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A n × n V <br />
n B α ∈ End(V ) [α]B = A <br />
ψ [ψ]B = A C <br />
A 〈, 〉 V B <br />
〈ei, ej〉 = δij C 〈, 〉 P <br />
P −1 = P T P −1 AP = P T AP [α]C = [ψ]C<br />
ψ φ <br />
V <br />
ψ V ψ<br />
φ <br />
A, C ψ, φ <br />
ψ P P T AP = I ψ P T CP <br />
Q QT P T CP Q <br />
QT P T AP Q = QT IQ = I <br />
Q T P T CP Q = D =<br />
⎛<br />
⎜<br />
⎝<br />
d1<br />
<br />
0 dn<br />
⎞<br />
0<br />
⎟<br />
⎠ .<br />
d1, . . . , dn D det(C − tA)<br />
det(D − tI) <br />
det(D − tI) = det((P Q) 2 (C − tA)(P Q)) = (det(P Q)) 2 det(C − tA),<br />
det(D − tI) det(C − tA) <br />
<br />
V <br />
α ∈ End(V ) α ∗ ∈ End(V ) 〈α(v), w〉 = 〈v, α ∗ (w)〉<br />
w ∈ V φ(w) : V → F, v ↦→ 〈v, w〉 V <br />
¯V → V ∗ , w ↦→ φ(w) ¯ V V λ · v = ¯ λv <br />
V w ′ ∈ V v ↦→ 〈v, w ′ 〉<br />
w ∈ V v ↦→ 〈α(v), w〉 V w ′ = α ∗ (w)<br />
〈α(v), w〉 = 〈v, α ∗ (w)〉 v, w ∈ V α ∗