2008 - Volume 32 No 2 e 3 - sbmet

Boletim SBMET ago.-dez. 20084. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICASBORNSTEIN, R.; LIN, Q. L. Urban heat islandsand summertime convective thunderstorms in Atlanta:three case studies. Atmospheric Environment, v.34, n 0 3, p. 507-516, 2000.FARIAS, W. R. G.; PINTO JR.; O., NACCARATO,K. P.; PINTO, I. R. C. A. Anomalous lightningactivity over the Metropolitan Region of São Paulodue to urban effects. Atmospheric Research, inpress, 2008.HJELMFELT, M. R. Numerical simulation ofthe effects of St. Louis on mesoscale boundarylayer airflow and vertical air motions: simulationsof urban vs. non-urban effects. Journal of AppliedMeteorology, v. 21, n 0 9, p. 1239-1257, 1982.HOWARD, L. Climate of London deduced frommeteorological observations. 3 a ed., v. 1, London,Harvey and Darton, 348 p., 1833.LOMBARDO, M. A. Ilha de calor nasmetrópoles: o exemplo de São Paulo. São Paulo:Hucitec, 1985, 244p.MCKENDRY, I. G. Applied meteorology.Progress in Physical Geography, v. 27, n 0 4, p. 597-606, 2003.NACCARATO, K. P. Analysis of the lightningcharacteristics in the Southeast region of Brazil.PhD. Thesis, INPE, 258 p., 2005.NACCARATO, K. P.; PINTO JR.; O., PINTO, I.R. C. A. Evidence of thermal and aerosol effects onthe cloud-to-ground lightning density and polarityover large urban areas of Southeastern Brazil.Geophysical Research Letter, v. 30, n 0 13, p. 1674-1677, 2003.OKE, T. R. The energetic basis of the urbanheat island. Quarterly Journal of the RoyalMeteorological Society, v. 108, n 0 455, p. 1-24,1982.ORVILLE, R. E.; HUFFINES, G. R. Cloud-togroundlightning in the United States: NLDN resultsin the first decade, 1989-98. Monthly WeatherReview, v. 129, p. 1179-1193, 2001.PINTO, I. R. C. A.; PINTO JR.; O.; GOMES,M. A. S. S.; FERREIRA, N. J. Urban effect on thecharacteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning overBelo Horizonte – Brazil. Ann. Geophysicae, v. 22,p. 697-700, 2004.PINTO JR., O.; PINTO, I. R. C. A.; NACCARATO,K. P. Maximum cloud-to-ground lightning flashdensities observed by lightning location systems in thetropical region: A review. Atmospheric Research, v.84, p. 189-200, 2007.ROSENFELD, D.; WOODLEY, W. Pollution andclouds. Physics World, v. 14, n 0 2, p. 33-37, 2001.SORIANO L. R.; PABLO, F. Effect of smallurban areas in central Spain on the enhancement ofcloud-to-ground lightning activity. AtmosphericEnvironment, v. 36, n 0 17, p. 2809-2816, 2002.STEIGER, S. M.; ORVILLE, R. E.; HUFFINES,G. Cloud-to-ground lightning characteristicsover Houston, Texas: 1989-2000. Journal ofGeophysical Research, v. 107, n 0 D11, 4117(doi:10.1029/2001JD001142), 2002.STEIGER, S. M.; ORVILLE, R. E. Cloudto-groundlightning enhancement over southernLousiana. Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, n 019, 1975 (doi:10.1029/2003GL017923), 2003.WILLIAMS, E.; MUSHTAK, V.; ROSENFELD,D.; GOODMAN, S.; BOCCIPPIO, D. Thermodynamicconditions favorable to superlative thunderstormupdraft, mixed phase microphysics and lightningflash rate. Atmospheric Research, v. 76, n 0 1-4, p.288-306, Jul.-Aug. 2005.18