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112<br />

Bibliografia<br />

Andrews NC. A genetic view of iron homeostasis.<br />

Semin Hematol 2002;39:227-34.<br />

** Una review completa dal punto di vista<br />

genetico sulla regolazione del <strong>ferro</strong>.<br />

Blood Cells Mol Dis 2002;29:309-14.<br />

Bridle KR, Frazer DM, Wilkins SJ, et al. Disrupted<br />

hepcidin regulation in HFE-associated<br />

haemochromatosis and the liver as a regulator<br />

of body iron homoeostasis. Lancet. 2003;<br />

361:669-73.<br />

* Dimostra che l’epcidina è espressa in<br />

modo inappropriato nell’emocromatosi<br />

HFE correlata nei pazienti.<br />

Camaschella C, Roetto A, Calì A, et al. The gene<br />

encoding transferrin receptor 2 is mutated in a<br />

new type of hemochromatosis mapping to 7q22.<br />

Nat Genet 2000;25:14-5.<br />

Curtis AR, Fey C, Morris CM, et al. Mutation in<br />

the gene encoding ferr<strong>it</strong>in light polipeptide<br />

causes dominant adult-onset basal ganglia disease.<br />

Nat Genet 2001;28:350-4.<br />

Donovan A, Brownlie A, Zhou Y, et al. Pos<strong>it</strong>ional<br />

cloning of zebrafish <strong>ferro</strong>portin1 identifies<br />

a conserved vertebrate iron exporter. Nature<br />

2000;403:776-81.<br />

Drysdale J, Arosio P, Invernizzi R, et al. M<strong>it</strong>ochondrial<br />

ferr<strong>it</strong>in: a new player in iron metabolism.<br />

Blood Cells Mol Dis 2002;29:376-83.<br />

Feder JN, Gnirke A, Thomas W, et al. A novel<br />

MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients<br />

w<strong>it</strong>h hered<strong>it</strong>ary haemochromatosis. Nat Genet<br />

1996;13:399-408.<br />

** Un lavoro classico di clonaggio posizionale,<br />

il primo nella storia dell’emocromatosi:<br />

ormai un lavoro storico.<br />

A. ROETTO, C. CAMASCHELLA<br />

Ricadute per la pratica clinica<br />

– La diagnosi di emocromatosi può essere effettuata con test genetico, tenendo presente l’eterogene<strong>it</strong>à genetica<br />

della malattia. L’approccio molecolare ha soppiantato la necess<strong>it</strong>à della biopsia epatica nella quasi total<strong>it</strong>à dei<br />

casi.<br />

– La comprensione dei meccanismi di regolazione permetterà di chiarire non solo il sovraccarico, ma anche altri<br />

disturbi del <strong>metabolismo</strong> del <strong>ferro</strong>. Lo sviluppo di un test per il dosaggio di epcidina nel siero potrà essere<br />

utile all’inquadramento clinico del sovraccarico primario e secondario, ma anche delle anemie da disordine<br />

cronico.<br />

Metodologia<br />

La review si basa su articoli originali e su rassegne recenti pubblicate in riviste cens<strong>it</strong>e da Science C<strong>it</strong>ation Index<br />

e Medline. Gli autori hanno lavorato nel settore da molti anni producendo contributi originali.<br />

Ferreira C, Santambrogio P, Martin ME, et al. H<br />

ferr<strong>it</strong>in knockout mice: a model of hyperferr<strong>it</strong>inemia<br />

in the absence of iron overload. Blood<br />

2001;98:525-32.<br />

Fleming MD, Trenor CC, Su MA, et al. Microcytic<br />

anaemia mice have a mutation in Nramp2,<br />

a candidate iron transporter gene. Nat Genet<br />

1997;16:383-6.<br />

Fleming RE, Ahmann JR, Migas MC, et al. Targeted<br />

mutagenesis of the murine transferrin receptor-2<br />

gene produces hemochromatosis. Proc<br />

Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:10653-8.<br />

Frazer DM, Anderson GJ. The orchestration of<br />

body iron intake: how and where do enterocytes<br />

receive their cues? Blood Cells Mol Dis 2003;<br />

30:288-97.<br />

Ganz T. Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism<br />

and mediator of anemia of inflammation.<br />

Blood 2003;102:783-8.<br />

** Una visione globale sulla funzione fisiologica<br />

di Epcidina vista da un esperto di<br />

immun<strong>it</strong>à innata.<br />

Grabill C, Silva AC, Sm<strong>it</strong>h SS, et al. MRI detection<br />

of ferr<strong>it</strong>in iron overload and associated<br />

neuronal pathology in iron regulatory protein-2<br />

knockout mice. Brain Res 2003;971:95-106.<br />

Harris ZL, Durley AP, Man TK, et al. Targeted<br />

disruption reveals an essential role for ceruloplasmin<br />

in cellular iron efflux. Proc Natl Acad<br />

Sci USA 1999;96:10812-7.<br />

Levy JE, Jin O, Fujiwara Y, et al. Transferrin receptor<br />

is necessary for development of erythrocytes<br />

and the nervous system. Nat Genet<br />

1999;21:396-9.<br />

Levy JE, Montross LK, Cohen DE, et al. The<br />

C282Y mutation causing hered<strong>it</strong>ary hemochromatosis<br />

does not produce a null allele. Blood<br />

1999;94:9-11.<br />

Montosi G, Donovan A, Totaro A, et al. Autosomal-dominant<br />

hemochromatosis is associated<br />

w<strong>it</strong>h a mutation in the <strong>ferro</strong>portin (SLC11A3)<br />

gene. J Clin Invest 2001;108:619-23.<br />

Muckenthaler M, Roy CN, Custodio AO, et al.<br />

Regulatory defects in liver and intestine implicate<br />

abnormal hepcidin and Cybrd1 expression<br />

in mouse hemochromatosis. Nat Genet 2003;<br />

34:102-7.<br />

Nicolas G, Viatte L, Lou DQ, et al. Const<strong>it</strong>utive<br />

hepcidin expression prevents iron overload in a<br />

mouse model of hemochromatosis. Nat Genet<br />

2003;34:97-101.<br />

* Dimostra che l’espressione di epcidina<br />

corregge l’emocromatosi HFE- correlata<br />

nel modello animale.<br />

Njajou OT, Vaessen N, Joosse M, et al. A mutation<br />

in SLC11A3 is associated w<strong>it</strong>h autosomal<br />

dominant hemochromatosis. Nat Genet 2001;<br />

28:213-4.<br />

Papanikolaou G, Samuels ME, Ludwig EH, et al.<br />

Mutations in HFE2 cause iron overload in chromosome<br />

1q-linked juvenile hemochromatosis. Nat<br />

Genet 2003 Nov 30, DOI 10.1038/ng1274.<br />

Powell LW, Jazwinska E, Halliday JW. Primary<br />

iron overload. In: Brock H, Halliday JW, Pippard<br />

MJ, Powell LP, eds. Iron Metabolism in<br />

health and disease. London: Saunders 1994, pp.<br />

227-270.<br />

Roetto A, Papanikolaou G, Pol<strong>it</strong>ou M, et al. Mutant<br />

antimicrobial peptide hepcidin is associated<br />

w<strong>it</strong>h severe juvenile hemochromatosis. Nat<br />

Genet 2003;33:21-2.<br />

* La prima dimostrazione del ruolo di epcidina<br />

in patologia umana.<br />

Roetto A, Totaro A, Cazzola M, et al. The juvenile<br />

hemochromatosis locus maps to chromosome<br />

1q. Am J Hum Genet 1999;64:1388-93.

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