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α ∈ End(V ) U V α(U) ≤ U<br />
B ′ = {v1, . . . , vk} U B = {v1, . . . , vk, . . . , vn}<br />
V ¯ V = V/U ¯v = v + U v ∈ V ¯ B = {¯vk+1, . . . , ¯vn} ¯ V <br />
α ′ = α| U ∈ End(U) ¯α : ¯ V → ¯ V , ¯v ↦→ ¯ α(v) <br />
¯ V <br />
<br />
[α ′<br />
]B ′ ∗<br />
[α]B =<br />
.<br />
0 [¯α] B¯<br />
χα = χα ′ · χ¯α<br />
V F α ∈ End(V ) B <br />
V [α]B B α<br />
α ∈ End(V ) λ1, . . . , λk α Vj =<br />
N(α−λjι) λj V1 +· · ·+Vk Bj <br />
Vj k j=1 Bj V1+· · ·+Vk k j=1 dim Vj = dim V<br />
[α]B V = V1 ⊕ · · · ⊕ Vk<br />
v1+. . .+vk = 0 vj ∈ Vj vj = 0 j = 1, . . . , k<br />
<br />
v1 + · · · + vj = 0<br />
α λ1 <br />
<br />
α(v1) + · · · + α(vj) − λ1v1 − · · · − λ1vj = 0<br />
⇐⇒ (λ2 − λ1)v2 · · · + (λj − λ1)vj = 0,<br />
Vj = Vj <br />
<br />
V F α ∈ End(V )<br />
F <br />
<br />
[α]B =<br />
⎛<br />
⎜<br />
⎝<br />
λ1<br />
<br />
0 λk<br />
⎞<br />
0<br />
⎟<br />
⎠<br />
λ1, . . . , λk p(t) = k<br />
j=1 (λj − t) v ∈ B α(v) = λlv <br />
l ≤ k (λlι − α)v = 0 p(α)(v) = 0 p(α) 0 <br />
B<br />
v ∈ V <br />
p(t) = k<br />
j=1 (λj − t) λ1, . . . , λk <br />
pj(t) = (λ1 − t) · · · (λj−1 − t)(λj+1 − t) · · · (λk − t)<br />
hj(t) = pj(t)<br />
pj(λj)