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4 August 2009

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KNU unD'Duvkmfp>zdS.fu&>tvHmfbd;b.f&RvDR'k;oh.fng

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8 August 2009

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KAWTHOOLEI

2010 eH.fw>fCkx>tzDcd.f unD'Duvkmfp>zdS.fu&>tvHmfbd;b.f&RvDR

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August 2009 9

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10 August 2009

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unD'Duvkmfp>zdS.fu&>

vD>fc>.fo;

August 2009 11

oElxl



KAWTHOOLEI

ch.ftJ.f,l.f= unD'Duvkmfp>zdS.fu&> tvHmfbd;b.f&RvDRb.fxGJ'D;

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rk>feHR = vgthjzh.f 27oD 2009

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b.f&RvDR uhRw>f*h>frh>f 'fvmftHRtod;e.fhvDR$

(1) v>tylRuGHmfeH.fwz.fe.fh ch.ftJ.f,l.fwl>fvdmfzdo.fv> to;eH.ftd.f(16)eH.f v>tJ.f'd;EkmfvDRv> unD w>fxl.fzsJ; ok;rk>f

'd.f tylRe.fhvDR$ b.fq.fzJ 2003 eH.ftylRe.fh ch.ftJ.f,l.feJ.fvDRuhR0J KNLA v>w>fwb.f wl>fvdmfzdo.fv> to;

td.f (18)eH.f tzDvmfwz.fql ok;ylRv>Rb.fe.fhvDR$

(2) p;xD.fzJ 2003 eH.fwrh>fxJch.ftJ.f,l.f }wD0Jw>folzdo.fok;v> to;eH.ftd.f(18)eH.fqltzDvmfwz.fv> ok;ylR

wcg{dRb.f ch.ftJ.f,l.frRql.fxD.f w>feJ.fvDR0J KNLA ok;cd.fok;e>fwqDb.fwqD wy,lmfCD'fod; uvlRydmfrRxGJ0J

w>feJ.fvDRwz.f vDRwH>fvDRqJ;t*D>fe.fhvDR$

(3) wbsDb.fwbsD zJyxH.fvdmf'D; ySR*h>f0DcGJ;,mfu&> bDrk>fp>zdS.fu&>'D; u&>v>tb.fxGJ rRoud;w>f'D; bDrk.fp>zdS.f

u&>wz.f yymfzsg'k;oh.fngtDR vDRwH>fvDRqJ;v> ytd.fuwJmfuwDRo;v> uzD.fvdmfpk rRoud;w>f 'D;t0Joh.f

e.fhvDR$ KNU 'D; KNLA xDbdwl>fvdmfrkmft0Joh.fv> u[JorHord;uG>f0J w>frRtysDylR 'fod; uoh.fngb.f

w>f*h>ftrh>ftwD wz.ft*D>fe.fhvDR$ tge>fhte.fh v>w>fzD.fpku0JR u&>tusg yqJ;vDRyrHR'D; t>.fvDRwl>fvdmfv>

urRxGJt*D>f zJ 2007 eH.f vgr;&S; 'fod;urRywkmfuGHmf w>f'k;uJzdo.fok; 'D;w>folzdo.fok;v> pku0JRw>fy>>fq>

tylReh.fvDR$

(4) [D.fcd.fbDrk>fp>zSd.fu&> teJ.f&GJ.fcd.fus>>f tw>fCkxH.foh.fng'D; tvHmfymfzsgv>cHwbh.f v>ymfzsgxD.f0J b.fC; ch.f

tJ.f,l.f ol0Jzdo.fok;zd cDzsdw>fxH.feh>f zdo.fok;zdw*R v>tok;ylReh.f urh>fw>fymfzsgv>tur.fwcg oh.foh.feh.f

vDR$ b.fq.f oemfuh ch.ftJ.f,l.f up;xD.f CdxHorHord;uhR w>f*h>ftHR0HR'D; uxk;xD.fymfzsg0J w>f*h>fw>fusdR

wqdzJwqdeh.fvDR$ ch.ftJ.f,l.f'D; ch.ftJ.ftJvfth.f rh>fu&>wz.f v>t}wDw>frRxD'g zdo.ftcGJ;t,mf'D; w>fol

zdo.fok;zdwz.feh.fvDR$

(5) yuGJrkmfb.f bDrk>fp>zSd.fu&> 'D;w>fu&>u&dt*Rv> tb.fxGJwz.f v>u[Jqly[D.fu0DRylR 'D;orHord;uG>f w>f

td.fo;wz.f 'D;ymfzsgxD.fb.f w>f*h>fw>fusdRtrh>ftwDwz.feh.fvDR$ u&>wz.feh.f uuG>fxGJ'Do'>p>R yzdyvHR wz.f

'D; urRp>RySR 'fod;v>w>f'k;w>f,R uJxD.ftvD>feh.f w>folzdo.fok;wz.f okwtd.fw*hRt*D>f ySRv>twl>fb.f

w>fwz.f t*D>f w>ftH;uhRuG>fuhRtDRv> tw>ftd.fql.ftd.fcsh 'D;tw>ful.fb.ful.fohutd.ft*D>f 'D;uuhRtd.fuhRqd;

b.fv> tySRw0>tylRt*D>feh.f yvd.fb.fw>frRp>Reh.fvDR$

(6) v>cHuw>>f ytJ.f'd;rRvDRwH>fuhRu'D;v> y0Jwz.ftHR xHuD>fwz.f tvHmfCH;Cmf v>tb.fxGJ'D;w>fol zdo.fok;

eh.f y'due>f vlRydmfxGJeh.fvDR$ yChxD.fph>fuD; (etz) v>bDrk>fp>zSd.fu&>txHuD>fwz.f'D; w>fu&>u&dv>

trRw>fb.fxGJv> w>fxD'g w>folzdo.fok;wz.f rh>f[Jqly[D.fu0DRylR v>w>f'k;w>f,R uJxD.fo;tvD>feh.f

okw}wDrRwHmfwmf0 Jw*hRt*D>f rh>fyw>fChxD.feh.fvDR$

12 August 2009

oElxl



KAWTHOOLEI

ch.ftJ.f,l.f=unD'Duvkmfp>zSd.fu&>

tvHmfbd;b.f&RvDRb.fC; SPDC 'D; DKBA ymfzSd.fo;[JxD.f'k;w>f

rk>feHR=vg,lR (8)oD 2009eH.f

• KNU rRwh>fvHw>fzD.fpku0JR w>fy>>fq>tw>frRteH.f 60 bsJ.ftwD>fylRoemfuh v>w>fuCJ.fvDR bSgvDRxHvD>fuD>fylR

w>fobH.fobk.f v>xH&l>fuD>foJ;tusJv> w>frkmfw>fck.ftylRt*D>f 'fw>fcGJ;w>f,mf td.fxD.ftod; xH.fvdmf

pH;uwdRw>f 'D; ySRy>w>ftpdRpdRv>uD>fy,DRylRvDR²

• 2009 eH.ftxD.f˜ etz qS>'k;oh.fng0Jw>fupD.fcDzsd uFD.fwJmfy'd.fwqDv> tJ.f'd;CkxH.feh>fw>frkmfw>fck.f'D; ySRzD.f

w>fpku0JRw>fy>>fq>u&l>fu&>wz.fv> td.fol.fvDRto;v> uFD.fwJmf=uD>fy,DRuD>fq>w z.ftCd˜ v>w>fxJod;

wkRod;'D; w>fymfuJvdmfo;,>fcD,>fcD tcD.fwCmftzDcd.f KNU td.f'D;w>fymfo;v> uxH.fvdmfpH;uwdR CJ.fvDR

bSgvDRxHuD>f tw>f*h>fv> xH&l>fuD>foJ;tusJt*h>feh.f 'k;oh.fnguhR0JcDzsd uFD.fwJ.fy'd.feh.fvDR²

• w>fuCJ.fvDRbSgvDR w>fzD.fpku0JRw>fobH.fobk.f cDzsdxH&l>fuD>foJ; w>fxH.fvdmfpH;uwdRt*D>feh.f tvD>ftd.fv>

(etz) uymfzsgxD.fxH&l>fuD>foJ; w>fymfo;v>t*hR˜ w>fol.ftd.fo;td.fv> urR0Jt*D>fe.hf KNU wcDChxD.f0J

wy,lmfCD e.fhvDR²

• wkRq>uwD>fcJtHR KNU [D.fu0DRylR˜ 'f (etz) tw>fxD.f'k;&J.fusJRv> [D.fu0DRw>f'd.fpdtod;˜ unDurs>>f wz.f

tzDcd.f w>frRxD'gySR*h>f0DcGJ;,mfwz.f wqH;vDRpSRvDRb.ftrJmfng tgxD.f0JwcDe.hfvDR² 'feh.ftod; [H;*h>f0D'D;z>Ekmf

'D.fpl;v>CdmfylR˜ w'due.f0Jv> uysJvDRuGHmfxH&l>fuD>foJ; ySRCd.fzdcJv>mfb.f xHvD>fuD>fylRxH&l>fuD>foJ;

u&l>fu&>wz.f ymfCkmf'D; NLD u[l;*JRv>w>fobshylRt*D>f qD.fwH>frRe>R 0J'd.f'd.frk>frk>fvDR²

• tylRuGHmf vgrhRbl;uv>mftq>uwD>f˜ 'f (etz) td.f'D;tw>f&J.fw>fusJRv> uqDwvJuhR DKBA tok; wz.fql

ok;td.fcd;uD>fq>tod; Ch0J'.f DKBA v> u[h.fok;zdoDwz.ftCd Chql.fChpd;0J'D; ymfyeD.feh>f0Jv> w>fub.f

[h.f ok;zdoD qH;tgv>[D.fu0DRylR 'lo0Dwz.feh.fvDR² v>w>feh.ftCd˜ ySR'lzdo0DzdzJeh.fwz.f [JCh>fxD.fql

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• p;xD.fvg,lR (2) oDeHR (etz) 'D; DKBA ok;ymfzSd.fxD.fto; tgtg*D>f*D>f'D; [JxD.fok;bl;to; qlb.fuDb.fcJ

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uFD.fwJ.f wuyReh.fvDR²

• (etz) wcDr>0J DKBA tok;xD.fv>w>frJmfng 'fod;u'k;unDurs>>fwz.f 'f'k.f'gtod;eh.f rh>fw>frRv> tor>

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tusJ rh>f*hReh.fvDR²

• v>w>feh.ftCd xH*kmfuD>f*R NGO u&>wz.f˜ uD>fylRuD>fcs>unDzdwz.f˜ 'H.frd.fu&h.fpH.f'D; ySR*h>f0Du&>v> t'Do'>

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bsJ.fb.fuG>f q>.frJmf0Jeh.f *h>f*D>ftlw>frRp>Rv> tvd.f0Jwz.f yChouGH>fun; b.fv> w>furRp>Rb.f t0Joh.fv>

tqdtcsheh.fvDR²

• 'feh.ftod;˜ UN xHuD>fbDrk>fySRw0>wz.f˜ [D.fu0DRylR'D; xHuD>ftd.fbl;td.fwH>fwz.f 'fod;w>fuCJ.f vDRbSgvDR

uD>fy,DRxH&l>fuD>foJ;*h>f0D˜ ok;*h>f0D˜ w>fobH.fobk.f wz.fcDzsd ySRo>cDo>uyR w>fxH.fvdmfpH;uwdR uuJxD.f

t*D>f˜ uymfzSd.foud; [h.fw>fqD.foeH;v> (etz) tzDcd.f 'fod; uwl>fvdmf0Jv> tqdtcsht*D>f rh>fw>f'k;oh.f

ngt'd.ft,dmf eŒ.fvDR²

August 2009 13

oElxl

wIohOeDOxDOuh:oGHOxHo;orlwzOtvkItyS h:

yue>f[lb.f yuxH.fb.fv> ySR

uDRvRol &d.f[h.fuF.fwz.f xHuD>fv>

u wl>fvdmftDRwtd.f b.ftCd b.f[;

0hR 0DRv> ubDv>yD.fvJ.fylR'D;w>ftD.f

w>ftD wtd.fb.f'D; b.fvDR'doHuGHmf

tgr; e.hfvDR³ rh>fyySRuvkmfwz.fw>f

wxd.fxGH vDRb.f w>fvk>ftD.f vk>ftDySR

teH.ftqH bsJ.fvH ytD.fwuJtD.fwuD

yutkupGg 'D; cJtHRxH'd.fuD>fvJ>fwbsK;

bh.f uGJrkmfu'D; ySR'fod; yuvJRtd.f

vJRqd;v> tuD>fvDR³ w>fbsK;w>fzSd.f

wcgtHR wrh>f v>y*H>fybgtCdb.f³

rh>fv>oGH.fxH 'D; o;orl*D>f [h.fvDR wh>f

vHo;v> yw>fobhst*D>fCdvDR³ xH

'd.fuD>fvJ>fwz.f uG>frJmf 'fymfvk>fymfyShR

'H;'D; oh.fng0Jv> ySR[h.fvDR to;w

z.f wrh>fv>tw>fbsK; t*D>fb.f³ rh>f

14 August 2009

ngngvUuDIyl:

yunD'Duvkmf u'd;eh>f txHuD>f w>f

obhs t*D>ftCd y0Jv> td.f rlwh>fw

z.f yokwwkRv> w>f[;*DR w*hRt*D>f

u[ku,mf ySRtH;xGJuG>fySRvDR³

yySRuvkmf td.f'ftgr;v> we>fy>>f

yw>fy>>fq>t*h>ftusdR'D; oHuG>f0J =

yrh>f [JrRw>fy>>fq> vgvJxJvJ.f³

uFdo&.f uoH.fo&.f wvgeh>fxJvJ.f³

ySR'ftHRwz.f wb.f [Jymf'h.fymf ur.f

tDR w*hR³ wJe>fy>>f t0Joh.fv> = uD>f

cd.fpDRb;tluFH zsdxD.feh>fb.fw>fvR

w>fuyDRv> xH*kmfuD>f*R uD>fy,DR y

'd.f u[h.ftDR vgvJ 'd.f'd.frk>frk>fb.fq.f

ymfwh>f0J'D; qJ;[h.fvDRto;orlv>

yw>fobsh ueh>ft*D>fvDR³ 'feh.ftod;

ok;cd.fus>>fpJch.f/ uF>.fe&>.frhrD.f/ zk

puDRv>>fwD 'D; cd.fe>f wbsK;*Rv> td.f

'D; w>ful.fb.ful.foh vD>f'd.fvRxD w

z.f vgvJwtd.fb.f [Jwl>fqgcD.fqg

[h.fvDRnduGHmfto; v> yw>fy>>fq>*D>f

vDR³ yrh>fuG>fuhR uoH.fo&.fz;'d.f Drph

t0Jwrh>f unDuvkmfb.fq.f t0J

[h.fvDRuGHmfto; v>w>f[;uG>f ySRql;

ySRqg v>'lo0Dwzs>.fb.fwzs>.f wkR

to;orl [;xD.f wpkvDR³ 'feh.ftod;

xHzduD>fzd urs>>fzd v>wdp>RrRp>R y

w>fy>>fq>Cd w>frRql;rRqg w>f'doH

wD>foHc;oH b.foH rh.fyd>f pkwlmfcD.fu>f

rJmfbsD.fegvH w>fx>Ekmfv>Cd.fylRb.f

e;b.fzSD.fwz.f td.f*D>frk>f*D>fyRvDR³

yokwxH.fv> ySRt0Jeh.ftd.fb.f

tD.fb.f ySRt0Jeh.ftodvh.ftd.f tw>f

vD>fw>fusJ t[H.fw>;td.fw*hR rhrh>fwcD

oElxl

yuoh.feD.fuG>fxHuhR ySRv>wDcd.f&d.frJ

wh>fvHyw>fy>>fq>wz.f'D; ySRv>[h.f

vDRwh>f*H>fbg uy>Ru0goGH.fxH o;orl

v>y*D>fwz.f 'D;[H;xD.fzD.fxD.f oud;

w>fzH;w>frRv> yySRuvkmft*D>f zJw>f

ohwRv.ftd.f'D;ySR'D; vd;uhRoud;

yur>f wuh>f³ yrh>fqdurd.fxHuhR yu

r>ftHR yvd;tDRwpdRo; wwlmfb.fvDR³

“ySRrh>fymfvDRuGHmfto;orlv> twHRo

ud; t*D>f'D; ySRwtd.fb.f'D; tw>f

tJ.fw>fuGH 'd.feh>ft0Jeh.f eDw*Rb.f”

ub.fymfvDR yo;orlwzs>.ftHR

wrh>fw>fnDv>y*D>fb.f³ b.fq.fySRtg*R

[h.fvDRwh>fvHto;v>y*D>f tCd yu

b.f xJ;*H>fxJ;bg'D; yu[h.fvDR oud;

uhR*Ruh*RcDrh>f*hR w*R&J.frh>f*hR'D; [H;

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tCd rh>fph>fuD; w>foh.fngq> uhRw>f

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yur>f cJv>mfrh>fwwlmfb.fq.f cDzsd

yymfzsg xD.foud; w>foh.fng q>w>f

bsK; w>fzSd.f 'ftHRtCd yu'd;eh>fw>f

ol.f rHo;rkmf'D; w>fbsK;w>fzSd.fuvlRydmf

ycHwpdR'.f ySRvDR³ “w>foh.feD.fxD.fySR

twDtvdReh.f b.fqd.f*hR0JvDR”

rh>foh.fngv> t0JoHeh.f ySRuvJR

bs.ftD.f,J.ftD.foud;tn.f ySRu'Jpk

ySD>fcD.ftgr;tCd tleh>f0hb.f w>fvJR

uk>f CduGHmf tDRupk'kv>z;zDrk>f0HR tCH

tuGJurl.fwz.f tzdtvHRb.f 0.fcl

ol.f'D; b.f[JuhRrRbl.frRbg upk'kzd

v> t[H.fylRvDR³ t0Joh.fwz.f 'f t

cd.fte>fwz.f tod;uul.f'.f tw>ft>

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wz.f ul.f0J 'fvJ.f'fvJ.f tvD>ftd.fv>

urR 'd.fxD.f,dmfxD.f *>>fus>RxD.f yw>f

1948 eHO vgzh:MbL:tg&H: (11) oD wIud;oBwD (4)xHO

'Duvkmfud;o}wDxD.f = [h.funDuD>fwbsDCD

wbsDCD'k;eJ.fymfzsg = unDy,DRcDb;b;

uvkmfw>fth.fvdmfqd;uh = unDzdwl>fvdmfwoh

ywwl>fvdmfyxD'g = xHuD>fyllRw>f'k;w>f,R

1949 eHO vg,El:tg&H: (31)oD unDqUxUOyUIqU

'fuvkmfw>fud;o}wD = unDzdrd.fe>fho;vD

uvkmf'd.fpdwrRxGJ = Ckx>*>foGH.f*>fpDRusJ (w>fy>>fq>)

'k;wysD>funDw>fvD>f = 0h>fthph.fw>f'k;uJxD.f

Ckx>usJ*Rwtd.fv>R = unDzdq>x>.fy>>fq>

1950 eHO vg,l:vH (17)oD wI*hIrdIySI (4)xHO

eDwbsDw[h.fvDRo; = pku0JRb.ftd.f'D;ySR

unDcJv>mftbl.fwD>f = unDzdub.fpH.fnD.f (Principle)

uD>funDyuD>fobhs = b.fol.fxD.fuhRwkRte>fh

x>wuk.fySJRw>ful.foh = ol.fxD.fuhRyuD>folvhR

wICOusJwbd - wIr:eU:usJoUbd

rh>fwl>fC.f'd;vDRudmfbd = w>fC.fusJxJwbd{dR

rhrh>fv>w>frRe>R*D>f = usJo>bdb.frRxGJtDR (Action)

eD>f'duGmfCkmfbD'D;e; = cd.fC>RqD.fweH;0;0;

rRxGJwkRb.f*D>fzd;rH = unDuD>fb.fe>fhwDeH

vUzkzkzsUOcdO

tJ.fw>fuGH w>fClw>fzd;vDR³ cDzsdytd.f

'fv> w>ftJ.fw>fuGH w>fClw>fzd; *RpJ;

*RpJ;tCd ok;y'd.fwzktHRcd.f w,lRe>f

wysR tgr;vHeh.fvDR³ yrh>f rR'd.fxD.f

tgxD.f yw>ftJ.f w>fuGHw>fClw>fzd;

'kwvd.fv> yub.f eDvdo; ubD,lR

ubDxH wz.fv>R b.fvDR³

pH;bsK;b.f yySRuvkmfud;*Rv>

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usd.fphrh>f*hR *H>fbgrh>f*hRv>usdcsHySmfo.f

usg rh>f*hR v>w>fxkuz.f weHRweRusg

rh>f*hR y,>RxD.fwv>mfwpDwz.f td.f

'H; tgr;tCdrh>f*hReh.fvDR³ 'fok;t>ok;oD

wzk 'd;eh>fb.fvH tbl;tvJ tod; cDzsd

yw>ftJ.fw>fuGH w>fClw>fzd; tCdyu

'd;eh>f tbl;tvJ t*hRuw>>f oyS>fw>>f

yor>tvD>f wtd.fb.f eh.fvDR³

ngngvUuDIyl:

August 2009 15

oElxl

wIxHOvdPoHuGI'D; chOtJO,lO eJO&GJOcdOusUI

eDIpHOzd&:phO

oHuGI - bOC;'D; uDIcdO pD:b;tl

ua H twIuwd: twIeJOusJ vGIxHOe>O

ewJya; yS:t*hItusd:wpJ;uoh{gA

pH;q> = b.fC;'D;uD>fcd.f pDRb;tl

uFH tw>fuwdR tw>feJ.fusJ vGH>fxH.f

eh.f ,tJ.f'd;wJ'f ,w>fxH.f ,w>fymf

o;w*R tzDcd.f wJ0J'.fv> wb.fu

wdR ymfvDRw>fpku0JRt*h>f w*hRvDR$ eD.f

*H>f 1$2$ 3 w>f*h>fo>xH.ftHReh>f rh>f0J'.f

v> ycD.f wCmfyw>feJ.fusJ y*JRvdmf

v> unDw>fy>>fq>zdoh.fwz.f 'fod;

tokwvJRo; 'H0hR'H0DRw*hRt*D>f yu

vJRtDR qlw>frRe>RzDw>.ft*D>fusJeJ.f

Cmf ySRtd.f0Je.hfvDR$ 'D;tuw>>fw

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August 2009 17

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zJw>fb>.fp>R usJwDRz>e‹.fvDR. w>f'k;

wbsDtHR we>fxlpD zD.fe‹>forl0J uFD.f

wJ.f pDRyR tzd trmf'D; uqD'k; ok;

weDRvDR. vJRwkR0J ql0h>fugzJ zh;';rRe‹>f

0J 0h>fe‹.f nDu'.f rh>fv>w>f'kk; q>cD.f

q> t0Joh.f wtd.fb.f tCdvDR.

we>fwl>fpDtd.fzJ ugzJzh;tz>rk>f

usJR vDRu'D;0Jv> uvJR'k;pl.fcd.fxJ

(Sukhothai) 'D; 0h>fzH.fpevd; (Pitsanulok)

0h>fwz.fe‹.fvDR. b.fq.f uFD.fwJ.f

pDRyR ys>fvDR tuvl; wz.fql we>f

wl>fpDttd.f'D; pH;0J= we>fwl>fpD rh>fys>f

e‹>fuhRtzd'D; trmfe‹>fuhRtzd'D; trmf

e‹.f uFD.fwJ.fpDRyR u[h.f w>fcdw>foGJql

we>fwl>fpDttd.fweH.f uqDt'ko>qH˜

phn.fo>u,R 'D; u[h.fCkmfw>fcdw>f

oGJv> tx>e‹>f0J v>weDo&H.f [D.fu

0DR wz.fe‹.fvDR. we>fwl>fpD wl>fvdmf

orHuvl; tw>fymfzsg tHRtCd [h.f

vDRu'guhR uFD.fwJ.f pDRyR tzd'D; trmf

ql uFD.fwJ.fpDRyR tpkylR e‹.fvDR. we>f

wl>fpDusJR0HRuhR w>f'k;w>f,R w>fzH;w>f

rR wz.fcJv>mf0HR bsH;u'g tcd.f [J

uhRu'g usJql rJ>fvrD (zg*DR)˜ rJ>fqD;'D;

cDCDR0JolrSJusd [JuhR0J wqDb.fwqD

wkRql0h>fCd.fx.f (rD.fvrFJ.f) 'D; [JuhR

wkRu'gql 'lyuD; (yud0h>f) *hR*hR v>

vgCkbh.ftwD>fylR e‹.fvDR.

“wHed= etd.fbSH;wbsJ'H;{J.f. yuhR

u'gtcg ub.fxD.fvH{go>.f..”

,e>f[l o&.fplR&.fcFJ tw>f[h.f

yvD>fr; ,zkoHeD.fxD.fuhRv> ,w>fqd

rd.f ,dmftylRowl>fuvmfe‹.fvDR² ,uG>f

vDR ,e.f&H.f rk>fCh>fvDR ,J>fe.f&H.fvHr;

oElxl

rkOcGgo;pI yrl'g

q>uwD>f chcgcJtHR

w>fvJRxD.fvJR xDtgrHR

yDngpJth.f w>foh.fng

rk.fcGgo;p>f yrl'g

qJ;vRunD w>fyeD.f

rk.fcGgud;*R pdmfuzD

zHzk[h.fwh>f eR'D;,R

y>RCmfoud; rk.f'D;cGg

vHmfvJ>fw>fpH; w>fuwdR

okwusJ.fusD 'D;ySRusdmf

oGH.funDv> td.f'D;ySR

okwusJ.fusD oGH.ft*R

xH&k>fuD>foJ; w>foh.fng

-u>;e>fy>>f y0Jud;*R

z;vHmfrRvd ud;eHR'J;

'd.fxD.fySJR xH±k>fuD>foJ;

pH.fpdRwJpdR unD*h>f

rk.f'D;cGg uGJ;zsgxD.fuhR

'l.funD okwvDRr>f

rk.fcGgo;p>f yrl'g

*kmfusJ;p>;'D; rRoyS>f

w>fobsh u'd;eh>fb.f

w>frRe>R urh>fyw>f

rk.fcGgo;p>f yrl'g$

zdo'g

vJ.f w>ftHR yub.fuhReDodvh.f wHmf

wmfv> usJcHe.f&H.f0HRr;uwkR qlcFD vd.f

o0DtCd ycd;o&.frk.fcH*R [;yShRw>f0HR

'D; y'd;xD.fodvh.f y[JuhRu'gql cFD

vd.f e‹.fvDR² zJ,odvh.fC.fu'gtcd.f

qlrk>fxD.f wyR'D; Ch>fw>fql “p.fcs;bl

&H.f” we.f&H.fcGHqH uHvdrHx>.ftcg˜

,td.f v>odvh.fylR,uG>fpdCDR u'guhR

ql ,vD>fcH rk>fEkmfwcD zJe‹.f,xH.fqd

CDRuhR Cd.fo>zs>.f v>t,HRv>rk>fvDR

Ekmf ,J>fbD,J>fbD w>ft>.f wz.ftusg

e‹.fvDR² zJe.fhtcg,tJ.f'd;oh.fngb.f

o; w>foHuG>f tw>fpH;q> v>ttd.f

ymfwh>fvH v> ,o;ylR wbsK;teH.f

tvg wz.fwcg [JEkmfvDRu'D;ql ,

cd.fElmftylR t,dmf,dmfuvJ; toDwbsD

u'D; zJq>uwD>ftHRe.fhvDR$ w>foHuG>f

v> ,tJ.f'd;oh.fngb.fo; tq>wcg

e.fh rh>fttHR t'dpDRyRwe>fwl>fpD rh>f td.f

rlb.f zk;'H; zJ ypdRchcgtz>rk>f'D; t0Jrh>f

td.fb.fzk; v>,cD.fxH;tcJtHRe.fh w>f

oHuG>fv> ,tJ.f'd;oHuG>ftDRwxH.frh>f

ttHR pDRyR'd.f we>fwl>fpD{> y,DRuGJ;

tw>fpH.fpdRwJ pdR'D;pH;0J wyh.f&G.fhxH

rh>fy,DRpDRyRv> tol.fxD.fe>fhuD>f y,DR

cHpdRwpdRw*R 'D; pH;0Jv> trh>fy,DR

uvkmf e.fhvDR$ y,DRwtJxD.f '.fvJ.f

tx;cd.feDwpJ;{dRv> upH; wyh.f&G.fhxH

rh>funDxD.fcd (u;jyg) e.fhb.f rhrh>fy0J

yySRunDzd td.fv>cd'l o0DrHRcd.f od.f

vmfup>>fchuvdvdRwz.f wcDwJ,kR

e>fhuhRtzdtvHRwz.f w>fv>ys>R v>

rk>feR vguyDRcg 'hxD.fwe>ftH.ftkxD.f

Ckmfxg tD.ftl;y-w>RxD.f0J we>fwl>fpD

v> xgvdmfok; tylR'ftrh>f0J yySRunDzd

tpDRyR ySR'lySRCdR w*Rtod; wkRrk>fr

qgweHRtHRe.fhvDR$ w>ftHR ,tJ.f'd;

oh.fngb.fo; rhrh>feJeeD>fup>fwcD rh>f

etJ.f'd; pH;b.fySR 'fvJ.f rh>feymfvDR e

o; erh>fy,DRpDRyR{g rh>ferh>f ySRunD

pDRyRwcD{geŒ.fvDR$ t0JtHRrh>f w>foHuG>f

td.fpJxDCmfto;v> ,cd.fElmftylRv>

teH.f,Hmfvgtg wz.f'D; ,tJ.f'd; oh.f

ngb.fo; tp>vDRwH>fvDRqJ;v> pDRyR

'd.f we>fwl>fpD ttd.f rh>ftupH;q>uhR

,w>foHuG>f v>teD>fup>ftx;cd.f

'.f0J 'fvJ.ft*h>fe.hfvDR$

vU - wHed (o0Dwg)

August 2009 23

oElxl

r:oDxDOoud;uh: 1949 wIwdmfymf

chOtJO,lO 'D; unDzdcJvUP wIbOxGJ

,wrh>fch.ftJ.f,l.ftySRb.f v>ch.f

tJ.f,l.f tylR,bl;,wH>f wtd.fb.f

b.fq.f ,rh>funDzdw*RtCd ,b.f

xGJvdmf,o;'D; ch.ftJ.f,l.f v>oGH.fv>

uvkmf*h>f0DtylR e.hfvDR³ v>ys>RvHRvH

wkRv>tcJtHR yySRunDuvkmf b.fw>f

qD.fwH>frRe>R b.fw>frRt> rRoDb.f

w>frRe;rRzSD.f b.fw>frRw&Dwyg b.f

w>frRoHtDRv> y,DRok; y'd.f rDRpd&dR

e.hfvDR³ tCdow;'D;zJ 1947 e.fh uD>f

cd.f pDRb;tluFH 'k;td.fxD.f unDw>f

y>>fq> v> trh>f KNU unD'Duvkmfp>

zdS.f u&>rd>fyS>f 'fu'k;e>hfuhR yxHyuD>f

yw>fobhs eh.fvDR³ b.fq.funDwz.f

tw>fxH.f wvDRyvdmfo;wzs>.f wvDR

CkmftCd w>fvDRrk>fvDRz; td.fxD.fv>

24 August 2009

u&>rd>fyS>f tylRvDR³

tge.hfwuh>funD cd.fe>fweDR

temfe>fh w>fnDtCd b.fw>fuGJ e>fhvGJ

e>fhtDRv> 'k.f'gy,DRok;y'd.frDRpd&d.f

e.fhvDR³ ySRweDRxH.f0Jv> KNU u&>rd>f

yS>fe.hf w*hRb.f b.fxJG'D; w>fxH.fwcg

tHR ,u[h.ft'dwcg v>uJ;ovH;

c&Hmfzdrd>fw>ftd.fzdS.ftylR oDcgweDR w>f

td.frl vk>fv>fouJ;y0;w*hRtCd ySRw

eDR pH;0Jv>w>ftd.fzdS.fwcgtHRw*hRb.f

'D; [;z;uGHmf0JvDR ywJv> w>ftd.fzdS.f

tHR w*hRb.fe.hfuoh{g wohb.f ySRpSR

*R w*hR 'D;ywJv> w>ftd.fzdS.f'Dzs>.ftHR

w*hRb.fe.hfwohb.f rh>fv>w>ftd.fzSd.f

tHR b.fw>fol.fxD.f tDRv>,GRc&Hmfup>f

'D; b.fw>f[H;Cmf y>>fCmfrRxGJuhRv>

tysJ>ftbD.fySRpDqHS wz.fe.hfvDR$ 'fw>f

pD:z;'dOunDzd

t'dwcgtHRtod; KNU u&>rd>fyS>ftHR

b.fw>fol.fxD.f tDRv> uD>fcd.f pDRb;tl

uFH v>trh>f cd.fe>fwH>feD>f rRxl&Rw*R

v>tySJR'D; w>ful.fb.ful.fohe.fhvDR³ ySR

pSR*Rw*hRv> u&>ylR'D;ywJv> u&>

wcgtHRw*hRb.fe.fhwohb.f u&> t

w>fwdmfymf'D; tusJoEltHR *hRymfvH rh>f

w*hRe.hfw*hR'.fxJ ySRw*Rpkmfpkmf{dR

vDR³

wIeD:z;

w>fvDRrk>fvDRz;td.fwh>fv> unD'D

uvkmfp>zdS.fu&>ylRtCd u&>rd>fyS>f

qH;vDR pSRvDR0Je.hfvDR$ yrh>f uG>fvDRo;

tk;'d.fr; b.fq.f yrh>fuG>fv> twu

yR'k wrh>fw>fvDRz; b.frh>fw>feDRz;

e.hfvDR$ cd.fe.fv>uG>fvDR'.fx Jup>fo;

wwD'D; tySRuvkmf ol.fw*>>fo;

wus>Rwz.f weDRvJRylRuGHmf'D; weDR

uhRuJ 'k.f'gy,DRok;y'd.f rDRpd&dR

tySRcd; [H.fvH vDRo;tk;b.fq.f

wvDRo;tk;b.f y*H>fybgvDRp>fb.f

q.f wvDRp>fb.f rh>f'.fv> ySRo;wwD

v> yySRuvkmf tzDcd.f'D; ySRo;wDv>

yySRuvkmf tzDcd.f b.f w>feDRz; e.fhvDR³

tCdow;'D; ,emfv>cd.fe>fv> td.f

wh>f wz.ftHR urh>fySRoh.fwz.fv>

uwl>fqgo;'D; [h.fvDR o;v> ySRunD

'Duvkmf t*D>fe.hfvDR$ b.foh.foh.fcd.f

e>fv> uG>fvDRup>fo;'D; o;w*>>f w

us>Re.hf utd.fwD>f'H;{g e.fhyoh.fng b.f

b.fq.ftwGRwtd.fb.f rk>fweHRtusJ

'.f0J uvJR0JvDR³ unDuvkmfrh>f td.f

'H; v>'lv>>fcs>'k KNU v>trh>funD

w>fy>>fq> tuh>ft*DR wcgtHR vDRr>f

wohb.f e.fhvDR³ 'k.f'g y,DR ok;rDRpd

&dRwcD wdmfymf'D;*kmfusJ;p>; 0JoyS>fv>

urRvDRr>fuGHmf KNU 'D; unDzd cJv>mf

e.fhvDR$ t0Joh.f ol0JusJtgbdv> urR

[;*DRuGHmf yySRuvkmf 'k;th.fvdmfuhR

unDzdu'Ju'J 'k;ySRv> uvkmf*h>f0D

v>w>fbl.fw>fbg*h>f0D v>w>fohtd.f'D;

tDRwz.fe.fhvDR³ yySRuvkmfweDRwcD

woh.fngvDRuhRto; 'D; uhRrRoud;

w>fuJysJ>fv>'k.f'gy,DR ok;y'd.f rDRpd&dR

tzDvmfe.fhvDR³ yySRunDusg ySRtd.f0J

tuvkmfuvkmfe.fhvDR weDRwwdmf

ol.fymfo;v>uvkmf*h>f0D'D; td.f0J'.fv>

tusDRtusmfvDR$ weDR woh.fng0Jv>

ub.frRp>Ru&> zJvJ.f tzlvJ.fb.f

weDRtJ.f'd;qD.fxGJrRp>R w>fy>>fq>

b.fq.f ysHRw>fb.f ,d.fw>f b.f,d.fv>

ySRt*Ruoh.fng ub.frR 0J'fvJ.f

woh.fngb.f weDR'kb.f,d.f 0J'.f

w>frRp>Rwz.f wb.fw>foltDRv>

w>fy>>fq>t*D>fb.f'D; uuJbsK;'.fxJ

y'd.fweDRt*D>fvDR weDR'k;pH;0Jv>

oElxl

y0Jy[JcDzsdb.fv> w>fy>>fq>tylR0HRvH

tbsK;rh>ftd.fe.fh td.fv;x;vH erRp>R

emfuhtbsK;wtd.fb.f w>fuwdRwcg

tHR vDRo;b.f'd 'd.fr;v>tylRuGHmf'k

w>fuwdRwcgtHR b.foh.foh.f ub.f

vDR$

yrh>fuG>f'.f xJcd.fe>f v>tylRuGHmf

wz.f tw>f ur.f'k yySRuvkmf ub.f

w>fqD.fwH>f rRe>RtgxD.fe.fhvDR³ 'fvJ.f

*hR 'fvJ.f*hR ,tJ.f'd; pH;b.f unDzdcJ

v>mf v>tcJtHRw>fv>yw>fqD.fxGJp>R

wz.f uuJbsK;v>unDw>fy>>fq>t

*D>fvDR³ yemf0JvDR³

'fw>f*h>f v>x;tod; rd.fxH; y>fxH;

ySd>funD pSDRunDzdcJv>mfoh.f{> tcg

b.fvHv>yub.fxd.fzdS.fClzd;vdmf

yo; 'D;qD.fxGJrRp>R oud;uhR yySRu

nD w>fy>>fq>'fod; 1949 w>fwdmfymf

uv> xD.fySJRxD.ft*D>fe.fhvDR$ yrh>f

unDzdtCd unD'Duvkmf w>fobhs

e.fh b.fC;'D; ySRud;*R'J;vDR³ yrRp>R

ohwrh>fxJusd.fphb.f yrRp>Rohv>

w>f[h.ful.f[h.fz; w>ful.fb.ful.foh

w>fqJ;w>fvR ySRunD *H>fbgyrRp>R

oh0J v>usJtgbdvDR tCdyvd.fb.f

unDzd rk.f'D;cGgcJv>mfv> tySJR'D; o;

w>ftJ.f ySRuvkmf'D; w>ful.fb.ful.foh

tywD>fxDxD.f tg*RvDR³ ywvd.f b.f

xJ w>ful.fb.ful.foh wcg{dRb.f ySJR'D;

w>ful.fb.ful.foh b.fq.f rh>fwtJ.f

wwD 'D;tySRuvkmf b.fe.fh rh>f0J'k.f'g

v>tvDRb.f,d.fuw>>fe>fh 'H;'k.f'g

y,DR ok;y'd.fe.fhvDR$ unDzd v> uD>fylR

uD>fcs>cJv>mf ymfzdS.fxD.f uhRoud; rRoD

xD.f oud;uhR 1949 w>fwdmfymf 'k;e>fh

oud;yxHyuD>f yw>fobhswuh>f³

vUwI,l;,DOtg

pD:z;'dOunDzd

wpd:wvDI bzvd trJ&;uO

August 2009 25

oElxl

26 August 2009

yS:ywDIrkIw*:

twItdOrltywDI'D;tuwD

unDo;yS>f = w>frmfvdmfydmfxGJzdvHR

(1) zd'Hzdo.fzdeD>fqH; = cd.fxHbD.fbh.fukp>f'H;

w>fuG>fxGJbl;bl;wH>fwH>f = wkRxD.fb;(wqHcHeH.f)

(2) wqHcHol.fbD.fo;p>f = xH.fw>f'do;rd.frRuG>f

w>fqdrd.fwwkRxD.fb; = b.fv>cHur.fv>ng

(3) wl>fxD.fbD.f'D;(eH.fvGH>fqH) = *H>fbgySJRqdrd.fw>fxH

zH;rR[l;*JRud;rHR'J; = cJv>mfcJqhvJR&J;&J;

(4) (CkqHeH.f) 'd.fwkmfcd.fySJR = rh.fuwD>fwDcd.f&d.frJ

u,J>fw>frRpk'k.fwDR = ud;rHR'J;vd.fxD.fz;xD.f

(5) rSHRwk>fyS>fwDR(Cd;qHeH.f) = qdrd.fw>fb.f*H>fp>fvH

w>frRtd.fySJRpkngo; = rRuhRwe>fhwxD.fb;

(6) ylRxD.f(Cd;qHeH.f)qlng = rh>fuwD>fol.fuho;yS>f

ysd>fwul;x>rHx>r.f = Chtd.fbSH;[h.ful.f[h.fz;

(1) zd'Hzdo.f = 1 wkR 12 eH.f (uav;)

(2) ol.fbD.fo;p>f = 13 wkR 19 eH.f (vli,f)

(3) wl>fxD.fbD.f'D; = 20 wkR 40 eH.f (wufvl)

(4) 'd.fwkRcd.fySJR = 40 wkR 60 eH.f (vl}uD;)

(5) rSHRwkmfyS>fwDR = 60 wkR 80 eH.f

(6) ol.fuho;yS>f = ol.fyS>fo;CJ; = 80 eH.f'D;qlng

ySRwpdRvJRwpdR[J = rh>fw>fb.fwhusJ'.f0J

ySRv>ngvJRuvJR0J = pdRv>cHub.fydmfxGJ

pdRv>cHrh>fwydmfxGJ = 'Duvkmfb.fuDb.fcJ

'Duvkmfrh>fb.fw>fuD = rh>f'.f0Jybl.fywD>f

vUzkzkzsUOcdO

ohOngeJ eyS:uvkP

vdObOe:

,'Dyk>f0J>f,uFDzd

oh.feD.fb.f,JeRxDbd

usJ;p>;'D;CkxH.fuhReJ

ylRuGHmfvHmfeH.f,Hmfwz.f

wogyhReD.f'H;,Jb.f

rdrdygygod.fvdySR

uvkmf*D>fyub.frR

wbsDzJw>f'k;w>f,R

[Jy>>fxD.fowl>fuvmf

vDRrk>fvDRz;vDRjyHjyg

CkxH.fuhReReyk>fcGg

cJtHRwbsDxGJxD.f,J

cD.fcgqlw>fy>>fq>usJ

v>vD>f,HRoh.feD.fxD.feR

e[;eJ'.f,HR'D;,R

uD>funD*D>fw>fy>>fq>

ymf,J,o;uz>v>

uD>folvhRySRoly>

cg,JcD.fqlw>fy>>fq>

rJmfxHusgCkxH.f,JeR

[JuhReJqluD>fCHRvR

cJtHRtd.feJ'.fzJvJ.f

q>xH.feRySJR'D;w>ftJ.f

unDuvkmfuxD.fzD

wrkmfo;rR,JunD

[h.fvDR,J,o;eD>feD>f

xHuD>f'D;,uvkmf*D>f

rR,Juvkmw>y>>fq>

e>[luhR,uFDy&>

xHuD>*Rtd.frkmfqdy>R

uD>unDweD.fuhRv>R

[JuhReJ'.f,uFDuFD

pdmuzDuhRuD>unD

eySRuvkmfunDzd

v>ySJR'D;w>o;b.'d

oh.fngeJeySRuvkmf

w>fwl>ftHRwrh>fw>frkmf

euvkmfvd.fb.f'H;eR

[JuhR'D;rRp>RuhRySR

vU- pD:uyD:xl

oElxl

ql,yS:uvkmf vU,ymf'dOymfuJtD: cJvUmfohOok{U

,o;td.f 'k;oh.fngvDR,o; =

,RtHR ,rh>f DKBA ySR[H;rl'gv> w>f

zDcd.f w*RvDR$ cJtHRw>fwl>fb.fv> ,

wl>foh.fwz.f ,tJ.f'd;wJzsgxD.ftDR

e.fhvDR³ ,RtHR p;xD.fv> DKBA uJ

xD.fvHRvHR ,rh>fySRv>ymfCkmf rRoud;

w>f w*RvDR$ v> DKBA uJxD.foDoD

cge‹.f ,emfur.fph>fuD w>fv> KNU e‹.f

rh>f ySRwzkv> eDRz;w>fbl.fw>fbg (c

&Hmfw>fbg) e.fh KNU [h.fw>fcGJ; w>f,mf

rl'gvD>fvR v>t'd.ftxDb.fe‹.f ,emf

ur.f,J'.fvDR$ zJ 1994 eH.f uD>fy,DR

ok;y'd.fph>fuD; wJv> DKBA rh>f[JuhR

vDRe.fh weH.ftwD>fylR t0Joh.fuxk;uGHmf

tok;'D; u[h.funDuD>fpJ.f'D; yuy>

b.fw>f e‹.fvDR$ zJe.fh,o;ck z;'d.fng

vDR$ w>fv> yvd.fb.fe‹.frh>f'.f unDuD>f

utd.f'D; w>frkmfw>fck.f w>fobhs yu

td.f 'D; yeD>fup>f cd.fe>f w>fy>vDRo;

'HOchObHOthOcdOeIw*:

tCd ,o;ck'd.fr; e‹.fvDR$ tCde‹.f'D;

v>w>f[J uhRxD.f'k; vD>fc>.fo; rRe>R

ysDt*D>f yymfzdS.fxD.f yo;'D;y,DRok;

(AdkvfcsKyfarmifvS) 'D; y[JuhR wDcd.f

&d.frJ eJ.fusJv> w>frJmfng e.fhvDR³ v>

yw>f[JuhR'k; uhRwbsDng tHR KNU

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onf?

36 August 2009

oElxl



KAWTHOOLEI

Human Rights Situation in Karen State and Other Karen Areas, Burma

(March 12, 2009)

The resistance in self-defense of the Karen people, and the war to suppress it has been going

on since January 1949. The 60 th anniversary of resistance was celebrated on 31 st January this year.

Attempt by the Karen people to settle the country’s problems by political means through dialogue

has not met with success, as the military dictatorship in power, the State Peace and Development

council (SPDC) still clings to the policy of wiping out all resistance forces, democratic as well as

the ethnic, by military means.

The military conflict between the regime and the Karen people led by the Karen National

Union (KNU) is now mainly in the hilly areas of Eastern Karen Land. The regime is still following

the scorch-earth policy, which was started in 1967, in its military operations against the Karen

resistance in the Irrawaddy Delta.

In the 3 years military campaigns, during the period starting from February 2006 to the end

of January 2009, more than 200 Karen villages were destroyed. As a result, about 30,000 more

villagers became homeless. Most of them managed to flee and hide in the jungles, swelling the

number of Internally Displaced Persons (IDP), which is estimated to have numbered 250,000 in

Eastern Karen Land. Those who could not flee were seized by the regime’s troops and relocated

near the motor roads and military camps for use in forced labor activities.

The widespread and gross human rights violations perpetrated by the regime’s troops in

Karen State and other Karen areas include burning down the villages, destruction of harvests,

plantations and orchards, looting and killing of livestock, such as cattle, pigs and fowls for food,

extortion of cash, looting of valuables, rape of women, torture and killing of suspects, shooting

to death of villagers found in the so-called black areas and forced labor in the transportation of

military supplies, building of military camps, roads and bridges, and the use of villagers as human

mine detectors. In the case of forced labor, the people have to bring their own food supply and

implements to do the work.

Over the years starting from 1982 to the present, intensified scorch-earth military campaigns

and human rights violations by troops of successive military regimes have caused the flight of

more than 130,000 Karen civilians into Thailand for refuge. These refugees are now sheltered in 7

refugee camps along the Thai-Burma border. About 20,000 have been resettled in third countries.

August 2009 37

oElxl

The refugees as well as the IDPs are longing to see a viable peace in their own land, and not the

kind of peace the military regime is planning to impose on the country by force and fraudulent

means. Peace without justice, human rights and democratic freedom will bring neither stability nor

progress to the country.

By various means, the SPDC military regime is pressuring us, the KNU, the largest and

the longest running resistance organization, to abandon its freedom movement and submit to its

authority. We are not misled by its propaganda that the KNU is the only party remaining to make

peace and there will no longer be repression after formation of civilian government in 2010. General

Khin Nyunt and his men of the military intelligence department, who were purged in 2004 by the

more hard-line faction in the SPDC, managed to reach cease-fire agreement with a number of ethnic

organizations. The agreements were only for conditional cease-fire and not peace agreement. The

more than 2000 political prisoners, the only Nobel Peace laureate in the world to remain under

house arrest and the continued repression of the election winning party, the National League for

Democracy (NLD) do not bode well for trust and peace.

The SPDC military regime is planning to hold a general election in 2010, after adopting its

Constitution by fraudulent means in a referendum held in May 2008. The Constitution was drafted

by the so-called National Convention which was stacked with its hand picked delegates. The

Constitution gives the military men 25% of the seats in all elected bodies of the government. The

important positions such as the presidency, defense, etc. are also to be occupied by military men

or former military men. Chief of the armed forces is empowered to declare the state of emergency,

or to seize state power at his whim. Amendment of the Constitution requires more than 75% vote

of the legislature. In short, the Constitution ensures the military establishment to have controlling

power in the government and remain to be an elite class of the society.

Needless to say, the government coming to power through the 2010 general election will

continue to severely suppress the people and commit human rights violations as the SPDC is doing

now. The military elite will continue to have monopolistic control of the economy. The ethnic

resistance organizations will continue to oppose the military’s attempt at total control of their people

and lands. There will be no viable peace and the country will remain unstable politically, socially

and economically.

The situation being as such, it is necessary for peace and justice loving countries of the World

to look into the situation prevailing in Burma critically and find a viable solution to the problems

besetting it. We feel that it is necessary for the international communities such as the UN, EU,

ASEAN and world powers such as the US, China, Russia, Japan and even India need to know the

true ideology of the SPDC, otherwise their good intention would be easily defeated. The SPDC’s

goal is to build the 4 th Burman Empire out of the multi-ethnic state of Burma. It has the fascist/Nazi

like master race ideology of extreme racism, militarism and, instead national socialism, feudalism.

It is still not too late for the international communities and justice and peace loving countries to

act. A concerted and timely action is required to resolve the problems of Burma for the restoration

of durable peace and stability to the country.

The Executive Committee

Karen National Union

38 August 2009

oElxl



KAWTHOOLEI

Update Statement of KNU on Hatgyi Dam Construction Project

March 14, 2009

1. We, the KNU, issued a statement on the construction of Hatgyi dam, dated February 13,

2006. In the statement, we called upon the external countries investing in construction of

the dam to withdraw their investment, as the construction of the dam would cause massive

damage to the environment, to a large area of agricultural land down stream due to salinity

and bring on widespread human rights violations on local population in the forms of burning

down villages, destruction of harvests, looting of property, killing of livestock, extortion of

money, torture and killing of suspects, rape of women, forced relocation and forced labor

by troops of the SPDC military dictatorship.

2. The dam site is in a conflict zone and near a geological fault line. Since the security and

political situations have not improved, there has been no proper survey for determining the

extent of the damage until now. As a result, no effective plan for limiting the damage to the

environment and eliminating human rights violations can be made.

3. For the reasons given above, we again earnestly call upon the investors and the authorities

concerned not to continue implementation of the project until there is a viable peace in the

Karen State and in Burma.

4. The SPDC military dictatorship which has no concern for the interest of the people is

attempting to hold election in 2010 and form a government according to its fraudulent State

Constitution. Accordingly, the election is nothing but a scheme by the military dictatorship

to hoodwink the world community and perpetuate its hold on power behind the façade of a

civilian government.

5. So long as the military dictatorship remains in power in one form or another, we would like

to urge justice and peace loving countries of the world to impose trade, economic, investment

and financial sanctions and arms embargo on Burma.

The Executive Committee


August 2009 39

oElxl



KAWTHOOLEI

KNU Statement on British Government Call for SPDC to Enter Into Dialogue with Ethnic

Groups

June 10, 2009

1. The Karen National Union warmly welcomes a statement by Ivan Lewis, British Foreign

Office Minister responsible for Burma, that the participation of all ethnic groups is "crucial"

for national reconciliation in Burma. The Minister also stated that: "The full and equitable

participation of Burma’s ethnic groups in the political process has to be the key to a durable,

sustainable solution to its problems." The statements took place in a Parliamentary debate

on Burma held in the British Parliament on 9 th June.

2. The KNU also welcomes a statement also made on 9 th June by the British aid Minister Mike

Foster, at a meeting of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Democracy in Burma, that

the British government stands ready to provide assistance to the thousands of Karen people

forced to flee a new military offensive by the Burmese Army and its allies.

3. The KNU notes, however, that as long ago as February 1949, the British government was

calling on the Burmese government to enter into dialogue with the KNU, and that 60 years

later there have still not been genuine negotiations, despite the constant willingness of the

KNU to enter into such talks.

4. It is clear that the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) is not willing to consider

dialogue and political solutions to the problems our country faces.

5. We call, therefore, on the British government to ensure that the United Nations Security

Council passes a binding resolution requiring the SPDC to end military attacks, withdraw

troops from Karen State, stop the obstruction of humanitarian assistance, and enter into

genuine talks with the KNU.

Central Executive Committee


40 August 2009

oElxl



KAWTHOOLEI

KNU Press Statement on Report of UNSG

For immediate Release

April 25, 2009

The UN Secretary General’s report regarding children and armed conflict, under the title of

"Developments in Myanmar" in Agenda Item 60 (a), at the General Assembly Sixty-third Session

mentioned ‘one case of a child recruited by the Karen National Union (KNU)’. In clarification of

the matter, we, the KNU would like to say as follows.

1. In years gone by, the KNU had allowed those who had attained the age of 16 years to join

the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA). However, in the year 2003, KNU issued

directives to the KNLA not to recruit persons, who had not attained the age of 18 years.

2. Since 2003, the KNU has not only banned the use of child soldiers, under the age of 18, but

has also strengthened the ban by instructing the KNLA officers at all levels to follow the

directive precisely and to verify and enforce the ban.

3. On a number of occasions, we have affirmed our readiness to cooperate with human

rights and UN or UN affiliated organizations. The KNU and the KNLA, always welcome

their monitoring and verification in the field. In addition, we have signed the "Deeds of

Commitment" on March 4, 2007 to cease the recruitment and use of children in armed

forces.

4. The mention in UNSG’s current report of discovery of ‘one case of a child recruited by the

Karen National Union (KNU)’ is probably a case of mistaken identity. However, we will

launch an investigation and publish our findings, as soon as possible. The KNU and KNLA

are resolved to prevent the use of child soldiers and violations of child rights.

5. We invite the UN country team and other relevant organizations to come to our areas for

monitoring and verification purposes, and to assist our programs for child protection,

prevention of the use of children in armed conflict and reintegration of the victims into civil

society, including provision of education and healthcare to them. In conclusion, we reaffirm

our commitment to adhere to the international conventions against the use of child soldiers

and call upon the SPDC military regime not to limit access to our areas by the UN country

team and other organizations working against the use of children in armed conflict.

August 2009 41

oElxl



KAWTHOOLEI

KNU Statement Welcoming EU Demands

June 12, 2009

1. The Karen National Union welcomes the statement by the European Union of 11 th June

2009, calling on the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) to refrain from seeking

military solutions against ethnic minorities, and to respect international humanitarian and

human rights law.

2. The KNU believes that the situation in Karen State and other ethnic states is a serious crisis

that has been ignored by the international community for far too long. The situation warrants

international intervention, including by the European Union and United Nations Security

Council.

3. The new military offensive against our people should be halted immediately, and Burmese

Army’s soldiers should withdraw from Karen state.

4. The KNU repeats its call for the SPDC to enter in genuine dialogue. The KNU stands ready

to enter into such dialogue at any time.

5. The KNU is a democratic organisation committed to human rights and democracy in Burma.

We are working towards a Federal Burma where all people live in peace, democracy and

harmony.

Central Executive Committee


42 August 2009

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August 2009 43

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44 August 2009

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vmwJh ukefypPnf;awGudk arGaESmuf&SmazG

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oElxl

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av;udk rw&m;yk'fr wyf+yD; ta&;,lzrf;qD;

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(3)

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rif;wdk@ om;trdESpfa,muf b,favmuf

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ryl&bl; ayghaemf?

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jcif;}uD;pGm jzpf&wmuvGJvdk@ usaemf'Dxuf

ydk+yD; bmrsm;vkyfEdkifawmhrvJAsm?

(4)

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jyefw,f? zm;tHudka&muf+yD; oHk;ywf t

August 2009 45

oElxl

=umrSm wyfr (33) cv& (120) wyf&if;eJ@

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ta&;xJt&may: qdkwmvdk awmifay:

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autJef,l wyfr[m (7) wyf&if; (22)

46 August 2009

wyfcGJrSL; Adkvf}uD;apmcdkifwdk@ wyfcGJqD aEG;

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xlxl axmifaxmif jyefjzpfvmcJh&w,f?

(5)

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ausmfcJhyg+yD? 'Dumv wav#mufvHk; tdrf

eJ@ vHk;0}uD;udk tquftoG,f jywfae

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vrf;jyvnf; a&mufvm+yD? olu udk0if;

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(6)

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cdkif wa,muf =um;EdkifawmhrSm r[kwf

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cH Oya' touf0ifvmwJhtcg EdkifiHawmf

at;csrf;om,ma&;eJ@ zGH@+zKd;a&;aumifpDqdk

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csKyfudkifaewJh ppfaumifpDae&mrSm a&G;

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v$wfawmfeJ@ jynfaxmifpktpdk;&wdk@u

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August 2009 47

oElxl

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48 August 2009

'\e[m avmbudk tajccHwJh tbdZÆm

0g'/ rp>&d,pdwf"mwfeJ@ trkef;w&m; '\

e Hate philosophy or Hate ideology

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August 2009 53

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apmbOD;}uD;u tdrf&Sifa,muFsm;ukd E_wf

quf+yD;/ tdrfatmufqifhuav;rSm

0ifxkdifonf? tdrf&SifrSm apmbOD;}uD;ukd

odxm;oljzpfIol@wJtdrfokd@ ra&mufpzl;/

a&mufvmaoma=umifh 0rf;vnf;om/

tm;vnf;em+yD; rnfokd@ {nfh0wfðy&rSef;

rod jzpfaeonf? apmbOD;}uD;u ntdyf

wnf;ckdrnf jzpfa=umif; ajymaomtcg

tdrf&SifrSm tawmfuav; tcufawG@

oGm;onf?

tdrf&Sifonf apmbOD;}uD;. *k%f

owif;}uD;r_ukd odxm;oljzpfonf?

v,f{uaxmifESifhcsDI ykdifqkdifaom

ajrykdif&Sif}uD;.om;/ csrf;omºuG,f0aom

bdvyfjyef 0wfvkHawmf&/ autJef,l

u&if trsKd;om;tzGJ@}uD;. OuUX pojzifh

odxm; onfhtwGuf qif;&Jpkwfcsmaom

ol@tdrfokd@ apmbOD;}uD;bmha=umifh ntdyf

tvnf a&mufvmoenf; qkdonfukd

vnf; tawG;& usyfaeonf?

“cifAsm;wkd@ 'DrSmwnf;vkd@ raumif;yg

bl;? 'DrSmu ae&musOf;w,f? usaemfhrdef;r

uvnf; rD;ae aew,f? aemuf+yD;awmh

bmrSvnf; au|;p&mr&Sdbl;? avmifwkdif;

rSm oGm;wnf;=u&if ykdaumif;wmayg@?

avmifwkdif;rSmu tdrf}uD;tdrfaumif;awG

vnf; &Sdw,f” “udpPr&Sdygbl;uGm/ 'kd@ 'D

rSmyJ wnf;r,f? igwkd@ tapm}uD;x+yD;

oGm;=urSmyJ” [k apmbOD;}uD;u jyefajym

onf? xkd@aemuf tdrf&Sifukd rdrdwkd@.

npmtwGuf xrif;csufckdif;onf?

“avmavmq,f qefr&Sdbl;As” [k

tdrf&Sifuqkdonf?

“qefr&Sdvnf; [kd;uwJawGrSm rif;

av#mufacs;vkduf&if &wmayg@ ”

wJtdrf&Sifv,form;onf rdef;rrD;ae

onfhudpPjzifh rtm;rvyf jzpfaeaom

a=umifh qeftkd;xJ qeftenf;i,fr#om

oElxl

usefaeonfukd xyfrjznfhEkdifcJh? xkd@a=umifh

{nfhonfukdau|;&eftwGuf avmavm

q,f qefr&SdbJjzpfae+yD; apmbOD;}uD;wkd@

ol@tdrfrSmwnf;ckd vmonfhtwGufvnf;

vGefpGmtm;emaeonf?

tdrfY qefr&Sdonfukd {nfhonfrsm;

rodvkdufatmif &Sm}uH jznfhqnf;jcif;rðyyJ/

cyf±kd;±kd; cyfwkH;wkH; u&ifv,form;yDyD

apmbOD;}uD;wkd@ csKd@csKd@iJhiJhjzifh ol@tdrfrSm

wnf;rSmxuf &GmxJu tdrf}uD;tdrfaumif;

awGrSm oGm;wnf;bkd@ qkdcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

tdrf&Sifv,form; qefacs;&ef xGufoGm;

aomtcg apmbOD;}uD;u rD;aecef;wGif;rS

tdrf&Sifrdef;rukd pum;vSrf;ajymonf?

aea&;xkdifa&;/ vlr_a&; udpP&yfrsm;ukd

ar;jref;onf?

ref;bZefESifh apm[efwmomar$;wkd@

rSm tdrfatmufqifh 0g;=urf;cif;wGif ajc

axmufwGJavmif;csum yl;yl;uyfuyf

xkdifae&if;rS apm[efwmomar$;u ref;

bZefukd vufukwfonf? apmbOD;}uD;.

vkyfykHukdifykHrsm;ESifh ywfouf+yD; apmb

OD;}uD;ukd olwkd@ tuJzrf;I r&? vufeuf

ukdif wkdufyGJtwGuf pnf;±kH;a&; qif;&rnfh

ae&mwGif pm;p&myif tEkdifEkdifjzpfaeaom

v,form;.wJokd@ vmvnfum/ ntdyf

rnfhta=umif; cGifhawmif;/ xrif;csufckdif;/

v,form;.ZeD;ESifh ta&;w}uD; r&SdvS

aom pum;rsm;ukd ajymqkd po!fh awmif

pOf a&r& tvkyfrsm;jzifh tcsdefjzKef;onf?

OD;wnfcsufrS wdrf;z,faeonf[k apm[ef

wmomar$;u jrifonf? ref;bZefuvnf;

xkdenf;wlyif oabm&onf? olwkd@ESpf

OD;u tdrf&Sifrdef;rESifh pum;vSrf;ajym

aeaom apmbOD;}uD;tm; 'Dvlawmh

a=umufae+yD/ vufeufukdif awmfvSefa&;

ukd rvkyf&Jawmhojzifh pdwfxif&mawG

pGwf&Gwfvkyfae+yD [lonfht"dy`g,fjzifh

wOD;ESifhwOD; +yHK;jy=uonf?

r=umrDrSmyif qefoGm;&Smaom tdrf

&Sif jyefa&mufvmonf?

“pm;p&mawmh bmrSr&Sdbl;As” [k ol

August 2009 55

oElxl

u qkdonf?

“pm;p&mr&Sdwm rajymeJ@uGm/ &SdwJh

[mbJ pm;rSmayg@? [kdrSm uefpGef;&GufawG

&Sdwm bJ r[kwfvm;” [k apmbOD;}uD;u

ajymonf?

wJtdrfESifh rvSrf;rurf; v,fuGif;pyf

wGif uefpGef;cif;i,fwuGuf &Sdonf?

i±kwfyifESifh tjcm; pm;p&mtyif tcsKd@

vnf; &Sdaeonf? tdrf&Sifu qefaq;/

xrif;tkd;wnfvkduf+yD;aemuf uefpGef;&Guf

rsm;ukd oGm;cl;onf? i±kwfpdrf;/ c&rf;uíyf

ponfh wkd@p&mrsm;ukd cl;vmcJh+yD;aemuf

“ig;yduvnf; aumif;aumif;r&Sdbl;As/

ig;qm;e,fyJ” [kqkdonf?

“&ygw,fuGm/ 'gawGajymraeeJ@/

&SdwmeJ@yJ pm;wmaygh” apmbOD;}uD;u

jyefajym vkduf+yD; ref;bZefwkd@xHvSrf;I

“a[hvlawG/ ajcawGvufawG aq;avAsm/

c%ae xrif;pm;=ur,f” rkd;wGif;umv

±H$@AGufxlaom vrf;rsm;/ v,fuefoif;rsm;

rS vmcJh=uaoma=umifh olwkd@ajcaxmuf

wGif ±$H@rsm; ayusHvsuf &Sdonf? tdrf&Sif

csufðywf vkyfukdifaepOftwGif; ref;bZef

wkd@ ajcvufaq;&onf? xkdtdrfrSm ntdyf

&ef }uHxm;aom apmbOD;}uD;uawmh

tdrfay:okd@ wufcgeD;rSmyif aq;a=umcJh+yD;

jzpfonf? ajcvufrsm;aq;+yD;aemuf ref;

bZefwkd@u tdrfay:odk@ wufxkdif=uonf?

csufjyKwf jyifqif&if;rS tdrf&Sifu “{nfh

onfawGukd xrif;au|;&rSm/ bmrSr&Sdbl;”

[k wOD;wnf; ajymovkd ajymonf?

tdrf&Sifonf apmbOD;}uD;ESifh r&if;ESD;

aomfvnf; apmbOD;}uD;ukd aumif;pGm od

xm;oljzpfonf? csrf;omºuG,f0aom

txufwef;v$m acwfynmwwf/ trsKd;

om; acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf odxm;onf?

apmbOD;}uD;ESifhygaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;rSmvnf;

ES,fES,f&& yk*~Kdvfrsm; r[kwfEkdifa=umif;

em;vnfxm;onf? apmbOD;}uD;wkd@ ol@

tdrfrSm vmwnf;onfukd 0rf;omaomf

vnf; bmwckr# zG,fzG,f&m&m vkyfray;

EkdifonfhtwGuf odrfi,fovkd cHpm;&

56 August 2009

onf?

“rif;bmrS pdwfrylygeJ@/ &SdwmeJ@yJ au|;

yg? 'kd@u rif;au|;wmyJ pm;&rSmyJ/ rif; ap

wem &Sdbkd@yJ vkdygw,f” tdrf&Sif. cHpm;

csufukd em;vnfaom apmbOD;}uD;u

ajyajyvnfvnf jzpfap&ef ajymonf?

xrif;csuf+yD;oGm;aomtcg pm;bkd@

jyif onf? wkd@p&ma&vkHðywfESifh ig;ydig;qm;

e,fom jzpfaoma=umifh ref;bZefESifh

apm[efwmomar$;wkd@rSm pm;Ir0if=u

aomfvnf; apmbOD;}uD;u +rdef,SufpGmyif

pm;onf?

xrif;pm;+yD;prSmyif avmifwkdif;&GmrS

vlwpk a&mufvm=uonf? apmbOD;}uD;.

nDtukd0rf;uGJ/ nDr tr 0rf;uGJrsm;

jzpfonf?

“a[h bOD;}uD;/ rif;wkd@a&mufvm

w,f=um;vkd@ rif;ta':u [kdrSm xrif;

awG [if;awG csufxm;w,f” [k wOD;u

qkd onf?

“[m igrpm;Ekdifawmhbl;uGm/ tckyJ

'DrSm pm;+yD;oGm;+yD” apmbOD;}uD;u jyef

ajymonf?

wJtdrfjzpfaoma=umifh olwkd@vlpktm;

vkH; tdrfay:wufIr&? ESpfOD;okH;OD;om

wuf+yD; tcsKd@u atmufrS &yfapmifhae=u

onf?

“pm;+yD;vnf; vmyguGm/ [kdrSmvkduf

tdyfayg@/ 'DrSmu tdyfp&m ae&mrS r&Sdwm?

olrsm;wumrdef;rvnf; uav;rD;ae

aewJh[m”

“at;avuGm/ 'DatmufrSmrif;wkd@

tazmfokH;a,muf tdyf&wm usyfusyf

wnf;wnf;eJ@/ &$H@awGbmawGeJ@/ zsmvnf;

r&Sd/ acgif;tkH;vnf; r&Sd”[k ‚if;wkd@u

ajymonf?

“udpPr&Sdygbl;uGm/ 'kd@ rkd;rvif;cif x

oGm;rSmyJ ” apmbOD;}uD; jiif;onf?

“rkd;rvif;cif xoGm;bkd@u avmifwkdif;

uae oGm;vnf; &wmyJ[m” [k qkd=u

onf? apmbOD;}uD; olwkd@xH vkdufvm&ef

twGuf trsKd;rsKd; ajymqkdI ac:onf?

ref;bZefwkd@ apm[efwmomar$;wkd@ESifh

pum; wcGef;ESpfcGef; ajymvkduf/ apmbOD;

}uD;ukd ac:vkdufjzifh n 7em&Dausmf/ 8em&D

xdwkdif ayuyfI apmifhac: =uonf?

“a[haumifawG jyefawmhuGm/ igwkd@

tdyfcsif+yD ” [k apmbOD;}uD;u ESifonf?

ygvmaom ywWKtdyf,mcif;uav;ukd 0g;

=urf;ay:wGifcif;um/ tdwfukdacgif;tkH;vkyf

I vSJtdyfonf? apmifyg;ukd acgif;+rD;òcH

vkdufonf? rnfokd@r# ac:Ir&aoma=umifh

avmifwkdif;rS aqGrsKd;om;csif; nDtukd

armifESrrsm; vufav#mh+yD; jyefoGm;=u

onf? apmbOD;}uD;u ygvmaom tdyf

,mcif;ESifhapmifukd xkwf+yD; tdyfaom

a=umifh/ ref;bZefwkd@vnf; c&D;aqmiftdwf

rsm;xJrS tdyf,mcif;ESifh òcHxnfuav;rsm;

ukd,fpDxkwfum tdyf&awmhonf?

jcifu 0Dac:aeatmif ukdufonf?

usyfusyfwnf;wnf;rSm okH;a,mufom;

[kdvl;onfvSJ@ renf;vkyf+yD; tdyf&onf?

reuf rkd;vif;cgeD;wGif apmbOD;}uD;u

ref;bZefwkd@tm; ac:E_d;onf? txl;taxG

ac: E_d;p&myif rvkdacs? wnvkH; jcif

ukdufaoma=umifh Ekd;w0uf tdyfw0uf

jzpfae=uaom ref;bZefwkd@rSm apmbOD;

}uD;xHrS ac:E_d;oHwcGef; t=um;wGifyif

xvkduf =u+yD; jzpfavonf? rsufESmopf/

oGm;wkduf/ udpPt00 +yD;pD;+yD;aemuf/ apm

bOD;}uD;u rdrdwkd@v_yf&Sm;oHrsm;a=umifh

Ekd;ae+yDjzpfaom tdrf&Sifrsm;tm; E_wf

qufonf?

“uJ/ tdrfom;awG/ 'kd@oGm;OD;r,fuGm?

rif;wkd@ukd odyf aus;Zl;wifygw,f ”

c&D;qufxGuf&mwGif avmifwkdif;&Gm

em;rSyif jzwfIoGm;&onf? avmifwkdif;rSm

vmtdyfv#if &ygvsufESifh rtdyfyJ/ v,f

uGif;xJu wJrSm 'kuQcHItdyfcJhaom apm

bOD;}uD;.vkyf&yfukd ref;bZefwkd@ pOf;pm;

I r&acs?

avmifwkdif;ESifhtdrfrJrSm ajcvsifjzifh

ESpfem&Dc&D;r# &Sdonf? eHeuf5 em&DcGJ/ 6

em&Dcef@rSpI av#muf=uaoma=umifh/

tdrfrJokd@ 8em&DavmufwGifa&mufonf?

tdrfrJrSm ykodrfavmufr}uD;onfh òrd@

i,fwòrd@om jzpfaomfvnf; ausmif;/

aps;/ ±kH;/ yGJ±kH/ pm;aomufqkdif/ aq;±kH

ponfwkd@jzifh òrd@wòrd@.t*Fg&yfESifhnD+yD;/

acgufqGJqkdifESifh a[mfw,fi,frsm;vnf;

&Sdonf? pm;aomufqkdifwkdif;yif apmbOD;

}uD;tm; od=uonf? av;av;pm;pm;E_wf

quf ajymqkd=uonf? apmbOD;}uD;u

taumif;qkH; w±kwfpm;aomufqkdif w

qkdifokd@ 0ifvkdufonf? xkdqkdifrSm EkdifiHjcm;

t&ufrsm;yg &Ekdifonf? pm;yGJ0kdif;wGif

xkdif+yD;aemuf/ taumif;pm; t&ufrsm;ukd

apmbOD;}uD;u rSmonf? qkdif&Sifw±kwfukd

vnf; qkdifrSm &Ekdifor# [if;vsmrsm;xJrS

taumif;qkH; [if;vsmrsm;ukd a=umfcsuf

jyifqifay;&ef ajymonf?

t&ufESifh jrnf;&eftwGuf tacguf

uif/ bJuif/ uif;rGef/ ukef;abmifusD/

ig;acgif;[if;csKd ponfwkd@ukd rSmonf?

rdrdwkd@ tvkd&Sdor# rSm,lpm;aomuf =u

bkd@vnf; ref;bZefwkd@tm; wkdufwGef;onf?

*k%foa&&Sd u&iftrsKd;om;acgif;aqmif

EkdifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm; vmIpm;aomuf

=uaoma=umifh qkdif&Sifuvnf; auseyf

0rf;ompGm csufðywf a=umfavSmfay;onf?

axG&mav;yg; ajymqkd=u&if;/ at;at;vl

vl tjrnf;pm; t&ufaomuf+yD;aemuf

xrif;pm;=uawmhrnfhtcgwGif qkdif&Sifu

taumif;qkH;tpm;tpmrsm;ukd pDpOf

ay;onf?

“uJ/ pm;=uAsm? aomufEkdifao;&if

vnf; aomufaygh? 'Dtpm;tpmrsKd;u

aemufukd cifAsm;wkd@ odyf+yD;pm;=u&awmh

rSm r[kwfbl;? aemufukd pm;&r,hf tpm;

tpmuawmh/ rae@wkef;u cifAsm;wkd@ pm;

cJh=u&wJh tpm;tpmrsKd;yJ? tJ'grsKd;uawmh

aemufukd trsm;}uD; pm;=u&r,f” [k

apmbOD;}uD; ajym.? ref;bZefESifh apm

[efwmomar$;wkd@rSm apmbOD;}uD;.

pum;rsm;a=umifh òyH;&if; wOD;ukdwOD;

rodrom vufukwf=ujyefonf? 'Dvl

awmh awmfvSefa&;vkyfbkd@twGuf OD;

aESmufawG ajcmuf+yD;/ ±l;a=umifa=umifeJ@

pdwfxif&mawG pGwfajymae+yD[k ref;bZef

u ,lqcJh avonf?

( 3 )

1951 AkdvfrSL;wifOD;wkd@wyfrsm;rSm

&efolu oHcsyfumum;rsm;jzifh vkduf

wkdufonfhtwGuf 'kduf,m;/ om,mukef;

bufrSaeI wjznf;jznf;csif; qkwfay;cJh

&+yD;/ wkdif;OuUX}uD; ref;bZef&Sd&m usKHw

uif; bufokd@ a&mufvmcJh=uonf? usKH

wuif;rSm "EkjzLaemufbuf usKHxeD;ESifh

eD;onf? OuUX}uD;ref;bZefonf usKHw

uif;wGif aexkdifvsuf EkdifiHa&;oifwef;rsm;

ay;aeonf? AkdvfrSL;wifOD; ukd,fwkdifvnf;

xkdEkdifiHa&;oifwef;okd@ oGm;wufcJhbl;

onf? OuUX}uD;ref;bZef. EkdifiHa&;ykd@

csr_rsm;ukd oabmusESpfòcdufum ol@wyf

oElxl

uav; ESifhtwl OuUX}uD;ref;bZef teD;

wGif aevkdaomfvnf; OuUX}uD;uol@tm;

[oFmw/ ykodrf po!fhcGifrsm;okd@ [kdykd@

vkduf/ onfv$wfvkdufjzifh vkdtyfovkd ykd@

v$wfcJhaoma=umifh/ wyfr[mrSL; atmh

pbGef;/ wyfr[mrSL; Akdvf}uD;b±_dif;/ wyfr

[mrSL; AkdvfcsKyfyk polwkd@. e,fajrwGif

oGm;a&muf v_yf&Sm;cJh&avonf? &efolu

a&wyf/ avwyf/ ajcvsifwyfrsm;tjyif

b&if;u,f&D,mESifh oHcsyfum um;rsm;

ygokH;I xkd;ppf}uD;qifvmonfhtcg/

&efolukdom txdemap+yD; rdrdwyfrsm;ukd

tom;vGwf temrcHwwfaom AkdvfrSL;

wifOD;u cHppfjzifh wkdufckduf&if; wjznf;

jznf; qkwfcGmvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

usKHwuif;okd@a&muf&Sd+yD;/ OuUX}uD;

ref;bZefESifhawG@um &efolESifh rdrdwyfwkd@.

tajctaersm;ukd wifjyonf? &efolu

usKHwuif;ukd xkd;&ef vkdufvmaoma=umifh

OuUX}uD;wkd@ESifhtwl AkdvfrSL;wifOD;wkd@ wyf

rsm; qkwf=u&jyefonf?

wyfrsm;qkwf&mvrf;&Sd awG@or# &Gm

wkdif;vkdvkduyif u&ifhawmfvSefa&;orm;

rsm; &GmwGif;okd@0ifvmrnfukd rvkdvm;=u?

&GmxJrSm wkdufyGJjzpf+yD; &Gmemrnfukd pkd;&drf

=uonf? wyfrsm;csDwufvmonfukd

ta0;ujrifonfESifh &Gmtjyifbuf cyf

vSrf;vSrf;rS vlav;ig;a,mufu xGuf

apmifh+yD;? “cifAsm;wkd@ 'D&GmxJ rvmygeJ@

Asm? cifAsm;wkd@vkdcsifwm ajymyg? pm;eyf

&duQm/ qef/ ig;yd/ ig;ajcmuf/ qD/ =uuf/ 0uf

awGvkdovm;? aiGvkdovm;? usaemfwkd@

ykd@ay;yg@r,f? usaemfwkd@ &GmxJawmh r0if

ygeJ@” [k qkd=uonf?

[kdw&Gma&mufvnf; armif;xkwf/

onfw&Gm0ifbkd@jyifvnf; ESifxkwfjzifh

u&ifhawmfvSefa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;tm; rvkd

vm;=ubJ jzpfaeonf? xkd&Gmrsm;onf

,cif tcsdefwkef;u OuUX}uD;ref;bZefwkd@

AkdvfrSL;wifOD;wkd@ oGm;vmpnf;±kH; vnfywf

&mwGif ysmysmovJ aumif;rGefpGm {nfhcH

au|;arG; ðypkcJhaom &Gmrsm;om jzpfonf?

August 2009 57

oElxl

awmfvSefa&;. tOD;tpykdif; òrd@&Gm trsm;

tjym;ukd odrf;ykdufEkdifcJho!fh tajctaerS/

tcsKd@aom wyfrsm;twGif; atmufajc

vGwf/ wAkdvfwrif;vkyf/ "m;jywkduf/ vlxk

ukd tEkdifusifh ponfhvkyf&yfrsm;jzifh y&rf;

ywmjzpfvmcJhum OuUX}uD;apmbOD;}uD;

usqkH; +yD;onfhaemufwGif u&ifhawmfvSef

a&;. tajctaerSm tenf;i,fykdrkd ,kdif

eJ@ vmcJhonf? &efoltpkd;&wyfrsm;u zd

tm;ay; wkdufckdufvmonfhtcgwGifrl

aus;&Gmwkdif;vkdvkdrSm u&ifhawmfvSefa&;

orm;rsm;tm; vufrcH&Jawmhonfhtae

txm; jzpfoGm;=uonf? olykefukd qufqH

tm;ay;aom &Gmtjzpf rD;avmifwkduf

toGif;cH&rnfukd pkd;&drfylyef=uonf?

okd@jzifh OuUX}uD;ref;bZefESifh AkdvfrSL;

wifOD;wkd@rSm yef;waemfe,fxJokd@ qif;=u

&awmhonf? rif;*±kuGif;}uD;okd@ a&muf

onf? rif;*±k&Gmukdawmh ra&mufwwf

ao;? rif;*±k&GmrSm uGif;a&jyif}uD;.tqkH;

ukef;ay:rSm &Sdonf? rif;*±k uGif;}uD; tpyf

wGif wJtdrfpk wpk&Sdonf? 0g;wJrsm;yifjzpf+yD;

wJtdrftvkH; ESpfq,favmuf&SdI ±Gmi,f

uav;vkd jzpfaeonf?

zm;&Sm/ ig;&Sm&if; aexkdifpm;aomuf=u

aom tdrfuav;rsm; jzpfonf? tcsKd@

tdrfrsm;rSm a&pyfwGif&Sdaeonf? a&u

odyfreuf? ajcovkH;avmuf? tcsKd@ae&m

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xm;aom zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk em*pf

zGJ@pnf;yHk (Nargis Constitution) vdk@vnf;

ac:=uw,f? em*pf avjyif;rkefwdkif;

a=umifh jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'orSm jynfolawG

odef;eJ@csD aoa=u aysmufqHk; '%f&m&apcJh

wJh tjzpfrsdK; &uftenf;i,favmufbJ

&Sdwm etzrS zGJ@pnf;yHkopfqEN cH,lyGJudk

2008 ckESpf/ arv 10-24 &ufae@awGrSm

t"rRusif;ycJhygw,f?

em*pf rkefwdkif;oifh 'kuQonfawG&Jh

aoG;uGufeJ@ rsuf&nfpufawG rajcmufrD/

jynfolawG&Jh 'kuQa&mufcsdef/ urBmh jynfol

awG&J@ a=uuGJpmemr_eJ@ apwem tultnD

yHhydk;r_awG urf;vSrf;aecsdefrSm etz ppf

tkyfpku rdrd&Jh tajccHOya'udk rJay;cGifh&Sd

jynfol 92 &mcdkifE_ef; axmufcHa=umif;

25-5-2008 rSm wzufowf xkwfjyefa=u

nm vdkufygw,f?

etz ppftkyfpktaejzifh jynfwGif;yÉd

yuQ ajz&Sif;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pD azmfaqmifa&;

twGuf atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnf

azmfcsifw,fqdk&if jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;&Jh jy\

emudk awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;/ trsdK;om; jyef

vnf &if=um;apha&;ESifh ,Hk=unfr_ wnf

aqmufa&; ponfh tajccHvdktyfcsufawG

August 2009 61

oElxl

udk t&ifqHk;vkyfaqmifoifhw,f? trsdK;

om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk t&ifrvkyf

bJeJ@ 2010 a&G;aumufyGJudk t&ifusif;yjyK

vkyfr,fqdk&if tJ'D 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ[m

r#wr_r&Sdbl;/ w&m;vnf;0ifrSmr[kwfbl;?

odk@aomf etzppftkyfpktaejzifh 'Dtajc

cHvdktyfcsufawGudk vpfvsL&_+yD; rdrdpdwf

xif&mtwdkif; zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk

rw&m;aom enf;vrf;jzifhom twnfjyKcJh

w,f? etz ppftkyfpk. zGJ@pnf;twnfjyK

aom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh pyfvsOf;I

atmufygtajccH ta=umif;&if; (2)&yfudk

qef;ppf avhvmbkd@vdkygw,f?

(u) zGJ Upnf;yH ktajccHOya' a&;qGJa&; jzpfpOf

(The Process)?

EdkifiHwEdkifiH. toufaoG;a=um o

zG,fjzpfaom zJG@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'w&yf

udk a&;qJGjyXmef;&ef vdktyfaom tajccH

ta=umif;w&m;rsm;rSm EdkifiHwEdkifiHESifh

wEdkifiH wlnDr_ &Sd=urnfr[kwfay? odk@

aomf zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'w&yf ay:

aygufvma&;twGuf rSefuefaom/ wnfh

rwfaom vkyfief; tqifhqifh yg0ifonfh

jzpfpOfw&yf twdtus &Sd&rSmjzpfygw,f?

,if;jzpfpOfudk twwfEdkifqHk; 'Drdkua&pD

enf;vrf;us&ef vdktyf+yD;/ oabmxm;

}uD;rm; us,fjyef@aom/ tar#mftjrif&Sd

onfh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; OD;aqmif

yg0if&rSmvnf; jzpfw,f? qdkvdkwmu zGJ@

pnf;yHka&;qGJa&; jzpfpOf rSm;,Gif;oGm;ygu

(odk@wnf;r[kwf) 'Drdkua&pD enf;vrf;

rusygu ,if;ay:aygufvmaom zJG@pnf;yHk

tajccHOya'onf EdkifiHudkaomfvnf;

aumif;/ EdkifiHom;rsm;udk aomfvnf;

aumif; tjynfht0 tusKd;jyKEdkifrSm

r[kwfay? Oyrm- tESpf (200) ausmf

wnfwHhvm+yDjzpfaom tar&duefjynf

axmifpk. zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya' ay:

ayguf vmonfhjzpfpOf/ (14) ESpfwmr#om

wm&SnfcHaom jrefrmEdkifiH. 1947 zJG@

pnf;yHktajccH Oya' ay:aygufvmonfh

62 August 2009

jzpfpOfESifh aemuf (14)ESpfr#om wm&SnfcH

aom 1974 zGJ@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ay:

aygufvmonfh jzpfpOfwdk@udk Ed_if;,SOf avh

vmygu xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk awG@jrifEdkifrSm

jzpfygw,f? etz. 2008 zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH

Oya' ay:aygufvmonfhjzpfpOfudkawmh

a&&Snfb,favmuf twdkif;wmtxd

wnfwHh cdkif+rJrvJ qdkwmudk }udKwifwGufq

Edkifygw,f? ta=umif;rSm-

(1) trsdK;om;nDvmcHESifh vrf;nTefrIrsm;

1988 ckESpfwGif xyfqifhtm%m odrf;

,lvdkufaom ppftkyfpktaeESifh w&m;r0if

tpdk;& (De-facto) tjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm

urBmtv,fwGif&yfwnf&ef rjzpfEdkifonfh

twGuf ppftkyfcsKyfr_udk w&m;0ifjzpfap&ef

zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&yf vdktyfvmyg

w,f? xdktwGufa=umifh tajccHrl 6 csuf

[kac:aom vrf;!$efr_ (6) csufudk etz

. twGif;pnf;yk*~dKvfwpku csrSwfay;vdkuf

w,f? rnfolrnf0g yg0ifI wdkifyifaqG;aEG;

+yD; ,if;tajccHrl (6) csuf &&Sdvma=umif;

azmfjycsufvHk;0r&SdbJ txufrSatmufodk@

csay;aom (Top-down) pepfomjzpf

w,f?

‚if;vrf;!$efrl (6) csufabmiftwGif;Y

tao;pdwftajccH&rnfhrl (104) csufudkyg

0ifa&muf aqG;aEG;Edkif&ef etz onf

1993 ckESpfrS 2007 ckESpftxd (14) ESpf

wm tcsdef,lcJhonfh trsKd;om; nDvmcHudk

ac:,lcJhw,f? nDvmcHtwGif; nDvmcH

udk,fpm;vS,ftcsKd@. t}uHjyKwifjycsuf

rsm;udk vHk;0 vufrcHy,fcscJh+yD; etz

tqdkjyKxm;onfh tajccH&rnfhrl (104)

csufudkom nDvmcHu ZGwftwnfjyK ay;

vdkufap&ef twif;t=uyfjyKaqmif&Guf

cJhonfudk awG@&ygw,f? xdk@tjyif nDvmcH

twGif; vGwfvyfpGmajymqdk aqG;aEG;cGifh

tygt0if tajccH'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;

rsm; vHk;0qHk;±_H; aeygw,f? nDvmcH jyifyY

EdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;rSmvnf; jynfwGif;ppf quf

vufawmufavmifaeqJjzpfw,f? jynf

olvlxkw&yfvHk;. pm;0wfaea&;rSmvnf;

rsm;pGm qif;&J=uyfwnf;ae&+yD; EdkifiH

rSmvnf; tqif;&JqHk; tajctaeodk@ us

a&mufcJh&w,f? TuJhodk@aom EdkifiHa&;

tajctaersKd;rSm etz rS rdrd.zGJ@pnf;yHk

tajccHOya'udk twif; t"rRtwnfjyK

vkyfaqmifcJhonfudk =unfhrnfqdkv#if

Tenf;vrf;eJ@ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; jy\emudk

vHk;0ajz&Sif;Edkifrnf r[kwfa=umif; ±_jrif

Edkifygw,f?

(2) a&;qGJpOfumvESifh a&;qGJNyD; vlxkqE´

cH,lyGJ twnfjyKumv jynf olvlxk? vlxk

vlwef;pm; yg0if ywfoufrI/

etz. 0g'jzef@owif;pmrsm;wGif

“cdkifrmonfh zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'w&yf

ay: aygufvma&;onf EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;.

y"meusaom wm0efjzpfonf [lI t+rJ

wap ae@pOf&ufqufazmfjyxm;aomf

vnf; vufawG@wGifrl vHk;0yg0ifywfouf

cGifh rjyKcJhay? (5§96) uJhodk@aom trdef@

rsKd; xkwfjyefI rnfolrqdk tcGifhtrdef@

r&bJ zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhywfoufI

ajymqdk/ aqG;aEG;/ a&;om; jzef@a0jcif;rsm;

jyKvkyfygu axmif'%f (5) ESpfrS tESpf

(20) txd jypf'%fuscHap&rnf[k azmfjy

xm;w,f? trsKd;om;nDvmcH wufa&muf

aeonfh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;rSmvnf; vuf

nd‡K;axmif/ acgif;+idrfhvkyf&efrSvGJI vGwf

vyfpGm oabmxm; wifjycGifhr&Sda=umif;

awG@&SdcJh+yD; jzpfygw,f?

nDvmcHt+yD;wGif vlxkqENcH,lyGJjzifh

zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' twnfjyK&,l&m

wGif qENcH,lyGJrwdkifrD jynfolvlxktm;

ynmay; vkyfaqmifjcif;vHk;0r&Sd/ vlxkrS

zGJ@pnf;yHk pmtkyfudk jrifawG@cGifh odk@r[kwf

}udKwif avhvm zwf±_cGifh/ wdkifyifaqG;aEG;

cGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm rJay;qHk;jzwfcGifh vHk;0

r&SdwJhtjyif qENcH,lyGJrSm qENrJjym;rsm;udk

awmif vdrfnmcJhw,f? xdk@a=umifh etzrS

twif;t=uyf ppfrdef@jzifh usif;yjyKvkyfcJh

aom vlxkaxmufcHyJGrSm ppfrSefaom vl

xk qEN r[kwfa=umif; odomxif&Sm;ae

ygw,f?

oElxl

(c) tESpfom& (The Substance)

EdkifiHtoD;oD;Y zJG@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'

rsm;. tESpfom&ykdif;ukd avhvmoHk;oyf

rnf qdkygu vrf;!$eftajccHrlrsm;udk

pwif avhvm&rnfjzpfygw,f? ,if;

vrf;!$efrlrsm;. '\ersm;onf vl@

abmif avmu . wefzdk;pHxm;csufrsm;udk

r¾dKifjyK&rSm jzpfygw,f? tpktzJG@wck odk@

wnf;r[kwf vltkyfpkwpkr#udkom tav;

xm; aZmif;ay;aom vrf;!Gefrlrsm;onf

aumif;rGefaom zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'

w&yfudk azmfaqmifEdkifrnfr[kwfay? xdk@

a=umifh vrf;!$efrlcsrSwfjcif; vkyfief;udk

tus,fjyef@qHk; tawG;tac: oabm

xm;rsm;udk pkpnf;&,lI tus,fjyef@qHk;

vufcHtwnfjyK+yD;rSom zJG@pnf;yHk tajccH

Oya'aumif; w&yfudk azmfaqmifEdkifrnfh

vrf;!$efrl jzpfvmEdkifayrnf? xdk@a=umifh

vrf;!$efrl tqifhqihftESpfom&/ twGif;

tESpfom&awGudk avhvmoifhygw,f?

(1) vrf;nTefrlrsm; (odk h) tajccHrlrsm;

(1) jynfaxmifpkr+ydKuGJa&;

(2) wdkif&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!$wfr_ r+ydK

uGJa&;

(3) tcsKyftjcmtm%m wnfwHhcdkif+rJ

a&;

(4) ppfrSefIpnf;urf;jynfh0aom ygwDpHk

'Drdkua&pDpepf xGef;um;a&;

(5) EdkifiHawmfY w&m;r#wjcif;/ vGwf

vyfjcif;ESifh nDr#jcif;wnf;[laom

avmuygvw&m;rsm; ydkrdkxGef;um;

a&; ESifh

(6) EdkifiHawmf. trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&; OD;

aqmifr_ tcef;u¾wGif wyfrawmf

u yg0ifxrf;aqmifEdkifa&; wdk@udk

tpOfwpdkuf OD;wnfonf?

tqdkygOD;wnfcsufudk wcsufjcif; avh

vmrnfqdkv#if tcsuf (1) (2) (3) wdk@

onf jrefrmhvl@abmif. wefzdk;pHxm;csuf

rsm; r[kwfbJ tqufquftpdk;&rsm;.

aºuG;a=umfoHr#om jzpfygw,f? Arm

r[kwfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;rS (yif

vHk nDvmcH. tESpfom&udk azmfaqmif

jcif;jzifh) ppfrSefaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk

wnfaqmuf&ef }udK;yrf;aecsdef wdkif;&if;

om; vlrsdK;rsm;tm; jynfaxmifpk+ydKuGJ

atmif vkyfaeonf[k tpOfwpdkuf pGyfpGJ

jypfwifcJhygw,f? xdk@tjyif zuf'&,f qdk

onfrSm cGJxGufa&;yifjzpfaMumif;? jynf

axmifpk NydKuGJa&;yif jzpfaMumif; qdkonfh

t,ltq trSm;rsm;udk tqufquf wdkuf

cdkuf ajymqdkcJhw,f?

tcsuf (4) onf EdkifiHawmfwGif usifh

oHk;rnfh EdkifiHa&;pepf (Political System)

udk vrf;!$ef azmfjyxm;jcif;[k qdkEdkifw,f?

tcsuf (5)onf pHwefzdk;rsm;udk azmf!$ef;

xm;onfh vrf;!$efrl [k qdkEdkifygw,f?

tcsuf (6) rSm aºuG;a=umfoHvnf;

r[kwf/ pHwefzdk;vnf;r[kwf/ vrf;!$efrl

[lIvnf; rqdkEdkifaom ppftkyfpk.

awmif;qdkcsuf (Demand) r#om jzpfyg

w,f?

xdkyk'frxJrS tao;pdwf oHk;oyfygu

“EdkifiHawmf. trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&; OD;aqmif

r_ tcef;u¾wGif wyfrawmfyg0ifa&;

onf” “trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;ESifh wyfrawmf

tcef;u¾” ESpfckudkavhvmod±Sd&efvkdyg

w,f? trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;onf jynfaxmif

pk wckvHk;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;tm;vHk; ESifh

oufqdkifaomEdkifiHa&; odk@wnf;r[kwf

vlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;udk &nfpl;I Arm (0g) jref

rm vlrsdK;wdk@. trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&; ponf

jzifh qdkvdkjcif;[m roJuJGr&Sif;vif;ay?

xdkzJG@pnf; yHk tajccHOya'. yk'fr (3) wGif

“EdkifiHawmfonf wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;aygif;

pHk aexdkifaom EdkifiHjzpfonf”[k vlrsdK;

aygif;pHk &Sdaejcif;udk todtrSwfjyKygu

“trsdK;om; EdkifiHa&;” [laomtoHk;

tE_ef;onf rnfonfh trsdK;om;udk &nf

!Gef;onfudk tav;teufpOf;pm;&ef

vdktyfygw,f? vlrsdK;aygif;pHk&Sdygu “trsdK;

om;” vnf; rsm;pGm &SdrSmjzpfygw,f?

“trsdK;om;” qdkonfh pum;vHk;. aemuf

uG,fY aumufuspf pOf;vJaom EdkifiHa&;

&nf&G,fcsuf&Sdaoma=umifhom jzpfygvdrfh

r,f?

xdk@tjyif xdk “trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&;”udk

wyfrawmfu OD;aqmif&rnfjzpf+yD; xdk

wyfrawmfonf “wckwnf;aom rsdK;cspf

wyfrawmfjzpfonf”[k yk'fr (20-u)

wGif xyfrHjyXmef;xm;ygw,f? jynfaxmif

pk wckvHk;twGuf “wckwnf;aom wyfr

awmf” &Sdjcif;[m jy\emr&Sdyg [kqdkEdkif

aomfvnf; xdkwckwnf;aom wyfrawmf

onf “rsdK;cspfwyfrawmf” jzpf&rnf [k

jyXmef;xm;jcif;[m tvGeftE W&m,f }uD;

rm; vSygw,f? vlrsdK;aygif;pHk a&maESm ae

xdkifaomwdkif;jynfwGif vlrsdK;wdkif;u rdrd

trsdK;udk cspf=u&rSmjzpfaoma=umifh rsdK;

cspfpdwfrsm;pGm &SdEdkifygw,f? u&ifrsdK;cspf

pdwf/ ArmrsdK;cspfpdwf æ [lI vlrsdK;wdkif;rSm

rsdK;cspfpdwf &Sd=u&r,f? odk@aomf wyfrawmf

onf “wckwnf;aom rsdK;cspfwyfrawmf”

jzpfygu rnfonfhtrsdK;udk cspf&r,f/ rnf

onfh trsdK;udkcspfonfh wyfrawmf jzpf

&r,fqdkwm oJoJuJGuGJazmfjyjcif; r&Sdyg?

'ga=umifh xdkjyXmef;csufrsdK;rSm tE W&m,f

}uD;rm;vSygw,f? ta=umif;rSm vlrsdK;

aygif;pHk a&maESmaexdkifaom wdkif;jynfrSm

rsdK;cspfpdwfwckwnf; r&SdEdkifay? rsdK;cspfpdwf

wckwnf;&Sdjcif;[m EdkifiHawmf zJG@pnf;yHk

tajccH Oya'eJ@jyXmef;umuG,fjcif;[m

“r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'”omv#if jzpfygw,f?

r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'udk tajccHaom trsdK;

om; EdkifiHa&;udk “rsdK;cspfwyfrawmf”u

OD; aqmif&rnf[laomtajccHrlonf -

aemifwGif tjcm;aom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;

rsm; tm;vHk;udk 0g;+rdKv$rf;rdk;a&;/ wdrfaum

August 2009 63

oElxl

yaysmufa&;udk OD;wnfaeygw,f? xdk OD;

wnfcsufudk trsdK;om;EdkifiHa&; &nfrSef;

csuf tjzpfxm;&Sd+yD; “rsdK;cspfwyfrawmf”

u vufawG@taumif txnfazmfoGm;&ef

jzpfygw,f? ,if;ay:vpDonf tqufquf

aom tm%m&Siftpdk;&rsm;u usifhoHk;cJh

aom ay:vpDw&yfjzpfygw,f? odk@aomf

,cifu “trsdK;/ bmom/ omoem” [l

aom abmiftwGif; trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmf

xlaxmifa&;udk taumiftxnfazmf

aqmif&GufcJh+yD;/ ,ckrl “waoG;/ woH/

wrdef@” atmufwGif wyfrawmf OD;aqmif

r_jzifh trsdK;om;EdkifiHawmf xlaxmifa&;udk

qufvufusifhoHk; taumiftxnfazmf

&ef jyifqifaejcif;yif jzpfygw,f? xdk@

a=umifh T“tajccHrl”. tESpfom&rSm

“r[mvlrsdK;}uD;0g'”udk zJG@pnf;yHk tajccH

Oya'jzifh w&m;0ifusifhoHk;a&;jzpfI r[m

vlrsdK;}uD;0g'jzifh wnfaqmufrnfh trsdK;

om; EdkifiHawmf xlaxmifa&; pDrHudef;}uD;

udk ArmhrsdK;cspf wyfrawmfu OD;aqmif

oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?

Ttwdkif;om qufoGm;r,fqdk&if

etz csrSwfxm;aom tajccHvrf;!$efrl

rsm;onf jrefrmjynf. ESpfaygif; (60)

ausmf EdkifiHa&;yÉdyuQudk atmifjrifpGm

tqHk;owfEdkifvdrfhr,f r[kwfa=umif; oHk;

oyfI odjrifEdkifygw,f?

(2) wyfrawmfrS tmPmodrf;ydkifcGifh/

etz ppftpdk;&rS a&;qGJzGJ@pnf;xm;

aom EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wGif

EdkifiHawmftcsKyftjcm tm%m. cufr

oHk;jzmjzpfaom Oya'jyKa&;tm%m/ tkyf

csKyfa&;tm%mESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%m

wdk@udk tqrwef tm%may;tyfxm;

ygw,f? xdktkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mudk usifhoHk;

&mwGifvnf; wdkif;jynfYtm%m t&SdqHk;

tzJG@onf jynfaxmifpktpdk;& r[kwfyJ/

oD;jcm;zJG@pnf;xm;aom “trsdK;om; um

uG,fa&;ESifh vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD” yifjzpfyg

w,f? wyfrawmfrS tm%modrf;ydkifcGifh

64 August 2009

twGuf a&;qGJjyXmef;xm;ygw,f? xdk

trsdK;om; umuG,fa&;ESifh vHk+cHKa&;

aumifpDudk yk'fr-201 t& tzJG@0if (11)

OD;jzpfwJh EdkifiHawmf orRw/ 'kwd,orRw/

'kwd,orRw- 2/ jynfol@v$wfawmfOuUX/

trsdK;om;v$wfawmfOuUX/ wyfrawmf

umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ 'kwd, wyfrawmf

umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;

Xme0ef}uD;/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef

}uD;/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD;/ e,f

pyfa&;&m 0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD; wdk@jzifh zGJ@

pnf;&rSm jzpfygw,f?

xdktrsdK;om;umuG,fa&;ESifh vHk+cHKa&;

aumifpDtzJG@0if (11) OD;teuf/ jynfol@

v$wfawmfOuUX/ trsdK;om;v$wfawmf

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THA NOO HTOO AUG -2009

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