgomebi da namosaxlarebi.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, sakvebwarmoebiTma revoluciam SesaZlebeli gaxada<br />
iranSi mudmivi dasaxlebebis aRmoceneba da erT-erTi adreuli sameurneo<br />
civilizaciis warmoqmna. Camoyalibebuli meurneobis etapis xanaSi,<br />
saWiro xdeba Wirnaxulis dacva misi miTvisebis msurvelTagan da ukve<br />
Cndeba Zv. w. IX-VIII aTaswleulebiT daTariRebuli soflis tipis<br />
dasaxlebebi: ali koSisa da guranis zemo fenebi, sarabi, jarmo. momdevno<br />
xanebSi, meurneoba vrceldeba iranis centralur zegansa (Tefe sialki I)<br />
da xuzistanSi (Tefe sabzi), Crdilo-dasavleT (haji firuzi), dasavleT<br />
(godin Tefe VII) da samxreT-aRmosavleT iranSi (Tefe iahia VI C-E).<br />
ukanaskneli monacemebis Tanaxmad, SesaZloa, mevenaxeoba zagrosis<br />
mTianeTSi Caisaxa. msoflioSi sadReisod yvelaze adreuli Rvinis<br />
Sesanaxi qoTnebi swored am regionis CrdiloeT nawilSi, haji firuzSia<br />
mikvleuli da Zv. w. VI aTaswleulis meore naxevriTaa daTariRebuli.<br />
Zv. w. VI aTaswleulidan moyolebuli, moxatuli keramika xdeba<br />
iranuli arqeologiuri kulturebis erT-erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani.<br />
Taviseburi moxatuli Tixis WurWeli Cndeba eneoliTis xanidan.<br />
Zv. w. IV aTaswleuliT TariRdeba iranis zeganze pirveli qalaqis<br />
_ sialkis (q. qaSanTan, centralur iranSi) aRmoceneba.<br />
adreuli brinjaos xanidan ufro meti ram aris cnobili iranis<br />
mosaxleobis materialuri kulturis Sesaxeb, Tumca mxolod werilobiTi<br />
monacemebis gamoCenis Semdeg SeiZleba mosaxleobis ama Tu im jgufis<br />
istoriul Tu eTnikur identifikaciaze saubari.<br />
Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi iranSi vrceldeba amierkavkasiuli<br />
warmomavlobis mqone, e. w. mtkvar-arezis * kulturis matarebeli<br />
tomebi. maTi gavrceleba, rogorc Cans, Zalismieri xasiaTisa iyo da<br />
am process Tan sdevda aq ufro adre arsebuli, ganviTarebuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis Sewyveta. igive suraTi Cans aRmosavleT anatoliaSi,<br />
sadac, agreTve fiqsirdeba amierkavkasiuli tradiciebis matarebeli<br />
mosaxleobis gamoCena. ufro gvian, Zv. w. III aTaswleulis pirvel<br />
naxevarSi e. w. mtkvar-arezis kulturis tomebi siriasa da palestinaSic<br />
vrceldebian.<br />
iranis vrceli teritoriis topografiuli danawevreba aq<br />
sxvadasxvagvari saxis gancalkevebuli kulturebis Camoyalibebas uwyobda<br />
xels. adreuli liTonis xanis irani, ekonomikurad da kulturulad,<br />
kvalindeburad neoliTuri epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis wesiT<br />
cxovrobda. aq araferi Cans im ganviTarebis msgavsi, rac misgan dasavleTiT,<br />
mesopotamiisaTvis da aRmosavleTiT, indis velze aRmocenebuli<br />
maRali civilizaciis mqone urbanuli centrebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli<br />
41
maSin, rodesac sazogadoebrivi cxovreba iranis zeganze jer isev<br />
primitiul mdgomareobaSi iyo, xuzistanis dablobze, Zv. w. IV<br />
aTaswleulidan, mesopotamiuri tipis damwerlobis mqone urbanuli<br />
(qalaquri tipis) civilizacia yalibdeboda. xuzistani, <strong>Zvel</strong>i suziana,<br />
iranis erTaderTi mxarea, romlis ganviTarebis done ramdenadme uaxlovdeboda<br />
mesopotamiaSi mimdinare procesebs. aq, tigrosisa da evfratis<br />
SuamdinareTis mezoblad, samxreT iranis miwa-wyalze arsebuli elamuri<br />
civilizacia Sumeridan momavali zegavlenis Sedegad iyo aRmocenebuli.<br />
mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze, igi mWidro urTierTkavSirSi<br />
iyo mesopotamiur qveynebTan, SumerTan, babiloneTTan da<br />
asureTTan. es urTierToba iyo rogorc mSvidobiani, savaWro, aseve<br />
saomari. elamelTa ena, rogorc irkveva, mkveTrad gansxvavebuli iyo am<br />
mxareSi ufro gvian gavrcelebuli enebisagan.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom elamuri civilizacia, ZiriTadad xuzistanis<br />
dablobze, suzianaSi iyo koncentrirebuli, sinamdvileSi elamis saxelmwifo<br />
ufro vrcel teritoriebs moicavda. dablobis garda, mas eqvemdebareboda<br />
CrdiloeTiTa da aRmosavleTiT misi uSualod momijnave mTianeTi.<br />
mTisa da baris erTianobis modelis SemuSaveba am qveynis<br />
siZlieris erT-erTi umTavresi wyaro iyo. maqsimalurad xdeboda<br />
rogorc mTis, aseve baris bunebrivi simdidreebis gacvla-gamocvla. amas-<br />
Tan erTad, elami Suamavali iyo, erTi mxriv, Sumer-babiloneTsa da<br />
meore mxriv, iranis zegnis sazogadoebebs (Tefe hisari, sialki da sxva)<br />
Soris. am urTierTobebis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala, elamelTa mier<br />
ganxorcielebuli vaWroba iyo. protoelamuri warweriani Tixis firfitebis<br />
gamovlena sialk IV-isa da Tefe iahias kulturul fenebSi aRniSnuli<br />
vaWrobis erT-erTi damamtkicebeli sabuTia. Sua brinjaos<br />
xanaSi, centraluri iranis zegani kidev ufro metad iyo izolirebuli<br />
gare samyarosgan, vidre adre. arseboba veRar ganagrZo Tefe sialkma.<br />
naklebad Cans urTierToba mesopotamiasTan. miuxedavad amisa, elamelebis<br />
aqtiuroba am drosac SeimCneva, Tumca SedarebiT naklebi intensivobiT.<br />
Zv. w. XXIV saukunis Sua xanebSi, sargon didma, aqadis mefem daimorCila<br />
jer Sumeri, xolo Semdeg elami da mis aRmosavleTiT mdebare<br />
mxareebic. daaxloebiT saukunenaxevris Semdeg, dasavleT iranis mTianeTSi<br />
mcxovrebma guTiebis tomebma bolo mouRo aqadelTa batonobas. aqadis<br />
dacemam elams saSualeba misca Tavisufleba daebrunebina da mesopotamiis<br />
dablobze mdebare suzac * daepyro, romelic misi dedaqalaqi gaxda. Zv. w.<br />
II aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi elamelebi samxreT iranSi farTod<br />
vrceldebian. gansakuTrebiT did siZlieres, elamma, Zv. w. XV-XIII saukuneebSi<br />
miaRwia, rodesac man asurelebi da babilonelebi daamarcxa. am<br />
epoqis elami mesopotamiis did nawilsa da dasavleT irans moicavda. am<br />
qveyanas aRorZinebulma babilonma mouRo bolo, rodesac misma laSqarma<br />
Zv. w. XII s. damlevs suza aiRo.<br />
42
iranze gadioda mniSvnelovani savaWro gzebi, romliTac xdeboda<br />
avRanuri lilaqvisa da sxva naxevrad Zvirfasi qvebis Setana mesopotamiaSi,<br />
anatoliaSi da sxva axloaRmosavlur mxareebSi. elamelTa ZiriTadi<br />
mizani iyo daeqvemdebarebinaT aRmosavleTiT mdebare zeganisa da mTianeTis<br />
mebrZoli tomebi da saTavisod gamoeyenebinaT am mxaris bunebrivi<br />
simdidreebi. zagrosis mTianeTSi kasitebi cxovrobdnen, CrdilodasavleT<br />
iranSi _ maneelebi, xolo kaspiis zRvis samxreTiT _<br />
kaspielebi. maTi eTnikuri vinaoba da erTmaneTTan mimarTeba naklebad<br />
aris cnobili. erTaderTi, rac maT Sesaxeb viciT, aris maT mier danatovari<br />
oqrosa da vercxlis maRalmxatvruli xelovnebis nimuSebi.<br />
luristanis farTod cnobili brinjaos nakeTobebi, romlebic, ZiriTadad,<br />
samarxul inventars Seadgenda, didi mxatvruli TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva.<br />
Crdilo-aRmosavleT iranSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda<br />
adreuli hisarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli WurWlis moxatvis tradicia.<br />
Tumca, swored iranis am mxareSi, adrebrinjaos xanis gvandel etapze,<br />
xdeba mniSnelovani cvlileba. keramikuli tradicia aq mTlianad icvleba.<br />
moxatuli nawarmis nacvlad Cndeba sruliad gansxvavebuli nacrisferi<br />
Tu moSavo-monacrisfro Tixis WurWeli. msgavsi cvlileba, umTavresad,<br />
axali mosaxleobis gamoCeniT aixsneba xolme. es ki <strong>Zvel</strong>i mosaxleobis<br />
ZaldatanebiTi Secvlis gareSe iSviaTad xdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
keramikasTan erTad Crdilo-aRmosavleT iranSi, imavdroulad gamoCnda<br />
axali saxeobis spilenZisa da brinjaos iaraRebi da samkaulebi, adre<br />
savsebiT ucnobi am mxarisaTvis. es garemoeba damatebiTi sabuTia mosaxleobis<br />
SemadgenlobaSi momxdari cvlilebis sasargeblod. sayuradReboa,<br />
rom iranis materialur kulturaSi gavrcelebuli es inovaciebi ar<br />
Sexebia mesopotamiasa da sazogadod ufro dasavleTiT mdebare mxareebs,<br />
saidanac iranSi, adreul xanebSi, axali tradiciebi aRwevda.<br />
bevrad ufro gvian, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi,<br />
CrdiloaRmosavleTiranuli nacrisferi Tu moSavo-monacrisfro keramika<br />
jer TandaTanobiT aRwevs iranis dasavleT mxareebs, xolo Semdeg<br />
mTlianad iqvemdebarebs maT. es cvlileba, Tavis mxriv, SesaZloa,<br />
kavSirSi iyo momTabare tomebis ori jgufis centraluri aziidan iranis<br />
zeganze SemoWrasTan. CrdiloeTidan gavrcelebulma mosaxleobam daikava<br />
iranis centraluri zegani. SesaZloa, swored am dros, iranis brinjaos<br />
epoqis damlev xanaze gadiodes is zRvari, romlis Semdegac indoiranuli<br />
jgufis iranul (ariul * ) enebze metyveli xalxebi batondebian<br />
Tanamedrove iranisa da misi momijnave mxareebis teritoriaze. centraluri<br />
aziidan gavrcelebuli mosaxleobis erT-erTi ganStoeba SeiWra<br />
indostanis naxevarkunZulze (ix. qvemoT). orive es jgufi Tavis Tavs<br />
arielebs uwodebda. maT hyavdaT cxenSebmuli sabrZolo etlebi, Tumca<br />
iranelebma maleve upiratesoba cxenosan jars miakuTvnes, rogorc ufro<br />
43
ukeT gamosayenebels mTian mxareebSi, sadac maT ufro uxdebodaT aqtiuroba,<br />
indisa da gangis velebze mcxovrebi indoelebisagan gansxvavebiT.<br />
iranSi dasaxlebuli indo-evropelebi erTmaneTisagan, TavTavianTi<br />
dialeqtebiT gansxvavdebodnen. maTgan yvelaze Zlevamosilebi, sparselebi<br />
da midielebi anu farsa da mada iyvnen. sparselebi baxtiaris mTebSi da<br />
misgan dasavleTiT mdebare farsis provinciaSi dasaxldnen, romelsac<br />
Tavisi saxeli dautoves, midielebi ki ufro CrdiloeTiT _ hamadanis<br />
velze. es ukanasknelni kargi meomrebi da daxelovnebuli cxenosnebi<br />
iyvnen. wina aziaSi midielebis batonobas mxolod kiros II didma aqemenianma<br />
* mouRo bolo. sainteresoa, rom midielebis memkvidreobas qurTebi<br />
iCemeben. midielebisa da babilonelebis koaliciis mier, asureTis<br />
dedaqalaqis _ nineviis aRebis weli (Zv. w. 612 w.), bolo dromde,<br />
qurTebis mier maTi kalendris aTvlis wertilad miiCneoda.<br />
sparselTa adreuli SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb bevri araferi viciT,<br />
Tumca ufro gviani xanebis monacemebiT zogadi warmodgena mainc SegviZlia<br />
SeviqmnaT masze. maTi cxenosnebi, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad mSvildisarsa<br />
da xelSubs atarebdnen. unda hqonodaT muzaradebi, kisris safarvelebi<br />
da farebi. qveiTi jari mSvildosnebis, SubiTa da fariT aRWurvili<br />
mebrZolebisagan Sedgeboda. didi zomis, oTxkuTxa, dawnul fars<br />
sparselebi sparas uwodebdnen (Sdr. qarT. fari). Subi mcire zomisa<br />
hqondaT, or metrze naklebi sigrZis. sparsuli maxvilic mokle iyo da<br />
fiqroben, rom es maTi SearaRebis ufro TavdacviT xasiaTze unda migvaniSnebdes.<br />
sparselebis brZolis sayvareli xerxi iyo, farebis saSualebiT,<br />
damcavi kedlis ageba, romlis zemodanac mSvildosnebi mowinaaRmdeges<br />
isars esrodnen.<br />
sparselebi iyvnen pirvelni, vinc etlSi oris nacvlad, oTxi cxeni<br />
Seaba da orTave Tvlis RerZidan, daaxloebiT 1 m sigrZeze, viwro<br />
celebi miamagra, romliTac mowinaaRmdegis qveiTi jariskacebi iceleboden,<br />
maT siaxloves did siCqareze etlis gavlis dros. Tumca, etleb-<br />
Tan SedarebiT, sparselTa cxenosani jari ufro metad moZravi da<br />
efeqturi iyo. Zv. w. 331 wels, gavgamelas * cnobili brZolis dros,<br />
aleqsandre makedonelma darios III-is etlebs Tavisi jaris wina xazi<br />
gauxsna. etlebi sakuTari jaris siRrmeSi SeuSva da Semdeg zurgidan<br />
Seutia maT. am brZolaSi sparselTa katastrofiulma marcxma, daasamara<br />
etlebiT brZolis mravalsaukunovani tradicia.<br />
indostanis naxevarkunZuli. samxreT aziaSi pirveli mxare, sadac e. w.<br />
neoliTurma revoluciam iCina Tavi, iyo iranis aRmosavleTiTa da avRaneTis<br />
samxreTiT mdebare Tanamedrove pakistanuri provincia, belujistani.<br />
aq, aRmosavleT iranisa da samxreT pakistanis SemaerTebel gzaze,<br />
mdinare bolanis dasavleT napirze, mehrgarSi, aRmoCnda adreuli Zv. w.<br />
VII aTaswleulis etalonuri xasiaTis winakeramikuli sakvebwarmoebiTi<br />
44
namosaxlari. Zv. w. V aTaswleulis damlevisaTvis meurneTa Temebi mTel<br />
am regionSi gavrcelda. erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli nalis, Jobisa da<br />
kulis kulturebi sxvadasxva xeobebSi iyo Camoyalibebuli. Zv. w. IV<br />
aTaswleulSi Cndeba galavniani qalaqebi: rehman dheriSi (mdinare Jobis<br />
dablobze), amri da kot diji sindSi da kalibangani mdinare hakrasTan,<br />
indoeTSi. es namosaxlarebi ganekuTvneba harapis anu e. w. indis velis<br />
civilizaciis winamorbedTa kulturas.<br />
kot dijis namosaxlari mdebareobda borcvis ZirSi, romlis<br />
Txemzec citadeli yofila aRmarTuli. dedacixis galavans Tanabari intervalebiT<br />
koSkebi hqonia mowyobili. sakuTriv qalaqSi, qvis<br />
saZirkvelze alizis aguriT amoyvanili saxlebis arsebobaa<br />
dadasturebuli. es nagebobebi sadrenaJo Txrilebisa da qvis masiuri<br />
jebirebis miRma iyo Sejgufuli. mezobeli Temebi aq erTmaneTs mudmivad<br />
ebrZodnen nayofieri miwebis dasaufleblad. kot dijis namosaxlarze<br />
napovnia qvis Zalze daxvewili samuSao iaraRebi, brinjaos isrispirebi,<br />
mZivebi, qalRmerTisa da cxovelTa mcire zomis Tixis plastika.<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iwvevs saTamaSo sazidavi, romelic cxadyofs,<br />
rom meTunis morgvis moyvaniloba daedo safuZvlad urmis Tvlebis<br />
warmoqmnas. es namosaxlari, iseve rogorc amri da kalibangani, cecxlis<br />
mier yofila ganadgurebeli, romlis gamomwvevi mizezi jer kidev<br />
daudgenelia.<br />
ganviTarebis momdevno etapi indostanis subkontinentze,<br />
ganekuTvneba e. w. indis velis civilizacias, romlis etalonuri Zegli<br />
harapa (pakistanSi) iyo. misi gavrcelebis areali, pakistanisa (sindhis,<br />
penjabisa da belujistanis provinciebSi) da indoeTis (gujaraTsa da<br />
rajasTanSi) garda, nawilobriv vrceldeboda, Tanamedrove avRaneTis,<br />
iranisa da TurqmeneTis teritoriaze. am epoqaSi mdinare indis auzSi<br />
miwaTmoqmedTa asobiT mcire zomis, galavniani da dagegmarebulquCebiani<br />
samosaxlo arsebobda. am kulturis namosaxlarebzec dasturdeba<br />
TavdacviTi galavnebis kvali. samxreT-aRmosavleT avRaneTSi mdebare<br />
cnobili namosaxlaris, mundigakis, gaTxrebisas gamomzeurda mzeze<br />
gamomwvari alizis aguriT nagebi galavani da marTkuTxa koSkebi.<br />
sayuradReboa, rom harapis kulturis arqeologiurma Seswavlam<br />
ver gamoavlina omis saSiSroebis ramdenadme mniSvnelovani gavlenis<br />
kvali adgilobrivi sazogadoebebis cxovrebaSi. brinjaom, indis velze<br />
axlo aRmosavleTidan jer kidev Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi<br />
SeaRwia, yuradRebas ipyrobs sabrZolo iaraRis simcire (Tu ar<br />
amzadebdnen maT advilad xrwnadi masalisagan), arc abjaria sadme<br />
mikvleuli. yvelaze farTod gamoyenebuli iaraRi, qvis kverTxi Cans,<br />
romelic <strong>Zvel</strong> samyaroSi yvelgan erTnairad, muzaradis gamoyenebis<br />
dawyebisTanave, xmarebidan gamodioda.<br />
45
zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, indis velis civilizacia ar ganicdida<br />
garedan mniSvnelovan zewolas da amis gamo, aq naklebi saWiroeba<br />
igrZnoba sabrZolo teqnologiebis dasaxvewad da samosaxloTa<br />
Tavdasacavad. sxvanairad aq Zneli warmosadgeni iqneboda, Tu ratom iyo<br />
aq ufro naklebad ganviTarebuli <strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>saqme</strong>, vidre amis<br />
SesaZleblobas maRali teqnologiuri done iZleoda. aseT `mSvidobian~<br />
sazogadoebaSi, savaraudo xdeba Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
sistemis uqonloba, miTumetes, rom kulturuladac indis velis<br />
civilizaciaSi naklebad dasturdeba Zalauflebis amsaxveli niSnebis<br />
arseboba, STambeWdavi taZrebisa Tu vrceli sasaxleebis saxiT.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, qalaqebis yvela, odnav mainc did ubans, galavani<br />
da damatebiT, galavnis irgvliv, wyliani Txrilebi hqonda Semovlebuli.<br />
ra unda yofiliyo amis gamomwvevi mizezi, Tuki sazogadoeba ar iyo<br />
daqvemdebarebuli omis SiSze an Tundac mis mosalodnel safrTxeze.<br />
eWvs gareSea, garedan Semosuli mtrisagan Tavdasacavad iyo agebuli Zv.<br />
w. III aTaswleuliT daTariRebuli galavani kunZul xadirze * mdebare<br />
namosaxlar dholaviraSi. aq dasturdeba erTianad Tavmoyrili kedlebis<br />
sistemis arseboba, rac zRvis mekobreebis Tavdasxmisagan qalaqis dacvis<br />
saWiroebaze unda migvaniSnebdes.<br />
indoeTSi <strong>samxedro</strong> saqmis si<strong>Zvel</strong>eze, ZiriTadad vedebis wignebi *<br />
gvamcnoben. induri eposebi _ mahabharata da ramaiana _ mogviTxroben<br />
regularul armiebze, saomar moqmedebaTa teqnikur Taviseburebebze,<br />
spiraliseburad dawyobil jarze da mis wyobaSi SeRwevis sirTuleze,<br />
sabrZolo etlebze, sabrZolo spiloebze da ramdenadac ucnauri ar<br />
unda iyos, <strong>samxedro</strong> mfrinav meqanizmebze, rac bunebrivia, am cnobaTa<br />
legendarul xasiaTs unda mowmobdes.<br />
rigvedis * monacemebiT, arielebs winamZRolobda tomis beladi anu<br />
raja. maT uxdebodaT brZola rogorc erTmaneTTan, aseve<br />
ucxotomelebTan. isini iyenebdnen brinjaos iaraRs da hqondaT<br />
manianTvlebiani cxenSebmuli etlebi. pirutyvis parvis Sedegad miRebuli<br />
nadavlis ZiriTadi nawili tomis belads uvardeboda xelSi. meomrebi<br />
ganekuTvnebodnen mebrZolTa socialur jgufs _ qSatria varnas.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom arielTa tradiciuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad,<br />
arielebma indostanis naxevarkunZulze (subkontinentze) SemosvlisTanave<br />
iavarhyves mSvidobiani winamorbedi mosaxleobis kuTvnili qalaqebi,<br />
ramdenadme masobrivi ngrevis kvalis arseboba ar dasturdeba. rogorc<br />
Cans, arielTa iq SeRweva sulac ar iyo sisxliani. zogierTi<br />
specialisti arielebs, indostanis naxevarkunZulis avtoqtonur<br />
mosaxleobad miiCnevs; Tumca, aSkaraa, rom es tomebi aq CrdiloeTidan<br />
unda Semosuliyvnen. arielTa kultura mkveTrad gansxvavebulia<br />
winamorbedisagan.<br />
46
indoeTSi konkretuli brZolis, yvelaze adreul xsenebad unda<br />
CaiTvalos rigvedis meSvide mandalaSi (wignSi) aRwerili (gansakuTrebiT<br />
18, 33 da 83, 4-8 himnebSi) 10 mefis brZola. mefe suda, divodasas<br />
STamomavali, amarcxebs misadmi mtrulad ganwyobil arielTa da e. w.<br />
dasius (savaraudod aborigenuli) tomebis konfederacias. mkvlevrebi<br />
fiqroben, rom am gadmocemaSi miTologiuri warmodgenebiT aris<br />
Selamazebuli namdvili ambavi, dakavSirebuli indoeTSi ariuli tomebis<br />
pirveli gamoCenis xanasTan. indo-evropuli warmomavlobis arielebi,<br />
indostanis naxevarkunZulze, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi unda<br />
SeWriliyvnen CrdiloeTidan, kaspiisa da aralis zRvis CrdiloaRmosavleTiT<br />
mdebare mxareebidan. rigvedaSi ariuli tomebi<br />
daxasiaTebulni arian, rogorc naxevrad momTabare mesaqonleebi,<br />
romlebic eweodnen lokalur omebs da pirutyvs stacebdnen erTmaneTs.<br />
10 mefis brZolis aRweris safu<strong>Zvel</strong>ze varaudoben, rom am epoqis tomTa<br />
raodenoba daaxloebiT ramdenime aTasi kacisagan Sedgeboda. analogiuri<br />
raodenobis xalxisagan Semdgari tomebi damaxasiaTebeli movlena iyo<br />
evrazieli momTabareebisaTvis.<br />
etlebis gamosaxulebebi mikvleulia vindias mTagrexilis * qviSaqvis<br />
qanebis petroglifebze. * etlis ori gamosaxuleba momdinareobs adgil<br />
morhana paharidan. pirvel maTganSi ori Sebmuli cxeni da meetlis Tavi<br />
Cans, meoreSi _ oTxcxeniani da 6 maniani (Cxiriani) Tvlebiani sabrZolo<br />
etli, romlis meetle farTo Zaraze dgas da romelsac Tavs esxmis win,<br />
mis gzaze mdgomi xelketiani da fariani adamiani, xolo mSvild-isriT<br />
SeiaraRebuli meore Tavdamsxmeli marjvena mxridan emuqreba mas.<br />
sabrZolo etlebs gamorCeuli adgili ukaviaT indur da sparsul<br />
miTologiaSi, maT RvTaebaTa panTeonis didi nawili etlSi msxdomared<br />
aris warmosaxuli.<br />
CineTi. CineTis <strong>samxedro</strong> istoria, yovelgvari wyvetilis gareSe<br />
viTardeboda aTaswleulebis manZilze, Zv. w. XVI saukunis damlevidan<br />
ax. w. XVI saukunis dasawyisamde. CineTs gaaCnda msoflioSi erT-erTi<br />
yvelaze ufro ganviTarebuli <strong>samxedro</strong> kultura.<br />
legendaruli gadmocemebis Tanaxmad, CineTis pirveli xelisufali<br />
iyo huang di anu yviTeli imperatori, romelmac daamarcxa Ci iu (omisa<br />
da wvimis RvTaeba) da dasaxlda huaxiaSi, yviTeli mdinaris dablobze.<br />
igi iTvleba xanis Cinelebis anu CinelTa ZiriTadi eTnikuri jgufis<br />
winaprad da mamamTavrad. Cinuri tradiciiT huang di mefobda Zv. w.<br />
XXIV saukuneSi. im dinastiaTa Soris, romlebic ki cnobilia Cinuri<br />
analebis mixedviT, yvelaze adreulia xias dinastia, igi Zv. w. II<br />
aTaswleulis pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba. miCneulia, rom am dinastiis<br />
xana qronologiurad mosdevs e. w. sami xelmwifisa da xuTi imperatoris<br />
47
epoqas da win uswrebs Sangis * dinastias. arqeologiuri monacemebi,<br />
TiTqos, mxars uWeren am dinastiis arsebobas.<br />
Sangis, igive inis dinastiis epoqis CineTi, tipuri brinjaos xanis<br />
sazogadoeba iyo. am dinastiis <strong>samxedro</strong> siZliere, mniSvnelovanwilad,<br />
etlebian jarebze iyo dafuZnebuli. sabrZolo etli, mkvlevarTa azriT,<br />
Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Suaxanebisa da meore naxevris Sangis dinastiis<br />
CineTSi, maT mezobel indo-evropel tomebs unda SeetanaT, romelTac<br />
Cveulebriv miaweren xolme am teqnologiuri siaxlis popularizacias<br />
aRmosavleTis Tvaluwvdenel sivrceebze. Tumca, zogierTi mkvlevris<br />
azriT, etlebi ufro adre, xias dinastiis xanidan (daaxl. Zv. w. 2100-<br />
1600 w.w.) unda yofiliyo CineTSi cnobili.<br />
Cinuri etlis Semadgenloba, sami kaciT ganisazRvreboda:<br />
meetlisagan, warCinebuli meomrisa da msaxurisagan, romlis movaleoba<br />
meomrisaTvis iaraRisa da isrebis miwodeba iyo. cxeni CineTSi Zneli<br />
saSovari iyo. im pirTa ricxvi, visac misi SeZena SeeZlo, SezRuduli<br />
iyo da Sesabamisad, etlis mepatroneni warmoadgendnen meomarTa<br />
gancalkevebul jgufs, romelsac sxvebTan SedarebiT, sazogadoebaSi<br />
gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekavaT. TandaTanobiT, isini priviligirebul<br />
klasad gadaiqcen. maT ocdaaTi samTavro gadaecaT samarTavad. amave<br />
dros, isini valdebulebi iyvnen mefis pirvelive brZanebisTanave<br />
sabrZolvelad gamocxadebuliyvnen. Sangis dinastiis mefeebi mezoblebTan,<br />
aseve CrdiloeTidan SemoWril momTabareebTan mudmiv brZolaSi iyvnen<br />
Cabmuli. Sangis dinastiis dros sabrZolo etli imperiis ZiriTadi<br />
iaraRi gamodga, romelmac SesaZlebloba misca xelisufalT<br />
gaeerTianebinaT metad vrceli teritoriebi.<br />
yvelaze ufro kargad cnobili, etlebiani samarxi CineTSi, henanis<br />
provinciis CrdiloeT nawilSi, aniangis * maxloblad, hougangSi iyo<br />
napovni da igi Sangis dinastiis mefis, vu dingis xaniT TariRdeba<br />
(daaxl. Zv. w. 1200 w.). Sangis dinastiis xanaSi, samefo wodebis pirebi<br />
mTel Tavis jalabobasTan erTad imarxebodnen. maT samarxSi aseve<br />
atandnen msaxurebs, cxenebs, etlebsa da meetleebs. aqve aRmoCnda<br />
nairgvari brinjaos iaraRi.<br />
Sangis epoqis etlSi, Cveulebriv, ori cxeni iyo Sebmuli, magram<br />
samarxebSi zogjer oTxcxeniani etlebic aris napovni. meetlis garda,<br />
etlSi mSvildosani da zogjer SubiT an romelime sxva grZeltariani<br />
iaraRis mqone piric iyofeboda. omis dros, etlebis gamoyeneba, maT<br />
winaaRmdeg qveiTi jaris mier brZolis xerxebis daxvewisa da cxenosani<br />
mSvildosnebis (etlebSi myof mSvildosnebTan SedarebiT) meti<br />
efeqturobis gamo, TandaTanobiT daviwyebas mieca.<br />
CineTSi qveiTebic, iseve rogorc etlebis ekipaJis wevrebi,<br />
ZiriTadad `cul-satevrebiTa~ da SubebiT iyvnen SeiaraRebulni. `culsatevari~<br />
mxolod CineTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iaraRis saxeobaa. igi<br />
48
xmarebaSi Sangis dinastiis epoqaSi Semodis. mas aqvs satevris formis<br />
piri, romelic SveriliT aris Casmuli xis tarSi. arsebobda, agreTve,<br />
ormagi Tavis mqone saxeobac, romelTagan pirveli, Cveulebrivi basri<br />
piria, xolo meore, namgliseburi piris mqone. iaraRis xmarebisas<br />
xdeboda iaraRis vertikaluri wvetis mowinaaRmdegis Tavis<br />
mimarTulebiT saTvalTmaqcod Zgereba, xolo sinamdvileSi iaraRis ukan<br />
gamoqaCvisas misi porizontaluri, namgliseburi piri mters Tavs<br />
agdebinebda. es iaraRi mzaddeboda brinjaosagan, mogvianebiT rkinisganac.<br />
samarxebSi warmodgenilia maTi saceremonialo, nefritisgan damzadebuli<br />
calebi. `cul-satevrebs~ xelisuflebisa da Zalauflebis gamomxatveli,<br />
prestiJuli daniSnulebis sagnebis funqcia hqondaT.<br />
brinjaom axlo aRmosavleTidan indis velze Tu daaxl. Zv. w. III<br />
aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi SeaRwia, imave aTaswleulis damlevs, CineTSi<br />
igi ukve sakmaod uxeSi formis mqone nawarmis saxiT aris warmodgenili.<br />
samagierod, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis SuaxanebisaTvis brinjaom aq Seudarebel<br />
dones miaRwia. Sangis dinastiis CineTSi damzadebuli brinjao,<br />
araCveulebrivi sikaSkaSiT xasiaTdeba, magram ubralo xalxisaTvis, TviT<br />
gvianbrinjaos xanaSic, ZiriTad, yoveldRiurad gamosayenebel masalas<br />
isev qva warmoadgenda gansakuTrebiT, qveynis periferiul mxareebSi.<br />
jous dinastiis mier Sangis dinastiis damxobis Semdeg (Zv. w. 1122<br />
w.), CineTSi Camoyalibebuli feodaluri sazogadoebrivi wyoba, <strong>samxedro</strong><br />
TvalsazrisiT, isev etlebiT mebrZol aristokratiul klasze iyo<br />
damyarebuli. rkinis iaraRis damzadeba CineTSi swored jous dinastiis<br />
epoqaSi iwyeba. epoqaSi, romelic, amave dros, Cinuri brinjaos metalurgiis<br />
umaRlesi ayvavebis xanad aris miCneuli.<br />
istoriulad, Cineli <strong>samxedro</strong>ebis ZiriTadi sazrunavi, monRoleTis,<br />
manjuriisa da centraluri aziis stepebis momTabareTagan momdinare<br />
safrTxeebis gaTvaliswineba da maTi acileba iyo. sakuTari samefoebis<br />
dasacavad, Cinelma xelisuflebma farTod gamoiyenes Tavisi upiratesoba<br />
samuSao Zalis siuxvesa da organizebulobaSi. es, pirvel yovlisa,<br />
aisaxa umZimesi amocanis, 6700 km gadaWimuli CineTis didi kedlis agebis<br />
dros, romelic ZiriTadad centraluri evraziis Tvaluwvdeneli<br />
sivrceebidan wamosuli cxenosani laSqris Sesakaveblad iyo gamiznuli.<br />
marTalia, CineTis didi kedlis mSenebloba, Zv. w. I aTaswleulis<br />
pirveli naxevris gviani xanebidan iwyeba, magram misi saWiroeba ufro<br />
adreul xanebSic iqneboda sagrZnobi, Tundac imitom, rom CineTs, mom-<br />
Tabareebisagan Tavdasacavad, mniSvnelovani bunebrivi zRudeebi ar gaaCnda.<br />
zemoaRniSnuli, Zalze mniSvnelovani materialuri monacemebis<br />
garda, evraziis stepebidan momdinare safrTxeebze <strong>Zvel</strong>i Cineli mematianeebis<br />
cnobebic migviTiTebs. Cineli mematianeebisaTvis, maTi qveynis<br />
Crdilo-dasavleTiTa da CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebi barbarosebi, `mtacebeli<br />
mglebi~ iyvnen, romelTa `danayrebac SeuZlebelia, vinaidan isini xarbebi<br />
49
da momxveWelebi arian da araferze ar fiqroben sakuTari sargebelis<br />
garda.~ sityva `gaumaZRari~ xSirad gamoiyeneboda barbarosTa daxasiaTebisaTvis.<br />
50<br />
* * *<br />
<strong>Zvel</strong>i aRmosavleTis <strong>samxedro</strong> saqmis Seswavla cxadyofs, rom<br />
omianobas adreuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ganviTarebisaTvis bevrad<br />
ufro didi mniSvneloba hqonda, vidre mxolod romelime tomisa Tu<br />
qveynis mier meore tomisa Tu qveynis damarcxebisa Tu dapyrobis aRnusxvas,<br />
riTac <strong>Zvel</strong>i matianeebi, analebi Tu qronikebi Semoifarglebian<br />
xolme.<br />
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis mimdinareobisas, rodesac tomis miwawylis<br />
zrda SesaZlebeli xdeboda mxolod mezoblad mdebare farTobebis<br />
dapyrobis saSualebiT, rac cxadia, niSnavda oms mezobel tomebTan.<br />
momxdurTagan Tavdasacavad saWiro xdeboda pirveli galavniani qalaqebis<br />
aRmoceneba. oms an omis safrTxesa da laSqrobebs, anda laSqrobebis Catarebisa<br />
da xarkis aRebis saWiroebas _ miuxedavad maTi daniSnulebisa<br />
Tu mizezisa _ hqonda erTi da igive Sedegi; saxeldobr, ufro Zlieri<br />
winamZRolis gaCena da ukeTesi an ufro Zlieri organizacis aRmoceneba<br />
imisda miuxedavad, Tu risTvis iyo igi gankuTvnili: TavdacvisaTvis Tu<br />
TavdasxmisaTvis. omisaTvis saWiro organizaciuli SesaZleblobebi, ierarqiuli<br />
sistema da centralizebuli sardloba sazogadoebaSi <strong>samxedro</strong>ebisagan<br />
vrceldeboda _ meomrebi mefeebi xdebodnen da mmarTvelobaSi<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> disciplina SehqondaT. amdenad, aSkaraa, rom omianoba<br />
kavSirSi unda yofiliyo saxelmwifos warmoqmnis procesTan.<br />
rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis zrdas, ra mizeziTac ar unda yofiliyo<br />
igi gamowveuli, mosdevda zewola sazogadoebaSi arsebul resursebze. es<br />
faqtorebi warmoadgendnen saxelmwifoebriobis warmoqmnis meqanizmebs,<br />
oRond, mxolod gansazRvrul garemoSi da Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi<br />
ganviTarebis pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. saxelmwifo organizacia<br />
mxolod maSin aRmocendeboda, rodesac moxdeboda misi warmoqmnisaTvis<br />
saWiro pirobebidan, ramdenime maTganis urTierTdamTxveva. amasTanave,<br />
rogorc Cans, yoveli calke aRebuli saxelmwifo, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
winapirobebis arsebobis Sedegad iyo aRmocenebuli, ris gamoc,<br />
sxvadasxva adreuli saxelmwifo, sakmaod mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba<br />
erTmaneTisagan. miuxedavad amisa, moipoveboda raRac saerToc adreuli<br />
saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebis procesSi. rac Seexeba, socialur uTanabrobas<br />
igi ar warmoadgenda saxelmwifo organizaciis warmoqmnisaTvis aucilebel<br />
winapirobas.<br />
zogierTi adreuli saxelmwifos warmoqmnis xasiaTi, ueWvelad avlens<br />
am procesSi dapyrobis gadamwyvet zegavlenas. iyo SemTxvevebi,
odesac mesaqonleTa gabatoneba miwaTmoqmedebze, iwvevda saxelmwifos<br />
aRmocenebas, amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom marbieli momTabareebi ara<br />
mxolod Zarcvavdnen binadar miwaTmoqmedebs, aramed, zogjer, axdendnen<br />
politikuri ganviTarebis procesebis stimulaciasac. adreuli sazogadoebebi<br />
TavianT mezoblebTan kontaqts xom arcTu iSviaTad omebis,<br />
laSqrobebis da dapyrobis mcdelobis saSualebiT axorcielebdnen. omi<br />
da misi Tanxmlebi movlenebi dadebiT, zegavlenas axdendnen mmarTvelobiTi<br />
da samTavrobo institutebis warmoqmna-ganviTarebaze. mecnierTa gansazRvrebis<br />
Tanaxmad, mxolod ukanaskneli 5500 wlis ganmavlobaSi anu<br />
brinjaos xanis dasawyisidan, kacobriobam sul vota 14000-jer ioma.<br />
omianoba da laSqrobebi saTaves udebda centralizebuli mmarTvelobiTi<br />
sistemis Camoyalibebas; ufro metic, <strong>samxedro</strong> Zala, omi da<br />
dapyroba xels uwyobda <strong>samxedro</strong> struqturaze damyarebuli centralizebuli<br />
saxelmwifos aRmocenebas. Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo iTxovda<br />
<strong>samxedro</strong> struqturisagan, misi uxifaTobis garantad yofnas. <strong>samxedro</strong><br />
struqtura, faqtobrivad, warmoadgenda mebrZolTa erTobliobas, romelsac<br />
saxelmwifo xelisuflebisagan miniWebuli hqonda, arsebuli Tu<br />
mosalodneli safrTxeebis mxedvelobaSi miRebis safu<strong>Zvel</strong>ze, Zalis gamoyenebis<br />
ufleba, qveynis dasacavad Tu sxva qveyanaze TavdasxmisaTvis.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, Tu mecnierTa erT nawils miaCnia, rom saxelmwifo<br />
iqmneboda upiratesad Sinagani ganviTarebis Sedegad, meore nawili saxelmwifos<br />
warmoqnas ukavSirebs garegan faqtorebs. isini Tvlian, rom<br />
dapyroba da omi iwvevs ra erTi xalxis mier, meoris damorCilebasa da<br />
eqploatacias, aucilebels xdis saxelmwifo organizaciis warmoqmnas<br />
sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibebuli uTanasworobis SesanarCuneblad. erTi ram<br />
udavoa, omianobasa da dapyrobebs, marTlac SeuZlia gamoiwvios adreuli<br />
saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebis stimulireba, magram amisaTvis saWiroa, sazogadoebaSi<br />
arsebobdes Sesabamisi Sinagani pirobebi, Tundac, ganviTarebis<br />
saTanado donis mxriv, rogorc dampyroblebs, aseve dapyrobilebs,<br />
Soris. ase rom, saxelmwifos warmoqmnisaTvis, rac Cvens mier ganxilul<br />
epoqaSi arsebuli sazogadoebebis ZiriTadi mizani da monapovaria, saWiro<br />
iyo sazogadoebis Sinagani ganviTarebisa da masze zemoqmedi garegani<br />
faqtorebis urTierTdamTxveva.<br />
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *<br />
51
avarisi _ hiqsosebis dedaqalaqi. gaSenebuli iyo egviptis Sua samefos<br />
xanis qalaqis, rovartis nangrevebze, nilosis deltis CrdiloaRmosavleT<br />
nawilSi.<br />
aTlaTli _ Subis sasroli miliseburad amoRaruli xis joxi, romelic<br />
faqtiurad mklavis damagrZelebelis funqcias asrulebda da<br />
zrdida srolis efeqturobis xarisxs.<br />
amurru _ amoreelebis qveyana siriaSi.<br />
ani _ Sumeruli zecis RvTaeba, yvela sxva RvTaebis mama, batoni da<br />
damcveli.<br />
aniangi _ Zv. w. 1554-1045 w.w. Sangis dinastiis dedaqalaqi, mdebareobda<br />
CrdiloeT henanis provinciaSi (CineTi).<br />
arieli _ farTod gamoyenebuli termini, romelic, ZiriTadad,<br />
ganixileba winareindo-iranelTa TviTdasaxelebad.<br />
arnaimi _ qalaqi kadeSis samxreTiT, egviptidan kadeSisaken mimaval<br />
gzaze.<br />
aqemenianebi _ sparseli tomebis gamaerTianebeli samefo dinastia,<br />
romelmac safu<strong>Zvel</strong>i daudo aqemenianTa pirveli sparsuli imperiis arsebobas,<br />
Zv. w. 558-330 w.w.<br />
gavgamela _ adgilmdebareoba CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi, dRevandel<br />
q. mosulTan.<br />
gilgameSis eposi _ epikuri poema. msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
adreuli Txzuleba. iTvleba, rom gilgameSi mesopotamiis adredinastiuri<br />
II periodis mmarTveli iyo (daaxl. XXVII s.).<br />
guTiebi _ mesopotamiis aRmosavleTiT, zagrosis mTianeTSi<br />
mcxovrebi mebrZoli tomebi.<br />
gurzi _ igive bunikiani kverTxi; faqtobrivad warmoadgenda xis<br />
xelkets, romlis erT boloSi qva iyo Casmuli. igi gamoiyeneboda axlo<br />
brZolaSi mowinaaRmdegisaTvis Casartymelad.<br />
dafuri _ karnakis warweris mixedviT, es qalaqi `xeTebis qveyana-<br />
Sia~, Tumca, sinamdvileSi siriaSi unda yofiliyo; adre mas qanaanis TaborTan<br />
aigivebdnen.<br />
delta _ mdinaris SesarTavTan warmoqmnili nariyi are, daserili<br />
mdinaris totebis qseliT, xSirad samkuTxedi formisa.<br />
difuzia _ gavrceleba, gafarToeba, ganbneva.<br />
dominos efeqti _ martivi jaWvuri reaqcia, romelsac adgili<br />
aqvs, rodesac raime cvlileba iwvevs aseTive cvlilebas iqve, mis gverdiT<br />
da a.S. gamoiyeneba movlenaTa urTierTdamokidebuli jaWvis ganmartebisas.<br />
egeida _ dasavleTiTa da CrdiloeTiT saberZneTiT da aRmosavleTiT<br />
TurqeTiT SemosazRvruli egeosis zRvis kunZulebi.<br />
eleqtrumi _ minerali, TviTnabadi oqros nairsaxeoba, Seicavs 25-<br />
50% vercxls. agreTve, oqrosa da vercxlis Senadnobi.<br />
52
epipaleoliTi _ berZnulad `<strong>Zvel</strong>i qvis Semdgom~; arqeologiuri<br />
termini, gamoiyeneba <strong>Zvel</strong>i qvis xanis Semdgomi periodis anu e. w. Sua<br />
qvis xanis anu mezoliTis adreuli etapis aRsaniSnavad.<br />
vedebi – u<strong>Zvel</strong>esi induri sibrZnis wignebi; ganekuTvneba Zv. w. II<br />
aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi.<br />
vindias mTagrexili _ indostanis naxevarkunZulis centraluri<br />
nawilis dasavleTiT, ganyofs indoeTs, CrdiloeT (indisa da gangis<br />
dablobi) da samxreT nawilebad.<br />
zRvis xalxebi _ likielebi, sardinielebi da egeosis zRvis<br />
tomebi.<br />
Tarxuntasa – qalaqi xaTusas samxreT-dasavleTiT, jerjerobiT<br />
arqeologebis mier ar aris mikvleuli.<br />
Tebe _ egviptis erT-erTi u<strong>Zvel</strong>esi dedaqalaqi, zemo egvipteSi,<br />
nilosis aRmosavleT napirze, q. luqsoris maxloblad.<br />
iliada _ `simRera ilionze~ anu troaze, <strong>Zvel</strong>berZnuli epikuri<br />
poema, romelsac homeross (daaxl. Zv. w. IX s.) miaweren.<br />
indo-ariuli _ indo-evropuli enaTa ojaxis indo-ariuli gan-<br />
Stoeba.<br />
indo-evropelebi _ monaTesave enebis erT-erTi didi ojaxi; masSi<br />
Sedian: xeTur-luviuri, induri, iranuli, berZnuli, somxuri da sxva<br />
enebi.<br />
kadeSi _ igive yadeSi, <strong>Zvel</strong>i galavniani qalaqi dasavleT siriaSi,<br />
md. orontis maxloblad. q. homsis samxreT-dasavleTiT 24 km, dRes misi<br />
nangrevebi cnobilia rogorc Tel nebi mendis borcvi.<br />
karnaki _ umdidresi sataZro kompleqsi, mdebareobs luqsoris<br />
maxloblad (egvipte). mniSvneloba SeiZina meTerTmete dinastiis xanidan;<br />
misi istoria TebesTan aris mWidrod gadajaWvuli.<br />
kasta _ indoeTsa da aRmosavleTis zog sxva qveyanaSi gancalkevebuli<br />
sazogadoebrivi jgufi, romelSic adamianebi uflebrivi mdgomareobis,<br />
profesiis Tu warmomavlobis mixedviT iyvnen gaerTianebuli.<br />
logistika _ armiis momaragebisa da gadaadgilebis marTva.<br />
luvielebi _ indo-evropul enaTa ojaxis, anatoliuri jgufis ena,<br />
romelSic xeTurTan anu nesiturTan da falaurTan (palas ena)<br />
erTiandeba. gavrcelebuli iyo Zv. w. II aTaswleulis samxreT<br />
anatoliaSi, arcavasa da kicuvaTnaSi.<br />
marianu _ etliT mebrZolTa privilegirebuli kastis warmomadgeneli<br />
<strong>Zvel</strong> <strong>aRmosavleTSi</strong>.<br />
megido _ qalaqi Crdilo-dasavleT palestinaSi, ezdraelonis<br />
velze, Tanamedrove q. haifas maxloblad, israeli.<br />
memfisi _ q. kairos samxreTiT 20 km, nilosis dasavleT napirze.<br />
qvemo egviptis pirveli nomisa da Semdeg <strong>Zvel</strong>i samefos dedaqalaqi<br />
daaxl. 2200 wlamde.<br />
53
miTani _ Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi, CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi<br />
mdebare xurituli samefo.<br />
morhana pahari _ adgilmdebareoba mirzapuris mxareSi, utarprade-<br />
Sis provincia (CrdiloeTi indoeTi).<br />
mtkvar-arezis kultura _ Zv. w IV-III aTaswleulebSi mtkvrisa da<br />
arezis SuamdinareTSi gavrcelebuli adrebrinjaos xanis kultura;<br />
kavkasiis garda farTod iyo gavrcelebuli wina aziaSic (igive mtkvararaqsis<br />
kultura).<br />
nearini _ igive na’arni amurrus saxelmwifoSi q. biblosis<br />
CrdiloeTiT Tu qanaanSi mcxovrebi xalxi.<br />
nairi _ Zv. w. XIII-X ss., vanis tbis irgvliv mcxovrebi tomebis<br />
erToblivi saxelwodeba.<br />
neandertaleli _ kacobriobis ganviTarebis gverdiTi Sto, cxovrobda<br />
ZiriTadad Sua paleoliTSi.<br />
neoliTi _ berZnulad `axali qva~; arqeologiuri termini, gamoiyeneba<br />
axali qvis xanis aRsaniSnavad.<br />
nipuri _ q. baRdadis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT 160 km. miCneulia Sumeris<br />
erT-erT u<strong>Zvel</strong>es qalaqad. igi iyo samyaros mmarTveli RvTaebis,<br />
enlilis qalaqi, romelsac Sumeruli RvTaebebis ierarqiaSi meore<br />
adgili ekava anis Semdeg.<br />
onagri – gareuli viri.<br />
paleoliTi _ berZnulad `<strong>Zvel</strong>i qva~; arqeologiuri termini, gamoiyeneba<br />
<strong>Zvel</strong>i qvis xanis aRsaniSnavad.<br />
panTeoni – berZnulad yvela RmerTis taZari.<br />
petroglifi _ berZnulad `qvaze amokveTa~. adamianis mier gamoqvabulebSi<br />
da kldeze amokveTili gamosaxulebebi.<br />
pirosis gamarjveba _ iseTi gamarjveba, romelsac Zalian didi<br />
msxverpli dasWirda. gamoTqma ukavSirdeba, epiris mefe piross, romelmac<br />
Zv. w. 279 w. daamarcxa romaelebi udidesi msxverplis fasad.<br />
piqtograma _ Sinaarsis gadmosacemad gamoyenebuli gamartivebuli<br />
naxatebi.<br />
ramesiduli periodi _ daaxl. Zv. w. 1295-1069 w.w., axali samefos<br />
mecxramete da meoce dinastiebis momcveli epoqa.<br />
rameseumi – ramses II-is memorialuri taZari TebeSi, zemo egvipteSi,<br />
Tanam. q. luqsorTan.<br />
rigveda _ `sagalobelTa codna~, vedebis wignis u<strong>Zvel</strong>esi nawili;<br />
Seiqmna Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi.<br />
rodosi _ berZnuli kunZuli TurqeTis samxreT-dasavleTiT, egeosis<br />
zRvis sanapiros maxloblad.<br />
semitebi _ monaTesave enebis erT-erTi didi ojaxi; masSi erTiandebian:<br />
arabebis, ebraelebis, asurelebis, amoreelebis, aqadelebis da sxvaTa<br />
enebi.<br />
54
seti – egviptis <strong>Zvel</strong>i RvTaeba, dakavSirebuli udabnosTan, qariSxalTan<br />
da qaosTan.<br />
suza _ msoflios erT-erTi u<strong>Zvel</strong>esi qalaqi, mdebareobda md. tigrosis<br />
aRmosavleTiT 250 km, suzianaSi, Tanamedrove xuzistani, iranSi.<br />
umma _ Sumeruli qalaqi, cnobili q. lagaSTan xangrZlivi konfliqtiT.<br />
Zv. w. XXIV saukuneSi, misma mmarTvelma, lugal-zagesma<br />
daiqvemdebara uri da uruqi. mdebareobda tigrosis dasavleTiTa da<br />
lagaSis CrdiloeTiT.<br />
upu – igive apu, q. damaskos sanaxebi, siriaSi.<br />
uris Standarti _ warmoadgenda xis yuTis Tavsaxurs, romelzedac<br />
gamosaxulia SumerTa omisa da mSvidobis scenebi, gvxvdeba oTxTvala<br />
etlebic. napovni iyo uris e. w. samefo akldamebis gaTxris dros.<br />
falanga _ <strong>Zvel</strong> saberZneTSi gamoyenebuli qveiTi jaris sabrZolo<br />
wyoba, jariskacTa erTmaneTTan mijrili mwkrivebi.<br />
forposti _ <strong>samxedro</strong> mniSvnelobis mowinave posti, mowinave<br />
pozicia; igive avanposti.<br />
furuSxanda _ savaraudod, Tanam. ajemhoiuqi, centralur anatoliis<br />
samxreT nawilSi, q. aksarais Crdilo-dasavleTiT 18 km.<br />
qanaani _ <strong>Zvel</strong>i geografiuli termini, egviptelTa mixedviT moicavda<br />
mTel aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTs anu levants.<br />
Sangis anu inis dinastia _ istoriulad dadasturebuli Cinuri<br />
saimperatoro dinastia. arsebobda Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Suxanebsa da<br />
meore naxevarSi, Camoyalibda centralur CineTSi, CrdiloeT henanSi,<br />
yviTeli mdinaris dablobze anu e. w. `sakuTriv CineTSi~.<br />
SabTuna _ qalaqi kadeSis samxreTiT, moxseniebulia ramses II-is<br />
aziur laSqrobasTan dakavSirebiT, q. arnaimTan erTad.<br />
Sedgenili mSvildi _ mzaddeboda sruliad gansxvaveuli masalebisagan,<br />
romelTa erT fenad gaerTianeba xdeboda dawnexiT. gansxvavebuli<br />
masalebis gaerTianeba SesaZleblobas iZleoda gamoyenebuli yofiliyo<br />
TviToeuli maTganis saukeTeso Tvisebebi.<br />
xadiri _ kunZuli mdebareobs gujaraTis provinciaSi pakistanis<br />
sazRvarTan.<br />
qalkoliTi _ berZnulad `spilenZ-qva~. arqeologiuri termini<br />
spilenZisa da qvis erdrouli gamoyenebis xanis aRsaniSnavad.<br />
xuritebi _ savaraudod, kavkasiuri warmomavlobis xalxi; cxovrobda<br />
CrdiloeT mesopotamiaSi, daaxl. Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan.<br />
maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnia miTanis<br />
samefo.<br />
homogenuri _ SemadgenlobiT, warmoSobiT, TvisebebiT erTgvarovani.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:<br />
55
• Bradford, A. S. & Bradford, P. M. With Arrow, Sword and Spear. A History of<br />
Warfare in the Ancient World. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2001.<br />
• Divale, W. T. Warfare in Primitive Societies. Santa Barbara, 1973.<br />
• Ferguson, R. B., ed. Warfare, Culture, and Environment. Orlando, 1984.<br />
• Ferrill, A. The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great.<br />
London: Thames & Hudson, 1985.<br />
• Giles, L. Sun Tzu on the Art of War. The Oldest Military Treatise in the World.<br />
Translated from the Chinese with Introduction and Critical Notes by Lionel<br />
Giles. London, 1910.<br />
• Hall, H. R. The Anceint History of the Near East from the Earliest Times to the<br />
Battles of Salamis. London: Methuen & CO, 1924.<br />
• Kammler, H. Der Ursprung des Staates. Eine Kritik der Ueberlagerungslehre.<br />
Koeln: Opladen, 1966.<br />
• Keegan, J. The Mask of Command. New York, 1987.<br />
• Manzanilla, L., ed. Studies in the Neolithic and Urban Revolutions, 2 vols. Oxford,<br />
1987.<br />
• Mellaart, J. The Neolithic of the Near East. London, 1975.<br />
• Raaflaub, K. A. & Rosenstein, N. War and Society in the Ancient and Medieval<br />
Worlds: Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe, and Mesoamerica. Cambridge, MA:<br />
Center for Hellenic Studies, 1999.<br />
• Rausing, G. The Bow. Lund, 1967.<br />
• Service, E. R. Urspruenge des Staates und der Zivilisationen. Der Prozess der<br />
kulturellen Evolution. Frankfurt am Mein, 1977.<br />
• Thompson, T. J. Ancient Stateless Civilization. Bronze Age India and the State<br />
in History, - The Independent Review, vol. X, no. 3, Winter 2005, pp. 365–384.<br />
• Turney-High, H. H., Primitive War: Its Practice and Concepts, 2nd ed. (Columbia,<br />
S.C., 1971).<br />
• Woods, M. & Woods, M. B. Ancient Warfare: From Clubs to Catapults. Minneapolis:<br />
Runestone Press, 2000.<br />
56
tabulebi<br />
1<br />
2<br />
57
58<br />
5 6<br />
3<br />
4
ilustraciebis aRweriloba:<br />
1. narmeris fila, agreTve cnobili rogorc hierankonpolisis palitra.<br />
TariRdeba daaxl. Zv. w. XXXI s-iT.<br />
2. Standarti uris samefo samarovnidan, Zv. w. III aTaswleulis<br />
Suaxanebi.<br />
3. xeTuri etli, gadmoxatuli egvipturi bareliefidan.<br />
4. ramses II dafuris alyis dros; rameseumis (Tebe) kedlis ferwera, Zv.<br />
w. XIII s.<br />
5. lagaSis mefis eanaTumis mier qalaq umaze laSqrobis aRniSvneli<br />
gamarjvebis stelis fragmenti; cnobili agreTve `svavebis stelis~<br />
saxelwodebiT. daaxl. Zv. w. 2450 w. kirqva.<br />
6. aSurnasirpal II-is bareliefi nipuris sasaxlidan.<br />
59
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