Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
V V <br />
V 〈v, w〉 <br />
(v, w) ∈ V × V V <br />
<br />
〈, 〉 〈v, v〉 > 0 <br />
v ∈ V \ {0}<br />
v v = 〈v, v〉 |v| > 0 v = 0<br />
v, w ∈ V |〈v, w〉| ≤ vw<br />
v = 0 v = 0 <br />
<br />
• t ∈ R <br />
t = 〈v,w〉<br />
v 2 <br />
• t ∈ C <br />
0 ≤ tv − w 2 = t 2 v 2 − 2t〈v, w〉 + w 2 .<br />
0 ≤ tv − w 2 = t¯tv 2 − ¯t〈v, w〉 − t〈v, w〉 + w 2 .<br />
t = 〈v,w〉<br />
v 2 ¯t = 〈v,w〉<br />
v 2 <br />
v, w = 0 θ <br />
θ ∈ [0, 2π)<br />
cos θ = 〈v,w〉<br />
vw<br />
v, w ∈ V v + w ≤ v + w<br />
<br />
v + w 2 = v 2 + 〈v, w〉 + 〈v, w〉 + w 2<br />
≤ v 2 + 2vw + w 2<br />
= (v + w) 2<br />
d(v, w) = v − w V