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Studio di fotodiodi a valanga per il calorimetro CMS al LHC del CERN"

Studio di fotodiodi a valanga per il calorimetro CMS al LHC del CERN"

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2.3.2.3 Caratteristiche gener<strong>al</strong>i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25<br />

2.3.3 Dio<strong>di</strong> a giunzione p i n (PIN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27<br />

2.3.3.1 Struttura base <strong>del</strong> PIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br />

2.3.3.2 Ecienza quantica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />

2.3.3.3 Corrente oscura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29<br />

2.3.3.4 Nuclear Counter Eect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />

2.4 Foto<strong>di</strong>o<strong>di</strong> a <strong>v<strong>al</strong>anga</strong> (APD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br />

2.4.1 Principio <strong>di</strong> funzionamento . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32<br />

2.4.2 Meto<strong>di</strong> <strong>di</strong> costruzione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />

2.4.2.1 Metodo <strong>del</strong>la <strong>di</strong>usione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34<br />

2.4.2.2 Metodo <strong>del</strong>la impiantazione ionica (Inculcazione) . . . 36<br />

2.4.2.3 Metodo <strong>di</strong> crescita epitassi<strong>al</strong>e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37<br />

2.4.3 Caratteristiche degli APD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38<br />

2.4.3.1 Guadagno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38<br />

2.4.3.2 Ecienza quantica " Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40<br />

2.4.3.3 Nuclear Counter Eect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40<br />

2.4.3.4 Corrente oscura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42<br />

2.4.3.5 Capacita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42<br />

2.4.3.6 Problemi <strong>di</strong> rumore elettronico nell' APD . . . . . . . 44<br />

2.4.3.7 Excess Noise Factor F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45<br />

2.4.3.8 Confronto tra i <strong>di</strong>versi tipi <strong>di</strong> fotorivelatori . . . . . . . 47<br />

2.5 Applicazioni nella sica <strong>del</strong>le <strong>al</strong>te energie. Il rivelatore <strong>per</strong> l'es<strong>per</strong>imento<br />

a <strong>CMS</strong>. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48<br />

3 Misure <strong>di</strong> APD 51<br />

3.1 Introduzione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />

3.2 Apparato s<strong>per</strong>iment<strong>al</strong>e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />

3.2.1 Misura <strong>del</strong>la corrente oscura I D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />

3.2.2 Misura <strong>del</strong> guadagno M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53<br />

3.2.3 Misura <strong>del</strong>l'ecienza quantica " Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54<br />

3.2.4 Misura <strong>del</strong>l'Excess Noise Factor F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55<br />

III

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