literaturismcodneobiTi sakiTxebi - Ganatleba
literaturismcodneobiTi sakiTxebi - Ganatleba
literaturismcodneobiTi sakiTxebi - Ganatleba
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
literatura da pirovnuli identoba<br />
<strong>literaturismcodneobiTi</strong><br />
<strong>sakiTxebi</strong><br />
literaturis erT-erTi umTavresi, umniSvnelovanesi da uZvelesi funqciaa<br />
gviambos adamianis, pirovnebis, misi cxovrebiseuli miznebis, gansacdelis<br />
da am gansacdelidan Tavis daRwevis mcdelobebis Sesaxeb. SieZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom es swored is funqciaa, rasac literatura asrulebs im droidanve,<br />
roca kacobriobam, saerTod, daiwyo literaturuli teqstebis Seqmna. uZvelesi<br />
zepiri, folkloruli teqstebi – zRaprebi, legendebi, baladebi, poemebi<br />
– msmenelebs mouTxrobdnen jer samyaros Seqmnis, mere ki am samyaroSi<br />
mcxovrebi adamianis Sesaxeb, acnobdnen mis Tavgadasavals. Sasabamisad, literaturaSi<br />
imTaviTve damkvidrda xedva, rom mTeli samyaro da erTi adamiani<br />
Tanabrad mniSvnelovania, da Tavad samyaro erT adamianSi vlindeba.<br />
roca literaturuli nawarmoebi adamianis, misi cxovrebisa da gansacdelis<br />
Sesaxeb gvesaubreba, is, amave dros, gviCvenebs, Tu rogor gzas irCevs is<br />
gansacdelidan Tavis dasaRwevad, problemis gadasaWrelad. am dros pirovneba<br />
akeTebs Tavis arCevans, romelic efuZneba mis msoflmxedvelobas, Rirebulebebs,<br />
warmodgenebs, adamianebTan urTierTobis gamocdilebas, zogadad,<br />
im wesebs rasac pirovneba Tavis Tavs udgens da, meore mxriv, dgindeba sazogadoebis<br />
mxriv. yovelive es qmnis individis zneobriv, anu moralur samyaros,<br />
romelsac Tavisi wesebi, moraluri kanonebi aqvs. zneobrivi cxovreba marTlac<br />
gasaocari fenomenia, romlis Sesaxebac meTvramet saukunis didi germaneli<br />
filosofosi, emanul kanti ambobs: „ori ram maocebs yvelaze matad:<br />
varskvlaviani ca Cems zeviT da moralurii kanoni CemSi“.<br />
marTlac, religiisa da filosofiis TiTqmis yvela Zireuli problema adamianis<br />
zneobrivi cxovrebis gaazrebas miemarTeba, magram pirovnebis zneobrivi<br />
arCevanis Cveneba, amave dros, literaturis erTi-erTi ZiriTadi amocanac<br />
aris. upirveles yovlisa, swored am safuZvelze erTiandeba religia,<br />
filosofia, literatura, kultura.<br />
zneobrivi kanonebi umTavresi Zalaa, rac adamianis, rogorc individis<br />
da, mTlianad, adamianuri sazogadoebis arsebobas awesrigebs. marTalia,<br />
moralur kanonebs, amqveynad qmedebis wesebs aRzrdisa da pirovnuli Camoyalibebis<br />
procesSi adamiani garesamyarodan, mSoblebisgan, moZRvrebisgan,<br />
maswavleblebisgan, ufrosebisa Tu Tanatolebisgan iRebs, magram es kanonebi<br />
unda gacocxldes, gacnobierdes, xelaxla iSvas adamianSi, mis pirovnul samyaroSi.<br />
amdenad, zneoba Sinagani kategoriaa, misi saarsebo sivrce, uwinaresad,<br />
pirovnebis Sinagani samyaroa, pirovnebisa, romelic fiqrobs Tavis Tavze,<br />
Tavis cxovrebaze, acnobierebs, aanalizebs sakuTar arsebobas, grZnobebs,<br />
moqmedebebs, valdebulebebs da uflebebs. yovelgvari sazogadoebrivi Tu<br />
7
saxelmwifoebrivi kanonebi zneobrivi kanonebis safuZvelze iqmneba, xolo,<br />
Tavis mxriv, zneobrivi kanonebi da pirovnebis, rogorc zneobrivi arsebis<br />
xedva ganviTarda msoflios sarwmunoebrivi moZRvrebebis wiaRSi. zneobrivi<br />
Rirebulebebi msoflios yvela sarwmunoebrivi sistemis xerxemalia. morali,<br />
zneoba da zneobrivi arCevanis Zala yvela religiaSi ganixileba rogorc<br />
adamianis unikaluri unari, romliTac is gamoirCeva yvela sxva miwieri qmnilebisagan<br />
da miemsgavseba RmerTs. Sesabamisad, zneobriv qmedebasTan da sakuTar<br />
qmedebebze dafiqrebasTan aris dakavSirebuli adamianis meore unikaluri<br />
unari – TviTSemecneba da TviTgamoxatva. am gziT literaturuli<br />
saqmianoba, romelic adamianis TviTgamoxatvis erT-erTi umTavresi formaa,<br />
arsebiTad ukavSirdeba adamianis zneobriv cxorebas, mis moralur arCevans.<br />
literaturis Seswavlisas Cven imavdroulad vfiqrobT pirovnebis miznebze,<br />
mis miswrafebebze, mis gadawyvetilebebze, zneobriv arCevanze. am gziT literaturuli<br />
nawarmoebi mkiTxvels daanaxebs da daafiqrebs iseT zogad problemebze,<br />
Tu ra aris pirovneba da ras ukavSirdeba misi meoba. literatura<br />
gvaswavlis, rom pirovnebis meoba, misi pirovnuli identoba, uwinaresad, ukavSirdeba<br />
mis moralur arCevans – adamiani, romelic acnobierebs Tavis arCevans,<br />
acnobierebs sakuTar Tavsac, sakuTar me-s, pirovnul identobas. adamianebs<br />
mwerloba daanaxebs literaturuli gmiris arCevanis mniSvnelobas da,<br />
aseve, amzadebs cxovrebis im momentebisaTvis, roca Tavadac mouwevT arCevanis<br />
gakeTeba.<br />
zneobrivi saqmianoba, pirovnuli identobis Zieba aris gangrZobiTi, uwyveti<br />
cnobieri da sulieri procesi, kontinuumi. zneobis, sulis, cnobierebis<br />
mudmivi da Tanmimdevruli muSaoba qmnis TiToeuli pirovnebis unikalur<br />
Sinagan gamocdilebas. yoveli adamiani, yoveli individi swored am gamocdilebis<br />
safuZvelze aris gansakuTrebuli. swored amitom, adamiani unda ecados,<br />
arasods moadunos Tavis sulSi mimdinare procesi da Tavis cxovrebas<br />
ganixilavdes, rogorc uwyvet znebriv saqmianobas, mudmivi pirovnul arCevanis<br />
process. Sesabamisad, adamiani eris arseba, romelic sakuTar qmedebebs<br />
da Sinagan mdgomareobas acnobierebs da am procesSi sxva adamianebis gamocdilebas<br />
iTvaliswinebs, literatura ki aris kidec adamianuri gamocdilebis<br />
gadacemis gza. swored literaturuli teqstebi exmareba adamians, sxvaTa gamocdilebis<br />
safuZvelze daufiqrdes zogad kiTxvebs da amiT sakuTar TavSi<br />
Seqmnas maTze pasuxis Ziebis gamocdileba:<br />
ratom aris adamiani – misi uflebebi, misi sicocxle, misi pirovneba – umaRlesi<br />
Rirebuleba?<br />
rogor moviqce Seqmnil viTarebaSi da, meore mxriv, rogor Sevqmna esa Tu<br />
is viTareba?<br />
rogor vacnobiereb me sakuTar Tavs? rogor aRmiqvamen sxvebi?<br />
ra vici da rogor gamoviyeneb Cems codnas?<br />
ras niSnavs moyvasis siyvaruli, meore adamianis pativiscema? rogor unda<br />
gviyvardes moyvasi da rogor unda SeviyvaroT mteri?<br />
rogor icvleba Rirebulebebi?<br />
ras niSnavs maradiuli Rirebulebebi?<br />
rogor icavs saxelmwifo institutebi, kanonmdebloba adamianis uflebebs<br />
da mis zneobriv damokidebulebas sakuTari Tavisa da sxvebis mimarT?<br />
rogor gvaswavlis literatura zogadadamianuri, humanisturi Rirebulebebis<br />
dacvas?<br />
8
amgvar kiTxvebs aRZravs mkiTxvelSi literaturuli qmnilebebi, romlebic<br />
pirovnebis Sinagani, moraluri formirebisaTvis gansakuTrebul, Seucvlel<br />
rols asruleben.<br />
yvela qveynis liteteraturaSi moraluri kiTxvebi, pirovnebis zneobrivi<br />
arCevanis Temebi umniSvnelovanes adgils ikavebs, Tumca aris teqstebi,<br />
romelTac zogadkulturuli, zogadadamianuri rezonansi aqvT da swored<br />
pirovnebis zneobriv arCevanze gvesaubrebian.<br />
aseTi teqstebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba uiliam Seqspiris „hamleti“ da iohan<br />
volfgang goeTes „fausti“ romelTa fragmentebsac aqve gTavazobT:<br />
uiliam Seqspiri<br />
hamleti<br />
(fragmenti. hamletis monologi)<br />
(Targmani ivane maCablis)<br />
hamleti<br />
yofna?.. ar yofna?.. sakiTxavi ai es aris.<br />
suldid qmnilebas ra Sehferis? is, rom itanjos<br />
da aitanos mCagrav bedis neStriTa gmirva,<br />
Tu SeebrZolos mozRvavebul ubedurebas<br />
da am SebrZolviT mospos igi?.. mospos sicocxle...<br />
bolo mouRos.. miiZinos.. sxva araferi...<br />
am miZinebiT gaTavdeba is gulisqenjna<br />
da aTasi sxva bunebrivi ukuRmarToba,<br />
raic xorcSesxmul adamians wilad xdomia.<br />
gana es bolo sanatreli ar unda iyos?<br />
movspoT sicocxle... daviZinoT.. rom daviZinoT,<br />
mere sizmrad iq vnaxavT rasme?.. Zneli es aris,<br />
ar viciT maSin ra sizmrebi mogvevlineba,<br />
rom sikvdilis Zils mivecemiT da movSordebiT<br />
mokvdavT cxvovrebis mRelvarebas! ai es gviSlis<br />
da grZels cxovrebas Cvensas igi grZeli tanjavda hxdis.<br />
vin moiTmenda uamisod JamTa simwares,<br />
mtarvalis Cagvras, siamayes Tavgasulobas,<br />
tanjvasa mwvavsa uaryofil siyvarulisas,<br />
marTlmsajulebis gvianobas, mZlavrT ukmexobas,<br />
Seuracxyofas Rirseulis uRirsisagan, -<br />
mSvidobis povna rom SegveZlos danis erT dakvriT?<br />
vina zidavda jafiT, kvnesiT am sicocxlis tvirTs,<br />
rom ara gvqondes imis SiSi, Tu sikvdil-Semdeg<br />
iq ra iqneba, iq, im bnelsa da ucnob mxares,<br />
sadiT arc erTi mgzavri ukan aRar brundeba.<br />
es SiSi gvixSobs nebisyofas da ufro vrCevobT<br />
SemoCveulis da nacnobis Wiris atanas,<br />
vidre ucnobis Sesaxvedrad miswrafebasa.<br />
9
10<br />
ai ase gvxdis laCrad Cveniv cnobiereba,<br />
gabedulobas mosazreba usustebs Suqsa<br />
da sasaxelo Zlier saqmiT, didad ganzraxulT<br />
win eRobeba.<br />
iohan volfgang goeTe<br />
fausti<br />
( prologi)<br />
(Targmani anzor abJandaZis)<br />
prologi<br />
(miZRvna)<br />
isev miaxlovdebiT, xatebano warsulis,<br />
Tumc uwinac meCveneT da kvlav bindSi ganzavdiT,<br />
vinZlo dRes mogixelToT, natvrac Cemi asruldes,<br />
vinZlo kvlav ar gamisxlteT ciur ocnebasaviT.<br />
amqveyniur wyvdiadSi ra RvTiurad cialebT,<br />
rogor gadmogicuravT daviwyebis ufskruli!<br />
oh, rarigad vivsebi Wabukuri siamiT,<br />
Tqvens mier jadoqmnili, Tqvens mier monusxuli!<br />
aha, Cemi warsuli, xibli dReTa mimqralTa.<br />
irevian Cems irgvliv Zvirfas sulTa aCrdilni, _<br />
vinc mgznebared miyvarda da ukuneTs mihbarda,<br />
megobarni vinc myavda bedis laxvriT daWrilni.<br />
miaxldeba tkivili da xsovnaSi brundeba<br />
ucxo labirinTebSi maT gverdiT xetiali,<br />
o, ramdeni acduna bednierma wuTebma,<br />
ganiwira ramdeni bedis uRvTo trialiT!<br />
oh, maT veRar movasmen hangTa CemTa axalTa,<br />
maT, romelTac vumRerdi grZnobiT nasaTuTariT,<br />
vayuradeb Zvel hangebs... vaglax, rogor ganqarda<br />
Cveni wminda erToba _ sulis navsayudari!<br />
Cems simRerebs ismenen axla sxvani, ucxoni,<br />
arad miRirs me maTi aRtaceba rioSi,<br />
mxolod esRa maxarebs _ SemrCa Cangi cocxali,<br />
Tumc CanTqmuli amqveynis codvil ria-riaSi.<br />
da surviliT vegznebi _ Zvirfas sulTa samyaros<br />
kvlav veaxlo, vestumro, rogorc mgzavri yaribi,<br />
da JRers idumaleba... da mas exmianeba<br />
hangic Cemi grZneuli eolosis qnariviT.
da mdis cremli... da mivlis sxeulSi Jruanteli...<br />
miTrTis guli-yinuli, Tbili cremliT Zleuli,<br />
da risic var mflobeli _ hqreba, rogorc sanTeli,<br />
da xelT mrCeba ocneba _ sinamdviled qceuli.<br />
davalebebi, Temebi gansjisaTvis:<br />
• imsjeleT adamianis, rogorc zneobriv arsebis Temaze. gaixseneT Tqveni<br />
pirovnuli gamocdileba – rodis migiRiaT cxovrebaSi zneobrivi gakveTilebi?<br />
• adamiani zneobriv arCevans akeTebs, SesaZloa, maSinac, roca is amas ver acnobierebs<br />
– ojaxis wevrebTan, megobrebTan, garemomcvel adamianebTan, anu sociumTan<br />
urTierTobebSi, aseve – daugegmav cxovrebisuel situaciebSi. daufiqrdiT,<br />
rodis dagWirvebiaT zneobrivi arCevanis gakeTeba?<br />
• romeli literaturuli nawarmoebis kiTxvisas, filmis Tu speqtaklis naxvisas<br />
migiRiaT zneobrivi gakveTilebi?<br />
• gaixseneT, rodis dagxmarebiaT literaturuli nawarmoebi Tqveni pirovnuli<br />
problemebis gacnobierebaSi, garkveuli gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, zneobrivi ar-<br />
Cevanis gakeTebaSi?<br />
• ecadeT, moiZioT „hamletisa“ da „faustis“ sruli teqsti saskolo Tu saojaxo<br />
biblioTekebSi da dagegmeT maTi wakiTxva.<br />
• moiZieT msoflio literaturis sxva mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebi, romlebic<br />
pirovnebaze, mis zneobriv arCevanze gviambobs.<br />
11
hagiografiuli teqsti<br />
12<br />
<strong>literaturismcodneobiTi</strong><br />
<strong>sakiTxebi</strong><br />
hagiografiuli literaturuli teqstebi qarTuli mwerlobis da mTeli<br />
qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreobis erT-erTi udidesi faseulobaa. qar-<br />
Tuli hagiografia moicavs qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis ramdenime saukunes,<br />
dawyebuli meoTxe saukunidan meTerTmete saukunemde, roca is dominanturi<br />
literaturuli Janria. Tumca calkeuli hagiografiuli teqstebi<br />
qarTul mwerlobaSi meTvramete saukunis CaTvliTac gvxvdeba. qarTul literatul<br />
memkvidreobaSi hagiografiuli teqstebis arsebobiT qarTuli kultura<br />
dgeba msoflios didi da xangrZlivi kulturuli gamocdilebis mqone<br />
qveynebis rigSi, xolo im mxatvruli miRwevebiT, rac am teqstebSia gacxadebuli,<br />
qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerloba gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad cocxali<br />
da STambeWdavi SeiZleboda yofiliyo Sua saukuneebis mwer loba.<br />
hagiografiis, rogorc Janris Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba qristianuli<br />
religiisa da kulturis ganviTarebis dasawyiss. qristianobis, rogorc<br />
mwignobruli religiis TavisTavadobam ganapiroba is, rom gaCnda wmindanTa<br />
cxovrebisa da mowameobis, martvilobis aRweris amocana. bibliasTan – Zveli<br />
da axali aRTqmis wignebTan, RvTismetyvel mamaTa wignebTan da himnografiul<br />
poeziasTan erTad hagiografiuli mwerloba qmnis qristianuli sasulieri<br />
literaturis did korpuss, romelic, adreuli Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli,<br />
qristianuli qveynebis istoriul-kulturuli ganviTarebis procesSi<br />
dominnantur rols arsulebda. amave dros, qristianuli eklesiis msaxurebaSi<br />
saxarebis, sxva wminda wignebis, wmindanTa cxovrebisa da wamebis aRmweri<br />
hagiografiuli nawarmoebebis Sesabamisad, qristianul qveynebSi iqmneboda<br />
wignierebisa da kulturis sivrceSi xalxis, mTeli mrevlis CarTulobis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
gamocdileba.<br />
hagiografiuli teqstebis Seqmnis praqtika adreuli Sua saukuneebidanve<br />
qristianuli qveynebis da, gansakuTrebiT, romisa da bizantiis kulturebSi<br />
ganviTarda. qristianuli sarwmunoeba, romelic Tavdapirvelad morwmuneTa<br />
devnisa da wamebis fasad vrceldeboda, imTaviTve aRiarebs maT saqmeTa<br />
aRweris, danarCeni morwmuneebisaTvis maTi sarwmunoebrivi gamocdilebis<br />
gaziarebis mniSvnelobas. am amocanam ganapiroba hagiografiuli mwerlobis<br />
Janruli Taviseburebebis Camoyalibebac: sinamdvileSi momxdari movlenebis<br />
aRwera, asaxva, aq mwerlis upiratesi amocanaa. sinamdvilisadmi amgvari<br />
damokidebuleba ukavSirdeba qristianuli sarwmunoebis gamocxadebiT bunebas.<br />
qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT uzenaesi WeSmariteba, RvTis<br />
Sesaxeb codna gamocxadebiTia, radgan is adamianebma Tavad ki ar daagroves,<br />
aramed RmerTma gamoucxadaT. Zvel aRTqmaSi codna ucxaddeba bibliur wi-
naswarmetyvelebs, xolo axal aRTqmaSi iesom Tavad gamoucxada, auxsna,<br />
gaucxada is Tavis mociqulebs. amis Semdeg ki qristiani wmindanebi TavianTi<br />
cxovrebiT Tu sarwmunoebisaTvis aRsasruliT amowmeben, mowmed udgebian<br />
qristesgan miRebul codnas. swored aqedan momdinareobs mowamis, rogorc<br />
cnebisa da sityvis mniSvnelobac.<br />
ramdenadac sinamdvileSi momxdari movlenebi RvTis nebis gamoxatulebaa<br />
da RvTis codnis gamocxadebad aRiqmeba, cxadia, mwerlis umTavresi amocana<br />
gaxdeba am movlenebis asaxva da maTi sulieri mniSvnelobis warmoCena. teqsti<br />
iqneba ara mwerlis fantaziiT, mis mier gamonagoni ambebis safuZvelze,<br />
aramed xSirad piradad nanaxi, an TviTmxilvelebisagan gadmocemuli movlenebis<br />
asaxvis safuZvelze. am TvalsazrisiT hagiografiuli nawarmoebi, literaturis<br />
Tanamedrove klasifikaciis Sesabamisad, ganekuTvneba arafiqciur<br />
literaturas, gansxvavebiT fiqciuri literaturisagan, romelic swored<br />
mwerlis fantaziiT SeTxzuli ambebisa da personaJebisagan iqmneba. Tumca<br />
hagiogarfiuli teqsts aqvs Tanamedrove Tanamedrove prozauli mxatruli<br />
teqstebis yvela maxasiaTebeli – siuJeturi kompozicia da erTi gamokveTili<br />
ambavi, rogorc Txrobis xerxemali, saintereso dialogebi, mTavari da meorexarisxovani<br />
personaJebi, mTavari gmiri saxis gadmocema sxvadasxva mxatvruli<br />
xerxebis – gmiris Sinagani bunebis, maTi portretebis, fsiqologiuri<br />
niuansebis, sxvadasxva dasamaxsovrebeli detalebis meSveobiT, mxatvruli<br />
saxe-simboloebi, emociuri intonaciebi.<br />
hagiografiuli Janris teqstebi ramdenime tipad iyofa: martvilobebi, anu<br />
wamebaTa wignebi, aRwers wmninda mowamis aRsasruls, sicocxlis gawirvas sarwmunoebis<br />
saxeliT. ufro mogvianebiT ganviTareuli cxovrebaTa wignebi ki<br />
aRwers im adamianis cxovrebas, vinc icxovra da iRvawa qristiuanuli sawrmunoebis<br />
samsaxurSi, mSvidobiT aResrula da wmindanad iqna Seracxuli.<br />
hagiogarfiuli teqstebi kiTxvis tradicia dakavSirebuli iyo eklesiaSi<br />
wmindanis moxseniebis dResTan. am dRes ikiTxeboda misi cxovrebis an wamebis<br />
aRmwereli nawarmoebebic. krebuls, romelSic aseTi teqstebi iyo Sesuli,<br />
umetesad kalendaruli Tanmimdevroba hqonda da mravalTavad iwdeboda. hagiogarfiuli<br />
literatura qristianul mwignobrul kerebSi, monastrebSi,<br />
analitikurad Seiswavleboda, gadaiwereboda. xolo X saukunis binzantielma<br />
moRvawem, svimeon metafrasma Seqmna arsebuli teqstebis gavrcobis, gamSvenebis,<br />
masSi sxvadasxva damatebiTi literaturuli Tu saRvTismetyvelo-Teologiuri<br />
pasaJebis Setanis tradicia.<br />
13
14<br />
literaturuli teqsti<br />
iakob xucesis „wamebai wmnidisa SuSanikisi dedoflisai“, anu, rogorc<br />
umetesad ixsenieben, „SuSanikis wameba“ Tanabrad mniSvnelovani teqstia saqarTvelos<br />
religiuri, kulturuli, istoriuli memkvidreobisaTvis. is erTerTi<br />
im ZeglTagania, romlebic qmnian qarTvelTa sarwmunoebriv, nacionalur,<br />
kulturul identobas. „SuSanikis wameba“ iTvleba Cvenamde Semonaxul<br />
pirvel qarTul werilobiT teqstad, Tumca profesor revaz siraZis kvlevis<br />
Tanaxmad ufro Zveli unda iyos „wminda ninos cxovrebis“ garkveuli fragmentebi,<br />
romlebic wmindanis sicocxleSive unda daweriliyo. „SuSanikis<br />
wameba“ qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturuli nawarmoebia, Sesabamisad,<br />
masSi unda veZioT sarwmunoebrivi sazrisi, nacionaluri mniSvneloba, iseve,<br />
rogorc mxatvruli STabeWdileba, kulturuli an istoriuli informacia. am<br />
mniSvnelobaTa Ziebisa da gaTvaliswinebis gareSe CvenTvis SeiZleba aRuqmeli<br />
darCes teqstis saerTo Sinaarsi da mizandasaxuleba. rogorc hagiografiuli<br />
nawarmoebi, „SuSanikis wameba“ qristianuli sarwmunoebis konteqstSi unda iqnas<br />
wakiTxuli; rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebi, is mwerlis mxatvruli ostatobiT,<br />
eqspresiuli Txrobis wesiT, gmirTa portretebiT, naTeli da lakonuri<br />
eniT gvxiblavs; mis kulturuli mniSvnelobas TavisTavad ganapirobebs<br />
mexuTe saukunis saqarTveloSi amgvari Rrma da daxvewili teqstis arsebobis<br />
da adreqristianul kulturul procesSi CarTvis faqti; istoriuli mniSvneloba<br />
ukavSirdeba im realur-istoriul fons da faqtebs, romliTac nawarmoebi<br />
mkvlevarebs mexuTe saukunis qarTlis istoriuli suraTis aRdgenaSi<br />
exmareba; qarTuli nacionaluri identobis TvalsazrisiT ki es nawarmoebi<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs, Cveni dRevandeli nacionaluri da kulturuli vinaoba<br />
davukavSiroT mravali saukunis win qarTuli mwerlobis SemqmnelTa sarwmunobriv,<br />
nacionalur, kulturul gamocdilebas.<br />
Tavad teqstis, istoriuli wyaroebis, filologiuri da istoriuli gamokvlevebis<br />
safuZvelze SegviZlia warmovidginoT is sinamdvile, romelSic „Su-<br />
Sanikis wamebaSi“ moTxrobili ambavi ganviTarda: nawarmoebSi aRwerilia V<br />
saukunis 70-ian wlebSi imdroindel qarTlis sapitiaxSoSi (saerisTavoSi)<br />
momxdari ambavi: ukve saukunenaxevari xdeba, rac wminda ninos RvawliTa da qadagebiT<br />
qristianoba qarTlSi saxelmwifo religiaa. 440-iani wlebidan qarTl-<br />
Si mefobs didi mefe, wmindani, qarTlis samefosa da eklesiis gamaZlierebeli,<br />
vaxtang gorgasali. iranisagan Tavis damoukideblobas da qristianul rwmenas<br />
icaven samxreT kavkasiis qristianuli qveynebi: qarTlis, somxeTis, albaneTis<br />
samefoebi. irani, igive sparseTi, romelic im droisaTvis cecxlTayvanismcemlobis,<br />
anu mazdeanobis rjulzea, Tavisi gavlenis gasaZliereblad<br />
samxedro da politikur qmedebebTan erTad sarwmunoebasac iyenebs iaraRad.<br />
Tavis mTavar metoqesTan, bizantiasTan samxreT kavkasiis kavSirebis Sesasusteblad<br />
irani saqarTvelosa da somxeTis gamazdeanebas cdilobs. qvemo qarTli,<br />
qarTlis sapitiaxSo, am droisaTvis qarTlis samefos nawilia, magram
mas aqauri erisTavebi, anu pitiaxSebi marTaven, misi centria daba curtavi.<br />
qarTlis sapitiaxSoSi eklesias episkoposi udgas saTaveSi. qarTlis pitiaxSi<br />
am droisaTvis aris varsqeni, vaJi Zlieri da gavleniani arSuSa pitiaxSisa, romelic<br />
Tavis TanamebrZolTan da megobarTan, somxeTis mTavarsardal vardan<br />
mamikonianTan erTad ewinaaRmdegeboda irans da qristianobis damcveli<br />
iyo. vardan mamikoniani dRes somxeTis samociqulo eklesiis wmindania. iranis<br />
winaaRmdeg ajanyebaSi vardanis daRupvis Semdeg misi da misi Zmis ojaxis<br />
wevrebi, maT Soris, vardanis qaliSvili SuSanikic, wlebis manZilze arSuSa<br />
pitiaxSis karze cxovrobdnen. SuSaniki daqorwinebulia varsqenze, is qarTlis<br />
sapitiaxSos dedofalia, sami Ze da erTi asuli hyavs. 459 wlidan iranSi<br />
perozi mefobs. misi mefobis merve, 767 wels, perozs karze eaxleba varsqeni,<br />
romelic, vaxtang gorgasalTan qiSpobiT, iranisgan politikuri mxardaWeris<br />
miRebas gegmavs. iakob xucesi mogviTxrobs, rom erTgulebis dasamtkiceblad<br />
varsqeni Tavad dahpirdeba rjulis Secvlas sparsTa mefes, aRuTqvams, rom<br />
col-Svilsac moaqcevs mazdeanobaze. 468 wlis bolosTvis varsqeni curtavSi<br />
brundeba. dedofali SuSaniki, Seityobs ra varsqnis mier rjulis Secvlas,<br />
sasaxles tovebs da qristes rwmenis dacvas mtkiced gadawyvets. sastiki da<br />
daundobeli varsqeni Tavisi ojaxuri da politikuri interesebis uzrunvelsayofad<br />
dedoflisgan sasaxleSi dabrunebas da, Sesabamisad, rwmenis uaryofas<br />
iTxovs, magram SuSaniks Tavisi erTaderTi gza ukve arCeuli aqvs – is daicavs<br />
qristes sjuls, daicavs Tavis rwmenas, sakuTar suls. wminda SuSanikis<br />
mier gakeTebuli es arCevani myarad efuZneba mis Rrma rwmenas, qristianul<br />
msoflmxedvelobas, amqveyniuri, xorcieli cxovrebis warmavalobas da sulieri<br />
cxovrebis maradiulobas. SuSaniki naTlad xedavs, rom Tuki aqamde<br />
misi sarwmunoebrivi, sulieri cxovreba Tavsebadi iyo dedoflis da meuRlis<br />
cxovrebis wesTan, swored axla dgeba is arCevanis winaSe – damorCildes<br />
varsqens da uaryos WeSmariti RmerTi Tu uaryos amqveyniuri cxovreba, moiTminos<br />
is tanjva, rasac varsqeni miayenebs, raTa saukuno satanjvelisaTvis ar<br />
gawiros Tavisi suli da moipovos imqveyniuri netareba. swored ase daiwyeba<br />
dedoflis mowameobrivi gza, romelic, eqvsi wlis tanjvisa da pyrobilebis<br />
Semdeg, 475 wlis 17 oqtombers misi mowameobrivi aRsasruliT sruldeba.<br />
iakob xucess wminda SuSanikis mowameoba maleve aRuweria. teqstSi ar Cans<br />
sikvdili varsqenisa, romelic vaxtang gorgasalma 484 wels moakvlevina, Sesabamisad,<br />
„SuSanikis wameba“ 475 wlidan 484 wlamdea dawerili. wminda SuSanikis<br />
wamebis aRweriT iakob xucesi mihyveba qristianobis pirveli saukuneebisanve<br />
gavrcelebul tradicias wmnindanTa amqveyniuri gzis aRwerisa, rac, cxadia,<br />
saTaves iRebs Tavad ieso qristes cxovrebis aRweridan. es teqsti Tavad adasturebs,<br />
rom qarTlSi qristianoba, rogorc mwignobruli religia, ukve ganmtkicebulia<br />
wignieri formiT. amasTanave, wmindanis cxovrebis hagiogafiuli<br />
teqstis SeqmniT iakob xucess Tavad Seaqvs wvlili ara mxolod wminda<br />
SuSanikis Rvawlis moxseniebaSi da TaoebebisTvis gadacemaSi, aramed qristianuli<br />
mwignobruli tradiciis ganviTarebaSi. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom<br />
swored iakob xucesi SeiZleboda gamxdariyo is iakob curtaveli, curtavis<br />
episkoposi, romelic ixsenieba 506 wels dvinis saeklesio krebis monawileTa<br />
Soris. „SuSanikis wameba“ im xanebSive iTargmna somxurad. teqstis Cvenamde<br />
SemorCenili uZvelesi xelnaweri Sesulia X saukunis parxlis mravalTavSi<br />
(hagiografiuli teqstebis krebulSi) da XVIII saukunis ramdenime xelnawer<br />
krebulSi. teqsti Seqmnilia araCveulebrivad STambeWdavi, naTeli da sada<br />
qarTuliT, romelic advilad ikiTxeba dResac.<br />
15
marTalia, istoriuli<br />
da kulturuli fonis gaTvaliswinebamniSvnelovania<br />
teqstis Sinaarsis gasagebad,<br />
magram nawarmoebis<br />
namdvili Sinaarsi CvenTvis<br />
SeiZleba ganucdeli darCes,<br />
Tu „SuSanikis wamebas“<br />
ar wavikiTxavT, rogorc<br />
monaTxrobs adamianze, mis<br />
urTierTobebze, mis zneobriv-sarwmunoebrivarCevanze,<br />
RvTisaken swrafvaze.<br />
iakob xucesi nawarmoebs<br />
im adamianisadmi didi siyvaruliT,<br />
mowiwebiT, TanagrZnobiT<br />
qmnis, vinc ukve<br />
aris suliT ganwmendili,<br />
mowameobrivad aRsrulebuli<br />
piri. amavdroulad, rogorc<br />
teqstidan vigebT,<br />
Su Saniki iyo misi dedofalic<br />
da misi, rogorc moZ-<br />
Rvris sulieri Svilic,<br />
xo lo Rvawlis aRwerisas<br />
wminda SuSaniki xdeba misi<br />
moT xrobis gmiric. teqstis<br />
TiToeul winadadeba-<br />
Si igrZnoba, rom avtori<br />
wminda SuSanikis Sesaxeb<br />
werisas mas TiToeuli am<br />
kuTxiT xedavs, misTvis cocxalia dedofalTan da sulier SvilTan urTierTobis<br />
yvela mogoneba, xelaxla ganicdeba misi wamebis yvela momenti, da xelaxla,<br />
amjerad ukve mkiTxvelTan erTad xedavs da ufiqrdeba, Tu rogor gaiara Su-<br />
Sanikma mowameobisa da sulieri amaRlebis gza. Sesabamisad, mkiTxvelma nawarmoebis<br />
gmirSi SeiZleba dainaxos istoriuli piric – adre Suasaukuneebis qar-<br />
Tlis dedofalic, magram uwinaresad unda dainaxos qristiani wmindani, Tumca<br />
amisaTvis SuSaniki unda davinaxoT, rogorc adamiani da gavicnobieroT misi<br />
pirovnuli arCevani. sxvagvarad verc misi mowameobis da nawarmoebSi gadmocemuli<br />
ambis mniSvneloba gaxdeba cxadi, radgan qristianul sarwmunoebaSi<br />
mowame, Tavad ufali ieso qristes msgavsad, swored adamianuri tanjvis daTmeniT,<br />
sulieri da fizikuri tkivilis ataniT, emociebiT da fiqrebiT, simxneviTa<br />
da daTmeniT aRwevs siwmindes. mowameTa wignis mkiTxvelic mxolod maSin SeiTvisebs<br />
Tundac mcired wils wmindanis sulieri gamocdilebidan, maSin ixilavs<br />
zRvars sikeTesa da borotebas Soris, roca is TanagrZnobiT dainaxavs wmnindanis<br />
adamianur saxes, ganicdis mis tkivils, daufiqrdeba mis cxovrebiseul gzas<br />
da axali TvaliT Sexedavs sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar cxovrebas.<br />
16
da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen aRsasruli wmidisa SuSanikisi.<br />
I. iyo mervesa welsa sparsTa mefisasa. karad samefod waremarTa varsqen<br />
pitiaxSi, Ze arSuSaisi. rameTu pirvel igica iyo qritiane, naSobi mamisa da<br />
dedisa qristianeTai, da colad misa iyo asuli vardanisi, somexTa spaispetisai,<br />
mamisagan saxeliT vardan, da siyuaruliT saxeli misi SuSanik, moSiSi<br />
RmrTisai, viTarca-igi vTquT, siyrmiTgan TvisiT. da ukeTurebisa mis saxisa<br />
qmrisa misisaisa maradis guls-etyvin da evedrebin yovelTave locvis-yofad<br />
misTvis, raiTamca cvala igi RmerTman saxisa misgan ugunurebisa da iqmnamca<br />
gonierebasa qristessa.<br />
xolo amis ubadrukisa da samgzis sawyalobelisa varsqenisi viTar-me vin<br />
Tquas, yovlad ganwirulisai, viTar-igi ganagdo sanatreli sasoebai qristesi?!<br />
anu vin ara stirodis mas, romelsa arca Wiri exilva, arca SiSi, arca maxvili,<br />
arca pyrobilebai qristesTvis?!<br />
rameTu raJams wardga igi winaSe sparsTa mefisa ara Tu pativisa moRebisaTvis,<br />
aramed ZRunad Tavsa Tvissa Seswirvida mefisa mis mimarT uvaris-yofiTa<br />
WeSmaritisa RmrTisaiTa da Tayuanis-scemda cecxlsa, rameTu yovliT ker-<br />
Zove Tavi Tvisi qristesgan ganagdo. xolo sawyalobeli ese colsa iTxovda<br />
sparsTa mefisagan, raiTamca saTno-eyo mefesa, da esreT etyoda, viTarmed:<br />
– romeli-igi bunebiTi coli ars da Svilni, iginca esreve<br />
movaqcine Sensa Sjulsa, viTarca-ese me.<br />
amas uqadebda, romel-igi ara aqunda xelTa SuSanikisagan.<br />
maSin ganixara mefeman da brZana colad misa asuli mefisai.<br />
teqstis analizi:<br />
iakob xucesi<br />
wamebai wmidisa SuSanikisi<br />
dedoflisai<br />
• gansxvavebiT sxva, Tanamedrove qarTuli teqstebisagan, Zvel qarTul teqstebs<br />
analizis bloks davurTavT yoveli Tavis Semdeg. es, imedia, dagexmarebaT rogorc<br />
teqstis detaluri Sinaarsis, aseve avtoris saTqmelis Tanmimdevrul gaazrebaSi.<br />
testi Tavebad dayofilia i. lolaSvilis redaqciis mixedviT.<br />
17
iakob xucesi<br />
• miuxedavad imisa, rom teqsti mexuTe saukunisaa, misi naTeli da sada ena gasagebia<br />
dRevandeli qarTvelebisTvis. SeecadeT, alRo auRoT enas, Tavdapirvelad<br />
winadadebebi da abzacebi waikiTxoT da aRiqvaT Sinaarsi mTlianobaSi, xolo Semdeg<br />
qvemoTmoyvanili ganmartebebis meSveobiT gaiazroT maTi zusti Sinaarsi. Zveli qarTuli<br />
leqsika, cxadia, xSir SemTxvevaSi Taviseburia. umetes SemTxvevaSi Cven vxmarobT<br />
imave sityvebs odnav gansaxvavebuli morfologiuri formiT. imedia, msgavs<br />
SemTxvevebSi Zvel qarTul formebSi amoicnobT nacnob sityvebs, xolo is sityvebi,<br />
romlebic dRes aRar ixmareba, ganmartebuli iqneba gverdiT miwerili Tanamedrove<br />
SesatyvisiT, sinonimiT, an axsnili iqneba Tanamedrove qarTuliT. Zveli qarTuli<br />
leqsikis ganmartebisas veyrdnobiT ilia abulaZis „Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikons“<br />
(Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „mecniereba“, 1973). erTi da igive arqauli, Zveli sityva teqstSi<br />
SeiZleba ramdenjerme SegxvdeT, amitom kargi iqneba, Tu sityvebs amoiwerT<br />
Tanamedrove SesatyvisebTan erTad, sakuTar sityvars moamzadebT. Zveli qarTulis<br />
gramatikis wesebi sagangebod ar iqneba ganmartebuli, Tumca mTeli frazebis an winadadebebis<br />
Sinaarsis axsnis Semdeg es gramatikuli formebi azris gagebaSi ar dagabrkolebT.<br />
• mecnierebi varaudoben, rom teqstis Sesaval nawils Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. amaze<br />
migviTiTebs avtoriseuli fraza „viTarca igi vTquT“, rogorc vTqviT, rac gulisxmobs,<br />
rom mweralma adrec isaubra SuSanikze da, sakuTriv mis siyrmeze, bavSvobaze.<br />
• Cvenamde moRweul pirvelive winadadebaSi avtori ambobs, rom damtkicebulad,<br />
anu danamdvilebiT mogviTxros wmninda SuSanikis aRsasruls. ramdenad sagrZnobia<br />
teqstSi is, rom iakobi dedoflis martvilobis, wamebis uSualo TviTmxilvelia da<br />
aRwers mxolod realur faqtebs, namdvilad momxdar qmedebebs da warmoTqmul sityvebs?<br />
ramdenad gansazRvravs es faqti iakob xucesis Txrobis lakonur, emociur,<br />
damajerebel stils?<br />
• ramdenad lakonurad warmogvidgens iakob xucesi Tavisi gmiris vinaobas? misi<br />
mama, vardani, somexTa spaipeti, anu mTavarsardalia. SuSaniki somxuri variantia<br />
ebrauli saxelis sosanasi, rac wylis SroSans niSnavs. SuSaniks ase siyvaruliT mimar-<br />
Tavdnen, mamisgan ki vardanad iwodeboda.<br />
• SuSanikis qmaria varsqeni, qarTlis (qarTlis samefos nawilis, daaxloebiT, dRevandeli<br />
qvemo qarTlis) pitiaxSi, anu erisTavi, qristiani mamis da gavleniani feodalis,<br />
arSuSa pitiaxSis Ze.<br />
• ratom iwyebs avtori am ambis Txrobas swored im momentidan, roca varsqeni sparseTis<br />
mefis karze wavida, rac moxda sparseTis mefe perozis gamefebidan, 459 wlidan<br />
merve wels, savaraudod, 467 wels?<br />
• ratom aris xazgasmuli, rom dedofali siyrmidanve, mcire asakidanve RvTismo-<br />
SiSi iyo? ramdenad migviTebs es mis mzaobaze, icxovros qristianuli rwmeniT da Tavi<br />
dados Tavisi rwmenisTvis?<br />
• amis sapirispirod, ratom aRniSnavs aqve avtori, rom varsqeni Tavidanve uke-<br />
Turi bunebis da ugunuri iyo? ramdenad gulisxmobs es ugunureba imas, rom varsqeni<br />
movlenebs da faseulobebs ver aRiqvams maTi sarwmunoebrivi mniSvnelobiT da mzad<br />
aris, nebismieri gziT miaRwios Tavis mizans?<br />
• rogor gesmiT „qristes goniereba“? ramdenad gulisxmobs es sakuTari zneobis,<br />
faseulobebis, msoflmxedvelobis dafuZnebas qristes swavlebaze? ratom aris<br />
ugunuri is, vinc ver xedavs, Tu ra warmavalia cxovreba da ra mZime iqneba sasjeli<br />
araswori arCevanisaTvis, boroti saqmeebisaTvis? ratom aris qristesmier gonieri<br />
is, vinc maradiuli sulieri sasjelis SiSiT qristes mcnebebs icavs da sikeTiT cxovrobs?<br />
• ramdenad Cans, rom miznis miRwevis varsqenisuli gzebi misaRebi ar aris dedoflisaTvis?<br />
ratom migviTiTebs avtori, rom wminda SuSaniki gulSi yovelTvis<br />
ambobda, dardobda varsqenis ugunurebas? ratom loculobda is, rom RmerTs misi<br />
goneba gaenaTebina?<br />
18
wamebai wmidisa SuSanikisi dedoflisai<br />
• ratom cxaddeba varsqeni yovlad ganwirulad, ubadrukad, anu ubedurad, samgzis<br />
sawyaloblad, anu sabralod? ratom aris ganwiruli is, vinc RvTis imediT, sulis<br />
xsnis, cxonebis imediT ar cxovrobs amqveynad? ramdenad ganwirulia WeSmariti<br />
RvTis uarmyofeli varsqenis suli jojoxeTis maradiuli tanjvisaTvis?<br />
• ratom aris sabralo, satirali is, visac qristesTvis SiSi Tu sapyrobile ar<br />
unaxavs, RvTis rwmenis saxeliT ar gauvlia amqveyniuri sirTuleebi? ramdenad niSnavs<br />
es, rom is samoTxeSi, sasufevelSi maradiul sixaruls ver daimsaxurebs?<br />
• iranis samefo karze wasvlisas varsqenis politikuri interesebi aSkaraa. gaixseneT<br />
istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebidan, ramdenad dasturdeba istoriidan, rom vaxtang<br />
gorgasalTan dapirispirebuli pitiaxSi perozisagan eloda zurgis gamagrebas?<br />
ramdenad miRebuli iyo erTgulebisa da politikuri erTobis dasturad rjulis<br />
Secvla? ramdenad upirispirdeba am dros erTmaneTs bizantiisa da iranis interesebi?<br />
am droisaTvis iranis oficialuri religiaa mazdeanoba (an zoroastrizmi,<br />
mogvoba, atroSani, cecxlTayvanismcemloba): maT swamT ahura mazdasi, uzenaesi arsebis,<br />
romlis mociqulia zaratustra (Zv.w. me-18-16 ss.), romelmac Seqmna saRmrTo<br />
poemebi, gaTebi, rac Caiwera wminda wign avestaSi. imsjeleT, Tu ramdenad sasurvelia<br />
iranisaTvis qarTlis saerisTavos gandgoma qristianobisagan, Tuki vaxtang gorgasali<br />
mTeli qarTlis samefos gaZlierebas swored qristianuli ideiT da bizantiaTan<br />
mokavSireobiT cdilobs?<br />
• ramdenad mowadinebulia varsqeni, rom mefes „saTno eyos“, anu Tavi moawonos,<br />
Tuki igi Tavadac icvlis rjuls, hpirdeba, rom bunebiT, anu namdvil, mkvidr<br />
col-Svilsac Seacvlevinebs rjuls da spars qalsac SeirTavs colad? ramdenad<br />
migviTiTebs sparsTa mefis politikur interesebze da mis kmayofilebaze is, rom<br />
perozi mzad aris varsqens sakuTari asuli miaTxovos?<br />
• istoriuli wyaroebi mogviTxrobs, rom politikuri gavlenebis an garigebebis<br />
Sesabamisad qarTveli xelisuflis mier sarwmunoebis gamocvla miRebuli praqtika<br />
iyo ukve adreul SuasaukuneebSi. xSirad qarTveli xelisuflebis mier rjulis gamocvlas<br />
hqonda hqonda garegnuli xasiaTi, am gziT isini cdilobdnen drois mogebas<br />
politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu samxedro Zalebis mosakrebad. istoriuli cnobebis<br />
Tanaxmad, garkveuli SeTanmebis niadagze swored ase moqceulan arSuSa da vardani,<br />
romelsac es dro iranis winaaRmdeg 451 wlis ajanyebis mosawyobad gamouyenebia.<br />
swored am ajanyebaSi daiRupa vardani, xolo misi Zma da ojaxis wevrebi arSuSas gamousyidia<br />
iranelTa tyveobidan. yovelive es mogviTiTebs, rom iranisagan qarTlis<br />
damoukideblobis saqmis gamgrZelebeli varsqeni unda yofiliyo, Tumca Tavad iakob<br />
xucesis teqstis da istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom varsqenisaTvis<br />
rjulis Secvla aris ara taqtikuri nabiji, aramed realuri gavlenis qveS<br />
moqceva, rac iranis mxardaWeriT vaxtang gorgasalTan dapirispirebis miznebs ukavSirdeba.<br />
II. da ijmna mefisagan sparsTaisa pitiaSxman. da viTarca moiwia igi sazRvar-<br />
Ta qarTlisaTa, queyanasa mas hereTisasa, zraxva-yo, raiTa auwyos da wina<br />
miegebnen mas aznaurni, da misni Zeni, da msaxurni misni raiTa maT gamo viTarca<br />
erTguli soflad Sevides. da warmohmarTa sadiaspanoiTa cxeniTa monai Tvisi,<br />
viTarmca movida dabasa, romelsa saxeli hrqvian curtav.<br />
da viTarca moiwia da Sevida winaSe SuSanikisa, dedoflisa Cuenisa, kiTxvai<br />
hrqua. xolo sanatrelman SuSanik viTarca winaiswarmetyuelman hrqua:<br />
– ukueTu suliTa cxovel ars igi, cocxalmca xarT igica da Senca! ukeTu<br />
suliTa momkudar xarT, mokiTxvai ege Seni Sendave moiqecin.<br />
xolo kacman man ver ikadra sityuad misa. xolo wmindai SuSanik afucebda da<br />
19
iakob xucesi<br />
hkiTxvida damtkicebulad. xolo kacman uTxra marTali da hrqua, viTarmed:<br />
– varsqen uvar-yo WeSmariti RmerTi.<br />
viTarca esma netarsa SuSaniks, davarda igi queyanasa zeda da Tavsa damarT<br />
scemda da cremliTa mwariTa ityoda:<br />
– sawyalobel iqmna ubadruki varsqen, rameTu uvar-yo WeSmariti RmerTi<br />
da aRiara atroSani da SeerTo igi uRmrToTa.<br />
da aRdga da dauteva taZari Tvisa da RmrTis moSiSebiT eklesiad Sevida da<br />
Tana miiyvanna samni igi Zeni misni da erTi asuli, da waradginna igini winaSe<br />
sakurTxevelsa da esreT ilocvida da ityoda:<br />
– ufalo RmerTo Senni mocemulni arian da Sen daicven eseni.<br />
da viTarca mwuxrisa Jami aRasrules, saxlaki erTi mcire pova maxlobelad<br />
eklesiasa da Sevida mun Sina simwariTa savse da mieyrdna yuresa erTsa da<br />
mwariTa cremliTa tiroda.<br />
20<br />
teqstis analizi:<br />
• avtori aRwers varsqenis dabrunebas qarTlSi. igi ijmna, anu wamovida sparsTa<br />
mefisagan, da moaRwia qarTlis sazRvrebs, hereTs (Zveli qarTuli Zeglebis mkvlevaris,<br />
profesor ilia abulaZis azriT, aq hereTSi igulisxmeba qarTlis aRmosavleTi<br />
nawili).<br />
• varsqeni saWirod Tvlis, daicvas misdami, rogorc mmarTvelisadmi pativiscemis<br />
gamoxatvis wesi da Tavis qveyanaSi pativiT Sevides. sadiaspano, anu saSikriko cxeniT<br />
win gamogzavnis monas, anu msaxurs, raTa win moegebon misi Zeni da aznaurebi. qarTlis<br />
saerisTavos centri am dros aris curtavi, romelic qvemo qarTlSi iqneboda, magram<br />
zusti adgilmdebareoba dRes dadgenili ar aris.<br />
• daukvirdis Sikrikis dedofalTan saubris scenas. ramdenad Cans, rom wminda<br />
SuSaniki winaswarve varaudobs da Relavs, rom varsqens perozisadmi erTgulebis<br />
dasamtkiceblad SeeZlo rjuli Seecvala? ramdenad Cans, rom varsqens es wasvlamde<br />
dedofalTan ar SeuTanxmebia? ramdenad Cans, rom Tavad msaxurs swams qristesi, WeSmariti<br />
RmerTis, esmis varsqenis gadawyvetilebis simZime da uWirs dedofliTsvis simarTlis<br />
Tqma?<br />
• ras niSnavs SuSanikis sityvebi – suliT cxoveli (cocxali) da „suliT momkvdari“?<br />
ramdenad naTlad igulisxmeba aq varsqenis mier sakuTari sulis wawymeda,<br />
saukuno satanjvelisTvis gawirva? ramdenad aRiwereba misi sulieri mdgomareoba<br />
saukuno sicocxlis ganzomilebasTan mimarTebiT?<br />
• ramdenad mZafria reaqcia dedoflisa, romelic miwaze (qveyanasa zeda) davardeba<br />
da da varsqens sawyalobels uwodebs imis gamo, rom is uRmerToebs SeuerTda,<br />
SeerTo?<br />
• SuSaniki SvilebTan erTad datovebs taZars, anu sasaxles, is midis eklesiaSi da<br />
ufals Seavedrebs Svilebs: isini monaTlulni arian wminda embazSi, sanaTlavSi Wur-<br />
WelSi da maTze suliwmnidis madli gadmovida; amiT ufliswulebi SeuerTdnen erTian<br />
sulier samwysos ieso qristesi, romelic simbolurad keTili mwyemsis saxiT gaiazreba.<br />
ratom avedrebs SuSaniki ufals, uwinaresad, Svilebs? ramdenad Cans aq dedobrivi<br />
gancdac, isic, rom esmis, Tu ra didi gavlena aqvs Svilebze varsqens, aseve isic,<br />
rom dedofali grZnobs rogorc sakuTar Sinagan simtkices, aseve imasac, rom yrmebs<br />
jer kidev sWirdebaT rwmenaSi ganmtkiceba?<br />
• ratom ar brundeba wminda SuSaniki sasaxleSi? ramdenad STambeWdavia wminda Su-<br />
Sanikis saxe, roca igi mwuxris Jamze, anu eklesiaSi saRamos locvaze daswrebis Semdeg<br />
erT patara saxlSi darCeba, yures, kuTxes mieyrdnoba da mwared tiris?
literaturuli teqsti<br />
akaki wereTlis „gamzrdeli“ erT-erTi im nawarmoebTagania, romelic klasikuri<br />
formiT warmogvidgens pirovnebis zneobrivi arCevanis problemas. es ar-<br />
Cevani qmnis teqstis ideur da siuJetur RerZs. poema srulad aris mimarTuli<br />
moraluri arCevanis kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacamad, an, ufro zustad, am kiTxvis wamosaWrelad.<br />
pirovnebis zneobaze, moralur samyaroze, misi qmedebebis sabediswero<br />
mniSvnelobaze da cxovrebis gadamwyvet momentSi gakeTebuli moraluri<br />
arCevanis mniSvnelobaze sasaubrod akaki wereTeli irCevs literaturis klasikur,<br />
tradiciul gzas – ambis moyolas. im droidanve, roca adamianebi zepiri<br />
saxiT gadascemdnen erTmaneTs codnas, warmodgenebs, cxovrebiseul sibrZnes,<br />
isini yvebodnen sxva adamianebis Tavs gardamxdar ambebs, msmenels daafiqrebnen<br />
moqmedebebisa da gadawyvetilebebis, zneobrivi arCevanis Taobaze, iseve,<br />
rogorc sakuTar qmedebebze. marTlac, sxvaTa ambis, gamocdilebis, zneobrivi<br />
gakveTilis gaazreba yvelaze metad exmareba adamians Sinagani moralursaazrovno<br />
procesis gaaqtiurebaSi, arsebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis<br />
gaanalizebaSi da samomavlod cxovrebiseuli nabijebisaTvis mzadyofnaSi.<br />
pirovnebis Sinagani momzadeba cxovrebisaTvis, iseve, rogorc cxovrebis gzebze<br />
misi daxmareba aris kidec literaturis erT-erTi ZiriTadi, tradiciuli<br />
funqcia. Tumca zogierT nawarmoebebs am mxriv gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba<br />
da mkiTxvelTa mier aRiqmeba, rogorc namdvili zneobrivi gakveTili, swored<br />
maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba akaki wereTlis „gamzrdelic“. poema akakiseuli na-<br />
Teli da msubuqi leqsiT aris Seqmnili, gadmocemuli ambavic naTeli da mwyobria,<br />
xolo personaJebis buneba da maTi gancdebi sisadaviT da, amave dros, didi<br />
dramatizmiT aris gaxsnili. poeti sada da naTel mxatvrul xerxebs da sityvebs<br />
iyenebs maradiul Temebze – siyvarulze, erTgulebaze, pasuxismgeblobaze sasaubrod.<br />
„gamzrdelSi“ sikeTisa da borotebis, Rirsebisa da uRirsobis, siyvarulisa<br />
da Ralatis, codvisa da mitevebis urTierTdapirispirebuli kategoriebi<br />
Zalzed mkveTrad aris naCvenebi da erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli. amgvar<br />
dapirispirebul da, amave dros, urTierTdakavSirebul wyvilebs binaruli<br />
opoziciebi ewodeba. binaruli (dawyvilebuli) opoziciebi iseTi movlenebisagan<br />
Tu cnebebisagan iqmneba, romlebic erTmaneTTan kavSirSi gvxvdeba da<br />
romelTa gagebac sapirispiro movlenis Tu cnebis dafuZvelze ukeT aris SesaZlebeli.<br />
swored ase, sikeTis arss borotebis danaxvisas ukeT vacnobierebT,<br />
siyvarulis Zalas Ralatis SemTxvevasTan Sedarebisas ufro SevigrZnobT, codvis<br />
simdables mitevebis simaRlidan ufro naTlad vxedavT. akaki wereTeli ase-<br />
Ti opoziciuli wyvilebis meSveobiT gvesaubreba sulieri simaRlis, zneobrivi<br />
arCevanis Sesaxeb. Sinagani Rirsebis matarebeli adamianis saxiT poemaSi afxazi<br />
Wabuki, baTua gamoyvanili, xolo uRirsobis saxed misi ZiZiSvili, safar begi<br />
gvevlineba, Sesabamisad, isini nawarmoebSi opoziciur wyvils qmnian da moraluri<br />
kategoriebisadmi, sulieri Rirebulebebisadmi, zneobrivi arCevanisadmi<br />
mimarTebas sapirispiri mxidan dagvanaxeben. safar begi Ralatobs ZmasaviT erTgul<br />
ZiZiSvils, xolo baTu miutevebs mas. safar begi sulieri dacemis, cdunebis<br />
saxes gviCvenebs, xolo baTu – codvaze amaRlebisa da Sinagani Rirsebis Senar-<br />
Cunebisa. safar begi arRvevs moralur imperativebs, zneobriv kanonebs, xolo<br />
baTu icavs maT maSinac, roca es misgan udides Sinagan Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.<br />
is Zlevs SurisZiebis, mrisxanebis, tkivilis adamianur ipmulsebs zneobrivi<br />
faseulobebis ZaliT, da swored am gziT aRwevs WeSmarit adamianur simaRles.<br />
misi zneobrivi arCevanis fonze mwerali gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba Sinagani<br />
Rirsebis SenarCuneba uRirsobasTan Sejaxebisas, da rogor SeiZleba codvis<br />
daZleva mitevebis gziT.<br />
137
I<br />
mTis mwvelvalze, cis maxloblad<br />
mercxlis buded raRac moCans;<br />
TvalT isari, Senatyorci,<br />
ver arCevs mis sigrZes da gans.<br />
is facxaa mRvimis pirad<br />
miwnuli da migrexili,<br />
dro da Jamis Sesaferad -<br />
zamTar Tbili, zafxul grili.<br />
rodesac mTa bars da vakes<br />
emuqreba warRvna-Relvas, -<br />
facxac Rrubels gars iburavs,<br />
ekrZaleba Weqa-elvas.<br />
magram, roca dahqaTqaTebs<br />
Tavze iqve mze da mTvare<br />
da Tvalis win fiandazad<br />
efineba aremare,<br />
maSin facxa ubralobiT<br />
momxiblavad lamazia<br />
da imasTan yvela tyuis,<br />
rac ki cixe-darbazia.<br />
gza mouZRvis sacalfexo,<br />
mixveuli, moxveuli;<br />
masze gamvlels unda hqondes<br />
marjve Tvali, mtkice guli;<br />
anu hyavdes raSi cxeni,<br />
mTaSi gazrdil-gamowvrTnili:<br />
kldidan kldeze gadamfreni,<br />
uSiSari da Tan frTxili.<br />
138<br />
akaki wereTeli<br />
1840-1915<br />
am Soreul facxa-mRvimes<br />
vin hpatronobs, visi aris?<br />
da saamo kar-midamos<br />
vin Setrfis da vin Sehxaris?<br />
erTi vinme axalgazrda<br />
afxazia, am mTis Svili,<br />
rTul cxovrebis uarmyofi,<br />
mcirediTac kmayofili.<br />
kargi Tofi, kargi xmali,<br />
kargi cxeni da nabadi!..<br />
ras inatrebs sxvas, amis mets,<br />
kaci, misebr danabadi?<br />
mxolod erTs ki... da is erTic<br />
aris marto siyvaruli,<br />
riTac mxolod qveyniuri<br />
netareba aris sruli.<br />
bedma esec ar daaklo,<br />
ganasxvava, viT rCeuli...<br />
siyvarulsa, mis monaSuqs,<br />
miaSuqa siyvaruli:<br />
erTi Tvea, rac rom colad<br />
miiyvana vinc uyvarda,<br />
visac gulSi casqveSeTჲ<br />
Seuwona, Seufarda...<br />
akaki wereTeli<br />
gamzrdeli<br />
namdvili ambavi<br />
vuZRvni Cems pedagogebs<br />
nazibrola – saxelia,<br />
samegrelos asulia,<br />
mowyvetili ciT varskvlavi<br />
edems alvad asulia!..
elferobiT vardi aris,<br />
sinaziT-ki – morcxvi ia...<br />
trfobisaTvis jer pirvelad<br />
gulis kari gauRia.<br />
ca da qveynis Suamavalad<br />
miaCnia mas afxazi!..<br />
gulSi guls sdebs, sulSi suls<br />
scvlis,<br />
xorcs ewmaxvnis suro-vazi!..<br />
netavi maT!.. maT siyvaruls<br />
da maT uxmo aRsarebas!..<br />
erTad hgrZnoben am qveynadve<br />
sasufevlis netarebas...<br />
magram xangrZliv es sofeli<br />
gaaxarebs vinmes gana?<br />
TaflSi urevs mware naRvels!<br />
mtrisas misi gamocana!..<br />
II<br />
bnela ise, rom aRar Cans<br />
TiTi, TvalTan mitanili!..<br />
ca mrisxanebs, elva-Weqam<br />
nadirsac-ki ufrTxo Zili!..<br />
qari zuis gulsaklavad,<br />
wvima uSvebs kokis pirad;<br />
xan aq, xan iq mTa-RreebSi<br />
gavardeba mexi xSirad.<br />
TiTqo marTla TviT jojoxeTs<br />
auSvia qveynad zari!<br />
aitana SiSis qarma<br />
Tanasworad mTa da bari!<br />
am dros xolme TviT eSmakic<br />
eZebs ZrwoliT TavSesafars,<br />
magram, daxeT viRac mgzavri<br />
stumrad mosdga afxazis kars!<br />
daureka da xma misca:<br />
„gamomxedeT!.. vin xarT Sina?<br />
stumari RvTis karze vdgavar,<br />
cxens da kacsa gvinda bina!“<br />
gaukvirda afxazs da sTqva:<br />
„am TavsxmaSi es vin ari?!“<br />
Seukida cecxls da ucbad<br />
gamoaRo facxis kari.<br />
gavida da SemouZRva<br />
fexebamde dasvelebuls,<br />
miiyvana cecxlis pirad,<br />
udgams samfex skams – daRaluls.<br />
xmas ar iRebs jer stumari,<br />
nabdis Tasmebs nela ixsnis...<br />
Tav-piri aqvs Sebudnuli<br />
yabalaxiT da icinis!..<br />
jer nabadi miayuda,<br />
bnel kuTxisken midga wynara<br />
da, baSliyi rom gadiZro,<br />
motrialda ukan Cqara:<br />
„maspinZelo! – siciliT sTqva, -<br />
waxda Cemi xumrobao!..<br />
ver micani, Tu gewyina<br />
es udrovo stumrobao?“<br />
– safar, Sen xar?.. enacvalos<br />
ZiZis Svili mag Sens Tavso...<br />
es Tvalebi raRas naxven<br />
Sens ukeTes sanaxavso?<br />
moexvia, gadakocna,<br />
rogorc Zma da Tvisi toli,<br />
da mere ki gaaRviZa<br />
SigniT mwoli misi coli.<br />
Seexvewa: aba Cqara<br />
moamzade vaxSamio:<br />
Sori gza aqvs gamovlili,<br />
ar eqneba naWamio.<br />
– ara, baTu, vaxSams ar vWam,<br />
ar mcalia magisTviso!<br />
me sxva mada maqvs aSlili<br />
sxvanairi gulisTqmiso...<br />
upasuxa da mouyva:<br />
„minda giTxra Cemi Wiri:<br />
dRemdis mtkice piriansa,<br />
dRes mitydeba Zmao piri!<br />
almasxits xom kargad icnob,<br />
Tavmomwone inalifas?<br />
gamzrddeli<br />
139
akaki wereTeli<br />
mis cxensa da mis iaraRs<br />
vervin dasdebs Rirseul fass.<br />
vaJkacia Tval-tanadi,<br />
cxenosani uebari!..<br />
metoqea Cemi mxolod,<br />
erTaderTi saSiSari.<br />
Sors gaismis misi qeba,<br />
CvenSic xSiri stumaria;<br />
biWobiT da silamaziT<br />
qalebic ki gadaria.<br />
erTi mxolod zia-xanum<br />
arad agdebs, arc uyurebs,<br />
radgan icis, rom sxvebsaviT<br />
imas is ver imsaxurebs.<br />
zia-xanum, Senc ki ici,<br />
rom mSvenebiT ganTqmulia;<br />
bevri kargi axalgazrda<br />
misi eSxiT dabmulia!..<br />
mTvaresaviT xeluxlebi, -<br />
sxivebs hfens da arvis aTbobs;<br />
momxiblavi Soreulad<br />
Tanasworad yvelas atkbobs.<br />
jer gahRalavs, miibirebs,<br />
daimonebs, igdebs xelSi,<br />
mere unda gamoscados:<br />
agdebs mis msxverps gansacdelSi!..<br />
mec momxibla jadosanma,<br />
damamarcxa, damimona!..<br />
da, Tu qali majobebda,<br />
ar vfiqrobdi, ar megona...<br />
damiCema: „Tu giyvarvar<br />
da xar Cemi mogvareo,<br />
inalifas lurji cxeni<br />
am sam dReSi momgvareo!“<br />
inalifa mis bedaurs<br />
ar dauTmobs nebiT gamCens<br />
da, Tu vinme Zalas ixmars,<br />
Seakvdeba, ar SearCens!<br />
sxva gza ar maqvs: moparvaa<br />
mxolod erTaderTi Rone,<br />
140<br />
Tumc-ki sxva dros ar ikadrebs<br />
amas kaci Tavmomwone.<br />
ai, risTvis movsulvar aq,<br />
Cemo kargo megobaro!<br />
me minda, rom almasxitis<br />
lurji lafSa moviparo.<br />
mousmina ZiZis Svilma,<br />
yvela kargad gaigona,<br />
magram saqmem ukuRmarTma<br />
Seawuxa, daaRona.<br />
uTxra: „vwuxvar, rom eg saqme<br />
ukadrisi gikisria,<br />
magram radgan siyvarulis<br />
tkbili seni Senc Segyria,<br />
gza aRar gaqvs!.. unda guli<br />
daudva da emsaxuro,<br />
rom satfros win Sen sircxvilis<br />
ofli aRar moiwuro:<br />
mis ocnebas, mis gulisTqmas<br />
unda mihyve, daemono,<br />
gind sicocxlec Seni tkbili<br />
mware sikvdils Seuwono.<br />
es Senc ici, – ar xar qveynis<br />
ucadi da umecari, -<br />
savaJkacod gamosuli,<br />
udreki da uSiSari!<br />
magram marto uSiSroba<br />
ZlevisaTvis ara kmara,<br />
Tu sifrTxilec gonivruli<br />
droze mas ar daexmara.<br />
erTmaneTis minamsgavsi,<br />
SiSi sxvaa, sifrTxile sxva,<br />
ise rogorc sxvadasxvaa<br />
RvTis wyaloba da RvTis risxva.<br />
rom midixar, sad midixar?<br />
marTalia, giWris Tvali,<br />
magram CvenSi rogorc ucxos,<br />
agebneva gza da kvali.<br />
Sen eg saqme me momande,<br />
me vizam Sens magivrobas:
an mogiyvan im cxens, an Tavs<br />
Sevwirav Sens megobrobas!<br />
Sen aq darCi, daiZine,<br />
gamoSuSdi cecxlis piras!..<br />
da, Tu damrCa gamarjveba,<br />
maSin mogTxov fexis qiras“.<br />
gaexumra, gamoewyo<br />
samgzavrod da gavlo kari.<br />
midis, elva gzas unaTebs<br />
da dahzuis Tavze qari.<br />
III<br />
iriJraJa, qari Cadga,<br />
gadiyara, dadga dari;<br />
lurj bedaurs moagelvebs<br />
megobrisTvis megobari.<br />
moiyvana, daaba da<br />
Sin Sevida wynarad, frTxilad.<br />
grZel nabadSi gamoxveuls<br />
stumars sZinavs iqve Tbilad.<br />
auara gverdi, midis<br />
iq, sadac is eguleba,<br />
vinc sicocxles urCevnia,<br />
suls swiravs da Tavs evleba.<br />
gulSi ambobs: „erTs davxedav<br />
tkbilad mZinar nazibrolas,<br />
Tu gavuZel gulis Zgeras,<br />
sulis brunvas, xorcis JrJolas“...<br />
sasoebiT Sedis qvabSi<br />
da ras hxedavs iq sakvirvels?!<br />
nazibrola Cumad stiris,<br />
pirs ixokavs, ikawravs yels!..<br />
TmagaSlili, tinis kedels<br />
Tavs axlis da xmas ar iRebs...<br />
mingreuls da mongreulsa<br />
hxedavs iqve mis qveSagebs!!!<br />
mixvda qmari, rac momxdara,<br />
zarma dahkra, elda eca!..<br />
da, rom krintic ar dauZravs,<br />
iqve uxmod Caikeca.<br />
didxans ijda retdasxmuli,<br />
uyurebda colis tanjvas;<br />
bolos Rone moikrifa<br />
da moego isev Wkuas.<br />
mivida da uTxra mtirals:<br />
„Cu, nu stiri, genacvale!<br />
rac ginaxavs – sizmaria,<br />
daiviwye isev male!<br />
yovelgvari mosavali<br />
kacis Tavze uneburi,<br />
RvTis risxvaa da tyvilad beds<br />
ras uCivi, raT emduri?<br />
gadaigde gulidan eg<br />
cru zRapari da sizmari!..<br />
me da Seni siyvaruli<br />
wminda aris, viT lampari“.<br />
moexvia da cremlebi<br />
amouSro TvalSi kocniT,<br />
daawynara, daamSvida<br />
alersiT da bevri xvewniT.<br />
maSin mxolod gamobrunda<br />
stumrisaken da uTxra es:<br />
„ade, Zmao, gaRviZebas<br />
ar apireb, mgonia, dRes!“<br />
wamovarda zeze safar<br />
SemkrTali da darcxvenili!..<br />
magram roca mSvid saxeze<br />
SeamCnia mas Rimili,<br />
gaifiqra: „madloba RmerTs!<br />
araferi Seutyvia,<br />
Tvara gul-mkerds gamixvretda<br />
xanjlis wveri da an tyvia!<br />
ar uTqvams qals, rac Sevcode,<br />
sCans, namusi Seunaxavs.<br />
Cem saqciels, samarcxvinos,<br />
vin gaigebs, vin damZraxavs?“<br />
mere uTxra mis ZiZis Svils:<br />
„gatyob, rom xar kmayofili,<br />
Seasrule gana Cemi<br />
Zneli natvra da survili?“<br />
gamzrddeli<br />
141
akaki wereTeli<br />
„ – Sevasrule: mogiyvane,<br />
droa, aw-ki gaeSure!<br />
nu damZraxav, sakadrisad<br />
Tu rom veras gemsaxure!“<br />
xan esa sTqves, xan isa sTqves,<br />
isaubres jer erTxanad,<br />
mere wyalic moutana<br />
mas xel-piris dasabanad.<br />
gamoawyo, ar daaklo,<br />
rac wesia, samsaxuri,<br />
rom stumari ar gauSvas<br />
gulnakli da umaduri.<br />
Seukazma cxeni, Sesva,<br />
TviTon Sejda naqurdalze<br />
da orivem maTraxebi<br />
atkacunes erTxans Zalze.<br />
gaaxurves maT cxenebi,<br />
aaRelves, aaCqares<br />
da viwro gziT is daRmarTi<br />
sul kuntruSiT Caatares.<br />
rom Cavidnen Soriaxlos<br />
mindvris pirad, iqve dabla,<br />
maspinZelma SeaCera<br />
cxeni da xma aimaRla:<br />
„ – safer-bego! pirSavoba<br />
Seni vici, Semityvia!..<br />
da dReidan Cven ors Sua<br />
mociquli aris tyvia!<br />
ara sTqva-ra!.. arc me gkiTxav:<br />
aris zogi Secodeba,<br />
rom saTqmelad saZneloa...<br />
arc Sendoba uxerxdeba!<br />
axla wadi! damekarge!<br />
frTxilad! arsad Semeyaro,<br />
rom cud gulze ucabedad<br />
Seni sisxli ar davRvaro!“<br />
es rom uTxra, SekrTa safar,<br />
gaSra, feri daedva mkvdris,<br />
Cauvarda ena pirSi,<br />
gaqvavda da aRar iZvris...<br />
142<br />
Zlivs warmoTqva: „marTali xar!..<br />
aRara maqvs me saTqmeli!..<br />
Semacdina TviT eSmakma<br />
da damria codvils xeli!..<br />
Seni tyve var!.. ha, xom xedav,<br />
iaraRi damiyria...<br />
sasikvdilod Cemi nebiT<br />
Sen win Tavi damixria...<br />
Cems sicocxles sikvdili sjobs<br />
momkal... tanjuls ram miSvele,<br />
mazRvevine, rac Segcode,<br />
sinidisi gamimrTele!“...<br />
„ – ara! Sen ver Segexeba<br />
sasikvdilod Cemi tyvia:<br />
dediCemis gazrdili xar,<br />
misi ZuZu giwovia...<br />
rac qveyanas miaCnia<br />
rjulze ufro umtkicesad,<br />
rom gastexe, is geyofa<br />
sikvdilamde Sen sakvnesad.<br />
wadi Cemgan Sendobili,<br />
magram Sors ki... da mSvidobiT!..<br />
dReidan Cven wmindis guliT<br />
erTmaneTs ver mivendobiT!<br />
magram erTs ki dagavaleb,<br />
amisrule ueWvelad:<br />
rom mixvide yabardoSi,<br />
icode, rom sul pirvelad,<br />
wadi, naxe is moZRvari,<br />
vinc SviliviT gamogzarda,<br />
da uambe Seni piriT,<br />
rac sircxvili dagemarTa!“<br />
gadmoxta da lurji lafSa<br />
misca xelSi, Caabara,<br />
motrialda da aRmarTi<br />
Zlivs barbaciT aiara.<br />
IV<br />
arc gvariT, arc vaJkacobiT,<br />
arc simdidriT, arc qonebiT, -<br />
haji-usub cnobilia<br />
mxolod WkuiT da gonebiT.
WirSi, lxinSi sazogadod<br />
umisoba ar iqneba;<br />
xelis gulze aweria<br />
TviT mahmadis wminda mcneba.<br />
zRva da xmeli movlili aqvs,<br />
mnaxvelia cis da qveynis;<br />
jer iseve Wanmakia,<br />
Tumc ar aris ki mcire xnis.<br />
xel-fexs erCis, Tvalsac uWris, -<br />
ar tyuili qadilia;<br />
sadac kia gvariSvili,<br />
yvela misi gazrdilia.<br />
safar-begic man gazarda<br />
ise, rogorc sxvebi yvela,<br />
magram marto wvrTna ras izams,<br />
Tu bunebamc ar uSvela?<br />
ai, swored am usubTan<br />
midis axla safar-begi,<br />
morduobis gamtexi da<br />
Cveulebis gadamdegi.<br />
eubneba yovelifers,<br />
uneburad rac SeemTxva;<br />
cremlebi sdis da eCreba<br />
burTad yelSi mware sityva.<br />
yurs ugdebda haji-usub,<br />
saxe moinaRvliana:<br />
sidiade am muxTlobis<br />
Tvalwin gaisigrZegana.<br />
oxvriT hkiTxa: „mere? mere?<br />
rom gaigo, ra sTqva qmarma?“<br />
– „mapativa Secodeba,<br />
rogorc Zmam da megobarma!..<br />
mxolod is-ki damavala:<br />
naxe Seni gamzrdelio<br />
da mag Seni saqcielis<br />
pasuxs misgan movelio!“<br />
– mesmis, mesmis da pasuxic<br />
Cemi mxolod is ario,<br />
rom namusis gasawmendad<br />
Cemi xeliT sisxls davRvrio!..<br />
Seayena zeda fexze<br />
man dambaCa datenili;<br />
morCilebiT gul-mkerds uSvers<br />
safar, misi gamozrdili.<br />
magram usub eubneba:<br />
„Sen sikvdilis ra Rirsi xar?!<br />
sasikvdilo me var mxolod,<br />
rom kacad ver gamizrdixar!“<br />
warmosTqva da safeTqelSi<br />
miiWeda cxeli tyvia!..<br />
Caikeca sulTambrZoli<br />
wamlis kvamlSi gaexvia...<br />
1898<br />
gamzrddeli<br />
143
1. „gamzrdeli“ poemis klasikuri nimuSia, poeturi formiT gadmocemuli epikuri<br />
nawarmoebia. nawarmoebs aqvs Tavisi siuJeti, hyavs moqmedi pirebi, xolo<br />
Txroba leqsad midis.<br />
• gaixsenel prozauli da poeturi teqstis maxasiaTeblebi da Tqven mier Seswavlili<br />
Tu wakiTxuli sxva poemebi. imsjeleT, Tu ramdenad srulyofilia formisa<br />
Sinaarsis erTianobis TvalsazrisiT akaki wereTlis poema.<br />
• ganixileT teqstis kompozicia, mxatvruli droisa da sivrcis ganawileba,<br />
personaJebis Semoyvanis da siuJetur qargaSi moqcevis meTodebi.<br />
• poemis mxatreul-saxeobrivi samyaro poeturi simboloebiT iqmneba. imsjeleT<br />
poemis dasawyisSi mocemuli mTis, gzis simboloebze, ramdenad mogviTiTeben<br />
isini sulieri amaRlebis, silieri simaRlisaken mimavali rTuli gzis Sesaxeb?<br />
raze migviTiTebs poeti, roca aRwers baTus samyofelis idiliur garemos? ratom<br />
Semohyavs avtors safar-begi Weqa-quxilis fonze?<br />
• ratom iyenebs akaki poetur saxe-simboloebs baTusa da nazibrolas harmoniuli<br />
samyaros Tu safar-begis disharmoniuli sawyisis dasaxasiaTeblad? imsjeleT,<br />
rogor SesabamisobaSia teqstis saxeobrivi sistema mis ideur mizandasaxulebasTan.<br />
2. poemaSi sul ramdenime personaJia, TiToeuli maTgani mkveTri siuJeturkompoziciuri<br />
funqciiT Semohyavs avtors, cxad daxasiaTebas aZlevs da garkveuli<br />
idiT tvirTavs.<br />
• imsjeleT baTus personaJis Sesaxeb, daimowmeT teqstidan is striqonebi,<br />
romliTac avtori mas axasiaTebs nawarmoebis dasawyisSi. ra RirebulebebiT cxovrobs<br />
baTu? rogor da ra mizniT aRwers avtori mis yofier samyaros? rogor warmoaCens<br />
amis miRma mis sulier samyaros?<br />
• imsjeleT im moraluri kanonebisa da tradiciebis Sesaxeb, romelTa mixedviT<br />
moqmedebs baTu nawarmoebis kulminaciur momentSi. rogor SeafasebdiT baTus<br />
zneobriv arCevans? rogoria is zneobrivi imperativebi da tradiciis mier gamyarebuli<br />
qcevis wesebi, romlebic baTus amgvari gadawyvetilebisken ubiZgebs?<br />
• ra Sedegi moaqvs amgvar arCevans Tavad baTusa da nazibrolasaTvis? ramdenad<br />
daarRvevda maT Sinagan samyaros da urTierTgagebas sxvagvari arCevani?<br />
• Tqveni azriT, ra Sedegis momtania baTus gadawyvetileba safar-begisaTvis?<br />
ra Rirebulebebis matarebelia safar-begi? ramdenad iziarebs safar-begis Rirebulebebs<br />
baTu? ratom gadawyvets baTu, survili Seusrulos ZiZiSvils da mas cxeni<br />
mohgvaros?<br />
• imsjeleT am ori personaJis urTierTobaze mas Semdeg, rac safar-begi<br />
ZiZisSvils uRalatebs, baTu ki amas Seityobs. ratom imedovnebs Tavdapirvelad<br />
safar-begi, rom Tavs daaRwevs sasjels? ratom aris is mzad fizikuri sasjelisTvis<br />
mas Semdeg, rac mixvdeba, rom baTum yvelaferi Seityo?<br />
• Tqveni azriT, daakisra Tu ara baTum safar-begs moraluri sasjeli? rogor<br />
imoqmeda aman safaris Sinagan arsebaze? ratom midis is Tavis gamzrelTan,<br />
baTus davalebis Sesabamisad? ratom elis ganaCens gamzrdelisagan?<br />
• rogor gvixatavs akaki haji-usubis gmirs? ramdenad gvevlineba is Tavisi<br />
xalxis sulieri Rirebulebebis, moraluri kodeqsis mcvelad?<br />
• haji-usubi Crdilokavkasieli warCinebuli ojaxebis Svilebis aRmzrdelia.<br />
ratom irCeven mas es ojaxebi TavianTi Svilebis gamzrdelad? ramdenad Zlieria am<br />
garemoSi moraluri kanonebis dacvisa da memkvidreobiT gadacemis tradicia?<br />
• imsjeleT haji-usubis saboloo gadawyvetilebaze, mis zneobriv arCevanze.<br />
ratom iRebs gamzrdeli pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze?<br />
144<br />
teqstis analizi da Temebi gansjisaTvis:
3. akaki wereTeli moraluri kanonebisadmi erTgulebis Temas STambeWdavad<br />
gamoxatavs da dilemis saxiT daayenebs aRzrdisa da pirovnuli bunebis mimarTebas.<br />
dilema aris iseTi viTareba, roca rTuldeba arCevanis gakeTeba or Tanabrad<br />
Zlier movlenas Soris. garkveul viTarebaSi moraluri arCevanic SeiZleba gaxdes<br />
dilema. am SemTxvevaSi ki akaki gvesaubreba kacobriobisTvis erT-erT yvelaze<br />
rTul sakiTxze – ra aris adamianis buneba, ramdenad SeiZleba atarebdes is keTil<br />
an borot sawyiss, da ramdenad SesaZlebelia misi gakeTilSobileba zneobrivi aRzrdis<br />
meSveobiT.<br />
• moZebneT teqstSi is striqonebi, romlebic aforizmis saxiT gamoxatavs am<br />
dilemas.<br />
• rogor asaxavs akaki zneobrivi aRzrdis Temas? poemis Sinaarsis da poetiseuli<br />
Sefasebebis meSveobiT imsjeleT pirovnebis aRzrdisa da misi bunebis<br />
mimarTebaze. gaixseneT sxva literaturuli nawarmoebebi, kinofilmebi, cxovrebiseuli<br />
magaliTebic.<br />
4. akakis dakrZalvas asi aTasamde kaci daeswro. ceremoniaze sityvebi warmoTqves<br />
qarTuli inteligenciis, qarTveli mahmadianebis, somxebis, azerbaijanelebis,<br />
ukrainelebis, berZnebis wamrmomadgenlebma. es faqti TavisTavad<br />
migviTiTebs, rom mwerali, romelmac Tavis poeziaSi qaTuli enis harmonia gamoavlina,<br />
amave dros saqarTvelos mravalkulturuli garemos TvalsaCino da pativsacemi<br />
figura iyo. es ki, uwinaresad, im Rirebulebebis ZaliT iyo SesaZlebeli,<br />
romelTac akakis Semoqmedebidan viTvisebT.<br />
• imsjeleT humanizmis, zneobrivi idealis, siyvarulis, pirovnuli Rirsebis<br />
Temebze akaki wereTlis „gamzrdelis“ Tu sxva nawarmoebebis mixedviT. ramdenad<br />
universaluria, zogadsakacobrioa aseTi Rirebulebebi? ramdenad aerTianebs isini<br />
sxavdasxva eTnokulturuli wris warmomadgenlebs?<br />
• „gamzrdelis“ personaJebi, baTu da safar-begi afxazebi arian, haji-usubi<br />
ki yabardoelia. ratom warmarTa akakim poemis moqmedeba am garemoSi? ramdenad<br />
surda poets eCvenebisa moraluri kanonebis universaloba, iseve, rogorc kavkasiis<br />
erTian tradiciul sivrceSi ganmtkicebuli zneobrivi Rirebulebebis si-<br />
Zliere?<br />
145
Change language