ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti ciuri ...
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti ciuri ...
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti ciuri ...
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avtoris stili daculia<br />
<strong>ivane</strong> <strong>javaxiSvilis</strong> <strong>saxelobis</strong><br />
<strong>Tbilisis</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>universiteti</strong><br />
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti<br />
inglisuri filologia<br />
<strong>ciuri</strong> bajeliZe<br />
semiotikuri niSnebis SedarebiTi analizi qarTuli da<br />
britanuli beWdviTi mediis magaliTze<br />
<strong>ivane</strong> <strong>javaxiSvilis</strong> <strong>saxelobis</strong> <strong>Tbilisis</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>universiteti</strong>s<br />
filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D)akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad<br />
warmodgenili<br />
d i s e r t a c i a<br />
samecniero xelmZRvanelebi:<br />
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />
profesori manana rusieSvili<br />
filologiis doqtori,<br />
asocirebuli profesori rusudan doliZe<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2012<br />
1
Sinaarsi<br />
Sesavali …… ………… … -3<br />
Tavi 1<br />
semiotikis Seswavlis sagani, misi zogadi istoria da<br />
roli Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi …… -11<br />
Tavi 2@<br />
semiotika da mas-media; `niusis~ daniSnuleba da misTvis<br />
mniSvnelobis miniWebis procesi; sagazeTo biznesi.<br />
2.1.kvlevis semiotikuri meTodebis gamoyeneba beWdviTi<br />
mediis SeswavlaSi. -38<br />
2.2. `niusis~ arsi da misi Seqmnis Taviseburebebi. -41<br />
2.3. sagazeTo biznesi da misi adgili JurnalistikaSi -58<br />
me-2 Tavis daskvna -69<br />
Tavi 3<br />
verbaluri da araverbaluri semiotikuri niSnebis gamoyenebis<br />
Taviseburebani, msgavsebani da gansxvavebebi qarTul da britanul<br />
presaSi<br />
3.1. gansxvavebuli midgomebi “niusis” Rirebulebisa da misi Seqmnis<br />
procesisadmi ori qveynis beWdur mediaSi. -72<br />
3.2. lingvisturi da vizualuri niSnebis gamoyeneba gazeTebis<br />
saTaurebsa da fotosuraTebSi da maTi dekodirebis procesis<br />
Taviseburebani qarTul da britanul presaSi. -91<br />
3.3. semiotikuri niSnebis gamoyenebis analizi satelevizio<br />
axal ambebSi da misi Sedareba sagazeTo `niusebTan~. -107<br />
3.4. axali ambebis diskursis SedarebiTi analizi qarTul da britanul<br />
gazeTebSi gamoyenebuli semiotikuri niSnebis magaliTebze -126<br />
me-3 Tavis daskvna -147<br />
saerTo daskvna -149<br />
danarTi(fotoebi) -155<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura -162<br />
2
Sesavali<br />
adamianebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi mediis uzarmazar nairsaxeobas<br />
vxvdebiT da viyenebT. zogierTi maTgani im kategorias ganekuTvneba,<br />
romelsac, Cveulebisamebr, movixsenebT, rogorc `masmedias~. masSi Sedian<br />
Jurnal-gazeTebi, radio-televizia, kino. yvela maTgani sakomunikacio<br />
medias warmoadgens, romelTa meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba uamravi<br />
gzavnilisa da ambis Setyoba.<br />
magram termini `media~ gacilebiT mets moicavs – es gaxlavT<br />
yvelaferi, risi saSualebiTac viRebT nebismier informacias. Tu sakiTxs<br />
am TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT, aRmovaCenT, rom samyarosTan Cveni<br />
urTierTobis didi wili swored mediasTan kavSirzea damyarebuli.<br />
vinaidan media, misi farTo Tu SedarebiT viwro gagebiT,<br />
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, sasargeblo da<br />
amave dros sainteresoc iqneba imis garkveva, Tu ra gzebiTa da xerxebiT<br />
xdeba mediis ama Tu im saxeobis aRqma.<br />
dRes medias xSirad ganixilaven semiotikis WrilSi, romelic jer<br />
kidev Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi, SedarebiT axali dargia.<br />
winamdebare sadisertacio naSromis Temis SerCeva swored misma<br />
siaxlem da aqtualobam ganapiroba. vfiqrobT, `niusis~ Seqmnis procesis<br />
Teoriuli analizi da misi semiotikuri TvalTaxedviT warmoCena<br />
saintereso unda iyos rogorc am dargis specialistebisaTvis, ise<br />
mkiTxvelisa da mayureblisaTvis.<br />
semiotikis Tanaxmad, realoba niSanTa sistemaa. misi Seswavla<br />
gvexmareba imis gacnobierebaSi, rom realoba garkveuli saxis<br />
konstruqciaa, romlis gageba-CamoyalibebaSi Cven sakuTari roli gvaqvs<br />
moniWebuli. igi gvaCvenebs, rom informacia an misi mniSvneloba<br />
garemomcvel samyaroSi an wignebSi ar aris ganTavsebuli; igi arc<br />
kompiutersa da audio-vizualur mediaSia. mniSvneloba arc pirdapiri,<br />
bunebrivi gziT ar gadmogvecema. sinamdvileSi, realobas Cven TviTon<br />
vqmniT kodebisa da wesebis im rTuli kompleqsebis meSveobiT, romelTa<br />
arsebobas xSirad verc ki vamCnevT. amgvari kodebiT daintereseba da maTi<br />
3
gacnobiereba Zalian mimzidveli da Tan inteleqtualuri zrdis momtania<br />
TiToeuli CvenganisaTvis.<br />
am procesebSi garkvevisa da maTze dakvirvebis saukeTeso saSualebas<br />
swored semiotika warmoadgens. amitomac, warmodgenil naSromSi<br />
ganxilulia is gzebi da xerxebi, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba erT-erTi<br />
uZvelesi media-saSualebis _ beWduri mediis semiotikuri analizi.<br />
Temis aqtualobas gansazRvravs Tanamedrove etapze arsebuli<br />
mzardi interesi masmediis saSualebebisadmi.<br />
vfiqrobT, winamdebare naSromi lingvistebTan erTad, arc<br />
JurnalistebisaTvis iqneba interess moklebuli. masmediis yoveldRiuri<br />
praqtikuli saqmianoba, siaxleebis Ziebis daZabuli ritmi da niusebis<br />
Seqmnis SemoqmedebiTi procesi, albaT, gacilebiT nayofieri iqneboda, Tu<br />
mas safuZvlad lingvisturi da vizualuri niSnebis marTebulad<br />
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb arsebuli semiotikuri Teoriebi daedeboda. dRes<br />
gansakuTrebiT ikveTeba semiotikosTa rolis mniSvneloba, romelnic<br />
upirveles movaleobad miiCneven niSnebis, teqstebisa da kodebis<br />
WeSmariti saxis gamovlenasa da Cvenebas.<br />
naSromis mizania warmovadginoT qarTul da britanul beWdviT<br />
mediaSi gamoyenebuli semiotikuri niSnebis SepirispirebiTi analizi, rac<br />
Tavis mxriv moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs:<br />
- rogor xdeba lingvisturi da vizualuri niSnebis gamoyeneba<br />
gazeTebSi da rogor mimdinareobs ori sxvadasxva qveynis mkiTxvelTa<br />
mier maTi dekodirebis procesi;<br />
- rogor aisaxeba es movlena statiebis saTaurebSi, e.w. `hedlainebsa~<br />
da gazeTebSi gamoqveynebul fotosuraTebSi;<br />
- ra kriteriumebiT unda Sefasdes gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli masalebis<br />
Rirebuleba.<br />
naSromSi Seswavlilia kodebis is sistemebi, romlebsac iyeneben<br />
erTis mxriv, saqarTveloSi, meores mxriv ki britaneTSi moRvawe presis<br />
Jurnalistebi da dadgenilia maT Soris arsebuli msgavsebebi da<br />
gansxvavebebi.<br />
4
sakiTxis yovelmxriv Seswavlis mizniT, Catarebulia televiziasa da<br />
presaSi semiotikuri niSnebis gamoyenebis xerxebisa da maTi sixSiris<br />
SedarebiTi analizi. kvlevam dagvanaxa, Tu ra gansxvavebaa erTis mxriv<br />
`tele-niusebSi~, meores mxriv, ki sagazeTo `niusebSi~ nagulisxmev miTur<br />
mniSvnelobasa da ideologias Soris; ra xerxebs, rogori tipis<br />
verbalur da vizualur niSnebs iyenebs mediis es ori warmomadgeneli<br />
sakuTari miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.<br />
aranakleb mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa qvemoT warmodgenili axali<br />
ambebis diskursis SedarebiTi analizi, romelic eyrdnoba qarTul da<br />
britanul presaSi gamoyenebuli semiotikuri niSnebis magaliTebs.<br />
kvlevis Sedegad cxadi gaxda, rom wlebis manZilze semiotikuri<br />
analizi ganviTarebis axal safexurze avida da dekodirebisa da<br />
mkiTxvelis gemovnebis cvalebadobis Sesabamisad, TandaTan cvlis<br />
sakuTar midgomebsac. kerZod, semiotikuri analizis adreul fazaze<br />
miiCnevdnen, rom arsebobs niSanTa “swori” mniSvneloba, romelic<br />
mJRavndeba konkretul teqstebSi mocemul niSnebsa da kodebs Soris<br />
arsebuli urTierTobebidan, magram, mogvianebiT, “socialuri semiotikis”<br />
farglebSi gakeTebulma analizma cxadyo, rom es niSanTa mniSvnelobebis<br />
kvlevis mxolod erT-erTi, magram ara erTaderTi gzaa. am tipis analizma<br />
SeiZleba niSnebis “swori” mniSvneloba ki ar dagvanaxos, aramed mxolod<br />
is mniSvneloba, romlis gamovlenis uflebasac iZleva semiotikuri<br />
analizis diskursi, vinaidan aq Tavs iCens mkiTxvelis mier SerCeuli<br />
midgoma kiTxvisadmi da maTi sakuTari diskursi. naTlad ikveTeba, rom<br />
mniSvnelobebis sxvadasxva gziT dekodireba swored mkiTxvelzea<br />
damokidebuli.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebeli gaxda gazeTebis ara mxolod<br />
lingvisturi, aramed “socialuri semiotikis” TvalsazrisiT kvlevac,<br />
ramac asaxva hpova naSromSi.<br />
naSromis siaxle mdgomareobs SemdegSi: Seswavlilia semiotikuri<br />
niSnebis gamoyenebis Taviseburebani qarTul da britanul presaSi da<br />
gamovlenilia is ZiriTadi saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebi,<br />
romlebic am ori qveynis beWdviTi mediisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
5
marTalia, mecnierebis sxva dargebTan mimarTebaSi Tanamedrove<br />
semiotika SedarebiT axali mimdinareobaa, magram misi kvlevebi ukve<br />
mraval dargs moicaven, bolo periodSi ki daiwyo misi daintereseba<br />
masmediiTac. siaxles warmoadgens igi qarTul mecnierebaSic. Cvens<br />
qveyanaSi ukve gaCndnen am sferoSi moRvawe specialistebi, magram,<br />
rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, qarTuli presisadmi semiotikuri midgomebis<br />
srulyofili kvleva jer-jerobiT ar Catarebula.<br />
rogorc viciT, mediaSi nagulisxmevi Sinaarsi gadmocemulia<br />
niSnebis meSveobiT, xolo semiotikis interesis sagans ki warmoadgens am<br />
niSnebis muSaobisa da misi Sedegebis Seswavla. amitom, Cveni<br />
azriT,Nswored semiotika unda daexmaros media-muSakebs niSnebis swor da<br />
gaazrebul gamoyenebaSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, rodesac xdeba niSnebis<br />
mizanmimarTuli an sulac gaucnobierebeli aRreva, SesaZloa,<br />
gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi miviRoT. warmodgenil naSromSi amis<br />
magaliTebicaa moyvanili.<br />
Cvens kvlevaSi yuradReba maxvildeba imaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
semiotikis gamoyeneba beWdviTi mediis Seswavlis procesSi; rogor<br />
iyeneben niSnebs erTis mxriv, britanuli, meores mxriv ki qarTuli<br />
gazeTebi.<br />
ori qveynis presaze dakvirvebam dagvanaxa, rom rogorc britanul,<br />
aseve qarTul gazeTebs diskursisadmi praqtikulad erTnairi midgoma<br />
gaaCniaT. niusis diskursis semiotikuri analizis procesSi ganvixileT<br />
masSi gamoyenebuli lingvisturi da vizualuri niSnebis denota<strong>ciuri</strong> da<br />
konota<strong>ciuri</strong> mniSvnelobebi, aseve maT Soris arsebuli kavSirurTierTobebi<br />
da mivediT daskvnamde, rom sayovelTao kamaTis Tema _<br />
Jurnalisturi `obieqturoba~ niusis diskursis miTur Sinaarss<br />
warmoadgens da presaSi moRvawe profesionalebis saqmianobis Sedegadaa<br />
damkvidrebuli.<br />
aseve cxadad gamoikveTa, rom marTalia, TeoriaSi ganasxaveben<br />
denotaciasa da konotacias, magram praqtikaSi maTi mkveTrad gamijvna<br />
xSirad SeuZlebelia. semiotikosTa umetesoba amtkicebs, rom arc erTi<br />
6
niSani ar SeiZleba iyos mxolod denota<strong>ciuri</strong>, mas aucileblad axlavs<br />
Tan konotacia.<br />
denotacia iZleva niSnis zust ganmartebas, aniWebs mas<br />
sityvasityviT, yvelasaTvis misaxvedr mniSvnelobas. lingvisturi niSnebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, misi denota<strong>ciuri</strong> mniSvneloba is aris, romelsac<br />
leqsikonSi mocemuli ganmarteba gvTavazobs. vizualuri niSnis<br />
denotacia ki aris mis mier warmodgenili is gamomsaxvelobiTi suraTi,<br />
romelsac nebismieri droisa da nebismieri kulturis warmomadgeneli<br />
erTnairad aRiarebs da cnobs. amis magaliTebad naSromSi warmodgenili<br />
fotoebic gamodgeba, romelTa denota<strong>ciuri</strong> mniSvneloba Tanabrad<br />
misaRebia nebismieri qveynis mkiTxvelebisaTvis, ganurCevlad maTi sqesis,<br />
asakisa da socialuri warmomavlobisa.<br />
Tumca, gansxvavebul kulturaTa TvalTaxedviT Catarebulma kvlevam<br />
naTeli gaxada, rom identurma denotaciurma niSnebma, SesaZloa,<br />
gansxvavebuli konotaciebi aRZras.<br />
termini `konotacia~ gamoiyeneba niSnebTan dakavSirebuli socialur<br />
-kulturuli da piraduli asociaciebis (ideologiuri, emo<strong>ciuri</strong>)<br />
gamosaxatad. igi, rogorc wesi, damokidebulia adamianis socialur<br />
warmomavlobaze, asakze, sqessa da sxva pirobebze. niSnebis sxavadasxva<br />
saxiT interpretirebis saSualebas iZlevian swored misi konotaciebi da<br />
ara denotaciebi.<br />
niusebSi nagulisxmev mniSvnelobebs konotaciebi formas aZleven da<br />
erTgvarad `Zerwaven~ kidec. maTi aRqma SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin,<br />
rodesac isini warmodgenili arian mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebi niSnebis<br />
kodirebuli sistemis meSveobiT. aRmoCnda, rom erTi da igive niSnebma<br />
gansxvavebul garemoSi mcxovreb adamianebs, SesaZlebelia, aseve<br />
gansxvavebuli, erTmaneTis sapirispiro konotaciebi aRuZras.<br />
ori qveynis presaSi bolo sami wlis manZilze gamoqveynebuli<br />
masalebis kvlevisas davinaxeT, rom britaneli da qarTveli mkiTxvelebis<br />
interesebi da damokidebuleba statiebis Tematikisadmi erTmaneTisagan<br />
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. Tu did britaneTSi gacilebiT metia interesi<br />
saerTaSoriso sakiTxebis mimarT, saqarTvelos mkiTxvelebi ufro Sinaur<br />
7
sakiTxebze arian orientirebulni, rasac, Sesabamisad iTvaliswineben<br />
redaqtorebi da es publikaciebis TematikaSic aisaxeba.<br />
orive qveynis “seriozuli” gazeTebi iyeneben naratiul formebs,<br />
romlebSic, tradiciulad, konotirebulia avtoritetuloba,<br />
oficialuroba da seriozuloba, xolo “popularuli” gazeTebis anu<br />
tabloidebis diskursebSi konotirebulia familaruloba, megobruli,<br />
Sinauruli damokidebuleba da gasarTobi xasiaTi.<br />
Tumca gansxvaveba adgilobriv da ucxour beWdviT medias Soris<br />
mainc advilad SesamCnevia: Tu britanul bazarze seriozulsa da e.w.<br />
`yviTel~ presas Soris mkacri zRvaria gavlebuli, qarTul gazeTebSi am<br />
mijnis dadeba jer kidev Znelia: is adgilobrivi gazeTebi, romelTac<br />
“seriozuli” presis pretenzia aqvT, xSirad avlenen “yviTeli”<br />
presisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. kvlevam aseve dagvanaxa, rom<br />
britanuli tabloidebi eridebian bilwsityvaobasa da uxams<br />
gamonaTqvamebs, rasac uxvad SexvdebiT qarTul popularul gazeTebSi.<br />
interess moklebuli ar iqneba imis gagebac, Tu ra Sedegebi SeiZleba<br />
mohyves telemediaSi verbaluri da vizualuri niSnebis araswor<br />
gamoyenebas; naSromSi warmodgenilia erTi amgvari precedentis kvleva,<br />
romelsac adgili hqonda qarTul telesivrceSi: rodesac erT-erTi<br />
qarTuli telekompaniis sainformacio samsaxuris mesveurebma<br />
ugulebelyves dawesebuli normebi, Sedegad miviReT seriozuli<br />
gaugebroba da telemayurebelTa panika. `modelirebuli qronikis~<br />
saxelwodebiT cnobili skandali, romelic saerTaSoriso media-wreebis<br />
ganxilvis sagnadac ki gadaiqca, dRemde kargad axsovT saqarTveloSi.<br />
Cven aseve davinteresdiT, Tu ra saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli<br />
procesebi SeimCneva Tanamedrove beWdviT da eleqtronul medias Soris.<br />
kulturis bevri Tanamedrove Teoretikosi aRniSnavs, rom vizualuri<br />
mediis mniSvneloba lingvistur mediasTan SedarebiT mkveTrad gaizarda,<br />
magram, dakvirveba gvaCvenebs, rom niusis siRrmiseuli gacnobiereba<br />
gacilebiT ukeT xdeba beWdviTi mediis meSveobiT.<br />
aucilebelia vaRiaroT, rom imaSi, Tu rogor iqmneba mediis<br />
nairsaxeobaTa gamoyenebis xerxebi da rogor yalibdeba misi statusi<br />
8
konkretul kulturul konteqstSi, did rols TamaSoben socialurkulturuli<br />
da istoriuli faqtorebi.<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ar arsebobs mediis Seswavlis erTi<br />
romelime srulyofili analitikuri meTodi, radgan gansaxilveli<br />
obieqtisa da sakiTxis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, arsebobs<br />
gansxvavebuli Teoriuli midgomebic.<br />
disertaciaze muSaobisas davinaxeT, rom sxvadasxva periodSi da<br />
gansxvavebul dargebSi moRvawe mecnierebs xSirad awuxebT kiTxva: mainc,<br />
ra saWiroa semiotikis Seswavla vfiqrobT, am kiTxvaze pasuxs,<br />
nawilobriv mainc, gascems winamdebare naSromi, romelSic naTlad<br />
ikveTeba semiotikis udidesi mniSvneloba mediis sxvadasxva saxeobebis,<br />
kerZod, presis kvlevis procesSi. mas xSirad uwodeben `mecnierebas<br />
niSnebis Sesaxeb~, niSnebisa, romelTa sworad gaazrebis gareSe<br />
gagviWirdeba mediis realuri arsisa da misi sul ufro mzradi<br />
mecnieruli Sefaseba.<br />
empiriul sakvlev masalad gamoyenebulia saqarTvelosa da did<br />
britaneTSi bolo sami wlis periodis rogorc `seriozuli~, aseve<br />
`popularuli~ gazeTebi, konkretulad: britanuli presidan `gardiani~,<br />
(The Guardian), “indifendenti” (“The Independent”) `sani~ (The Sun), `taimsi~ (The<br />
Times), `deili niusi~ (Daily News), `deili meili~ (Daily Mail). ~News of the<br />
World”, qarTuli presidan: `alia~, `qronika~, `rezonansi~, `droni~, `24<br />
saaTi~, `praim-taimi~, `kviris palitra~.<br />
kvlevis procesSi Seswavlilia zemoT CamoTvlili gazeTebis 100-mde<br />
nomeri.<br />
sakvlevi masala SerCeulia Semdegi kriteriumebiT:<br />
vinaidan did britaneTTan SedarebiT, saqarTvelos damoukidebeli<br />
media gacilebiT axalgazrdaa, _ igi Cvens qveyanaSi daaxloebiT 20 wlis<br />
winaT, sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis periodSi gamoCnda, amitom, semiotikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT, sainteresod miviCnieT didi tradiciebis mqone britanuli<br />
beWdviTi mediis SepirispirebiTi analizis gakeTeba SedarebiT axalbeda<br />
qarTul gazeTebTan.<br />
9
saqarTveloSi bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze bevri axali gazeTi<br />
daarsda, romelTagan zogma gauZlo drois gamocdas, zogierTi ki<br />
ukvalod gaqra. Jurnalisturi Ziebebi dResac grZeldeba da Tu Cveni<br />
presa jer-jerobiT srulad ver pasuxobs saerTaSoriso standartebs, es<br />
gasagebi mizezebiT SeiZleba aixsnas, kerZod, Tavisufali presis<br />
arsebobis SedarebiT mokle droiTa da Jurnalisturi gamocdilebis<br />
naklebobiT.<br />
Tumca, kvlevam dagvanaxa, rom qarTul beWdviT mediaSi sasikeTo<br />
procesebi SeimCneva. presis muSakebis profesionalizmis zrda, aseve<br />
mkiTxvelis gemovnebisa da moTxovnebis TandaTanobiTi daxvewa imis imeds<br />
gvaZlevs, rom momavalSi qarTuli gazeTebi Rirseul konkurencias<br />
gauweven didi tradiciebis mqone britanul beWdviT mediasac.<br />
naSromi eyrdnoba empiriuli kvlevis Tvisobriv da raodenobriv<br />
meTodebs, kerZod, gamoyenebulia pirveladi monacemebis Segrovebis<br />
Semdegi relevanturi gzebi: SemTxveviTi SerCevis principi, dakvirveba<br />
sagazeTo statiebze, inglisurenovani da qarTuli presidan moZiebuli<br />
werilobiTi da vizualuri masalis Seswavla da maT Soris arsebuli<br />
msgavseba-gansxvavebebis dadgena.<br />
meoradi kvlevis Catarebis Sedegad, gadamuSavda arsebuli<br />
Teoriuli monacemebi, Semowmda maTgan gamomdinare hipoTezebi da<br />
gamotanil iqna axali daskvnebi, aseve dadginda gansxvavebul monacemTa<br />
Soris arsebuli msgavsebani.<br />
erTmaneTs Sedarda Tanabari raodenobis sagazeTo statiebi –<br />
daaxloebiT 50 britanuli da amdenive – qarTuli presidan.<br />
10
Tavi 1<br />
semiotikis Seswavlis sagani, zogadi istoria da misi roli Tanamedrove<br />
cxovrebaSi<br />
semiotika farTo mniSvnelobis cnebaa, romelic mraval,<br />
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul dargebs moicavs. Tanamedrove samecniero<br />
wreebSi interesi mis sul ufro izrdeba. rogorc d. Cendleri ambobs, _<br />
Tu wignebis maRaziaSi SexvalT da sTxovT, mogiZebnon semiotikis<br />
saxelmZRvanelo, ueWvelad gaocebul saxes dainaxavT. Tqven, albaT,<br />
mogTxoven, ganmartoT, ras niSnavs semiotika. es ki arc ise ioli saqmea:<br />
Tu mcire warmodgena mainc gagaCniaT semiotikis Sesaxeb, maSin<br />
gecodinebaT, rom misi mokle ganmartebis micema TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. (d.<br />
Cendleri, 1995: 3)<br />
Tu odesme msgavs situaciaSi aRmoCenilxarT, dameTanxmebiT, rom<br />
ajobebs, saerTod ar dasvaT msgavsi SekiTxva, radgan semiotika yvelgan<br />
aris. umoklesi ganmartebis Tanaxmad, semiotika Seiswavlis niSnebs,<br />
magram saqmeSi CauxedavebisaTvis arc es iqneba mravlismetyveli, radgan<br />
maSinve dagisvamen momdevno SekiTxvas: `niSnebSi ras gulisxmobT~<br />
niSnebis saxeobebi, romlebic momentalurad gagaxsendebaT, isinia,<br />
romlebsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi vxvdebiT, magaliTad, sagzao niSnebi,<br />
maRaziebis abrebi da sxva. Tu CavTvliT, rom semiotika swavlobs<br />
mxolod zemoT CamoTvlil da maT msgavs niSnebs, maSin gamodis, rom<br />
semiotika `vizualuri niSnebis~ Sesaxeb mecniereba yofila. magram<br />
sinamdvileSi, semiotika Seiswavlis sityvebs, bgerebsa da `sxeulis<br />
enasac~ ki. maSin, Sesabamisad, Cndeba axali kiTxva: rogor SeiZleba erTi<br />
dargi amden gansxvavebul sakiTxs erTdroulad swavlobdes! (d.<br />
Cendleri, 1995: 3-4)<br />
semiotika gvTavazobs mZlavr, mravalferovan konceptualur<br />
monaxazs, agreTve meTodebisa da ganmartebebis krebuls, romelTa<br />
gamoyeneba misaRebia sxvadasxva saxis gamomsaxvelobiT praqtikaSi.<br />
magaliTebad SeiZleba davasaxeloT Jestebi, Cacmuloba, wera, metyveleba,<br />
fotografia, kino, presa, televizia da radio.<br />
11
lingvistebis saqmea enis Seswavla, xelovnebis istorikosebi<br />
mxatvrobas Seiswavlian, anTropologebi ki _ gansxvavebuli xalxebis<br />
Jestebs, Cacmulobasa da morTulobas. magram, Tu gvsurs, gavarkvioT, ra<br />
aerTianebT am erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebul movlenebs, maSin, d.<br />
slesis mosazrebiT dagvWirdeba semiotikosis TvalTaxedva, romelic<br />
samyaros Secnobis amosaval wertilad gvevlineba. (Sless 1986, 1).<br />
zogierTi mecnieri miiCnevs, rom arc erTi disciplina ar aris ise<br />
dainteresebuli warmoCeniT, reprezentativiT, rogorc semiotika. igi<br />
gvexmareba imis danaxvaSic, rom is mtkicebulebebi, romlebic Cven<br />
WeSmaritad, bunebrivad da universalurad gveCveneba, sinamdvileSi<br />
Seqmnilia sazogadoebis diskursSi moqmed niSanTa sistemebis mier. (Mick<br />
1988, 20).<br />
xelovnebis istorikosis k. moslis mosazrebiT, semiotikis meSveobiT<br />
vacnobierebT, rom is kulturuli Rirebulebebi, romelTa saSualebiTac<br />
samyaros aRqma xdeba, sinamdvileSi Taobebis mier damkvidrebuli da<br />
CvenTvis gadmocemuli SeTanxmebebis (coventions) SemniRbavi saburvelia.<br />
semiotika Segvaxsenebs, rom Cvens mier aRiarebuli faseulobebi<br />
bunebrivad ar gaCenila; isini socialur konstruqciebs warmoadgenen,<br />
romlebic mudam icvlebian droisa da sxvadasxva kulturaTa zegavleniT.<br />
( Mosley 1998, 225).<br />
maSin roca `jansaRi~, pozitivisturi realizmi gvimtkicebs, rom<br />
realoba niSnebisagan damokideblad arsebobs, semiotika realobis<br />
CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebul rols swored niSanTa sistemebs<br />
akuTvnebs. marTalia, sagnebi da movlenebi SeiZleba niSnebisagan<br />
damoukideblad arsebobdnen, magram maTi aRqma mxolod niSnebis<br />
mediaciis meSveobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli. Cven vxedavT mxolod imas, risi<br />
danaxvis nebasac niSnebi gvaZleven.<br />
niSnebis udides mniSvnelobas filosofiisa da fsiqologiis<br />
arsebobis mTeli istoriis manZilze aRiarebdnen. jer kidev platoni da<br />
aristotele ikvlevdnen im urTierTobebs, romlebic dResac arseboben<br />
niSnebsa da garemomcvel samyaros Soris.<br />
12
meoce saukuneSi moRvawe lingvistma Fferdinand de sosiurma didi<br />
xniT adre iwinaswarmetyvela axali disciplinis Seqmna, romelsac<br />
pirobiTad semiologia uwoda. igi werda, rom semiologia Seiswavlis<br />
niSnebis, rogorc sazogadoebis cxovrebis Semadgeneli nawilis rols.<br />
amasTanave, darwmunebuli iyo, rom es disciplina gadaiqceoda<br />
socialuri, da aqedan gamomdinare, zogadi fsiqologiis nawilad da<br />
gamoikvlevda niSanTa bunebas da maT warmmarTvel kanonebs. (Saussure1983:<br />
15-16).<br />
vinaidan es dargi warsulSi ar arsebobda, mecnieri gadaWriT ver<br />
ambobda, rom igi momavalSi aucileblad gaCndeboda, magram misi<br />
mosazrebiT, mas namdvilad eqneboda arsebobis ufleba, radgan misTvis<br />
adgili ukve gamzadebuli iyo.<br />
marTalia, meoce saukuneSi damkvidrda termini “Sua saukuneebis<br />
semiotika”, romelic aerTianebs calkeul SromebSi amokrefil niSnis<br />
ganmartebebs, magram, realurad, am masalis semiotikasTan dakavSireba<br />
Tanamedrove poziciebidan moxda. esenia: ogusteni, boetiusi, beikoni.<br />
me-16 saukuneSi rojer beikoni Tavis SromaSi ‘De Signis’ gamoyofda<br />
ori saxis niSans – bunebriv niSnebs da suliT marTul niSnebs.<br />
rogorc semiologia, aseve semiotikac warmodgeba berZnuli<br />
sityvisagan “semeion” (niSani) da orive maTgani cdilobs, daadginos<br />
niSnebSi nagulisxmevi Sinaarsobrivi mniSvnelobebi.<br />
erT-erTi ganmartebiT, `niSani~ aris konkretul dros gamoyenebuli<br />
konkretuli enis ZiriTadi erTeuli. kerZod, TiToeuli ena niSanTa mTel<br />
sistemas warmoadgens, xolo adamianis metyveleba enis uZlieresi<br />
manifestaciaa. sosiurisTvis lingvistika am zogadi mecnierebis mxolod<br />
erT dargs warmoadgenda da fiqrobda, rom is kanonebi, romelTac<br />
momavalSi semiologia daamkvidrebda, misaRebi iqneboda lingvistikaSi,<br />
lingvistikas ki mkveTrad gansazRvrul adgils miuCendnen mecnierebaSi.<br />
(Saussure 1974, 16).<br />
mecnierma dagvanaxa, rom ena Sedgeba niSnebisagan, romlebsac aqvT<br />
mniSvnelobebi da amave dros amtkicebda, rom enobrivi niSani sagansa da<br />
mis saxels ki ar akavSirebs erTmaneTTan, aramed cnebasa da akustikur<br />
13
xats. igi migviTiTebda, rom es ukanaskneli materialur bgeras, wminda<br />
fizikur rasmes ki ar warmoadgens, aramed am bgeris fsiqikuri anabeWdia,<br />
Cvenive SegrZnebebis saSualebiT miRebuli STabeWdilebaa. (sosiuri, 2002,<br />
73-74).<br />
lingvisturi niSnebis analizisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom<br />
TiToeul niSans ori komponenti, kerZod, cneba da akustikuri xati<br />
gaaCnia, magram meti sicxadisaTvis, sosiuri gvTavazobs, rom arsebul<br />
cnebebs iseTi saxelebi davarqvaT, romlebic erTmaneTs gulisxmoben da<br />
Tan urTierTdapirispirebulnic arian. misi azriT, kargi iqneboda, rom<br />
mTelis aRsaniSnad damkvidrebuliyo sityva `niSani~, xolo termini<br />
`cneba~ da `akustikuri xati~ Sesabamisad Secvliliyo `aRsaniSniTa~ da<br />
`aRmniSvneliT~. (sosiuri, 2002, 75).<br />
am terminebis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini gadmoscemen<br />
rogorc maT Soris arsebul dapirispirebas, aseve dapirispirebas mTelsa<br />
da mis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris.<br />
lingvisturi niSnebis msgavsad, analizis igive meTodebis<br />
gamoyenebiT mniSvnelobis mqone yvela sxva niSnis Seswavlacaa<br />
SesaZlebeli. semiotikaca da semiologiac swavloben sazogadoebaSi<br />
arsebul niSnebs, xolo radgan lingvisturi niSnebis Seswavla misi erTerTi<br />
nawilia, maSin gamodis, rom igi moicavs sistemis nebismier<br />
gamoyenebas, romlis drosac TiToeul niSans konkretuli mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs.<br />
vinaidan ena da niSanTa sistema ayalibeben Cvens realobas, isini<br />
aseve warmoadgenen medias, romlis farglebSic xdeba am realobis<br />
Sesaxeb msjeloba da azrTa gacvla. niSanTa sistema, romelic am<br />
process axorcielebs, miCneulia mediumad, magram bevrad ufro farTo<br />
gagebiT, vidre es sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli.<br />
miRebuli azris Tanaxmad, mediumi aris is, rac asrulebs erTi<br />
adgilidan meoreze raimes gadamcemi arxis rols. magaliTad, xma yuramde<br />
aRwevs haeris meSveobiT, e.i haeri am SemTxvevaSi mediumia. magram Tu ena<br />
da niSanTa sxva sistemebi ar warmoadgenen mxolod gamtar, martiv<br />
arxebs, Tu isini ukve arsebuli nivTebisa Tu movlenebisaTvis mxolod<br />
14
saxelis darqmevis nacvlad, formasa da mniSvnelobasac aniWeben fiqrsa<br />
da moqmedebas, maSin gamodis, rom niSnebi da media erTaderTi<br />
saSualebaa im ocnebisa Tu realobis gasacnobiereblad, romelSic<br />
vimyofebiT.<br />
sosiurisTvis ena aSkara magaliTia imisa, rom sazogadoebaSi<br />
miRebul kanons ki ar irCeven, aramed emorCilebian mas. nebismier epoqaSi<br />
ena mxolod warsuli epoqis memkvidreobad gvevlineba. marTalia, aravis<br />
daufiqsirebia _ rodis, magram odesRac sagnebs saxelebi daerqva, e.i.<br />
moxda SeTanxmeba, rom garkveul cnebebs garkveuli akustikuri<br />
gamoxatulebebi miniWeboda. (sosiuri 2003, 78-79).<br />
am movlenis garduvaloba mecniers niSnis pirobiTobis mZafrma<br />
SegrZnebam STaagona. es aris erT-erTi mizezi, romlis gamoc sosiuris<br />
naSroms aseTi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba: misi semiotikuri kvlevis<br />
meTodi, naTlad gvaCvenebs, rom Cven niSnebiT varT garSemortymuli da<br />
amiT gvimtkicebs, rom cnobiereba da gamocdileba yalibdeba da igeba<br />
enisa da niSanTa sxva sistemebisagan damoukideblad. isini sazogadoebaSi<br />
trialeben da manamdec arsebobdnen, vidre maT aRmovaCendiT da<br />
gamoyenebas daviwyebdiT.<br />
ena Cvens dabadebamdec arsebobda, Cven ki mTeli cxovrebis manZilze<br />
gviwevs gamoviyenoT is niSnebi, romlebsac ena gvTavazobs sametyvelod,<br />
safiqrelad, werisaTvis. adamianis fiqrebi Tu moqmedeba damokidebulia<br />
niSanTa im sistemaze, romelic sazogadoebaSi didi xania arsebobs,<br />
romelic ayalibebs da mniSvnelobas aZlevs garSemo arsebul realobas.<br />
maSin roca lingvisti sosiurisaTvis semiologia warmoadgens<br />
mecnierebas, romelic Seiswavlis niSnebis, rogorc socialuri<br />
cxovrebis Semadgeneli nawilis rols, (Saussure 1974,18), filosofos C.<br />
pirsisaTvis semiotika aris niSnebis oficialuri doqtrina, romelic<br />
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli logikasTan. (Peirce 1931-58, 2.227)<br />
pirsiseuli ganmartebiT, niSani aris nebismieri ram, romelic<br />
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT viRacisaTvis raRacas niSnavs. igi acxadebda,<br />
rom semiotika swavlobs ara marto imas, rasac Cven yoveldRiur<br />
15
cxovrebaSi `niSnebad~ miviCnevT, aramed nebismier rames, romelic<br />
`raRacas~ aRniSnavs. (Peirce 1931-58, 1.538).<br />
vinaidan, semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT, niSnebi Rebuloben sityvebis,<br />
gamosaxulebebis, bgerebis, Jestebisa da sagnebis formebs da TiToeuli<br />
azric ki niSans warmoadgens, amitom, persi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWebda vizualur niSnebs. marTalia, misTvis adamianTa mier warmoebul<br />
yvelaze STambeWdav niSnebis sistemas ena warmoadgens, magram mecnieri<br />
iqve miuTiTebs, rom Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba savsea gzavnilebiT,<br />
romlebic lingvistur niSnebTan erTad Seicaven vizualur niSnebsac;<br />
xandaxan mxolod vizualuri niSnebisaganac ki Sedgebian. Jestebi,<br />
Cacmuloba, SuqniSnebi, televizia, gazeTebi arian mediis is saSualebebi,<br />
romlebic iyeneben vizualur niSnebs. (Peirce 1938-58, 2.329).<br />
sosiuris msgavsad, pirsi gansakuTrebul interess iCenda niSnis<br />
fundamenturi ganmartebis SemuSavebis mimarT. xangrZlivi muSaobis<br />
Sedegad man Camoayaliba niSanTa tipebis araerTi daxvewili logikuri<br />
taqsonomia da mivida daskvnamde, rom semiozisi aris procesi, romelSic<br />
sami ZiriTadi subieqti monawileobs, kerZod, niSani, aRsaniSni obieqti<br />
da misi aRmniSvneli (interpretant). es sammxrivi urTierToba, romelsac<br />
`pirsis samkuTxedsac~ uwodeben, safuZvlad daedo filosofiuri<br />
logikis, rogorc semiotikis pirsiseul aRqmas.<br />
mecnieri amtkicebs, rom vizualuri niSnebisa da lingvisturi<br />
niSnebis semiotikuri analizi erTsa da imave principebs efuZneba: orive<br />
SemTxvevaSi arsebobs materialuri aRsaniSni, romelsac gamoxatavs<br />
niSani da romelsac maSinve mosdevs Sefaseba _ aRmniSvneli. (Peirce 1938-<br />
58, 2. 329)<br />
niSnebis Sesaxeb pirsis TeoriaSi niSani warmoadgens raRacas,<br />
romelic danarCen or subieqtTan mkacrad gansazRvrul urTierTobaSia.<br />
ufro zustad rom vTqvaT:<br />
1. niSani (representamen) yovelTvis raRacas warmogvidgens, axdens<br />
raimes reprezentacias am sityvis yvelaze farTo gagebiT. amave dros,<br />
SesaZlebelia misi interpretaciac.<br />
16
2. aRsaniSni obieqti, romelic niSnisa da aRmniSvnelis urTierTobis<br />
Temaa, SeiZleba iyos nebismieri ram, ris Sesaxebac SesaZlebelia fiqri an<br />
msjeloba, magaliTad, sagani, movlena, urTierTobebi, kanoni, argumentebi<br />
da ase Semdeg.<br />
3. aRmniSvneli (interpretant) warmoadgens niSnis met-naklebad<br />
dazustebul mniSvnelobas, mosazrebas an ideas, romelic niSnis Sinaarss<br />
sworad an arasworad gvamcnobs. pirsis Teoria niSnis mniSvnelobas<br />
yvelaze farTo gagebiT udgeba da masSi gulisxmobs ara mxolod sityvis<br />
mniSvnelobis im ganmartebas, romelic leqsikonSia mocemuli, aramed mis<br />
Sesaxeb miRebul logikur daskvnebsac.<br />
ori mecnieris _ sosiurisa da pirsis mier dafuZnebuli<br />
tradiciebidan aRmocenda ori gansxvavebuli mimdinareoba semiotikaSi.<br />
sosiuris `semiologiuri~ mosazrebebis mimdevrebad miiCnevian: luis<br />
helmslevi, roland barTi, klod levi-strosi, julia kristeva, qristian<br />
meci da Jan bodrilari. pirsis `semiotikuri~ tradiciebis mxardamWerebs<br />
ki warmoadgenen: Carlz morisi, aivor riCardsi, Carlz ogdeni da Tomas<br />
sibeoki.<br />
sosiuris mimdevrebi eTanxmebodnen mosazrebas, rom semiologiuri<br />
sakiTxebis bunebis Sesaswavlad yvelaze mosaxerxebelia enebis kvleva.<br />
semiotika ufro metad lingvistur koncefciebs rom eyrdnoba,<br />
gamowveulia, erTis mxriv, swored sosiuris zegavleniT, meores mxriv ki<br />
imiT, rom lingvistika bevrad ufro Camoyalibebuli disciplinaa, vidre<br />
niSanTa sxva sistemebis Semswavleli dargebi.<br />
mecnierTa nawili, kerZod, struqturalistebi, enas iyeneben rogorc<br />
gacilebiT ufro farTo xasiaTis socialuri fenomenis kvlevisaTvis<br />
gamosadeg models, magaliTad, levi-stross igi exmareba miTebisa da<br />
totemizmis sakiTxebis Seswavlisas; lakans _ qvecnobieris gaazrebisas;<br />
xolo barTs - narativis gramatikuli struqturis kvlevisas. j.kristevas<br />
azriT, swored semiotikam dagvanaxa, rom kanoniT nakarnaxevi ZiriTadi<br />
SezRudvebi, romlebic dawesebulia sxvadasxva saxis sazogadoebriv<br />
moqmedebaze, gamoixateba imiT, rom isini aRmniSvnelebi arian, anu maTi<br />
artikulireba, gadmocema iseve xdeba, rogorc enisa. (kristeva, 1977, 125)<br />
17
ena ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc winaprebisagan memkvidreobiT<br />
gadmocemuli, statikuri, daxuruli da stabiluri sistema, ena mudmivad<br />
cvalebadi da ganaxlebadi sistemaa. v. voloSinovis azriT, enis sistema<br />
warmoadgens klasebis brZolis arenas. sxvebi ufro Sors wavidnen da<br />
cdilobdnen ra daefuZnebinaT `socialuri semiotika~, acxadebdnen, rom<br />
semiotikur sistemaTa socialuri ganzomilebebi imdenad ganuyofelia<br />
maTi bunebisa da funqciisagan, rom sistemebis izolirebulad Seswavla<br />
SeuZlebelia. (Hodge&Kress, 1981,1)<br />
marTalia, termini `semiologia~ sosiuris tradiciebs gulisxmobs,<br />
xolo `semiotika~ ufro pirsiseul mimarTulebebze migvaniSnebs, magram<br />
dResdReobiT termini `semiotika~ sul ufro xSirad saerTo qolgis qveS<br />
aerTianebs orive mimdinareobas. (Noth 1990, 14).<br />
am ori tradiciuli mimdinareobis gamaerTianebeli cnobili<br />
italieli mwerali umberto ekoa, avtori bestselerisa `vardis saxeli~<br />
(1980), romlis ekranizacia 1986 wels Sedga. Cendleri ekos miiCnevs<br />
erTaderT semiotikosad, romlis, rogorc am sferos warmomadgenlis<br />
mier kinoSi gaweuli Rvawli seriozul warmatebad unda SevafasoT<br />
(Chandler).<br />
1960-iani wlebis bolodan semiotika kulturis kvlevebiTac<br />
dainteresda da misi Seswavlis erT-erT ZiriTad mimarTulebad gadaiqca.<br />
es, nawilobriv, rolan barTis damsaxurebaa. misi Txzulebebis krebulma<br />
`miTebi~ (barTi, 1957) da misive avtorobiT 1970-80-ian wlebSi<br />
gamoqveynebulma sxva nawarmoebebma didwilad gazardes amgvari<br />
midgomebisadmi mecnierTa interesi.<br />
barTis mixedviT, semiologiis mizania niSanTa nebismieri sistemis<br />
Seswavla, miuxedavad maTi arsisa da xasiaTisa. igi fiqrobda, rom<br />
gamosaxulebebi, Jestebi, musikaluri bgerebi, sagnebi da maTi rTuli<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebebi, romlebic ayalibeben sazogadoebis wes-<br />
Cveulebebis, ritualis, garTobis Sinaarss, _ es yvelaferi enebs Tu ara,<br />
cnebebis sistemebs mainc amkvidreben da gansazRvraven. (barTi 1967, 9).<br />
SesaZloa, dRes semiotikas, misi adreuli, struqturalisturi saxiT<br />
SedarebiT naklebad mniSvnelovani roli ekavos kulturisa da mediis<br />
18
SeswavlaSi, magram igi mainc aucilebelia maTTvis, vinc am sferoTia<br />
dainteresebuli. konkretul dargebSi momuSave TiToeuli mecnierisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia imis gansazRvra, Tu rodis da rogor iqneba semiotikis<br />
gamoyeneba mizanSewonili da nayofieri.<br />
evropuli semiotikis struqturalizmisagan gamijvna did sirTules<br />
warmoadgens. struqturalizmi analitikuri meTodia, romelic sosiuris<br />
lingvistur models efuZneba da mas bevri semiotikosi iyenebs.<br />
struqturalistebs sosiurTan erTad miekuTvnebian anTropologi klod<br />
levi-strosi, romelic Tavis dargs semiotikis erT-erT mimarTulebad<br />
miiCnevda da fsiqoanalitikosi Jak lakani.<br />
gasuli saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi safrangeTSi daarsebuli<br />
mimdinareobis -struqturalizmis mimdevrebi cdilobdnen niSanTa<br />
sistemebis saerTo, organizebul CarCoSi moqcevas; isini eZiebdnen da<br />
swavlobdnen kulturis produqtis (magaliTad, teqstis) zedapiruli,<br />
Tvalxiluli niSnebis qveS arsebul siRrmiseul struqturebs, xolo am<br />
struqturebis interpretirebisaTvis ki iyenebdnen lingvistikis,<br />
fsiqologiis, anTropologiisa da sxva dargebis analitikur<br />
koncefciebs. struqturalizmi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda<br />
miRebuli Sedegebis logikur da mecnierul bunebas.<br />
struqturalistebis xsenebisas gverds ver avuvliT meoce saukunis<br />
60-70-ian wlebSi moRvawe post-struqturalistebs, romlebic sxvadasxva<br />
kuTxiT akritikebdnen struqturalizmis mier SemoTavazebul ideebs.<br />
post-struqturalizmis mimdevrebi: J. derida, r. barTi, m. fuko, j.<br />
batleri, j. kristeva da sxvebi uaryofdnen kulturis Seswavlisas<br />
struqturalistur siRrmiseul midgomebs da yuradRebas imaze<br />
amaxvilebdnen, Tu rogor xdeba codnis SeZena. isini amtkicebdnen, rom<br />
sagnis an movlenis aRsaqmelad (magaliTad, teqstis mravali<br />
mniSvnelobebidan erT-erTis gasaazreblad) saWiroa rogorc TviTon<br />
movlenis an sagnis Seswavla, aseve codnis im sistemebis Seswavlac,<br />
romlebmac Seqmnes es sagani an movlena. maTive rwmeniT, struqturebis<br />
siRrmiseulad Seswavlisas am procesze did zegavlenas axdenen istoria<br />
19
da kultura; amitom Sedegebi mikerZoebuli da mcdarad<br />
interpretrirebulia.<br />
unda aRiniSos, rom Tanamedrove socialuri semiotika gascda<br />
struqturalizmis farglebs, romelic ufro metad mocemuli sistemis<br />
Semadgeneli nawilebis urTierTobebiTaa dainteresebuli da daiwyo<br />
niSnebis gamoyenebis Seswavla specifikur socialur situaciebSi.<br />
struqturalisti semiotikosi ufro metadaa dainteresebuli<br />
Semadgeneli elementebis erTmaneTTan kavSir-urTierTobiT. socialuri<br />
semiotikosic aseve yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu rogor mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWebs mkiTxveli teqstSi gamoyenebul niSnebs. magram, rac Seexeba<br />
Sinaarsis analizs, igi fokusirebas akeTebs dawvrilebiT Sinaarsze da<br />
miiCnevs, rom swored is gamoxatavs erTaderT, WeSmarit azrs.<br />
semiotikosebi amtkiceben, rom niSnebi (anu aRsaniSni) TavianT<br />
aRmniSvnelebTan kavSirs amyareben sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli im<br />
SeTanxmebebis meSveobiT, romlebsac Cven winaswar vecnobiT da<br />
vswavlobT. TandaTanobiT, mediis sxvadasxva saxeobis gamoyenebis<br />
procesSi maT ise veCveviT, rom verc ki vacnobierebT amgvari<br />
urTierTobebis winaswar gansazRvrul, dadgenil xasiaTs.<br />
rodesac aseTi tipis urTierTobebs gaucnobiereblad, upirobod<br />
viRebT, Cven, Sesabamisad, aRsaniSns (niSans) ise vuyurebT, TiTqos igi<br />
Cvenamde yovelgvari mediaciis gareSe, transparentuli saxiT modiodes.<br />
amis magaliTad gamodgeba televizia an fotoxelovneba, romelic<br />
SeiZleba miviRoT rogorc `samyaros amreklavi fanjara~, magram,<br />
sinamdvileSi, rogorc amas semiotika gvaCvenebs, mediumis<br />
transparentuloba mxolod da mxolod iluzorulia.<br />
semiotika aris dargi, romlis Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens<br />
mravali, erTmaneTisagan gasxvavebuli Teoriuli midgomebi da<br />
meTodologiuri saSualebebi. misi yvelaze gavrcelebuli ganmarteba u.<br />
ekos ekuTvnis, romlis Tanaxmadac semiotika dainteresebulia yvelafriT,<br />
rac ki SeiZleba miviCnioT niSnad. (eko 1976,7).<br />
mecnieri amtkicebs, rom semiotikuri Teoriebi nagulisxmevia da<br />
isini farulad arseboben umravles, ufro metic, SesaZloa yvela<br />
20
moazrovnis naSromSic ki da gvTavazobs, rom TiToeuli kulturuli<br />
fenomeni Seswavlil iqnas rogorc komunikaciis gza da saSualeba. (eko<br />
1976, 8-10)<br />
amave koncefcias iziarebs iakobsonic, kerZod, igi miiCnevs, rom<br />
semiotikis sagans warmoadgens komunikacia nebismier gzavnils (message)<br />
Soris an gzavnilebis gacvla niSanTa im sistemebs Soris, romlebsac<br />
isini efuZnebian. mecnieris azriT, semiotika pirvel rigSi Seiswavlis<br />
gzavnilebis warmoSobis, maTi kodirebis, gadacemis, dekodirebisa da<br />
interpretirebis gzebs, xolo Semdeg akvirdeba, Tu rogor warimarTeba<br />
es transaqcia (semiozisi) konteqstis farglebSi. (iakobsoni 1974, 32)<br />
Tanamedrove semiotikosebi niSnebs ganyenebulad ki ar Seiswavlian,<br />
aramed rogorc semiotikuri niSnebis sistemis Semadgenel nawils. isini<br />
ikvleven, Tu rogor yalibdebian da Semdeg mkvidrdebian mniSvnelobebi<br />
realur cxovrebaSi.<br />
semiotikasa da lingvistikis erT-erT dargs _ semantikas erTnairi<br />
midgomebi aqvT niSnebis mniSvnelobebis mimarT, Tumca zogierTi<br />
mtkicebulebiT, semantika yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu ras niSnavs<br />
sityva, maSin roca, semiotikas ainteresebs, Tu rogori xerxebiT<br />
gamoxatavs niSani mniSvnelobas. (Sturrock 1986, 22).<br />
C. morisis azriT, semiotika, lingvistikis sxva tradiciul<br />
dargebTan erTad, moicavs semantikasac. xangrZlivi kvlevis Sedegad,<br />
mecnierma Camoayaliba da SemdgomSi ganavrco klasifikacia, romelic<br />
pirsis mosazrebebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. kerZod, igi miiCnevda, rom:<br />
semantika gulisxmobs niSnebis kavSirs maT mier aRsaniSnTan da<br />
swavlobs gamoyenebuli niSnebis mniSvnelobas;<br />
sintaqsi dainteresebulia niSnebs Soris struqturuli kavSirebiTa<br />
da enaSi gamoyenebuli oficialuri wesebiT;<br />
pragmatikis kvlevis sfero ki moicavs niSnebis kavSirs maT<br />
gamomyeneblebTan anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, niSnebis gamoyenebis gzebis<br />
Seswavlas (morisi 1938, 6-7).<br />
sityvis konkretul saganTan an movlenasTan Sesatyvisobas adgens<br />
sazogadoeba, romelic SeTanxmebulad unda miudges sityvis<br />
21
mniSvnelobas, magram sityvas mniSvnelobis gadmocema SeuZlia enis<br />
gramatikuli sistemebisa da kodebis (sintaqsi da semantika) meSveobiT.<br />
semiotikas xSirad iyeneben teqstis analizis dros (Tumca mas<br />
gacilebiT farTo daniSnuleba aqvs, vidre mxolod teqstis analizi<br />
SeiZleba iyos). `teqsts~, romlis arseboba SesaZlebelia nebismier<br />
mediumSi, SeiZleba hqondes verbaluri, araverbaluri saxe an<br />
erTdroulad orive saxiT mogvevlinos.<br />
Cveulebriv, termini teqsti gulisxmobs gzavnils, romelic raime<br />
gziTaa Cawerili (xelnaweri, audio an video-Canaweri) da romelic<br />
fizikurad damoukidebelia misi gamgzavnis an mimRebisagan. teqsti<br />
warmoadgens niSnebis (sityvebis, gamosaxulebis, bgerebis an Jestebis)<br />
erTobliobas, romelic agebuli da Semdeg aRqmulia komunikaciis<br />
konkretuli mediumis mier damkvidrebuli, aRiarebuli wesebis<br />
Sesabamisad.<br />
termini `mediumi~ sxvadasxva Teoretikosis mier sxvadasxvanairad<br />
gamoiyeneba. igi SeiZleba gulisxmobdes mas-mediis iseT vrcel<br />
kategoriebs, rogoricaa wera da metyveleba, beWdviTi, samauwyeblo an<br />
misi monaTesave romelime specifikuri teqnikuri saSualebebi (radio,<br />
televizia, Jurnal-gazeTebi, wignebi, fotoebi, filmebi) an personaluri<br />
komunikaciis media-saSualebebs, rogoricaa telefoni, werili, faqsi,<br />
eleqtronuli fosta, video-konferencia, kompiuteruli `CeTis~ sistemebi.<br />
(Cendleri)<br />
xandaxan mediis klasifikacia xdeba im `arxebis~ anu mediumis<br />
mixedviT, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba komunikacia (vizualuri,<br />
auditoruli, da sxva). (Noth 1995, 175).<br />
semoiotikasa da komunikacias Soris urTierTobebis axsnisas,<br />
komunikacia ganisazRvreba rogorc procesi, romlis drosac monacemebi<br />
wyarodan gadaecema mimRebs. amgvarad, komunikaciis Teoretikosebi ageben<br />
kodebze, mediaze da konteqstebze dafuZnebul modelebs, raTa axsnan<br />
procesSi monawile biologiuri, fsiqologiuri da meqanikuri movlenebi.<br />
Cveulebriv, adamianis saqmianoba multisensorulia, misi moqmedebis<br />
yoveli gamovlineba ganicdis gamoyenebuli mediumisTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />
22
SezRudvebs da emorCileba amave mediumis SesaZleblobebs. TiToeul<br />
mediums gaaCnia gamosayenebeli arxebis SezRuduli raodenoba.<br />
magaliTad, TviT yvelaze moqnili mediumis - enis gamoyenebisas xSirad<br />
sityvebi `gvRalatoben~, ar gvaZleven zogierTi movlenisa Tu qmedebis<br />
gamoxatvis saSualebas; aseve SeuZlebelia sunis an Sexebis gamoxatva<br />
mediumis meSveobiT.<br />
gamodis, rom sxvadasxva media da Janrebi gvTavazoben gamoxatvis<br />
sxvadasxva xerxebsa da saSualebebs. mediaTa Soris arsebulma<br />
gansxvavebebma e. benvenisti miiyvana mosazrebamde, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />
semiotikuri sistemebi ar arian sinonimurebi. es imas niSnavs, rom Cven<br />
ar SegviZlia gamovTqvaT erTi da igive ram sxvadasxva saSualebebze<br />
dafuZnebuli sistemebis meSveobiT. (benvenisti, 1986, 239)<br />
am mosazrebis sawinaaRmdegod helmslevi amtkicebs, rom praqtikaSi<br />
ena aris semiotika, romlis meSveobiTac yvela sxva semiotikis Targmania<br />
SesaZlebeli. (iemslevi, 1984, 18)<br />
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi mediumis gamoyeneba pirovnebis mier,<br />
romelmac icis, rogor unda miudges mas, Cveulebriv, uproblemod da<br />
SekiTxvis gareSe xdeba xolme. es arc unda gagvikvirdes, radgan media<br />
gvevlineba miznis Sesrulebis saSualebad. rac ufro xSirad da<br />
Zaldautaneblad xdeba mediumis gamoyeneba, miT ufro uxilavi da<br />
SeumCneveli gaxdeba sakuTari momxmareblisaTvis.<br />
rutinuli miznebis umravlesobisTvis mediumis gacnobierebulma<br />
gamoyenebam SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos mis efeqturobas da piriqiT,<br />
rodesac mediumi SeumCneveli xdeba, misi pirvelsawyisi funqciis<br />
Sesrulebisas misi potenciali ganuzomlad Zlierdeba.<br />
mediumis SerCeviTobas mivyavarT mis imgvar gamoyenebasTan, rodesac<br />
momxmarebeli verc acnobierebs, rogori zegavlenis qveS eqceva. j.<br />
bignelis mtkicebiT, Cven SeiZleba ise gavuSinaurdeT mediums, rom brmad,<br />
gabruebulebi davemorCiloT mas da verc ki SevamCnioT, ra SeiZleba<br />
gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan. (bigneli, 2003, 19) amis naTel magaliTad<br />
televizia gamodgeba.<br />
23
zog SemTxvevaSi, romelime konkretuli mediumis gamoyenebisas, Cvenma<br />
`miznebma~ SesaZloa frTxilad da SeumCnevlad icvalos forma. es im<br />
pragmatuli da racionaluri midgomis sapirispiroa, romlis mixedviTac<br />
saSualebebis SerCeva xdeba momxmareblis miznebis Sesatyvisad da missave<br />
mudmiv kontrols eqvemdebareba.<br />
am movlenis – mediis mier ganxorcielebuli transformaciis<br />
gacnobierebas Teoretikosebi xSirad miuyvania im daskvnamde, rom Cveni<br />
teqnikuri saSualebebi da sistemebi mudam da aucileblad xdebian<br />
sakuTari miznebis gamtareblebi.<br />
semiotikas SeuZlia dagvanaxos, rom garesamyarosTan urTierToba<br />
mxolod niSnebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, swored niSanTa sistemebi<br />
monawileoben sagnis an movlenis mniSvnelobis konstruirebaSi. es ki, v.<br />
burginis azriT, ideologiuri fenomenia, vinaidan ideologia<br />
warmoadgens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi upirobod miRebuli realobebis<br />
nakrebs. (Burgin 1982, 42)<br />
igive mosazrebisa gaxlavT v. voloSinovic, romelic acxadebs, rom<br />
iq, sadac arsebobs niSani, iqvea ideologiac. (Voloshinov 1973, 10) marTlac,<br />
ar arsebobs ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT neitralur niSanTa sistemebi:<br />
niSnebis funqcia mdgomareobs erTis mxriv raimes SetyobinebaSi, meores<br />
mxriv – adamianis darwmunebaSi.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, CendlerisaTvis semiotikuri analizi<br />
ideologiur analizsac gulisxmobs. Tu niSnebi ara mxolod ireklaven<br />
realobas, aramed misi, am realobis konstruirebis procesis<br />
monawilenic arian, maSin, gamodis, rom isini, vinc akontroleben niSanTa<br />
sistemebs, Sesabamisad akontroleben realobis Seqmnis processac.<br />
(Cendleri)<br />
xangrZlivi kvlevis Sedegad r. barTi mivida daskvnamde, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac, kodebi xels uwyoben burJuaziuli ideologiis damkvidrebas,<br />
warmogviCenen ra mas bunebrivi, Sesaferisi da gardauvali saxiT. mas<br />
miaCnia, rom ar aris aucilebeli, iyo marqsisti imis gasacnobiereblad,<br />
Tu vis warmosaxviT realobas eniWeba am procesSi privilegirebuli<br />
roli. Cveni azriT, swored aq ikveTeba semiotikosTa rolis mniSvneloba,<br />
24
omelnic upirveles movaleobad miiCneven niSnebis, teqstebisa da<br />
kodebis WeSmariti saxis gamovlenasa da Cvenebas.<br />
rodesac mediasTan gvaqvs urTierToba, Cven TviTonac vmoqmedebT da<br />
misi moqmedebis gavlenasac ganvicdiT, viyenebT mas da Cvenc gviyenebs igi.<br />
rodesac mediumi mravalricxovani funqciis matarebelia, maSin<br />
SeuZlebeli xdeba misi mxolod erTi romelime funqciis, sxvebisgan<br />
izolirebulad gamoyeneba. amgvar mediasTan urTierToba kompromisebs<br />
moiTxovs.<br />
frangma anTropologma k. levi-strosma gamoiyena sityva `bricolage~,<br />
raTa aRewera nebismieri saxis spontanuri qmedeba (C. Levi-Strauss 1962, 98).<br />
misi dakvirvebis Tanaxmad, movlenis dros, romelsac igi bricolage-s<br />
(kvlevis an moqmedebis procesSi mravalferovani, gasxvavebuli meTodebis<br />
efeqtur da moulodnel gamoyenebas) uwodebda, raimes Seqmnis procesi<br />
winaswar gakeTebuli arCevanis da miznisaTvis teqnikurad kargad<br />
SerCeuli saSualebebis gamoyenebis Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed igi ufro<br />
metad gulisxmobs `dialogs~ saSualebebTan da maTi gamoyenebis<br />
xerxebTan. (Levi-Strauss 1974, 29).<br />
amgvar dialogSi, gadasacemad ukve gamzadebuli saSualebebi<br />
`gvTavazoben~ adaptirebul moqmedebas, magram am procesSi Tavdapirveli<br />
mizani, SesaZloa, Seicvalos. aqedan gamomdinare, Semoqmedebis, raimes<br />
Seqmnis amgvari nimuSebi ar arian wminda wylis instrumentuli xasiaTisa:<br />
`the bricoleur (Semoqmedi) ara mxolod `elaparakeba~ sagnebs, aramed igi<br />
gvesaubreba sagnebis, rogorc mediumis meSveobiT. levi-strosis<br />
dakvirvebiT, mediumis gamoyeneba SesaZloa gamomxatvelobiTi,<br />
eqspresiulic iyos. (Levi-Strauss 1974, 32).<br />
man Tavisi termini bricolage mogvianebiT ganavrco, raTa misi<br />
meSveobiT ganexila miTuri azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nimuSebi.<br />
igi asabuTebda, rom miTuri azrovneba adamianis warmosaxvis nayofia da<br />
damyarebulia pirad gamocdilebaze. aqedan gamomdinare, miTuri<br />
azrovnebis meSveobiT miRebuli warmosaxva da realoba efuZneba<br />
adamianis gonebaSi adre arsebul movlenebs.<br />
25
levi-strosis mosazreba mxolod `miTuri fiqris~ ganxilvas<br />
ukavSirdeboda, magram Candleri acxadebs, rom bricolage SeiZleba<br />
nebismieri mediumis nebismieri mizniT gamoyenebisas Segvxvdes. magaliTad<br />
mas mohyavs weris procesi, romelic SeiZleba ganisazRvros ara marto<br />
mwerlis gacnobierebuli mizniT, aramed am procesSi monawile mediis<br />
TaviseburebebiTac, rogoricaa, magaliTad, enis tipi da gamoyenebuli<br />
saweri iaraRebi, agreTve Tanmdevi socialuri da fsiqologiuri<br />
procesebi. Tumca yvela mwerali rodi moqmedebs an ganicdis bricoleur-is<br />
msgavsad. (Chandler 1995).<br />
TiToeuli individi mkveTrad gansxvavebulad reagirebs mediis<br />
transformaciaze. zogierTi daJinebiT amtkicebs, rom isini srulad<br />
akontroleben maT mier gamoyenebul mediums, sxvebs ki iseTi gancda aqvT,<br />
rom maT mier gamoyenebuli mediumis srul tyveobaSi arian.<br />
J. derida am cnebas yvela tipis diskursTan akavSirebs, radgan Tu<br />
vinme `bricolage~ -s uwodebs memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli teqstidan<br />
romelime koncefciis sesxebis gardauvalobas, maSin unda vTqvaT, rom<br />
nebismieri diskursi `bricoleurs~-s warmoadgens. (J. derida)<br />
aqve ar SeiZleba ar SevCerdeT im gansxvavebebze, romelic arsebobs<br />
sxvadasxva mas-mediis mier gamoyenebul arxebsa da teqnologiebs Soris:<br />
presa iyenebs vizualur arxs, misi ena werilobiTia. igi eyrdnoba<br />
foto-reproduqciebs, grafikul dizains da beWdvas. mis sapirispirod,<br />
radio iyenebs zepir arxsa da salaparako enas. igi efuZneba xmis Cawerisa<br />
da mauwyeblobis teqnologiebs. xolo televizia aerTianebs xmisa da<br />
gamosaxulebis Camwersa da gadamcem saSualebebs.<br />
mediis potencialis TvalsazrisiT, arxebsa da teqnologiebs Soris<br />
arsebul gansxvavebebs Zalian didi mniSvnelobas aniWebda n. feirklu.<br />
magaliTad, beWdviTi media naklebad piradulia, vidre radio an<br />
televizia. radio saSualebas iZleva individualoba da xasiaTi<br />
warmoCndes xmis meSveobiT mauwyeblobisas. televiziaSi es procesi ufro<br />
Sors midis, radgan igi saSualebas iZleva davinaxoT adamianebi<br />
moqmedebaSi da ara marto sagazeTo fotoebSi gamoqveynebuli gayinuli<br />
saxiT. (Fairclough 1995, 38-9).<br />
26
marTalia, teqnologiuri deterministebi xazs usvamen, rom<br />
semiotikis buneba sxvadasxva mediis fundamenturi dizainis gavlenis<br />
qveSaa moqceuli, magram aucilebelia vaRiaroT, rom imaSi, Tu rogor<br />
iqmneba mediis nairsaxeobaTa gamoyenebis xerxebi da rogor yalibdeba<br />
misi statusi konkretul kulturul konteqstSi, did rols TamaSoben<br />
socialur-kulturuli da istoriuli faqtorebi. magaliTad, kulturis<br />
bevri Tanamedrove Teoretikosi aRniSnavs, rom vizualuri mediis<br />
mniSvneloba lingvistur mediasTan SedarebiT mkveTrad gaizarda.<br />
a. uaildenis azriT, yvela ena komunikaciaa, magram komunikaciis<br />
mxolod mcire saxeobebi SeiZleba warmoadgendes enas. (Wilden 1987, 137).<br />
Cvens droSi, rodesac sul ufro izrdeba gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
saSualebebis raodenoba, kidev ufro dafasda semiotikis mniSvneloba<br />
ara marto rogorc lingvisturi, aseve vizualuri niSnebis Seswavlis<br />
TvalsazrisiTac.<br />
gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebi kvlevebi Catarda reklamis,<br />
fotografiisa da audio-vizualuri mediis farglebSi. semiotika<br />
gvafrTxilebs, rom dauSvebelia romelime mediumis ugulebelyofa,<br />
rogorc sxvebTan SedarebiT naklebi mniSvnelobis mqonesi; magaliTad,<br />
cnobilia, rom literaturisa da kinos kritikosebi televizias<br />
mxatvrul literaturasa da filmebTan SedarebiT nakleb mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWeben.<br />
potenciurad, semiotikas aqvs imis SesaZlebloba, rom dagvanaxos<br />
sxvadasxva mediis saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. igi gvexmareba,<br />
Tavidan aviciloT tradiciuli privilegiis miniWeba romelime<br />
semiotikuri saxeobisaTvis, magaliTad, ar SeiZleba mivaniWoT<br />
upiratesoba mxolod salaparakos an werilobiT, verbalurs an<br />
araverbalur niSnebs.<br />
g. kresi da T. van liueni aRiarebdnen, rom sxvadasxva semiotikur<br />
niSnebs _ vizualurs, verbalursa Tu Jestikulaciurs, gaaCniaT rogorc<br />
sakuTari SesaZleblobebi, aseve sakuTari limitebi. (Kress&van Leeuwen 1996,<br />
31)<br />
27
amis gacnobierebam SeiZleba migviyvanos axlis Ziebebis<br />
aucileblobis aRiarebamde semiotikis gardaqmnil, saxeSecvlil<br />
garemoSi. imis gageba, Tu rogor muSaoben semiotikis Zireuli<br />
koncefciebi, maTi praqtikuli gamoyenebis CaTvliT, SeiZleba miviCnioT,<br />
rogorc aucilebeli ram yvelasaTvis, visac surs, Cawvdes im rTuli da<br />
dinamiuri sakomunikacio garemos arss, romelSic Cven gvixdeba cxovreba.<br />
maT, vinc ver moaxerxebs mis saRad gaazrebas, emuqreba safrTxe, rom<br />
aRmoCndes imaTi manipulirebis qveS, visac es xelewifeba.<br />
C. pirsisaTvis samyaro eqskluziurad niSnebisagan agebuli Tu ara,<br />
am niSnebiT mofenili mainc aris, niSnebs versad gaveqceviT. (Peirce 1931-58,<br />
449). vinaidan niSnebis warmoSoba ganuwyveteli procesia, Cveni<br />
movaleobaa gavigoT maTi mniSvneloba. erTaderTi gamosavalia, ar<br />
davnebdeT maT.<br />
marTalia, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi mediaciis procesi<br />
transparentulobis niRabqveS mimdinareobs, magram Tu semiotikur<br />
midgomebs moviSvelebT, SevZlebT, davakvirdeT k. beslis mier<br />
SemoTavazebul mniSvnelobis konstruirebis process specifikuri<br />
teqstebis analizisas: mecnierisaTvis es gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa masmediis<br />
problematikis kvlevis procesSi. am dargis Seswavlisas<br />
semiotikuri midgomebis gamoyeneba yuradRebas migvapyrobinebs iseTi<br />
upirobod aRqmuli praqtikisadmi, rogoricaa ~uxilavi montaJis~<br />
saxeliT cnobili klasikuri holivuduri `SeTanxmeba.~<br />
beslis miaCnia, rom es xerxi dResac rCeba montaJis yvelaze<br />
aRiarebul saSualebad rogorc kinoSi, aseve televiziaSi. magram<br />
semiotikuri midgomebis gamoyenebiT vacnobierebT, rom es moxerxebulad<br />
marTuli, winaswar dadgenili pirobiTobaa, romelsac Cven, Cveulebriv,<br />
ise viRebT, rogorc aucilebelsa da bunebriv movlenas. (Besley 1980, 47).<br />
mogvianebiT es azri ganavrco p. Jirom, romlisTvisac eWvgareSea,<br />
rom semiotikis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes amocanas warmoadgens,<br />
daamtkicos niSanTa sistemebis aSkara arseboba sxvadasxva tipis<br />
Sinaarsis aRqmis procesSi. (Guiraud 1975, 30).<br />
28
semiotikam seriozuli Teoriuli wvlili Seitana mas-mediis<br />
sakiTxebis kvleva-Ziebis sakiTxebSi. man, fsiqoanalizis dargTan erTad,<br />
warmoadgina Teoria presis, kinosa da tele-gadacemebis teqstebTan<br />
subieqtis (anu mkiTxvelisa da mayureblis) damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.<br />
gasul wlebSi, struqturalistebi, albaT, kidev erTxel Seecdebodnen,<br />
gaemyarebinaT miTi mediis zegavlenis winaSe uZlurebis Sesaxeb, magram<br />
socialuri semiotikis warmomadgenlebi interpretaciis mravalferovan<br />
gamovlinebebze gakeTebuli aqcentebiT win aRudgnen adre damkvidrebul<br />
tendenciebs, romelic ~kontents~ mis mniSvnelobasTan aigivebda da amas<br />
`mediis efeqtiT~ xsnida.<br />
semiotika, romelic komunikaciis procesis ganxilvisas fokusirebas<br />
axdens mniSvnelobasa da interpretirebaze, ewinaaRmdegeba SezRudul<br />
tranmisiul models, romelic mniSvnelobasa da Sinaarss (anu kontents)<br />
erTmaneTTan aigivebs. sinamdvileSi, niSnebi mniSvnelobis ubralod<br />
matareblebi ki ar arian, aramed gvevlinebian im mediumis warmomCenebad,<br />
romlis meSveobiTac xdeba mniSvnelobis Camoyalibeba anu konstruireba.<br />
semiotika gvexmareba imis gacnobierebaSi, rom mniSvneloba pasiurad ki<br />
ar Seiwoveba momxmareblis mier, aramed interpretaciis aqtiuri<br />
procesis Sedegad iqmneba.<br />
es kargad Cans beWduri saxis reklamisadmi semiologiuri<br />
midgomidanac, romelmac u. less daanaxa, rom reklamis mniSvneloba<br />
mkiTxvelisaTvis TvalsaCinod, zedapirze ki ar tivtivebs, aramed<br />
yalibdeba im mravalnairi gzebis meSveobiT, romlebic sxvadasxva<br />
niSnebis urTierTkavSiris safuZvelzea organizebuli. (Leiss 1990, 201-2).<br />
ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, reklamis mniSvnelobis gasagebad, mkiTxvels<br />
garkveuli samuSaos Catareba mouxdeba, radgan mniSvneloba furcelze<br />
mza saxiT ki ar devs, aramed iTxovs garkveul Zalisxmevas mis arsSi<br />
garkvevisaTvis.<br />
igive SeiZleba iTqvas sxva Janrebisa Tu mediis teqstebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. erTi romelime niSani SeiZleba mravalricxovani<br />
mniSvnelobiT mogvevlinos. starokis SefasebiT, semiotika xazs usvams<br />
29
niSnebis SesaZlebeli interpretaciis usazRvro mravalferovnebas.<br />
(Sturrock 1986, 101).<br />
voloSinovic, agreTve, miuTiTebda erTi da igive niSnis<br />
mravalferovani interpretaciis potencialze, romelic damokidebulia<br />
konkretul sazogadoebriv da istoriul konteqstebze. (Voloshinov 1973, 23)<br />
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom semiotikasTan erTad, arsebobs teqstis<br />
analizisadmi kidev sxva midgomebic, kerZod, ritorikuli analizi,<br />
diskursuli analizi da Sinaarsis (content) analizi.<br />
mediisa da komunikaciis Seswavlisas Sinaarsis analizi, rogorc<br />
teqstis analizis mniSvnelovani meTodi, seriozul metoqeobas uwevs<br />
semiotikas. vinaidan dRes semiotika mWidrod ukavSirdeba kulturis<br />
kvlevas, Sinaarsis analizs mkafiod gansazRvruli adgili aqvs<br />
damkvidrebuli socialur mecnierebaTa kvlevebSi.<br />
Sinaarsis analizi gulisxmobs media teqstebis Sinaarsisadmi farTo,<br />
moculobiT midgomas, xolo semiotika teqstis analizisas mas<br />
ganixilavs rogorc struqturul erTeuls da ikvlevs masSi nagulisxmev<br />
konotaciur mniSvnelobebs. semiotika iSviaTad aris dainteresebuli<br />
odenobiT, moculobiT da xSirad uaryofs kidec amgvar midgomas. is, rom<br />
romelime sakiTxi teqstSi xSirad meordeba, es mas did mniSvnelobas ver<br />
aniWebs.<br />
semiotikuri analizisas meti interesi vlindeba im wesebis sistemis<br />
mimarT, romelic ganagebs, warmarTavs media-teqstebSi nagulisxmev<br />
diskurss da xazs usvams semiotikuri konteqstis rols mniSvnelobis<br />
Camoyalibebis procesSi. miuxedavad amisa, zogierTi mkvlevari aerTianebs<br />
semiotikur analizsa da Sinaarsis analizs (glazgos media jgufi 1980)<br />
mecnierTa nawili iziarebs semiotikis morisiseul ganmartebas<br />
(sosiuris zegavleniT), romlis Tanaxmadac es aris mecniereba niSnebis<br />
Sesaxeb (Morris 1938,1-2). Tumca, terminma `mecniereba~ SeiZleba SecdomaSi<br />
Segviyvanos. jer-jerobiT semiotika ar moicavs farTod damkvidrebul<br />
Teoriul mosazrebebs, modelebsa Tu empiriul meTodologiebs.<br />
semiotika miiswrafvis gaafarToos Tavisi Teoriuli sazRvrebi, am<br />
dargSi moRvawe mecnierebi cdiloben daamkvidron misi kompetencia da<br />
30
Camoayalibon ZiriTadi principebi. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadi xdeba, rom<br />
semiotika aqtiuri ganviTarebis procesSi imyofeba.<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, arcTu Soreul warsulSi pirsi da sosiuri<br />
cdilobdnen CamoeyalibebinaT niSnis fundamenturi ganmarteba. Tomas<br />
sibeokis mosazrebiT, imis aRiarebam, rom niSnis Semadgenel or nawils _<br />
aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris mravalgvari urTierToba SeiZleba<br />
arsebobdes, semiotikis arsebobis manZilze filofosebi da lingvistebi<br />
aiZula, moexdinaT niSnebisa Tu niSanTa sistemebis klasifikacia. maT<br />
mier SemoTavazebuli klasifikaciebis araerT nimuSs Soris, sibeoki<br />
yvelaze daxvewilad da srulyofilad pirsiseul sqemas miiCnevs, romlis<br />
Semqmnas mecnierma TiTqmis ormoci wlis Sroma miuZRvna. (Sebeok 1994, 20-<br />
21).<br />
am sqemis Tanaxmad, arsebobs niSanTa eqvsi saxeoba, romlebic<br />
yvelaze xSirad gvxvdebian Tanamedrove semiotikaSi. esenia: 1.signali<br />
(signal), romelic romelic bunebrivi (meqanikuri) an xelovnuri<br />
(SeTanxmebuli) gzebiT iwvevs raime saxis reaqcias mimRebisagan. 2.<br />
simptomi (symptom), _ avtomaturi, dasabuTebuli, garduvalobis<br />
gamomxatveli niSani, romelic aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns bunebrivi gziT<br />
awyvilebs da aerTianebs. 3. xatovans (icon) uwodeben niSans, rodesac<br />
aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis topologiur msgavsebas gamoxatavs.<br />
4.indeqsuria (index) niSani, rodesac misi aRmniSvneli nawili mianiSnebs an<br />
gulisxmobs aRsaniSns (magaliTad, kvamli cecxlis momaswavebeli<br />
niSania). 5. simbolo (symbol) _ niSania, romelic warmoadgens dadgenil,<br />
winaswar SeTanxmebul kavSirs aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris.<br />
(magaliTad, droSa). 6. saxeli (name), es aris gansakuTrebuli gavlenis<br />
mqone niSani, romelic hqvia aRsaniSns. (Sebeok 1974, 20-21)<br />
momdevno Taobis semiotikosebi iswrafvodnen ganesazRvraT da<br />
moexdinaT im kodebis an wesebis kategorizacia, romelTa mixedviTac<br />
xdeba niSnebis organizeba. naTlad ikveTeba sagnis Teoriuli safuZvlis<br />
Cayris aucilebloba, sagnisa, romelic amJamad imyofeba misi metoqe<br />
Teoriuli mosazrebebis gavlenis qveS.<br />
31
ac Seexeba meTodologias, struqturalisturi meTodologiebis<br />
ganviTarebis gzaze, sosiuris Teoriebi dRemde warmoadgenen teqstis<br />
analizis amosaval wertils. es meTodebi dResac gamoiyeneba<br />
kulturuli fenomenis analizisas. Tumca aqve unda iTqvas, rom msgavsi<br />
meTodebi sayovelTaod miRebuli da aRiarebuli rodia: sociologiaze<br />
orientirebuli Teoretikosebi akritikeben maT gansakuTrebul<br />
fokusirebas struqturaze, Tumca farTod miRebuli arc sxva<br />
alternatiuli meTodologiebia.<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, semiotikis qolgis qveS warmodgenilia<br />
mravalricxovani kvlevebi xelovnebaSi, literaturaSi, anTropologiasa<br />
da mas-mediaSi. mas naklebad aqvs damoukidebeli akademiuri disciplinis<br />
saxe. semiotikis dargSi moRvawe mecnierTa Soris SexvdebiT lingvistebs,<br />
filosofosebs, fsiqologebs, sociologebs, anTropologebs,<br />
literaturis, esTetikisa da mediis Teoretikosebs, fsiqoanalitikosebsa<br />
da ganaTlebis specialistebs.<br />
marTalia, yvela iziarebs semiotikis arsis ZiriTad, mTavar<br />
ganmartebas, magram wamyvani semiotikosebi gansxvavebulad warmoaCenen<br />
misi Seswavlis sagans: igi gulisxmobs ara mxolod komunikacias, aramed<br />
imasac, Tu ras mivawerT da ras vaniWebT mniSvnelobas garemomcvel<br />
samyaroSi.<br />
semiotika droTa manZilze icvleboda, mecnierebi eZebdnen da dRemde<br />
eZeben semiotikur midgomebSi arsebuli sisusteebisa da xarvezebis<br />
gamosworebis gzebs. TviT yvelaze sabaziso semiotikur terminebsac ki<br />
sxvadasxvagvari ganmarteba SeiZleba hqondeT. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
Cendlerma daaskvna, rom is, vinc cdilobs semiotikuri analizis<br />
gakeTebas, windaxeduloba unda gamoiCinos da naTlad miuTiTos, romel<br />
ganmartebas iyenebs; romelime semiotikosis midgomis gamoyenebisas ki<br />
wyaroc aucileblad unda miuTiTos. (Chandler)<br />
sosiuri enas ganixilavda, rogorc yvelaze mniSvnelovans niSanTa<br />
sistemebs Soris (Saussure 1983, 15). ena dRemdea miCneuli yvelaze<br />
Zlevamosil sakomunikacio sistemad da amis Sesaxeb arc davoben.<br />
32
m. harisis azriT, floben ra semantikur gansakuTrebulobas, xalxTa<br />
enebi unikalur adgils ikaveben sakomunikacio sistemebSi. sakomunikacio<br />
sistemas, romelsac gaaCnia semantikuri universaluroba, SeuZlia moicvas<br />
informacia yvela sferos, sagnisa da movlenis Sesaxeb rogorc<br />
warsulSi, aseve awmyosa da momavalSi; es informacia SeiZleba iyos<br />
arsebuli an SesaZlebeli, warmosaxviTi an namdvili. (M. Harris 1985, 138).<br />
ena fundamenturia e. benvenistis SefasebiTac. misTvis ena aris yvela<br />
sxva sistemis – lingvisturisa d aralingvisturis saTargmni sistema.<br />
(Benvenist 1986, 231).<br />
T. sibeoki semiotikasa da lingvistikas Soris arsebul ormxriv<br />
urTierTobas miiCnevs an ierarqiul an Tanabrad koordinirebul<br />
procesad. Tu urTierTobas ganvixilavT rogorc ierarqiuls, maSin<br />
arsebobs ori SemTxveva: an lingvistikaa wamyvan poziciaze da<br />
iqvemdebarebs semiotikas, an piriqiT, semiotikas eniWeba wamyvani roli<br />
lingvistikasTan mimarTebaSi. am sami mosazrebidan periodulad romelime<br />
erTs eniWeboda xolme upiratesoba, Tumca, sibeoki miiCnevs, rom<br />
sabolood gaimarjva da damkvidrda mesame mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac<br />
semiotika da lingvistika Tanabari uflebebiT sargebloben . (Sebeok 1974,<br />
105).<br />
meci, Teoriulad, lingvistikas semiotikis Semadgenel nawilad<br />
ganixilavda, magram iqve miuTiTebda, rom faqtiurad, semiotika<br />
lingvistikisagan warmoiSva: semiotika jer kidev ganviTarebis procesSia,<br />
lingvistika ki ukve kargad Camoyalibebuli mecnierebaa. (Metz 1974, 60)<br />
magram mecis argumentebi arcTu myarad miiCnies sxva mecnierebma,<br />
romlebic acxadeben, rom maTSi bevri cdomilebaa, gansakuTrebiT<br />
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT. sibeoki acxadebs, rom semiotika sulac ar<br />
aRmocenebula lingvistikidan, misi saZirkveli medicinaSi unda veZeboT<br />
da gacilebiT Rrma fesvebi gaaCnia kacobriobis istoriaSi. (Sebeok 1974,<br />
105).<br />
barTi kolegebs sTavazobda sosiuris formulirebis Semotrialebas<br />
da imis damtkicebas, rom semiologia lingvistikis Semadgeneli nawilia,<br />
(Barthes 1985, 11), magram sxva mecnierebma misaRebad miiCnies sosiuris<br />
33
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom lingvistikas adgili unda mivuCinoT TviTon<br />
semiotikis SigniT. Tumca, Candleri SiSobda, rom Tu lingvistika<br />
Tundac Teoriulad ganTavsdeba semiotikis farglebSi, maSin Zneli<br />
iqneba lingvistikis modelis gamoyenebis Tavidan arideba niSanTa sxva<br />
sistemebis Seswavlisas. (Chandler)<br />
semiotikosebi, Cveulebriv, filmebs, tele da radioprogramebs,<br />
sareklamo abrebs da sxvas moixseneben rogorc `teqstebs~. (Fiske and<br />
Hartley, 1978). aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, rom mediis iseTi saxeoba,<br />
rogoricaa televizia, zogierTi semiotikosis mier miCneulia, rogorc<br />
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT `teqsti~ anu `ena~. mecnierebi cdiloben<br />
gaarkvion, axali ambebi (niusi) ufro axlos dganan imasTan, romelsac<br />
Cven yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realobad miviCnevT, Tu ufro meti saerTo<br />
aqvT simboloTa iseT sistemasTan, rogoricaa wera.<br />
dRes arsebobs imis safrTxe, rom mediis yvela saxeoba lingvistikis<br />
CarCoebSi moeqces. fotografiasTan mimarTebaSi (Tumca igive SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas kinosa da televiziis Sesaxebac) v.burgini amtkicebs, rom ar<br />
arsebobs fotografiis ena, arc erTi ganmsazRvreli sistema, romelzec<br />
fotografiaa damokidebuli (im gagebiT, rom yvela teqsti inglisurSi<br />
eyrdnoba inglisur enas). mecnieris azriT, aq saqme ufro gvaqvs kodebis<br />
heterogenul kompleqsTan, romlidanac sazrdoobs fotografia. (Burgin<br />
1982, 142).<br />
am sakiTxebisaTvis naTelis mosafenad, isev niSnis sosiuriseuli<br />
models unda mivmarToT, magram am modelis ganxilvamde unda gavigoT,<br />
ras gulisxmobs is zogadi CarCo, romlis SigniTac man igi ganaTavsa.<br />
yvelasaTvis cnobili ganmartebis mixedviT, romelic gvaCvenebs<br />
gansxvavebas enas (langue) da metyvelebas (parole) Soris, ena gulisxmobs<br />
wesebisa da regulaciebis sistemas, romelic damoukidebelia misi<br />
individualuri momxmareblisagan; metyveleba ki gulisxmobs enis<br />
gamoyenebas konkretul SemTxvevebSi. Tu am ganmartebas zogadad<br />
semiotikur sistemebs mivusadagebT, maSin davinaxavT, rom arsebobs<br />
gansxvavebebi kodsa da gzavnils, struqturasa da movlenas, sistemasa da<br />
gamoyenebas Soris (specifikur teqstebsa da konteqstebSi). (Chandler)<br />
34
am ganmartebiT Tu vixelmZRvanelebT, maSin gamodis, rom iseT<br />
Tanamedrove semiotikur sistemaSic ki, rogoricaa kino, nebismieri filmi<br />
aris metyveleba, romelsac safuZvlad udevs kinos ena. (Langholz Leymore<br />
1975, 3). magram sinamdvileSi, sosiuri yuradRebas amaxvilebda ufro<br />
metad enaze, vidre metyvelebaze. misi mimdevrebisaTvis yvelaze didi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs semiotikuri sistemis safuZvelSi mdebare erTian<br />
WrilSi ganxilul struqturebsa da wesebs, vinaidan es maTTvis bevrad<br />
sayuradReboa, vidre misi gamoyenebis erTeuli, konkretuli SemTxvevebi<br />
da magaliTebi.<br />
sosiuris midgoma gulisxmobda sistemis sinqronul Seswavlas<br />
iseTi xerxiT, TiTqos igi droSi gayinuli iyo (fotosuraTis msgavsad)<br />
da ara diaqronuli gziT, anu misi evoluciis process (filmis msgavsad)<br />
. kulturis struqturalistma Teoretikosebma misaRebad miiCnies es<br />
mosazreba, romelic yuradRebas amaxvilebda semiotikuri sistemebis<br />
SigniT socialuri da kulturuli movlenebis mniSvnelobaze.<br />
marTalia, sosiurs SeiZleba semiotikis damaarsebeli vuwodoT,<br />
magram Tavisi ganviTarebis manZilze semiotika sul ufro dascilda misi<br />
periodis kvlevebsa da mtkicebulebebs. 1970-ian wlebSi dawyebul<br />
procesze saubrisas tereza de lauretisi aRniSnavs, rom semiotikam misi<br />
warmmarTveli meqanizmebis seriozuli cvlileba ganicada, kerZod:<br />
niSanTa sistemebis klasifikaciidan (maTi ZiriTadi erTeulebi,<br />
struqturuli organizacia) aqcenti gadavida niSnebisa da maTi<br />
mniSvnelobebis warmoebis modelebis Seswavlaze, gaizarda iteresi im<br />
gzebis mimarT, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba sistemebisa da kodebis<br />
gamoyeneba an gardaqmna socialur cxovrebaSi. (de Lauretis 1984, 160)<br />
Tuki warsulSi yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen niSanTa sistemebis (ena,<br />
literatura, kino, arqiteqtura, musika da sxva) Seswavlaze, romelTac<br />
miiCnevdnen gzavnilebis warmomqmnel meqanizmebad, amJamad interesis<br />
sagans warmoadgens maTi meSveobiT Sesrulebuli saqmianoba. es aris<br />
saqmianoba an aqtivoba, romelic awesebs kodebs an axdens maT<br />
transformacias, amave dros igi ayalibebs am kodebis gamomyenebel<br />
individebsac da Sesabamisad, axdens maT transformacias. aqedan<br />
35
gamomdinare, lauretisi miiCnevs, rom individebi semiozisis sagans<br />
warmoadgenen.<br />
C. pirsisagan nasesxebi termini `semiozisi~, romelic mogvianebiT<br />
ganavrco u. ekom, migvaniSnebs im procesisaken, romlis meSveobiTac<br />
kultura warmoSobs niSnebs da mxolod amis Semdeg aniWebs maT<br />
Sesabamis mniSvnelobebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom ekosTvis semiozisi anu<br />
Seqmnis procesi socialur aqtivobas niSnavs, igi aRiarebs, rom<br />
semiozisis TiToeul individualur aqtSi CarTulia subieqturi<br />
faqtorebic. gamodis, rom es ganmarteba Seesatyviseba Tanamedrove<br />
semiotikuri Teoriis or ZiriTad mimarTulebas, kerZod:<br />
pirveli, romelic lakanis fsiqoanalizis zegavlenis qveSaa,<br />
gulisxmobs semiotikis fokusirebas mniSvnelobis subieqtur aspeqtebze.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba yalibdeba subieqturi faqtorebis<br />
zegavleniT.<br />
meore mimarTulebis Tanaxmad ki semiotika dainteresebulia<br />
mniSvnelobis, azris socialuri aspeqtebiT, komunikaciis dros misi<br />
praqtikuli, esTetikuri an ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT gamoyenebiT.<br />
lauretisis mosazrebiT, am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba igeba rogorc<br />
semantikuri Rirebuleba, romelic yalibdeba kulturis mier<br />
gaziarebuli kodebis meSveobiT. (de Lauretis 1984, 167).<br />
am mosazrebaSi mocemulia semiotikis ZiriTadi koncefciebis<br />
monaxazi, sakuTriv niSnis yvelaze fundamenturi koncefcia, romelic<br />
sasargeblo iqneba maTTvis, vinc cdilobs gza gaikvlios am sakiTxis<br />
SeswavlaSi. d. Cendleri Tavis erT-erT naSromSi kiTxulobs: mainc, ra<br />
saWiroa semiotikis Seswavla am SekiTxvaze pasuxi erTmniSvnelovnad<br />
dadebiTia, ufro metic, am sferos aqtualoba yoveldRiurad izrdeba.<br />
semiotikis arsze saubrisas devid slesi aRniSnavs, rom semiotikis<br />
istebliSmenti eqskluziur klubs warmoadgens, magram igi imdenad<br />
mniSvnelovani sferoa, rom misi daTmoba mxolod semiotikosebisaTvis ar<br />
SeiZleba. (Sless 1986, 1).<br />
igi mniSvnelovania, vinaidan gvexmareba imaSi, rom realoba upirobod<br />
ar miviRoT, ise, TiTqos igi damtkicebas ar moiTxovdes; TiTqos igi<br />
36
arsebobdes rogorc wminda obieqturi realoba da adamianTa mier<br />
interpretaciisagan damoukidebeli iyos.<br />
semiotikis Seswavlisas vigebT, rom Cven niSnebiT garemocul<br />
samyaroSi vcxovrobT da niSnebisa da kodebisadmi gaazrebuli midgomis<br />
gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba nebismieri ramis sworad gageba. vimyofebiT ra<br />
ricxobrivad sul ufro mzardi vizualuri niSnebiT savse samyaroSi,<br />
saWiroa vicodeT, rom TviT yvelaze realisturi niSanic ki sinamdvileSi<br />
is ar aris, rasac Cven zedapirulad vxedavT. rodesac im kodebs,<br />
romelTa meSveobiTac niSnebis interpretireba xdeba, met sicxades<br />
mivaniWebT da gavSifravT, amiT SevasrulebT mniSvnelovan semiotikur<br />
funqcias.<br />
realobis gansazRvrisas niSnebi ideologiur funqcias asruleben.<br />
niSnebSi nagulisxmevi realobis Seswavlisa da Semowmebisas, SegviZlia<br />
gamovavlinoT, vis mier warmodgenili realobaa privilegirebuli da visi<br />
_ SezRudul- Seviwroebuli. niSnebis Seswavla gulisxmobs realobis<br />
Seqmnisa da misi damkvidrebis procesis Seswavlas. am kvlevaze uaris<br />
Tqma ki niSnavs, rom mxolod sxvebs davutovoT mniSvnelobebis samyaroze<br />
kontroli, im samyaroze, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT.<br />
37
Tavi 2<br />
semiotika da mas-media<br />
2.1. semiotikuri kvlevis meTodebis gamoyeneba beWdviTi mediis Seswavlis<br />
saqmeSi<br />
Cveni naSromis ZiriTadi mizania gavarkvioT, Tu rogor SeiZleba<br />
semiotikis gamoyeneba mas-mediis sxvadasxva saxeobaTa, maT Soris<br />
beWdviTi mediis sakiTxebis kvlevis procesSi. wina TavSi, semiotikis<br />
interesisa da kvlevis saganze saubrisas, zogadad SevexeT mis midgomebs<br />
masmediis mimarTac, magram amjerad am sakiTxze ufro dawvrilebiT<br />
SevaCerebT Tqvens yuradRebas.<br />
mediaSi mimdinare rTul procesebSi garkvevisaTvis maTi semiotikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT ganxilva Zalze mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia, vinaidan mediiT<br />
nagulisxmevi mniSvnelobebi niSnebis meSveobiT gadmoicema, xolo<br />
semiotika ki swored niSnebis moqmedebiTaa dainteresebuli.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, semiotika saSualebas gvaZlevs,<br />
davakvirdeT enis muSaobis process, _ enisa, romelic yvelaze xSirad<br />
gamoyenebad mediums warmoadgens.<br />
Cven enas viyenebT, rogorc sakomunikacio saSualebas, romelic<br />
xorcieldeba laparakis an weris meSveobiT. mediis umravlesoba enas<br />
udgeba rogorc komunikaciis umTavres gzas an rogorc komunikaciis sxva<br />
mediisaTvis, magaliTad fotosuraTebisaTvis damxmare, xelSemwyob<br />
saSualebas.<br />
marTalia semiotikuri analizi did xania miswvda komunikaciis<br />
aralingvistur saSualebebsac, magram, sainteresoa, rogor unda<br />
gamoviyenoT igi gazeTebis, reklamebis, Jurnalebis, kinosa da<br />
`interaqtiuli mediis~ Seswavlisas sxva analitikuri meTodebis<br />
msgavsad, semiotikac iyenebs teqnikur enas, terminologias, eyrdnoba<br />
mosazrebebs sxva momijnave disciplinebidan, romlebic droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi damkvidrdnen da ganviTardnen.<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ar arsebobs mediis Seswavlis erTi<br />
romelime srulyofili analitikuri meTodi, radgan gansaxilveli<br />
38
obieqtisa da sakiTxis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, arsebobs<br />
gansxvavebuli Teoriuli midgomebic.<br />
magaliTad, erT-erTi mosazrebiT, masmediaSi nagulisxmevi Sinaarsis<br />
gageba SesaZlebelia teqstis detaluri analizis meSveobiT (gazeTebsa<br />
da tele-programebSi). magram meore Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, mediis<br />
Sinaarsi da mniSvneloba SeiZleba gaazrebul iqnas mxolod im<br />
individebis gamokiTxvis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, romlebsac kavSiri aqvT<br />
ama Tu im mediasTan.<br />
Cveni azriT, es ori pozicia zedmetad gamartivebulad warmogviCens<br />
erTis mxriv, semiotikuri analizis metad mkacr saxeobas, romelic<br />
struqturalizmis saxeliTaa cnobili da meores mxriv, bolo periodSi<br />
mediis kvlevis farTod damkvidrebul iseT xerxs, romelsac mecnierebi<br />
eTnografiis saxeliT moixseneben. TiToeuli maTgani erTi da igive<br />
sakiTxisadmi sxvadasxgvar, gansxvavebul midgomebs gvTavazobs.<br />
bigneli Tavis naSromSi `mediis semiotika~ acxadebs, rom igi irCevs<br />
Sualedur pozicias am or mimdinareobas Soris. mediis Sinaarsisadmi<br />
bigneliseul midgomas xuTi ZiriTadi principi udevs safuZvlad:<br />
pirveli: media-teqstebSi gamoyenebuli nimuSebi da struqturebi<br />
gansazRvraven im mniSvnelobebs, romelTac gadmoscemen da romelTa<br />
gaazrebac unda moxdes;<br />
meore: media-teqstebSi gamoyenebuli niSnebis gageba xdeba socialur<br />
da kulturul konteqstSi mocemul sxva niSnebTan da teqstebTan kavSirurTierTobis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT;<br />
mesame: TiToeul medias gaaCnia, erTis mxriv, mxolod misTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri niSnebi, meores mxriv – sxva mediasTan<br />
saziaro niSnebic;<br />
meoTxe: sxvadasxva tipis teqstebi da media TavianT auditorias<br />
ayeneben gansxvavebul poziciebSi, xolo auditoria medias aRiqvams da<br />
masTan urTierTobas amyarebs sruliad mravalferovani da<br />
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli gzebiT;<br />
39
mexuTe: mas-mediasa da auditorias Soris urTierTobebis Seswavla<br />
Zalze mniSvnelovania im midgomebSi gasarkvevad, romlebic gagvaCnia<br />
sakuTari Tavisa da kulturis mimarT.~ (Bignell 2003, 3-6).<br />
sainteresoa, rogor udgeba semiotikuri analizi winamdebare<br />
sadisertacio naSromis sagans, mas-mediis erT-erT uZveles<br />
warmomadgenels _ beWdviT medias. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba<br />
unda mivaqcioT erTis mxriv, gazeTebSi gamoyenebul lingvistur niSnebs,<br />
meores mxriv, xatovan da sxva vizualur niSnebsa da im kavSirurTierTobebs,<br />
romlebic arseboben lingvistursa da vizualur niSnebs<br />
Soris.<br />
40
2.2. `niusis~ arsi da misi Seqmnis Taviseburebebi<br />
sanam gazeTebSi niSnebis gamoyenebis Seswavlaze gadavidodeT, unda<br />
gavarkvioT, ras niSnavs `niusi~ anu axali ambavi.<br />
Cveulebriv, `niuss~ miviCnevT rogorc istoriuli realobis<br />
konkretul saxeobas, romlis gansazRvra SeiZleba analitikuri gziT. es<br />
sakiTxis araswori gagebaa. vinaidan Jurnalistebi erTaderTi sakiTxis –<br />
mxolod da mxolod maTive auditoriis eqspertebi arian, amitom,<br />
martivad rom vTqvaT, `niusi~ aris is, rac am auditoriis interesebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT aRmoCnda gazeTebSi an telemauwyeblobaSi.<br />
yoveldRiurad msoflioSi aTasobiT movlena xdeba, magram niusad<br />
gadaiqcevian mxolod isini, romlebmac gazeTebis yuradReba miiqcies,<br />
xolo is movlenebi, romlebic yuradRebis miRma aRmoCndnen, verasodes<br />
ver gaxdebian niusebi. (The Missouri Group 2005, 11-12).<br />
internetis erT-erT veb-gverdze moZiebuli masalebis Tanaxmad,<br />
`niusi~ ver iqneba umniSvnelo an mauwyeblobis gareSe darCenili ram. es<br />
ver moxdeba, radgan niusi bunebrivad ar Cndeba. movlenas bunebrivi<br />
xasiaTi aqvs, magram niusi warmoebuli produqtia. misi msgavsia<br />
istoriiis dargic: istoriaSi rCeba is, rasac istorikosebi warsulis<br />
naSTebidan akowiweben, niusebi ki aris is, rasac Jurnalistebi<br />
dRevandel gazeTebSi aTavseben. (www.historicpages.com)<br />
niusi ar warmoadgens faqtebisa da movlenebis mxolod CamonaTvals.<br />
niusi mxolod faqtebi ki ar aris, aramed is gamomsaxvelobiTi suraTia,<br />
romelic iqmneba verbaluri da araverbaluri niSnebis, magaliTad<br />
fotoebis meSveobiT.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, niusis diskursis semiotikuri analizi moicavs<br />
axal ambebSi gamoyenebuli lingvisturi (verbaluri) da vizualuri<br />
niSnebis denota<strong>ciuri</strong> da konota<strong>ciuri</strong> mniSvnelobebis ganxilvas.<br />
sityvas, misi `pirdapiri~, anu denota<strong>ciuri</strong> mniSvnelobis garda,<br />
SeiZleba hqondes konota<strong>ciuri</strong> mniSvnelobac. semiotikaSi denotacia da<br />
konotacia im terminebs warmoadgenen, romlebic asaxaven urTierTobebs<br />
aRmniSvnelsa (signifier) da (signified) aRsaniSns Soris.<br />
41
denotacia iZleva niSnis zust ganmartebas, aniWebs mas<br />
sityvasityviT, yvelasaTvis misaxvedr mniSvnelobas. lingvisturi niSnebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, misi denota<strong>ciuri</strong> mniSvneloba is aris, romelsac<br />
leqsikonSi mocemuli ganmarteba gvTavazobs. istorikos Ee. panovskis<br />
mosazrebiT, vizualuri niSnis denotacia aris mis mier warmodgenili is<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi suraTi, romelsac nebismieri droisa da nebismieri<br />
kulturis warmomadgeneli erTnairad aRiarebs da cnobs. (Panofski 1970, 51-<br />
3).<br />
Tumca es ganmarteba warmoSobs kiTxvas _ nuTu yvela adamianis<br />
midgoma erTnairia sinamdvileSi, gansxvavebul kulturaTa<br />
TvalTaxedviT, igi Zalze specifikuria da mis arsSi gasarkvevad swored<br />
konotacias unda mivmarToT.<br />
termini `konotacia~ gamoiyeneba niSnebTan dakavSirebuli socialur<br />
-kulturuli da piraduli asociaciebis (ideologiuri, emo<strong>ciuri</strong>)<br />
gamosaxatad. igi, rogorc wesi, damokidebulia adamianis socialur<br />
warmomavlobaze, asakze, sqessa da sxva pirobebze. niSnebis sxavadasxva<br />
saxiT interpretirebis saSualebas iZlevian swored misi konotaciebi da<br />
ara denotaciebi.<br />
r. barTi miuTiTebda, rom niSnis sosiuriseuli modeli aqcents<br />
akeTebda denotaciaze, xolo mniSvnelobis am ganzomilebis -konotaciis<br />
udidesi roli ki mxolod momdevno Taobis Teoretikosebma SeniSnes.<br />
(Barthes 1967, 89).<br />
Tavis naSromebSi barTi amtkicebda, rom fotografiaSi<br />
SesaZlebelia konotaciis gamocalkeveba denotaciisagan (Barthes 1977, 15-31,<br />
32-51). fiske ki ganmartavs, rom denotacias ainteresebs is, Tu ra aris<br />
fotosuraTze aRbeWdili, xolo konotacias _ rogor aris aRbeWdili.<br />
(Fiske 1982,91)<br />
Tumca, fotografiaSi denotacia wina planze konotaciis xarjzea<br />
wamoweuli. zogierTi mecnierisaTvis fotografiuli aRmniSvneli<br />
virtualurad aRsaniSnis identuria; fotosuraTi gvevlineba rogorc<br />
viTomda `bunebrivi niSani~, romlis SeqmnaSi kodebs monawileoba ar<br />
miuRiaT. (Hall 1980, 132).<br />
42
Tavisi moRvaweobis dasawyisSi barTi amtkicebda, rom kodis<br />
identificireba SesaZlebelia mxolod gacilebiT ufro maRal doneze<br />
da ara denotaciis pirvelsawyis doneze. magram mogvianebiT barTma<br />
Tavisi mosazreba am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi Secvala. teqstebis analizis<br />
Sedegad, igi mivida daskvnamde, rom denotacia sulac ar aris niSnis<br />
pirvelsawyisi mniSvneloba, es ubralod, moCvenebiTi da iluzorulia.<br />
(Barthes 1974, 9).<br />
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, konotacia qmnis denotaciasTan identurobis<br />
iluzias, imis gancdas, rom ena aris transparentuli da rom aRmniSvneli<br />
da aRsaniSni identurebi arian. am process mivyavarT imis mZlavr<br />
gancdamde, rom denotacia aris mxolod pirdapiri da universaluri<br />
mniSvneloba, romelic sulac ar aris ideologiuri, xolo is<br />
konotaciebi, romlebic yvelaze metad gasagebia interpretatorisaTvis,<br />
bunebrivi saxiT gvevlinebian. rogorc silvermani aRniSnavs, rodesac<br />
pirvelad vecnobiT denotacias, amave dros, Cven momentalurad vecnobiT<br />
dominantur konotaciebsac da, Sesabamisad, veqceviT ideologiis<br />
gavlenis qveS. (Silverman 1983, 30).<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia, Teoretikosebma sasargeblod<br />
miiCnion gansxvavebebis povna denotaciasa da konotacias Soris, magram<br />
praqtikaSi maTi mkveTri gamijvna SeuZlebelia. semiotikosTa umetesoba<br />
amtkicebs, rom arc erTi niSani ar SeiZleba iyos mxolod denota<strong>ciuri</strong>,<br />
mas aucileblad axlavs Tan konotacia.<br />
v. voloSinovi amtkicebda, rom denotaciasa da konotacias Soris<br />
mkveTri sazRvris gavleba SeuZlebelia, radgan saboloo mniSvneloba<br />
evoluciis gziT yalibdeba... mniSvnelobis gaazreba xdeba mxolod<br />
Rirebulebebze msjelobis Sedegad. (Voloshinov 1973, 105).<br />
amave mosazrebas amyarebs sxva mecnierebis gancxadebebic, romelTa<br />
mixedviTac versad SexvdebiT raime movlenis an sagnis neitralur,<br />
obieqtur aRweras an daxasiaTebas, romelic Tavisufali SeiZleba iyos<br />
SefasebiTi elementebisagan. (Mick&Politi 1989, 85).<br />
43
semiotikosebis umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom rogorc denotacia, aseve<br />
konotacia gulisxmobs kodebis gamoyenebas, magram denotacia ufro<br />
farTo konsensuss moiTxovs.<br />
maSin, roca niSnis denota<strong>ciuri</strong> mniSvneloba gaziarebuli da<br />
aRiarebuli unda iyos nebismieri kulturis wevrebis mier,<br />
gansxvavebuli an araswori konotaciebic ki dasaSvebad miaCniaT da amis<br />
gamo aravis kicxaven. aqedan gamomdinare, bernaris azriT, niSnis mier<br />
aRZruli konota<strong>ciuri</strong> mniSvnelobebis CamonaTvali srulyofili<br />
arasodes SeiZleba iyos. (Barnard 1996, 83).<br />
Tumca arsebobs safrTxe imisa, rom konotacias mxolod<br />
`individualuri subieqturobis~ daxasiaTeba mieniWos. sinamdvileSi<br />
konotaciebi mxolod erTi individis mxridan aRqmul `personalur~<br />
mniSvnelobas ar gulisxmoben. aqedan gamomdinare silvermani acxadebs,<br />
rom konotaciebis gansazRvra xdeba im kodebis meSveobiT, romlebzec<br />
adamians xeli miuwvdeba. kulturuli kodebi ayalibeben konotaciur<br />
CarCos, romlis Semadgeneli TiToeuli erTeuli simbolikuri<br />
atributebis mixedviT lagdeba. (Silverman 1983, 36).<br />
konotaciebis garkveuli nawili farTodaa aRiarebuli konkretul<br />
kulturaTa mier. magaliTad, dasavluri kulturis nebismieri<br />
zrdasruli warmomadgenlisaTvis manqana mowifulobis an Tavisuflebis<br />
konotaciis matarebelia.<br />
niSnis cneba, mis denotaciur da konotaciur mniSvnelobebTan<br />
erTad, gauyofelia miTisagan. barTi amtkicebs, rom mniSvnelobebis<br />
miniWebis Tanmimdevroba, romelsac denotaciasa da konotacias vuwodebT,<br />
erTiandebian miTuri ideologiis Seqmnis saerTo mizniT. mecnierisaTvis<br />
miTs ganapirobebs misi mizani, igi axdens istoriis transformirebas<br />
bunebaSi. misi saSualebiT xdeba niSnebisa da kodebis Camoyalibeba,<br />
romlebic Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofen miTebis SenarCunebasa da<br />
damkvidrebas. (Barthes 1974, 200)<br />
Cveulebriv, miTi asocirdebazRaprebTan, romlebic mogviTxroben<br />
RmerTebisa da mamaci gmirebis sagmiro saqmeebze. termini `miTis~<br />
44
gamoyenebisas aseve xSirad igulisxmeba yalbi, cru mosazrebebi da<br />
Sexedulebebic.<br />
magram semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT mas igive Sinaarsi rodi aqvs.<br />
miTebi warmoadgenen Cveni drois ideologiebis warmmarTvel iaraRebs.<br />
mecnierTa erTi jgufi miTebs ganixilavs rogorc metaforas<br />
gafarToebuli mniSvnelobiT. maTi azriT, miTebi emsaxurebian kulturis<br />
wiaRSi mimdinare movlenebis konceptualizaciis gzebis Camoyalibebas.~<br />
(Lakoff&Johnson 1980, 185).<br />
barTisaTvis miTebis funqcia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom kulturisa da<br />
istoriis sakvanZo Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi da ganwyobilebebi ise<br />
warmoaCinon, rom TiTqos maT bunebrivi, Cveulebrivi, samaradiso Sinaarsi<br />
aqvT. barTi miTs ganixilavda rogorc `iaraRs burJuaziis ideologiuri<br />
interesebis samsaxurSi.~ (Barthes 1974, 206).<br />
j. lakofi da m. jonsoni gvTavazoben obieqturobis miTis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis monaxazs, romelic gabatonebulia dasavlur<br />
kulturaSi. maTi mosazrebiT es aris miTi, romelic Tavis TavSi<br />
gulisxmobs simarTles, racionalurobas, samarTlianobas, sizustesa da<br />
miukerZoeblobas. es yvelaferi ki aisaxeba Jurnalistikis, mecnierebis,<br />
kanonmdeblobis , moralis, biznesis, ekonomikisa Tu mTavrobis<br />
diskursSi. (Lakoff&Johnson 1980, 188-9).<br />
miTebi, SesaZloa, mogvevlinon rogorc niSnebisa da kodebis<br />
ideologiuri funqciis SemniRbavi saSualebebi. amgvari miTebis siZliere<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom maTi miReba upirobod, yoymanis gareSe xdeba;<br />
isini ar saWiroeben arc gaSifvras da arc interpretirebas.<br />
kulturis miTebis semiotikuri analizi cdilobs, Seiswavlos is<br />
gzebi, romelTa meSveobiTac popularul teqstebsa da JanrebSi kodebis<br />
muSaoba warimarTeba. am procesSi misi mizania imis gamovlena, Tu rogor<br />
xdeba zogierTi konkretuli faseulobis, damokidebulebisa da<br />
mosazrebis damkvidrebisaTvis xelSewyoba, xolo sxvaTa ugulebelyofa<br />
da Seviwroeba.<br />
bigneli SiSobda, rom amgvari kulturuli saxis farisevlobis<br />
mxileba arc ise ioli saqmea, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom semiotikosic<br />
45
igive kulturis produqtia, xolo romelime kulturis wevroba ki misi<br />
dominanturi ideebis upirobo gaTavisebasac gulisxmobs, (Bignell 2003, 78)<br />
amitom, rodesac sakuTari kulturis am xerxebiT gaanalizebas vkidebT<br />
xels, unda vecadoT rom Zalze frTxili da rac mTavaria, saRi<br />
damokidebuleba gamoviCinoT sakuTar faseulobebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
rac Seexeba beWdviT medias, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom niusebSi<br />
nagulisxmev mniSvnelobebs konotaciebi formas aZleven da erTgvarad<br />
`Zerwaven~ kidec. maTi aRqma SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac isini<br />
warmodgenili arian mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebi niSnebis kodirebuli<br />
sistemis meSveobiT.<br />
ase rom kodebs socialuri ganzomileba gaaCniaT, isini warmoadgenen<br />
niSnebis gamoyenebis gzebs, im niSnebisa, romlebic met-naklebad<br />
cnobilia sazogadoebis jgufebisaTvis. maSin, roca zogierTi kodi<br />
mxolod gazeTisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, sxva kodebs bevrad ufro<br />
farTo gamoyeneba aqvT.<br />
mas-mediasa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi yvelaze gavrcelebul<br />
kods narativi warmoadgens. niusebi gazeTebSi warmodgenilia ambebis,<br />
istoriebis saxiT; es ukanasknelni ki gvevlinebian rogorc `narativebi~<br />
xalxis, sagnebisa da movlenebis Sesaxeb. is Tu rogor xdeba naratiuli<br />
kodis gamoyenebiT narativis (Txrobis) warmarTva aranakleb<br />
mniSvnelovania, vidre am narativiT gadmocemuli niusis mxolod<br />
Sinaarsi.<br />
gazeTisaTvis ufro damaxasiaTebel specifikur kods fotosuraTebi<br />
warmoadgenen, romlebic aqtualobisa da TvalsaCinoebis,<br />
mtkicebulebebis konotaciis matarebelni arian.<br />
aranakleb sayuradReboa isic, Tu rogori urTierToba myardeba<br />
gazeTis furclebze warmodgenil lingvistur, vizualur da grafikul<br />
niSnebs Soris. TiToeuli am niSanTagani da maTSi kodirebuli<br />
konotaciebi emsaxurebian konkretuli niusis SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli<br />
miTuri mniSvnelobis damkvidrebas. miTuri mniSvnelobis ideologiuri<br />
funqciaa mniSvnelobis ideologiasTan dakavSireba. amitom, saWiroa,<br />
46
ganvixiloT niusis, rogorc komunikaciis gzebis specifikuri nakrebis<br />
ideologiuri statusi.<br />
gvauwyeben ra romelime movlenis Sesaxeb, magram gverds uvlian<br />
sxvebs, amiT gazeTebi da axali ambebis sxva media-saSualebebi TviTon<br />
qmnian imas, rac SeiZleba niusad miviCnioT. aqedan gamomdinare, niusis<br />
diskursi aris gare samyaros ideologiis gamovlineba, radgan igi Tavad<br />
arCevs, risi Setyobinebaa saWiro da raze unda gamaxvildes yuradReba.<br />
gazeTebis semiotikuri analizi moiTxovs imis gaTvaliswinebasac, Tu<br />
rogori tipis gzavnilebis gadmocema xdeba niusis diskursis kodebis<br />
meSveobiT; aseve sayuradReboa is konteqstebic, romelTa farglebSic<br />
xdeba am gzavnilebis Seqmna mediis profesionalTa mier da Semdeg maTi<br />
dekodireba mkiTxvelebis mier. rac mTavaria, seriozuli yuradReba unda<br />
mivaniWoT niusis diskursis ideologiur mniSvnelobas.<br />
da mainc gverds ver avuvliT kiTxvas: `ra aris is `realuri<br />
sinamdvile~ romlis gagebasac mas-mediis saSualebebiT vcdilobT~<br />
TviT filosofiuri realizmis warmomadgenlebic ki eTanxmebian im<br />
mosazrebas, rom samyaros Sesaxeb Cveni warmodgenebisa da codnis didi<br />
wili iribi xasiaTisaa. Cven ise vRebulobT sagnebsa da movlenebs,<br />
rogori saxiTac maT media da teqnologiebi warmoaCenen. Candleri<br />
gvafrTxilebs, rom vinaidan miRebuli gamosaxulebebi verasodes iqnebian<br />
imis zusti aslebi, ris Sesaxebac gviamboben, amitom isini ver iqnebian<br />
neitralurni da gamWvirvaleni, praqtikulad isini Tavad arian<br />
`realobis~ Semqmnelni, (Chandler).<br />
j. batlers ainteresebs, Tu ra aris is, rac realobas bundovanebis<br />
saburvels qveS amyofebs! (Butler 1999, 19). swored semiotika gvexmareba<br />
imaSi, rom es saburveli avxadoT WeSmaritebas, erTmniSvnelovnad,<br />
upirobod ar miviRoT reprezentaciebi, ar miviCnioT isini, rogorc<br />
`realobis anarekli~. igi saSualebas gvaZlevs, davakvirdeT da mivxvdeT,<br />
vis `simarTles~ gvTavazoben reprezentaciebi.<br />
saintereso mosazrebis avtoria d. slesi, romelic ar amtkicebs, rom<br />
samyaro mxolod niSnebis an teqstebis saxiT arsebobs, arc imas ambobs,<br />
rom niSnebis gareSe veraferi iarsebebda. magram mtkiced aris<br />
47
darwmunebuli imaSi, rom niSnebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda raimes<br />
Secnoba. (Sless 1986, 156).<br />
niSnis sosiuriseuli modeli ar gulisxmobs mis pirdapir Sexebas<br />
garemomcvel realobasTan. mecniers miaCnda, rom samecniero<br />
disciplinaTa umetesobaSi `Seswavlis sagnebi~ winaswar arian mocemulni<br />
da damkvirveblis mosazrebebisagan damoukideblad arseboben. Tumca igi<br />
iqve miuTiTebda, rom amis sapirispirod, lingvistikaSi niSani<br />
warmoadgens mosazrebas, romelic Seqmnilia TviT sagnis mier. (Saussure<br />
1983, 8)<br />
am mosazrebas ar iziarebda j. staroki, romelic amtkicebda, rom<br />
sosiuris modelSi aRsaniSni (signified) warmoadgens mxolod gonebriv<br />
koncefcias, koncefciebi ki gonebaSi iqmneba da ara garemomcveli<br />
sagnebis mier. iseve rogorc aRsaniSni (signified), aRmniSvnelic (signifier)<br />
niSanTa sistemis Semadgeneli nawilebia, magram aRsaniSnis Camoyalibeba<br />
sazogadoebis wiaRSi xdeba, igi aris konkretuli kulturisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli `xedvis~ Wirveuli produqti. sosiuris mixedviT ki `enis<br />
wesebsa da kanonebs gansazRvravs ara garemomcveli samyaro, aramed<br />
piriqiT, ena Tavad ayalibebs samyaros wesrigs. (Sturrock 1986, 17).<br />
sosiuris modelis sapirispirod, niSnis pirsiseuli modeli<br />
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs referents _ niSnis miRma arsebul<br />
im materialur an aramaterialur realobas, romelzec niSani miuTiTebs.<br />
pirsi logikas daesesxa pirobiTobis, `modalurobis~ cnebas, raTa<br />
ganemarta niSnis WeSmariti Rirebuleba da mogvca modalurobis sami<br />
tipi: realuroba, logikuri aucilebloba da hipoTeturi SesaZlebloba.<br />
TeoretikosebisaTvis, romlebic filosofiur idealizms emxrobian<br />
da miiCneven, rom realoba wminda wylis subieqturi cnebaa da yalibdeba<br />
Cvens mier niSnebis gamoyenebis meSveobiT, sosiuris modeli<br />
absoluturad misaRebia. maT mier sosiuris modeli aRwerilia, rogorc<br />
`idealisturi~ (Guller 1985, 117).<br />
isini, ki vinc filosofiuri realizmis mimdevrebi arian da<br />
aRiareben, rom obieqturi realoba Cvengan damoukideblad da Cvens gareT<br />
arsebobs, ar eTanxmebian zemoT naxseneb mosazrebas. isini miiCneven, rom<br />
48
marTalia, realobis aRqma SeiZleba damaxinjdes Cvens mier gamoyenebuli<br />
mediis zegavleniT, magram media, TavisTavad, realobis CamoyalibebaSi<br />
veranair gavlenas ver axdens.<br />
WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb socialuri semiotikis Teoriac ki uZluria,<br />
daamtkicos warmodgenili realobis absoluturi WeSmariteba. mas<br />
mxolod imis Cveneba SeuZlia, Tu rogor aris mocemuli `Teoria~<br />
(vizualuri Tu verbaluri) warmodgenili _ rogorc namdvili Tu yalbi.<br />
socialuri semiotikis TvalTaxedviT, WeSmariteba semiozisis nayofia da<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, es aris konkretuli socialuri jgufis mier<br />
WeSmaritebad miCneuli mosazreba, romelic emyareba mxolod am<br />
socialuri jgufis faseulobebsa da poziciebs. (Kress and van Leeuwen 1996,<br />
159).<br />
am TvalTaxedviT Tu mivudgebiT, realobas hyavs avtorebi da aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, praqtikaSi arseboben bevri `realobebi~ da ara mxolod<br />
erTi, WeSmariti, obieqturi realoba. Tumca konstruqtivistebis<br />
mtkicebiT, realobebis ricxvi ar SeiZleba iyos usasrulo da TiToeul<br />
individze damokidebuli, (rogorc amas subieqtivistebi miiCneven). maTi<br />
azriT, realobebi erTmaneTTan WidilSi arian, xolo teqstobrivi<br />
reprezentaciebi swored am brZolis suraTebs asaxaven.<br />
marTlac, is Tu ramdenad `WeSmaritad~ miviCnevT teqsts, nawilobriv,<br />
damokidebulia masSi monawile mediumze. magaliTad weras (presas)<br />
SedarebiT naklebi pirobiToba (modality) axasiaTebs, vidre kinosa da<br />
televizias. Tumca, mas-mediis saSualebebis pirobiTobis mkacri<br />
rangireba SeuZlebelia.<br />
realobis konstruirebis procesSi uzarmazar mniSvnelobas iZenen<br />
aRqmisaTvis saWiro kodebi. umberto ekos mtkicebiT, SesaZlebelia<br />
xatovanma aRmniSvnelma upiratesobac ki moipovos aRsaniSnTan<br />
mimarTebaSi: u.ekosaTvis adresatis mier niSnis gacnobis procesSi, niSani<br />
ufro da ufro met pirobiTobas iZens. misi azriT, garkveul etapze<br />
xatovani gamoxatuleba ufro meti simarTlis matareblad gveCveneba,<br />
vidre es realobaSia nagulisxmevi da admianebi iwyeben movlenebis<br />
Wvretas xatovani pirobiTi niSnebis prizmaSi. (Eco 1976, 204-5).<br />
49
yvelaze `realisturi~ mediis saxeobebad miCneulia fotografiuli<br />
gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi, gansakuTrebiT kino da televizia. jeims<br />
monako miiCnevs, rom `filmebSi aRsaniSni da aRmniSvneli TiTqmis<br />
identuria. enis sistemebis Zlevamosileba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom maTSi<br />
aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris uzarmazari sxvaobaa; filmis Zala ki,<br />
piriqiT, swored isaa, rom masSi es gansxvaveba ar arsebobs~ (Monako 1981,<br />
127-8).<br />
presisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic ZiriTadad simbolur niSnebs<br />
eyrdnoba, kinoSi, televiziasa da fotografiaSi naklebad SesamCnevia<br />
aSkara sxvaoba aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris. es ki am ukanasknelT<br />
aZlevs WeSmariti realobis amsaxveli mediis reputacias. magram,<br />
sinamdvileSi, fotografia Tavisi obieqtis reproduqcia ki ar aris,<br />
aramed igi gvaCvenebs obieqtis mxolod nawils, avtoris mier sakuTari<br />
mosazrebis mixedviT SerCeul mis erT monakveTs. (Burgin 1982, 61).<br />
kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rom fotografia an kino movlenis mxolod<br />
Canawers ki ar akeTeben, aramed gvTavazoben movlenis SesaZlebeli<br />
warmosaxvis uasasrulo raodenobas. rogori `realisturic~ ar unda<br />
iyos, nebismieri saxis media-teqsti ar unda aRviqvaT, rogorc realobis<br />
martivi Canaweri an reproduqcia; isini ZiriTadad gvevlinebian rogorc<br />
gamoxatulebebi (representations).<br />
kinos Teoretikosi rodoviki miiCnevs, rom kino-aparati yovelTvis<br />
SerCeviT moqmedebs, filtravs da gardaqmnis im suraTebs, romlebic<br />
samuSao, e.w. `Sav~ masalaSia mocemuli. (Rodowick 1994, 77).<br />
sxvadasxva Janrebi, imis miuxedavad, Tu rogor arian isini<br />
klasificirebulni _ mediumis (magaliTad, presa, kino, televizia,<br />
mxatvroba) Tu kontentis (Sinaarsis) mixedviT (magaliTad, niusi,<br />
vesterni, samecniero fantastika), amkvidreben pirobiTobis aRmniSvneli<br />
markerebis sistemebs da zogad Rirebulebebs, romlebic safuZvlad edeba<br />
TiToeul Janrs. es Zireuli sakiTxebi SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos<br />
sxvadasxva tipis mkiTxvelis, mayureblisa Tu teqstisaTvis. (Hodge&Kress<br />
1988, 142).<br />
50
eprezentaciis `realisturad~ miCneuli stilebi esTetikur kods<br />
ireklaven. droTa manZilze, mediumisa da Janris SigniT xdeba garkveuli<br />
SemoqmedebiTi meTodebis damkvidreba. adamianebi TandaTanobiT kontents<br />
ise aRiqvamen, rogorc `realobis anarekls.~ televiziasa da kinoSi e.w.<br />
`uCinari montaJis~ gamoyeneba TavisaTavad gulisxmobs winaswar<br />
damkvidrebuli SeTanxmebebis mTel sistemas, romelsac mayurebeli ukve<br />
miaCvies da amitom es bunebrivadac eCvenebaT.<br />
`realistur~ teqstebSi wina planzea Sinaarsi, xolo Semdeg modis<br />
produqciis `forma~ da stili. mediumsa da kodebs nakleb yuradRebas<br />
aqceven, teqstis Semqmnelebi fardis miRma dganan. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
gveCveneba, rom simarTle, realoba damoukideblad arsebobs, igi win<br />
uswrebs reprezentacias da Tavad gvamcnobs sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb.<br />
rogorc amboben, Cndeba WeSmaritebis auris gancda.<br />
amave dros, enis mediumi transparantulobis iluzias iZens: misi es<br />
Tviseba TiTqos abrmavebs mis momxmareblebs, romlebic ver amCneven,<br />
rogori roli akisria mediums adamianebis moRvaweobaSi. `realisturi~<br />
teqstebi miiswrafvian gaakeTon zusti imitireba imisa, rasac isini<br />
gamoxataven da xSirad virtualurad identurebic ki xdebian. magram<br />
wminda verbaluri saxis aRmniSvnelebi ar SeiZleba miviRoT rogorc maTi<br />
realuri bunebis gamoxatulebebi.<br />
maSin, roca SedarebiT iolia, rom sityvebi miviCnioT rogorc<br />
dadgenili simboloebi, gacilebiT rTul saqmes warmoadgens amovicnoT<br />
gamosaxulebis, xatis (image) pirobiToba, radgan isini Zalian hgvanan maT<br />
aRmniSvnelebs.<br />
gansxvavebebs aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris fundamenturi<br />
mniSvneloba gaaCniaT. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac aRmniSvnels miiCneven<br />
rogorc uzomod `realisturs~, (magaliTad, kinosa da fotografiis<br />
SemTxvevebSi), maSin iolad SeiZleba movtyuvdeT da isini maTi aRsaniSnis<br />
identuradac ki aRviqvaT.<br />
erT-erT yvelaze realistur mediumTan – mxatvrobasTan SedarebiTac<br />
ki, fotosuraTebi yvelaze naklebad gveCveneba adamianis Carevis Sedegad<br />
miRebul produqtad. miuxedavad amisa, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi Cven<br />
51
swored amgvari gziT vudgebiT aRmniSvnelis pirobiTi xasiaTis yovel<br />
gamovlinebas. marTlac, realisturi an dokumenturi filmis narativs,<br />
iseve, rogorc televizias, xSirad uwodeben `samyaros fanjaras~ da<br />
gvajereben, rom kamera arasodes tyuis.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, rodesac movlenebis mediacia Jurnalisturi<br />
kamerebis meSveobiT xdeba, Cven xSirad gviCndeba survili, rom<br />
warmodgenili TvalsaCinoeba mxolod sakuTari TvaliT danaxuli<br />
kuTxiT aRviqvaT. nebismieri mediumis mier warmodgenili yvelaze<br />
`realisturi~ reprezentaciebic ki adamianis pirovnul poziciasa da<br />
TvalTaxedvas gulisxmobs.<br />
davubrundeT kvlav presas da ganvixiloT, rogor iqmneba sagazeTo<br />
niusi da ra ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi gaaCnia mas gazeTebi iqmneba<br />
profesionalTa mier, romelTa movaleobaa gaecnon momxdar movlenebs da<br />
airCion is, romelic SemdgomSi niusis Temad gadaiqceva, xolo<br />
danarCenebs ki gverdi auaron. SerCevis es procesi sxvadasxva gazeTSi<br />
sxvadasxvagvarad mimdinareobs.<br />
`seriozuli~ gazeTebi ufro met yuradRebas uTmoben sakuTari<br />
qveynisa Tu ucxoeTis mniSvnelovan politikursa da ekonomikur<br />
movlenebs, `popularuli~ tabloidebi ki irCeven kriminalur an<br />
pirovnul, sensaciur istoriebs.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare naTelia, rom niusi ar warmoadgens myar<br />
kategorias, romelic bunebrivad Cndeba. SeuZlebelia misi an povna da an<br />
Segroveba. niusi gaxlavT produqti, romelic iqmneba am dargis<br />
profesionalTa fiqris, azrovnebis, weris da Semoqmedebis Sedegad. es<br />
yvelaferi ki erToblivad warmoadgens axali ambebis mesveurTa mier<br />
kargad Seswavlili qcevis kodebis nakrebs.<br />
niusebis arsisa da maTi Seqmnis procesis Sesaxeb es zogadi<br />
ganmartebebi saWiroeben ganmtkicebas. amis moxerxeba ki maSin SeiZleba,<br />
Tu ufro dawvrilebiT SeviswavliT, ra SeiZleba gaxdes niusis Tema da<br />
rogori saxis kodebis meSveobiT yalibdeba niusis dikursi; mxolod<br />
maSin SevZlebT gaviazroT, rogor axerxeben niusebis struqturebi misi<br />
52
Sinaarsis kodirebas, xolo SemdgomSi rogor xdeba am Sinaarsis aRqma<br />
mkiTxvelebis mier.<br />
yoveldRiurad msoflioSi uricxvi raodenobis movlena da faqti<br />
xdeba, romelTa Sesaxeb SeiZleba momzaddes sagazeTo masalebi, magram<br />
niusis diskursi mxolod SerCeul da Tanac SezRuduli raodenobis<br />
faqtebs gvawvdis, mxolod imaT, romlebsac mniSvnelovnad miiCneven<br />
gazeTis mesveurni. Tu presis sxvadasxva gamocemebs gadavavlebT Tvals,<br />
maSinve SevamCnevT, rom is, rasac Zalze mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs erTi<br />
romelime gazeTi, naklebad sayuradRebo SeiZleba iyos sxva<br />
gazeTisaTvis.<br />
SerCevis process ganapirobebs is kriteriumebi, romelnic ama Tu im<br />
faqtsa Tu movlenas `niusis~ Rirebulebas aniWeben da mas sxvebisagan<br />
gamoarCeven. galtungma da rugma (1973) Camoayalibes da daaxasiaTes is<br />
kriteriumebi, romlebsac Jurnalistebi da readqtorebi xSirad<br />
qveSecneuladac ki iyeneben movlenaTa gadarCevis da maTTvis sxvadasxva<br />
saxis Rirebulebis miniWebis procesSi.<br />
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es kriteriumebi ayalibeben im kodebs,<br />
romlebic saerToa niusebis SemqmnelebisaTvis da romelnic saSualebas<br />
aZleven maT, Seafason niusis mniSvnelobis xarisxi. am kriteriumebis<br />
mixedviT, movlenebi, romelTa gadmocema SesaZlebelia narativis<br />
meSveobiT, gadaiqceva beWdviTi mediis niusad. rac ufro met kriteriums<br />
akmayofilebs movlena, miT met Rirebulebas da fass iZens niusi.<br />
galtungisa da rugis mier Camoyalibebuli 12 kriteriumi, romelTa<br />
meSveobiTac xdeba niusis kodireba, dRemde ar kargaven aqtualobas:<br />
1. drois moculoba: mokle periodis movlenebi (magaliTad,<br />
konferencia garemos dabinZurebis sakiTxebze) ufro axlos dgas<br />
sagazeTo publikaciis yoveldRiur ritmTan da gazeTis furclebze misi<br />
moxvedra ufro savaraudoa, vidre igive TemasTan dakavSirebuli kvlevis<br />
xangrZlivi procesisa (magaliTad, garemos dabinZurebis droSi<br />
gawelili, mudmivi procesi)<br />
2. moulodneli dasawyisi: raime movleniT gamowveuli talRa an<br />
daZabulobis eskalacia aucileblad gadaiqceva niusis Temad.<br />
53
(magaliTad, avaria, romelSic bevri manqana erTdroulad moxvda, an<br />
gripis infeqciiT gardacvlilTa raodenobis zrda)<br />
3. araorazrovneba: SeiZleba movlenis Sinaarsi orazrovnebis<br />
matareblic iyos, magram misi interpretireba SesaZlebeli unda iyos<br />
niusis kodebis meSveobiT (magaliTad, dedofali moulodnelad ewvia<br />
hospitals, Tumca am vizitis mizezi ucnobia).<br />
4. misaxvedroba: savaraudo miTxvelisaTvis (magaliTad, movlena,<br />
romelsac adgili aqvs missave <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Si an masTan aris kavSirSi)<br />
5. Tanxvedroba: movlenis molodini (magaliTad areuloba fexburTis<br />
saertaSoriso matCze) an mkiTxvelis interesi raime movlenis mimarT<br />
(magaliTad samefo qorwili).<br />
6. moulodneloba: moulodnelad ganviTarebuli movlena (ministris<br />
gadadgoma, wyaldidoba da sxva)<br />
7. gangrZobiToba: gaunelebeli interesi im niusisadmi, romelic<br />
warsulSic aqtualuri iyo.<br />
8. kompozicia: gazeTi, romelic ar ganicdis masalebis naklebobas,<br />
uars ityvis naklebad saintereso niusze, maSin roca carieli adgilis<br />
Sesavsebad sxva gazeTi yvela tipis, saeWvo Rirebulebis masalasac<br />
gamoiyenebs.<br />
9. cnobebi elitaruli erebis Sesaxeb: niusebi, romlebic Seexeba<br />
msoflios wamyvan, mowinave erebs(aSS, ruseTi da sxva).<br />
10. cnobebi elitaruli pirovnebebis Sesaxeb: mniSvnelovan<br />
figurebTan dakavSirebuli niusebi (prezidentebi, dedofali,<br />
momRerlebi...)<br />
11. cnobebi pirovnebebze: procesis gasamartiveblad, im pirovnebis<br />
saxelis xseneba, romlebic raime movlenis niSnad, simbolodaa miCneuli.<br />
12. cnobebi raime uaryofiTis Sesaxeb: katastrofebi ufro xSirad<br />
xdeba niusebis Tema, vidre bednieri SemTxvevebi.<br />
niusebisaTvis Rirebulebis mimniWebeli kriteriumebis es<br />
CamonaTvali imaze migviTiTebs, rom garesamyaroSi movlenebi `niusebis~<br />
saxiT, damoukideblad ar arseboben. is, Tu ras SearCeven niusad<br />
gamosadeg movlenas, damokidebulia sagazeTo redaqciis yoveldRiur<br />
54
itmze da misi JurnalistebisTvis damkvidrebul, SeTanxmebul saerTo<br />
kodebze. axali ambebi damokidebulia niusebis institutebze da agreTve<br />
im miTur mkiTxvelze, romlis interesebic unda gaiTvaliswinon.<br />
niusebis kriteriumebi imasac gvaCveneben, rom miuxedavad niusebis<br />
Temebisadmi gansxvavebuli midgomebisa, maTSi mainc ikveTeba mudmivad<br />
arsebuli saerTo niSnebi, romlebic sul meordebian. ase rom,<br />
kriteriumebi SeiZleba miviCnioT rogorc kodebis sistema, romelsac,<br />
movlenisaTvis niusis statusis miniWebisas, Jurnalistebi Segnebulad,<br />
mizanmimarTulad an sulac gauazreblad, qvecnobierad iyeneben.<br />
am yvelafris Sedegi ki aris is, rom Jurnalisturi `obieqturoba~<br />
niusis diskursis miTur Sinaarss warmoadgens, romelic iqmneba gazeTis<br />
profesional TanamSromelTa saqmianobis Sedegad. vinaidan Jurnalistebi<br />
niusebis narativisas iyeneben erTis mxriv zogadad dadgenil, meores<br />
mxriv ki maTi konkretuli gazeTisaTvis misaReb kriteriumebs, maSin maT<br />
mier SemoTavazebuli niusis diskursi ver iqneba niusis aRqmis<br />
neitraluri gza an faqtebis Sesaxeb warmodgenili obieqturi angariSi.<br />
glazgo media jgufis (Glasgow Media Group 1976, 1980, 1986) mier<br />
Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom niusebi iqmnebian da iZerwebian im<br />
komerciuli, ideologiuri da semiotikuri struqturebis meSveobiT,<br />
romlebze dayrdnobiTac SemdgomSi ama Tu im saxiT gvevlinebian.<br />
mTlianad Jurnalistebs ver davadanaSaulebT mikerZoebulobasa da<br />
gayalbebaSi, vinaidan maSin am braldebaSi unda vigulisxmoT, rom maTgan<br />
damoukideblad arsebobs e.w. `miukerZoebeli niusic.~<br />
magram, sinamdvileSi, niSnebis meSveobiT arasodes xdeba realobis<br />
obieqturi denotacia, isini yovelTvis Seicaven maTSi kodirebul<br />
konotaciebs, romlebic miTur sazogadoebriv mniSvnelobebs efuZnebian.<br />
es ukanaskneli ki gamyarebulia konkretuli ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT.<br />
ase rom niusebis kriteriumebi im kodebs warmoadgenen, romelTa<br />
meSveobiT SegviZlia SevamowmoT romelime gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli<br />
istoriebi da vnaxoT, romeli niusis Temas gaaCnia ufro meti<br />
Rirebuleba.<br />
55
Tumca Sefasebisas am kriteriumebis gamoyenebas erTi uxerxulobac<br />
axasiaTebs: isini cota rames Tu gvatyobineben im lingvistur da<br />
vizualur niSnebze, diskursul kodebze, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba<br />
niusebis mowodeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom kriteriumebi efuZneba<br />
Jurnalistebis mosazrebebs mkiTxvelTaTvis saintereso sakiTxebis<br />
Sesaxeb, isini mainc cota rames gvamcnoben imis Taobaze, Tu rogor<br />
aRiqvams mkiTxveli niusis Sinaarss.<br />
niusebis Temad Rirebuli ambebis warmodgenisas, gazeTebi iyeneben<br />
nacnob naratiul kodebs, romelTa konotaciebi mniSvnelovans rols<br />
asruleben niusebis mniSvnelobebis CamoyalibebaSi. marTalia,<br />
ganmartebis mixedviT, TiToeuli axali ambis Sinaarsi sxvebisagan<br />
gansxvavebuli unda iyos, magram Sinaarsi mniSvnelobas iZens im<br />
naratiuli kodebis meSveobiT, romlebic gansazRvraven, mwyobrSi mohyavT<br />
da ayalibeben Sinaarss.<br />
movlena niusis Rirebulebas iZens ara mxolod misi arsis mixedviT;<br />
aq meore aucilebeli garemoebacaa gasaTvaliswinebeli: misi gadmocema<br />
SesaZlebeli unda iyos arsebuli naratiuli kodis meSveobiT. ase, rom<br />
movlenebis SerCevis procesi niusebisaTvis SeuZlebelia ganvixiloT,<br />
rogorc neitraluri; mas verc upirveles rols ver mivaniWebT<br />
naratiuli kodis gamoyenebasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
niusis diskursis gacnobierebasa da imis garkvevasTan erTad, Tu<br />
rogor xdeba misi warmodgena konotaciebis meSveobiT, saWiroa yuradReba<br />
mivaqcioT kodebis im sistemasac, romelTac sxvadasxva gazeTebi iyeneben.<br />
gazeTebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian formatiT, fotoebiT, saTaurebiT.<br />
isini gansxvavdebian lingvisturi xerxebiTa da e.w. `saubris toniTac.~<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom arseboben zogadi miTuri mniSvnelobebi,<br />
romlebic saerToa niusis dikursisaTvis (magaliTad, niusi gulisxmobs<br />
siaxles, relevanturobas), mainc arseboben niusebis kodirebis<br />
gansxvavebuli lingvisturi da vizualuri niSnebi. es gansxvavebebi<br />
zegavlenas axdenen ara marto niusebis kontentis mniSvnelobaze, aramed<br />
zemoqmedeben im gzebzec, romelTa meSveobiTac mimdinareobs gazeTebis<br />
kiTxva.<br />
56
umberto ekos ekuTvnis provokaciuli fraza: `zogadad, semiotika<br />
aris disciplina, romelic Seiswavlis yvelafers, risi gamoyenebac<br />
SeiZleba tyuilis saTqmelad.~ (Eco 1976, 7).<br />
Tu am mosazrebas daveTanxmebiT, maSin kidev erTxel davrwmundebiT<br />
mas-mediis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi beWdviTi mediisadmi semiotikuri midgomebis<br />
Seswavlis aucileblobaSi, radgan igi gvexmareba imis gacnobierebaSi,<br />
rom realoba garkveuli saxis konstruqciaa, romlis ageba-<br />
CamoyalibebaSi Cven sakuTari roli gvaqvs moniWebuli. Tu SevZlebT, rom<br />
am rols Tavi warmatebiT gavarTvaT, maSin imasac movaxerxebT, rom<br />
WeSmaritebas zemoT naxsenebi bundovanebis SemniRbavi saburvelic<br />
SemovacaloT.<br />
57
2.3. sagazeTo biznesi da misi adgili JurnalistikaSi<br />
vinaidan sadisertacio naSromSi gakeTebuli semiotikuri analizi<br />
qarTuli da britanuli presidan moyvanil magaliTebs efuZneba, amitom<br />
saWirod miviCnieT zogadad gangvexila, ras niSnavs Jurnalistika da<br />
raSi mdgomareobs misi erT-erTi uZvelesi saxeobis _ sagazeTo biznesis<br />
arsi.<br />
Cvens mizans ar warmoadgenda da amitom arc gvaqvs imis pretenzia,<br />
rom am TvalsazrisiT raime saxis seriozuli kvleva CavatareT, magram,<br />
vfiqrobT, interess moklebuli ar iqneba Cvens mier mopovebuli zogadi<br />
informaciis gacnoba.<br />
erT-erTi ganmartebis mixedviT, Jurnalistika aris kulturis<br />
dialogi sakuTar TavTan. dialogi, romelic erTianad warmoaCens<br />
kulturis saxes, ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs saubrebs danaSaulze,<br />
politikasa Tu msoflio movlenebze, magram igi aseve aucileblad<br />
gulisxmobs saubrebs yoveldRiur cxovrebazec. am ukanasknelSi ki<br />
TavisTavad moiazreba Worebica da iumoric. es yvelaferi SeiZleba<br />
niusis Temebad gadaiqces. (The Missouri Group 2005, 6-7).<br />
The Missouri Group –Si gaerTianebuli amerikeli media-specialistebis<br />
jgufis mosazrebiT, niusebs ori ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSani<br />
gaaCniaT: pirveli isaa, rom yvela ambavi ver iqneba seriozuli,<br />
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis Sinaarsis matarebeli; meore niSani ki<br />
gulisxmobs, rom niusi gacilebiT mets niSnavs da meti datvirTvaca aqvs,<br />
vidre ubralod faqtebis krebuls.<br />
niusis gadmocema, Cveulebriv, ambebis, istoriebis moyolaa.<br />
mkvlevarebs miaCniaT, romBnarativi, humanuroba, ambis dramatulad<br />
gadmocema _ Jurnalistikis xelovnebaa. niusebisaTvis faqtebis<br />
Segrovebisas Jurnalistebi bevr iseTive teqnologias iyeneben, rogorsac<br />
sociologebi, politologebi an istorikosebi. magram am faqtebis<br />
yvelasaTvis gasagebi saxiT gadmocemisas, Jurnalistebi mwerlebisa da<br />
scenaristebis xerxebsa da gzebs mimarTaven. (The Missouri Group 2005, 6-7).<br />
mas-mediis saxeobebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis mixedviT, es<br />
kriteriumebi sxadasxvanair wonas iZenen da ambis moyolisadmic<br />
58
gansxvavebul midgomebs moiTxoven. magaliTad, Jurnal-gazeTebi radioteleviziasTan<br />
SedarebiT, ukeTes saSualebebs warmoadgenen imis<br />
dawvrilebiT asaxsnelad, Tu, magaliTad, rogori gavlena moaxdina ama<br />
Tu im movlenam, an ra mizezebma da ratom gamoiwvies konfliqti.<br />
mecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom, marTalia, adamianebis didi nawili<br />
siaxleebs umetesad televiziiT igebs, magram cota maTgani Tu<br />
imaxsovrebs ekranze nanaxs an mosmenils. ambis siRrmiseuli gacnobiereba<br />
gacilebiT ukeT xdeba beWdviTi mediis meSveobiT. magram, samagierod,<br />
gazeTebi ver Seejibrebian elqtronul medias siswrafis an emociurobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT.<br />
TiToeuli mediumis gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare,<br />
grZeli, dawvrilebiTi istoriis povnas Jurnal-gazeTebis furclebidan<br />
unda SeecadoT, magram Tu gsurT axlad momxdari ambis swrafad Setyoba,<br />
maSin radio-televizias an internets unda mimarToT.<br />
gazeTebi saSualebas gvaZleven, wavikiTxoT dawvrilebiTi<br />
informacia, magaliTad, qveynis biujetisa Tu kalaTburTis turniris<br />
Sesaxeb, magram imave Temaze momzadebuli satelevizio siuJetidan Tqven<br />
sakuTari TvaliT dainaxavT biujetis Sekvecis gamo umuSevrad darCenil<br />
adamianebs, sakuTari yuriT moismenT maT gasaWirs an ixilavT matCisas<br />
kalaTSi gadamwyveti burTis Cagdebis amaRelvebel moments. rac Seexeba<br />
sruliad axal dargs _ internet-Jurnalistikas, mas gaaCnia unikaluri<br />
SesaZlebloba, rom SeiTavsos erTis mxriv televiziis myiseuloba da<br />
meores mxriv, beWdviTi mediisTvis damaxasiaTebeli siRrmiseuli<br />
azrovnebis avtoriteti.<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciiT daculia is xuTi<br />
ufleba, romlebic amerikis Seqmnis saTaveSi mdgom mamebs demokratiis<br />
aucilebel pirobad miaCndaT. erT-erTi maTgania presis Tavisufleba.<br />
1830-ian wlebSi frangma mecnierma aleqsis de tokvilma (Alexis de<br />
Tocqueville) amerikaSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebs miuZRvna Tavisi<br />
cnobili klasikuri nawarmoebi `amerikuli demokratia~. igi gaocebas<br />
gamoTqvamda im uzarmazari rolis gamo, romelic qveyanaSi mimdinare<br />
procesebSi im periodis Jurnalistikis erTaderT warmomadgenels –<br />
59
presas ekisreboda. `Tu vityviT, rom presa mxolod Tavisuflebis<br />
garantia, es niSnavs, rom saTanadod ver vafasebT mis rols: presa<br />
civilizaciis ganviTarebis garants warmoadgens.~ - werda tokvili. (Alexis<br />
de Tocqueville 1831).<br />
mas Semdeg 2 saukuneze meti gavida. Jurnalistikis, rogorc<br />
Tavisuflebis garantisa da civilizaciis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobis<br />
rols sxvagvarad uyureben erTis mxriv isini, vinc qmnian niusebs, meores<br />
mxriv ki momxmareblebi, _ isini, visac maTi gacnoba surT. es<br />
damokidebuleba gansakuTrebiT gaamZafra amerikaSi 2001 wlis 11<br />
seqtembrs momxdarma teraqtma, rodesac erovnuli usafrTxoebis<br />
sakiTxebis gadasinjvam dRis wesrigSi daayena Zalze mniSvnelovani<br />
kiTxva: Tavisuflebis rogori dozaa dasaSvebi, raTa daculi iqnas<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebrivi usafrTxoeba<br />
Jurnalistikis mimarT sul ufro izrdeba sazogadoebrivi<br />
skepticizmic. ramdenad kargad arTmeven Tavs TavianT istoriul misias<br />
Tanamedrove Jurnalistebi _ am kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT rigiTi<br />
moqalaqeebis didi nawili kritikul damokidebulebas amJRavnebs.<br />
uaxloes warsulSi, aSS-Si “Pew Center for the People and the Press”- is mier<br />
Catarebulma gamokiTxvam cxadyo, rom respondentTa 78% axali ambebis<br />
medias mikerZoebulobaSi adanaSaulebs. aqedan gamokiTxulTa 42%-s<br />
yvelaze araobieqturad televizia miaCnia, 23% beWdviT medias asaxelebs,<br />
17% _ Jurnalebs, xolo 5% Tvlis, rom yvelaze tenden<strong>ciuri</strong> radioa.<br />
daaxloebiT 90%-is azriT, sensa<strong>ciuri</strong> ambebis umetesoba imitom ki ar<br />
xvdeba niusebis yuradRebis centrSi, rom isini seriozuli<br />
mniSvnelobisani arian, aramed imitom, rom `myvirala~ saxis niusebia da<br />
mosaxleobis yuradRebas iolad ipyroben.<br />
am gamokvlevebma isic dagvanaxa, rom gamokiTxulTa did nawils<br />
danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis aRkveTis mizniT presis mier politikosebis<br />
saqmianobiT daintereseba da maTTvis Tvalyuris devneba gamarTlebulad<br />
miaCnia. marTalia, bolo wlebSi Semcirda gazeTebis tiraJica da teleniusebis<br />
mayurebelTa raodenobac, magram gairkva, rom gamokiTxulTa 80%<br />
mainc uyurebs yoveldRiur axal ambebs da ecnoba presas.<br />
60
aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom Jurnalistebis saqmianobas<br />
moqalaqeebi Zalze mniSvnelovnad miiCneven, magram fiqroben, rom isini<br />
TavianT movaleobas srulyofilad ver asruleben. es suraTi metnaklebad<br />
damaxasiaTebelia rogorc amerikis, aseve britaneTisa Tu<br />
qarTuli media-saSualebebisaTvis.<br />
samwuxarod, aseTi masStaburi saxis kvlevebi saqarTveloSi bolo<br />
periodSi ar Catarebula, Tumca sxvadasxva institutisa Tu mediasaSualebis<br />
iniciativiT ewyoba mosaxleobis gamokiTxvebi, romlis<br />
mixedviTac presis mkiTxvelTa raodenoba TandaTanobiT Cvens qveyanaSic<br />
mcirdeba, Tumca ra keTdeba viTarebis gamosasworeblad, ucnobia.<br />
samagierod, Jurnalistikis daxvewisa da winsvlis saqmes did<br />
yuradRebas uTmoben amerikelebi. swored am mizans emsaxureba gasul<br />
aTwleulSi SemuSavebuli proeqti, romelic xorcieldeba asociacia<br />
`JurnalistTa komitetis~ mier (www.journalism.org).<br />
komitetis xelmZRvanelebma bil kovaCma da tom rozensteilma<br />
gamosces naSromi saxelwodebiT `Jurnalistikis elementebi~ ( Bill Kovach,<br />
Tom Rosenstiel, The Elements of Journalism,), romelSic amtkiceben, rom<br />
Jurnalistikis mizania, miawodon xalxs maTTvis saWiro informacia,<br />
romelic xelmisawvdomi unda iyos yvelasaTvis. am miznis misaRwevad<br />
wignis avtorebi 9 princips gvTavazoben:<br />
1. Jurnalistebis upirvelesi movaleobaa simarTlis dacva.<br />
2. erTguleba moqalaqeebisadmi.<br />
3. faqtebis gadamowmeba da dadastureba.<br />
4. maT mier aRwerili movlenebisagan sruli damoukideblobis<br />
SenarCuneba.<br />
5. Jurnalistika unda mogvevlinos rogorc xelisuflebaze<br />
miukerZoebeli damkvirvebeli.<br />
6. Jurnalistma sazogadoebrivi azris samsjavroze unda gamoitanos<br />
mtkivneuli sakiTxebi.<br />
7. igi unda iswrafvodes, rom mniSvnelovan movlenas saintereso da<br />
relevanturi saxe misces.<br />
8. mogvawodos niusebi amomwuravi da marTlzomieri saxiT.<br />
61
9. Jurnalistebs unda hqondeT ufleba, gamoavlinon sakuTari neba da<br />
imoqmedon sindisis Sesabamisad. (News reporting and Writing, 2005, 10-11 ).<br />
mizani, romliskenac JurnalistTa umravlesoba miiswrafvis,<br />
iSviaTad gadmoucia vinmes ise amomwuravad, rogorc es `The Washington<br />
Post~ -is reportiorma da redaqtorma bob vudvordma moaxerxa. rodesac<br />
igi sasamarTloSi gamodioda `vaSington postSi~ dabeWdili<br />
Jurnalisturi gamoZiebis dros momzadebuli masalis dasacavad,<br />
ganacxada, rom es masala aris simarTlis yvelaze xelmisawvdomi versia.<br />
b. vudvordis es fraza erTdroulad asaxavs cxovrebiseul realobas<br />
da Jurnalistikis moRvaweobisaTvis dawesebul limitebs.<br />
da kvlav gavimeorebT zemoT ukve naxseneb, sayovelTaod<br />
damkvidrebul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom filosofosTa da TeologTa<br />
mravalsaukunovani msjelobis miuxedavad, jer kidev ar dadgenila, raSi<br />
mdgomareobs WeSmaritebis arsi. amerikaSi, iseve rogorc britaneTsa da<br />
saqarTveloSi am sakiTxebze msjeloba gazeTis redaqtoris svetebsa da<br />
maT komentarebSi unda veZeboT. reportioris movaleobas ki mxolod<br />
faqtebis povna da maTi asaxva warmoadgens.<br />
magram saqme isaa, rom faqtebis moZieba xSirad arc ise iolia:<br />
xandaxan faqtebi gasaidumloebulia da xelmiuwvdomeli<br />
JurnalistTaTvis, xandaxan ki mopovebuli faqtebi bundovania,<br />
reportiorebi ganicdian drois simcires da mudmiv caitnotSi<br />
imyofebian, da ase Semdeg.<br />
rodesac arsebul realobas Tvals gadavavlebT, mivxvdebiT, rom<br />
simarTlis yvelaze xelmisawvdomi versiis xelSi Cagdeba didi<br />
gamowvevis winaSe ayenebs nebismier qveyanaSi moRvawe Jurnalists. magram<br />
rogor unda mixvdes igi, rom sasurvel mizans miaRwia amaze zust<br />
pasuxs veravin gagcemT. Tumca pasuxismgeblobis mqone yvela Tavmoyvare<br />
Jurnalistma TiToeuli masalis momzadebisas ori SekiTxva unda dausvas<br />
sakuTar Tavs: sworad gadmoveci problemas samarTlianad mivudeqi (<br />
News reporting and Writing, 2005, 15 ).<br />
damkvidrebuli SefasebiT, niusi komerciuli produqtia, romelic<br />
kontroldeba mogebaze orientirebuli korporaciebis mier. britaneTSi<br />
62
gamomavali 21 yoveldRiuri da sakvirao gazeTebidan 11-s mflobeli<br />
sul ori korporaciaa _ News International da Mirror Group. nius korporeiSenis<br />
mflobelobaSia The Times, The Sunday Times, The Sun, News of The World. mas<br />
gaaCnia seriozuli interesebi telesivrceSic. Mirror Group ki gankargavs:<br />
The Daily Mail, Mail on Sunday, Evening Standars, 20-mde sxva yoveldRiur sagazeTo<br />
gamocemebs da satelevizio kompaniebis 20%-s. News International da Mirror<br />
Group erTmaneTSi inawileben erovnuli sagazeTo bazris TiTqmis or<br />
mesameds. gazeTebis Semosavali, bunebrivia, maTi gayidvebis xarisxzea<br />
damokidebuli, saamiso garantiebs ki didi tiraJi uzrunvelyofs.<br />
britaneTis tiraJis biuros auditis monacemebiT, 2009 wels The Sun-is<br />
tiraJi Seadgenda 3, 624, 563; The Mirror - 2,113,705; Daily Mail-sa _ 2,441,398; The<br />
Daily Telegraph-sa _ 975,890; The Times-s _ 686,618; Financial Times –s _ 458,292;<br />
xolo The Guardian –is tiraJi Seadgenda 400,708 egzemplars.<br />
es cifrebi realurad gayiduli gazeTebis egzemplarebis<br />
raodenobas gamoxataven. magram 2009 wlis seqtemberSi rogorc<br />
seriozuli, aseve popularuli gazeTebis rekorduli gayidvebis<br />
maCvenebeli gazviadebuli iyo im aqciis gamo, romlis drosac 350 000<br />
egzemplari ufasod darigda transportis sxvadsxva saSualebebSi,<br />
gazeTebi fasdaklebiT iyideboda restornebsa da sastumroebSi.<br />
gatarebuli zomebis Sedegad gayidvebi SedarebiT stabiluri gaxda,<br />
magram zogadad, britaneTis, iseve rogorc sxva bevri qveynis presis<br />
bazari TandaTanobiT klebis tendenciebs amJRavnebs. amis mizezebad<br />
specialistebi televiziisa da internet-mediis mxridan gaCenil<br />
seriozul konkurencias asaxeleben, Tumca saqarTveloSi am mizezebs<br />
socialuri problemebic emateba: sul ufro mcirdeba mosaxleobis im<br />
nawilis raodenoba, romelsac xeli miuwvdeba gazeTebis SeZenaze.<br />
sabazro wnexis gamo igoneben axal sagazeTo formatebs, damatebiT<br />
gverdebs, awyoben prizebis gaTamaSebas.<br />
`mediabazris ganviTarebis erT-erTi umTavresi indikatori<br />
sareklamo bazari, misi gaxsniloba da konkurentulobaa. saqarTveloSi<br />
reklamis udidesi damkveTebi mobiluri kavSirgabmulobis kompaniebi<br />
arian, magram bolo dros damkvidrebuli tendenciis mixedviT, Tavad es<br />
63
kompaniebi sul ufro metad xdebian reklamebis gamavrceleblebi da<br />
tradiciuli sareklamo arxebis, _ gazeTebisa da radio-televiziis<br />
konkurentebi. gansakuTrebuli moTxovniT internet-reklama sargeblobs.~<br />
(revaz sayevariSvili `droni~, 17.03. 2011).<br />
amgvarma ekonomikurma faqtorebma arasasurveli zegavlena iqonies<br />
beWdviT mediaze da mis Sinaarsze. farToformatiani `seriozuli~<br />
gazeTebi TandaTan emsgavsebian masobrivi moTxovnebis mqone<br />
`popularul~ gazeTebs, romlebSic Semcirda pirvel gverdebze<br />
seriozuli movlenebis amsaxveli masalebi, samagierod gaizarda<br />
fotoebis raodenoba, gaCnda didi SriftiT awyobili myvirala saTaurebi<br />
da sareklamo gancxadebebi.<br />
bolo wlebSi britanul `seriozul~ gazeTebSi sul ufro did<br />
adgils ikaveben sportis gverdebi, agreTve `msubuqi Temebis~<br />
ganyofilebebi. es imitom xdeba, rom rac SeiZleba meti reklama<br />
moizidon. `seriozuli~ gazeTebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciuli<br />
mokrZalebuli stili TviTreklamam Secvala, romelsac winaT mxolod<br />
`popularul~ gazeTebSi naxavdiT. es gazrdilma konkurenciam da<br />
sagazeTo industriis Semosavlebis mkveTrma vardnam gamoiwvia.<br />
sul ramdenime Tvis win, msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze didi<br />
korporacia `News Corporation~ -i media-imperiis gafarToebas apirebda.<br />
magram dRes korporacias ara mxolod 12-miliardian grandiozul gegmaze<br />
uwevs uaris Tqma, aramed masStabur skandalSicaa gaxveuli.<br />
News Corporation-s mmarTvelebsa da Jurnalistebs brali aTasobiT<br />
adamianis, maT Soris 11 seqtembris teraqtis msxverplTa, gaerTianebuli<br />
samefos monarqis ojaxis wevrebisa da parlamentarebis telefonebSi<br />
aralegalurad SeRwevasa am gziT informaciis mopovebaSi edebaT. maT<br />
policielebisaTvis qrTamis gadaxdaSic adanaSauleben, radgan xSirad<br />
informacias swored am ukanasknelTa saSualebiT moipovebdnen.<br />
skandalma Jurnalistur eTikasa da regulirebaze kamaTi<br />
gaacxovela. tabloidebi eTikurobiT arc arasodes gamoirCeodnen, maT<br />
Soris `News of the World~-ic (NoW), _ News Corporation- is britanuli<br />
tabloidi, romelic skandalis mTavari monawile gaxda. Tumca,<br />
64
sensaciurobaze dafuZnebuli yviTeli presa Tavis meTodebs xalxis<br />
moTxovniT amarTlebs. magaliTad qarTuli tabloiduri gazeTi `praimtaimi~<br />
ase exmaureba britaneli kolegebis Tavs damtydar gasacdels:<br />
`pirveli SemTxveva ar aris, rodesac media masis interesis gamo<br />
isjeba. princesa dianas sikvdilis Semdegac bevri lanZRes tabloidebi,<br />
magram aba, ra maTi bralia, Tu xalxs `ledi disa~ da misi sayvarlis<br />
Tavgadasavlebi ainteresebda is avadsaxsenebeli fotoebic kargad<br />
gaiyida, romelzec mkvdari princesaa aRbeWdili.~ (praim-taimi, 2011, 25.07)<br />
Tumca Tavis SefasebebSi gacilebiT mkacria britanuli gamocema<br />
telegrafis Jurnalisti tobi hardeni, romelic gvamcnobs, rom Tu<br />
amerikeli Jurnalistebi TavianT profesias iuristebis da eqimebis<br />
profesias utoleben, britaneli Jurnalistebi sakuTar saqmianobad<br />
skandalebis amoqeqvas miiCneven. maTi meTodebi, telefonSi SeRweva,<br />
policiis mosyidva, wyaros argadamowmeba ukve didi xnis tradiciaa. (T.<br />
Harden, “Daily Telegraph” 2011, 21, 07) magram, misive TqmiT, swored tabloiduri<br />
kulturis damsaxurebaa, rom britaneTSi, romelic aSS-s mosaxleobis<br />
erTi mexuTedia, bevrad ufro meti gazeTi iyideba, vidre amerikaSi.<br />
britaneTSi merdokis korporaciaze Setevas mediis mzardi gavleniT<br />
xsnian. Tumca, varaudoben, rom `NoW”- s daxurva kompanias did zarals ar<br />
moutans, radgan misi wili kompaniaSi Zalian mcire, 1%-ze naklebia.<br />
mTlianad beWdviTi mediis wili kompaniaSi mxolod 13%-s Seadgens.<br />
miuxedavad beWdviTi mediis bazris Semcirebisa, merdokma Tavisi<br />
korporaciis warmatebis SenarCuneba SeZlo. maSin roca ukanasknel 10<br />
weliwadSi `New York Times”–is mogebis Rirebuleba 82%-iT Semcirda,<br />
merdokis organizaciebis fasebi mxolod 10-15%-iT daeca.<br />
sagazeTo industriis mesveurebs miaCniaT, rom mciretiraJiani<br />
sagazeTo gamocemebi ufro sicocxlisunariani gaxdeba, Tu mkiTxvelTa<br />
garkveuli jgufebi mimzidveli bazari iqneba reklamis SemomtanTaTvis.<br />
didi tiraJi gulisxmobs reklamebis mitanas momxmarebelTa<br />
gacilebiT farTo masebamde, Tumca irkveva, rom mcire, magram SeZlebul<br />
mkiTxvelTa jgufebi (magaliTad, biznesmenebi) sakmarisia sareklamo<br />
SemosavlebisaTvis. radgan gazeTi komerciuli produqtia, romelic<br />
65
Semosavals gayidvebidan iRebs, maSin gamodis, rom mkiTxvelTa<br />
msyidvelobiTi unarianobac aseve garkveuli tipis produqtia, romelic<br />
SeiZleba reklamebis mesveurebs SesTavazon.<br />
britanul presasTan SedarebiT, saqarTvelos sagazeTo industria,<br />
mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba Tavisi masStabebis mixedviT.<br />
dReisaTvis bazarze stabilurad gamomavali ramdenime gazeTia,<br />
esenia: `24 saaTi~, `kviris palitra~, `alia~, `praim-taimi~, `rezonansi~,<br />
`qronika~ da sxva. CvenTan jer-jerobiT ver SexvdebiT britanuli<br />
korporaciebis msgavs mZlavr gaerTianebebs, Tumca ukve gamoCndnen<br />
pirveli holdingebi.<br />
`media palitra~, romelsac gasul wels 15 weli Seusrulda,<br />
saqarTveloSi erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavri da didi sagamomcemlo saxlia,<br />
romelic 4 gazeTsa da 15-mde Jurnals uSvebs. `media-palitraSi~ Sedis,<br />
agreTve, gamomcemloba `palitra~, wignis maRaziaTa qseli `biblusi~,<br />
radio `palitra~ da sainformacio saagento `interpresniusi~.<br />
aranakleb sainteresoa `alia-holdingi~, romelic or gazeTs<br />
`aliasa~ (1995-dan) da yovelkvireul `qronikas~ (2001-dan) uSvebs.<br />
media-korporacia `asaval-dasavali~ daarsebulia 1992 wels; gazeTi<br />
`rezonansi~, romelic mravali welia stabilurad inarCunebs arCeul<br />
seriozul saxes da Sesabamisad, mkiTxvelsac; gazeTi `droni~, romelic<br />
1990-2001 wlebSi gamodioda da 2011 wels, ramdenimewliani pauzis Semdeg<br />
kvlav moevlina mkiTxvelebs.<br />
Tanamedrove qarTuli beWdviTi mediis warmomadgenelTa umravlesoba<br />
Tavs seriozul gazeTad miiCnevs, Tumca 2 wlis win gamoCnda<br />
oficialurad yviTel presad aRiarebuli `praim-taimic~.<br />
TiToeuli gazeTi acxadebs, rom igi sazogadoebas mudmivad<br />
sTavazobs siaxleebs da zrunavs, rom yvela nomeri obieqturi da<br />
miukerZoebeli iyos. ramdenad Seesabameba Cveni presis muSaoba am<br />
gancxadebas, es media-specialistebma unda Seafason. Tumca erTi ki<br />
faqtia, yvela erTxmad aRiarebs, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli mediasaSualebebidan<br />
presa yvelaze meti TavisuflebiT gamoirCeva.<br />
66
qarTuli damoukidebeli mediis istoria gasuli saukunis 90-iani<br />
wlebidan, sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg iwyeba, amitom gasagebia,<br />
rom adgilobrivi beWdviTi media Ziebis procesSia. misi erTguli<br />
mkiTxvelebi, ZiriTadad, saSualo da ufrosi asakis adamianebi arian.<br />
axalgazrdebi sul ufro nakleb interess iCenen presis mimarT, radgan<br />
isini, iseve rogorc nebismieri maTi ucxoeli Tanatoli e.w. `kompiuteris<br />
Taobas~ miekuTvnebian.<br />
vinaidan es tendencia mTel msoflioSi SeiniSneba, amerikaSi<br />
Caatares kvleva, romelSic gazeTebis mkiTxvelebs usvamdnen SekiTxvas,<br />
Tu ratom kiTxuloben presas. ai, ramdenime pasuxi, romelic<br />
ganazogadebs saerTo Sedegs: `Cemi gazeTi sando megobaria, romelic<br />
SemiZlia nebismier, CemTvis sasurvel da mosaxerxebel situaciasa da<br />
dros wavikiTxo~. `Cems dilas yovelTvis gazeTis kiTxviT viwyeb, es Cemi<br />
yoveldRiuri moTxovnileba da Cvevaa.~ `gazeTebSi analitikur masalebs<br />
vkiTxulob. amis saSualebas televizia ar iZleva.~<br />
(www.newspapermedia.com).<br />
erT-erTi ganmartebiT, gazeTi warmoadgens dagegmil, ganrigiT<br />
gamomaval beWdur publikacias, romelic aerTianebs mimdinare movlenebis<br />
amsaxvel axal ambebs, informaciuli xasiaTis statiebs, sxvadasxva<br />
mravalferovan werilebsa da reklamebs. `2007 wlisTvis msoflioSi 6 580<br />
yoveldRiuri gazeTi gamodioda, romelTa saerTo tiraJi 395 milions<br />
Seadgenda. 2008 wlis recesiis Sedegad, romelsac internet-saSualebebis<br />
swrafi zrda da maTgan gamowveuli konkurenciac daemata, daiwyo<br />
reklamebisa da gasaRebis mkveTri Semcireba. amas ki Sedegad mohyva<br />
gazeTebis daxurva an tiraJis Sekveca.~<br />
gazeTis Seqmna, romelic saTaves meTxuTmete saukunidan iRebs, erTerTi<br />
mniSvnelovani furcelia kacobriobis istoriaSi. jer kidev<br />
renesansis periodis evropaSi gamoCnda axali ambebis pirveli xelnaweri<br />
furclebi, romelzec xeli mxolod vaWrebs miuwvdebodaT. es iyo<br />
informacia yvelaferze _ omebiTa da ekonomikiT dawyebuli da<br />
sxvadasxva WorebiT damTavrebuli. nabeWdi saxiT Tanamedrove gazeTis<br />
67
pirveli winapari germaniaSi gamoCnda, xolo namdvili gazeTi inglisur<br />
enaze 1666 wels daibeWda saxelwodebiT `the London Gazette~.<br />
mas Semdeg dRemde Jurnalistikis istorias bevri ram axsovs:<br />
herstisa da puliceris periodi, romelTac dasabami misces Tanamedrove<br />
Jurnalistikas, yviTeli presis gaCena, mecxramete saukunis miwurulis<br />
konkurencia, romelmac gamoiwvia damoukidebeli gazeTebis did, mZlavr<br />
gaerTianebebSi Tavmoyra. mxolod 1910 wlisaTvis aRmocenda Tanamedrove<br />
presisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aucilebeli niSnebi.<br />
`CemTvis rom ekiTxaT, romeli sjobs _ gvyavdes mTavroba, magram ar<br />
gvqondes gazeTebi, Tu piriqiT, _ gvqondes gazeTebi mTavrobis gareSe,<br />
uyoymanod avirCevdi gazeTebs.~ (T. jefersoni, 1787) j. vaSingtonis<br />
SefasebiT, gazeTebi xalxis Tavisuflebis simboloa, saSualeba,<br />
romelic xels uwyobs warmoebis ganviTarebas da momavalSi kidev ufro<br />
ganaTlebuli, damoukideblad moazrovne adamianis Camoyalibebas.<br />
(j.vaSingtono, 1789)<br />
am sityvebis avtorebi udides mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen presis rols,<br />
romelic imdroindeli Jurnalistikis `pirveli mercxali~ iyo. marTalia,<br />
dRes arsebuli konkurenciis gamo beWdviTi media gamocdis winaSe dgas,<br />
magram esec kanonzomieria. saukuneebis manZilze, presam araerTxel<br />
icvala saxe, igi mudam cdilobda, gaeZlo gamowvevebisaTvis da<br />
droisaTvis aewyo fexi.<br />
Cven imeds vitovebT, rom miuxedavad dRes arsebuli viTarebisa,<br />
gazeTebi mainc moaxerxeben arsebobis gagrZelebas da sakuTari adgilis<br />
myarad damkvidrebas axal realobaSi. es asec unda moxdes, vinaidan<br />
presa, rogorc industria, romelic Tavad qmnis gazeTebsa da<br />
mkiTxvelebs, Seadgens samomxmareblo kulturis ganuyofel nawils,<br />
xolo ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis moTxovnilebas informaciaze mxolod<br />
elqtronuli mediis mauwyebloba ver daakmayofilebs.<br />
68
me-2 Tavis daskvna<br />
1. mediaSi mimdinare rTul procesebSi garkvevisaTvis Zalze<br />
mniSvnelovania maTi semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT ganxilva, vinaidan<br />
mediiT nagulisxmevi mniSvnelobebi niSnebis meSveobiT gadmoicema,<br />
xolo semiotika ki swored niSnebis moqmedebiTaa dainteresebuli<br />
2. mediis umravlesobisTvis ena warmoadgens komunikaciis umTavres<br />
gzas an rogorc komunikaciis sxva saxeobis mediisaTvis damxmare,<br />
xelSemwyob saSualebas.<br />
3. ar arsebobs mediis Seswavlis erTi romelime srulyofili<br />
analitikuri meTodi, radgan gansaxilveli obieqtisa da sakiTxis<br />
Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, arsebobs gansxvavebuli Teoriuli<br />
midgomebic<br />
4. beWdviTi mediis sakiTxebis Seswavlisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT<br />
erTis mxriv, gazeTebSi gamoyenebul lingvistur anu verbalur<br />
niSnebs, meores mxriv, vizualur anu araverbalur niSnebsa da im<br />
kavSir-urTierTobebs, romlebic arseboben am niSnebs Soris.<br />
5. niusi aris is, rac auditoriis _ mkiTxvelisa an mayureblis<br />
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT aRmoCnda gazeTebsa da<br />
telemauwyeblobaSi.<br />
6. niusis diskursis semiotikuri analizi moicavs axal ambebSi<br />
gamoyenebuli lingvisturi (verbaluri) da vizualuri niSnebis<br />
denota<strong>ciuri</strong> da konota<strong>ciuri</strong> mniSvnelobebis ganxilvas.<br />
7. miTebi, SesaZloa, mogvevlinon rogorc niSnebisa da kodebis<br />
ideologiuri funqciis SemniRbavi saSualebebi. amgvari miTebis<br />
aRqma upirobod, yoymanis gareSe xdeba; isini ar saWiroeben arc<br />
gaSifvras da arc interpretirebas.<br />
8. kodebs socialuri ganzomileba gaaCniaT, isini warmoadgenen<br />
niSnebis gamoyenebis gzebs, im niSnebisa, romlebic met-naklebad<br />
cnobilia sazogadoebis jgufebisaTvis.<br />
9. gazeTis furclebze warmodgenili TiToeuli lingvisturi,<br />
vizualuri da grafikuli niSani da maTSi kodirebuli konotaciebi<br />
emsaxurebian konkretuli niusis SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli miTuri<br />
69
mniSvnelobis damkvidrebas. miTuri mniSvnelobis ideologiuri<br />
funqcia ki mniSvnelobis ideologiasTan dakavSirebaa.<br />
10. is Tu ramdenad `WeSmaritad~ miviCnevT teqsts, nawilobriv,<br />
damokidebulia masSi monawile mediumze.<br />
11. gazeTebi iqmneba profesionalTa mier, romelTa movaleobaa gaecnon<br />
momxdar movlenebs da airCion is, romelic SemdgomSi niusis Temad<br />
gadaiqceva, xolo danarCenebs ki gverdi auaron. SerCevis es<br />
procesi sxvadasxva gazeTSi sxvadasxvagvarad mimdinareobs.<br />
12. niusis Sefasebis kriteriumebi SeiZleba miviCnioT rogorc kodebis<br />
sistema, romelsac, movlenisaTvis niusis statusis miniWebisas,<br />
Jurnalistebi Segnebulad, mizanmimarTulad an sulac<br />
gauazreblad, qvecnobierad iyeneben.<br />
13. Jurnalisturi `obieqturoba~ niusis diskursis miTur Sinaarss<br />
warmoadgens, romelic iqmneba gazeTis profesional TanamSromelTa<br />
saqmianobis Sedegad.<br />
14. movlena niusis Rirebulebas iZens ara mxolod misi arsis mixedviT,<br />
aucilebelia, rom misi gadmocema SesaZlebeli iyos arsebuli<br />
naratiuli kodis meSveobiT.<br />
15. niusis siRrmiseuli gacnobiereba gacilebiT ukeT xdeba beWdviTi<br />
mediis meSveobiT. magram, samagierod, gazeTebi ver Seejibrebian<br />
elqtronul medias siswrafis an emociurobis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
16. Jurnalistebis saqmianobas moqalaqeebi Zalze mniSvnelovnad<br />
miiCneven, magram fiqroben, rom isini TavianT movaleobas<br />
srulyofilad ver asruleben. es suraTi met-naklebad<br />
damaxasiaTebelia rogorc britaneTis, aseve qarTuli mediasaSualebebisaTvis.<br />
17. ekonomikurma faqtorebma arasasurveli zegavlena iqonies beWdviT<br />
mediaze da mis Sinaarsze. farToformatiani `seriozuli~ gazeTebi<br />
TandaTan emsgavsebian masobrivi moTxovnebis mqone `popularul~<br />
gazeTebs, romlebSic Semcirda pirvel gverdebze seriozuli<br />
movlenebis amsaxveli masalebi, samagierod gaizarda fotoebis<br />
70
aodenoba, gaCnda didi SriftiT awyobili myvirala saTaurebi da<br />
sareklamo gancxadebebi.<br />
18. TiToeuli gazeTi acxadebs, rom igi sazogadoebas mudmivad<br />
sTavazobs siaxleebs da zrunavs, rom yvela nomeri obieqturi da<br />
miukerZoebeli iyos. ramdenad Seesabameba Cveni presis muSaoba am<br />
gancxadebas, es media-specialistebma unda Seafason.<br />
71
Tavi 3<br />
verbaluri da araverbaluri semiotikuri niSnebis gamoyenebis<br />
Taviseburebani, msgavsebani da gansxvavebebi qarTul da britanul<br />
presaSi<br />
3.1. gansxvavebuli midgomebi ”niusis” Rirebulebisa da misi Seqmnis<br />
procesisadmi ori qveynis beWdviT mediaSi<br />
media, misi farTo Tu SedarebiT viwro gagebiT, did rols TamaSobs<br />
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. amitom sasargeblo da, amave dros, sainteresoc<br />
iqneba gaviazroT, ra gzebiTa da xerxebiT xdeba mediis ama Tu im<br />
saxeobis, kerZod, beWdviTi mediis aRqma sazogadoebis mier.<br />
nebismieri media-saSualebiT asaxuli masalis semiotikuri analizi,<br />
Cveulebriv, iwyeba im relevanturi niSnebis identificirebiT, romlebsac<br />
esa Tu is media-saSualeba iyenebs.<br />
magram, sanam gazeTebSi niSnebis gamoyenebis Seswavlaze<br />
gadavidodeT, unda gavarkvioT, ras niSnavs `niusi~ anu axali ambavi. am<br />
qveTavSi ganvixilavT im gzebs, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba gazeTSi<br />
axali ambebisaTvis (News) prioritetebis miniWeba.<br />
gazeTi iqmneba profesionalTa sxvadasxva gundis mier, romlebic<br />
axali ambebis Ziebisas gasaSuqeblad SearCeven romelime erT movlenas,<br />
maSin roca nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben sxva ambavs. Tumca, SerCeviTobis<br />
principi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, e.w. “xarisxiani” anu “seriozuli”<br />
(quality) gazeTebi ufro met drosa da adgils uTmoben saerTaSoriso<br />
ambebs, maSin roca “popularuli” (popular) gazeTebi aqcents akeTeben<br />
momxdar skandalur danaSaulze an adamianebis pirad cxovrebaze.<br />
Tumca, amgvari midgomis ganzogadeba ar SeiZleba mTlad<br />
gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos. qarTuli da britanuli presidan moyvanili<br />
magaliTebi, romelTac qvemoT gaecnobiT, imis dasturia, rom ori qveynis<br />
erTi da igive tipis presa, e.w. “seriozuli” gazeTebic ki “niusis”<br />
Temebis SerCevisas erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul gzebs irCeven.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom “niusi” ar aris myari kategoria,<br />
romelic bunebrivad Cndeba. erT-erTi mosazrebis mixedviT, niusi fiqrisa<br />
da weris Sedegad Seqmnili produqtia, romelic SemdgomSi gadamuSavdeba<br />
72
axali ambebis muSakTa mier kargad Seswavlili kodebis Sesabamisad.<br />
(R.Douglas Arnold,2005)<br />
saWiroa kargad SeviswavloT es zogadi mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu<br />
ra aris axali ambebis arsi, rogor xdeba maTi Seqmna, raTa gavigoT, ra<br />
SeiZleba gaxdes “niusis” Tema. amasTanave unda gavecnoT im kodebs,<br />
romlebic warmarTaven “niusis” diskurss. mxolod maSin SevZlebT,<br />
davinaxoT, Tu rogor axerxeben niusebis struqturebi axali ambebis<br />
Sinaarsis kodirebas, aseve SevZlebT, gaviazroT, Tu rogor aRiqvams<br />
gazeTebis Sinaarss mkiTxveli.<br />
ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom sagazeTo niusebSi nagulisxmev<br />
mniSvnelobebs konotaciebi formas aZleven da erTgvarad `Zerwaven~<br />
kidec. maTi aRqma SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac isini<br />
warmodgenili arian mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebi niSnebis kodirebuli<br />
sistemis meSveobiT.<br />
ase rom kodebs socialuri ganzomileba gaaCniaT; swored maTi<br />
saSualebiT xdeba im niSnebis gamoyeneba, romlebic met-naklebad<br />
cnobilia sazogadoebis jgufebisaTvis. zogierTi kodi mxolod<br />
gazeTisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
beWdviT mediaSi, iseve, rogorc sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebul kods narativi warmoadgens. niusebi gazeTebSi<br />
warmodgenilia ambebis, istoriebis saxiT; es ukanasknelni ki gvevlinebian<br />
rogorc `narativebi~ xalxis, sagnebisa da movlenebis Sesaxeb. Tu rogor<br />
xdeba naratiuli kodis gamoyenebiT narativis (Txrobis) warmarTva<br />
aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre am narativiT gadmocemuli niusis<br />
mxolod Sinaarsi.<br />
msoflioSi usazRvro raodenobis faqtebia, romelTa Sesaxeb<br />
SeiZleba reportaJis momzadeba, magram reportaJebis Tema xdeba mxolod<br />
is SerCeuli faqtebi, romlebsac Jurnalistebi mniSvnelovnad miiCneven.<br />
Tumca, rodesac sxvadasxva gazeTs gadavxedavT, davinaxavT, rom is, rac<br />
mniSvnelovania erTi romelime gazeTisaTvis, naklebad Rirebulad<br />
SeiZleba miiCnios meore gamocemam.<br />
SerCevis process ganapirobeben is kriteriumebi, romelnic ama Tu im<br />
faqtsa Tu movlenas `niusis~ Rirebulebas aniWeben da mas sxvebisagan<br />
73
gamoarCeven. galtungma da rugma (1973) Camoayalibes da daaxasiaTes is<br />
kriteriumebi, romlebsac Jurnalistebi iyeneben movlenaTa gadarCevis da<br />
maTTvis sxvadasxva saxis Rirebulebis miniWebis procesSi.<br />
CamoTvlili problemebis Sesaswavlad, gadavwyviteT,<br />
gagveanalizebina, rogor aisaxa ramdenime globaluri mniSvnelobis<br />
movlena erTis mxriv, britanuli, meores mxriv ki qarTuli presis<br />
furclebze erTsa da imave dRes, im momentSi, rodesac erTi konkretuli<br />
„niusi“ mwvaved idga msoflios yuradRebis centrSi, magaliTad, 2010-2102<br />
wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi, maT Soris „vikiliksis“ skandali,<br />
„arabuli revoluciebi“, evrozonis krizisisadmi miZRvnili davosis<br />
ekonomikuri forumi da sxva.<br />
sailustraciod aviReT britanuli da qarTuli presis nimuSebi,<br />
erTis mxriv “24 saaTi”, “rezonansi” da „alia“, xolo meores mxriv “The<br />
Daily News”, “The Daily Mail”, „The Guardian“ da „The Independent“.<br />
Cveni pirveli kvlevis obieqtebia 2010 wlis 27 noembers gamoSvebuli<br />
gazeTebis nomrebi.<br />
am sakiTxze muSaobis periods daemTxva internet-sait “vikiliksis”<br />
mier gamoqveynebuli masalebiT gamowveuli msoflio skandali, romelic<br />
sayovelTao ganxilvis sagnad gadaiqca. vfiqrobT, ar iqneba interess<br />
moklebuli, ganvixiloT, rogor aisaxa es movlena britanuli da<br />
qarTuli presis erTsa da imave dRis nomrebSi.<br />
Cvens mier SerCeuli gazeTebis pirvel gverdebs Tu gadavavlebT<br />
Tvals, davinaxavT, rom is, rac erT konkretul dRes yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani iyo britanuli gazeTebisaTvis, naklebad yuradsaRebi<br />
aRmoCnda qarTuli presisaTvis.<br />
“The Daily Mail”-is da “The Mail”-is Tavfurclebi absoluturad<br />
gansxvavebulia qarTuli gazeTebis “rezonansisa” da “24 saaTis” pirveli<br />
gverdebisagan: maSin roca britanul gazeTebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan<br />
ambad gamotanilia politikuri skandali, qarTul presaSi meti<br />
mniSvneloba mianiWes adgilobriv ekonomikur da socialur problemebs.<br />
“Daily Mail”-Si gamoqveynebuli statia saTauriT “Panic Over Leaked British<br />
Secrets” (britaneTis saidumloTa gaJonviT gamowveuli panika) gviyveba im<br />
74
sayovelTao SeSfoTebis Sesaxeb, romelmac moicva britaneTis mmarTveli<br />
wreebi “vikiliksis” mier gamoqveynebuli saidumlo masalebis gamo.<br />
Daily Mail,2010, 27, 11:<br />
David Cameron was warned last night by America that damaging secrets of „the special<br />
relationship“ are about to be laid bare.The U.S. ambassador to London made an unprecedented<br />
personal visit to Downing Street to warn that whistleblower website WikiLeaks is about to<br />
publish secret assessments of what Washington really thinks of Britain.<br />
The website has previously released secret details of allied military operations in Irak and<br />
Afghanistan. As well as Britain, the U.S. has warned the governments of Australia, Canada,<br />
Denmark, Norway and Israel in advance of the release.<br />
Defence sources said British national security could be „put at risk“ by the release, as they<br />
are expected to contain details of the Irak and Afghanistan conflicts and revolutions about secret<br />
service practices and intelligence sources.<br />
(deili meili, 2010, 27, 11: guSin saRamos amerikam devid kemeroni<br />
gaafrTxila, rom saxifaTo saidumlo „gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebis“<br />
Sesaxeb sadacaa sajarod gaxdeba cnobili. amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis elCi londonSi uprecedento vizitiT ewvia dauning strits,<br />
raTa ecnobebina, rom enaWartala vebgverdi vikiliksi apirebs<br />
gamoaqveynos is faruli Sefasebebi, romelsac amerika realurad aZlevs<br />
did britaneTs.<br />
manamde vebgverdma gamoaqveyna saidumlo detalebi mokavSireTa<br />
erToblivi samxedro operaciebis Sesaxeb avRaneTsa da eraySi. amerikis<br />
SeerTebulma Statebma, didi britaneTTan erTad, gaafrTxila<br />
avstraliis, kanadis, daniis, norvegiisa da israelis mTavrobebi momavali<br />
publikaciebis Sesaxeb. Tavdacvis samsaxuris warmomadgenlis TqmiT, am<br />
masalebis gamoqveynebiT safrTxe emuqreba britaneTis erovnul<br />
usafrTxoebas, radgan igi, SesaZloa, Seicavdes informacias eraysa da<br />
avRaneTSi momxdar konfliqtebsa da revoluciebSi saidumlo<br />
samsaxurebisa da dazvervis monawileobaze.)<br />
aseve pirvel gverds uTmobs imave Temas gazeTi “Daily News”: Awaiting<br />
Whack from Wikileaks”. (vikiliksis dartymis molodinSi)<br />
Daily News, 2010, 27, 11:<br />
75
A new round of confidential documents about to be released by the WikiLeaks<br />
organization had officials and analysts around the world on Friday as reports spread about the<br />
trove’s contents. The documents are said to include proof of a reciprocal double-cross by both<br />
the U.S. and Turkey in aiding terrorist organizations.<br />
Officials in both countries deny the allegations of links to terrorist groups.<br />
(deili niusi, 2010, 27, 11:<br />
msoflios oficialuri pirebi da analitikosebi paraskevs morigi<br />
konfidencialuri dokumentebis gamomzeurebas elian. amboben, rom<br />
dokumentebi Seicaven mtkicebulebebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da<br />
TurqeTis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Ta mier teroristuli organizaciebisaTvis<br />
erToblivi daxmarebis gawevis Sesaxeb. orive qveynis oficiozi uaryofs<br />
gancxadebebs teroristul dajgufebebTan kavSiris Sesaxeb.)<br />
sxva suraTs vxedavT qarTul presaSi, kerZod, imave dRis, (2010,27,11)<br />
nomrebSi gazeTebi “rezonansi” da “24 saaTi” am Temas arc iseTi didi<br />
gulisyuriT ekidebian. “rezonansi” statias saTauriT “saqarTvelo<br />
vikiliksis skandalur dokumentebSi” mxolod bolo gverdze aTavsebs,<br />
Tanac ise, rom Tavfurcelze mis Sesaxeb sityvac ki ar aris naTqvami.<br />
rac Seexeba “24 saaTs”, marTalia, gazeTi pirvel gverdze gvTavazobs<br />
am skandalTan dakavSirebuli statiis reklamas saTauriT “kongresmeni<br />
kingi: vikiliksi teroristiviT moqmedebs”, magram statiis gagrZelebas<br />
gazeTis mxolod meoTxe gverdze vkiTxulobT.<br />
axali ambis Temebis SerCevas gansazRvravs gazeTis koleqtivis<br />
yoveldRiuri ritmi da is profesiuli kodi, romelic aerTianebs mis<br />
Jurnalistebs. ”niusebi” damokidebulia axali ambebis institutebis<br />
organizebasa da im miTiur mkiTxvelze, romlis yuradRebis mipyrobac<br />
surs gazeTs.<br />
zemoT gamoqmuli mosazrebis naTeli dadasturebaa “deili meilis”<br />
(2010, 27,11) pirvel gverdze ganTavsebuli statia saTauriT _ “A Love that<br />
could not be broken” (mtkice siyvaruli), romelsac Tan axlavs saSualo<br />
asakis bednieri wyvilis foto. statia gviambobs im saSinel<br />
Tavgadasavalze, romelic Candlerebis ojaxma gadaitana somaleli<br />
mekobreebis tyveobaSi. rogorc irkveva, “deili meilis”<br />
mkiTxvelebisaTvis “vikiliksis” skandalze aranakleb mniSvnelovania<br />
76
yofili tyveebis mogonebebi ganvlili mZime dReebis Sesaxeb, radgan es<br />
niusi britanuli presis yuradRebis qveS ramdenime Tvis manZilze<br />
rCeboda. amitomac “deili meili” pirvel gverds axal movlenasTan<br />
erTad, am istoriasac uTmobs.<br />
sainteresoa, rogor rols TamaSobs “niusebis” Seqmnisas SerCevis is<br />
12 kriteriumi, romlebic galtungisa da rugis mieraa Camoyalibebuli.<br />
am kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT yalibdeba “niusebis” mwarmoebelTa<br />
saziaro kodi, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu rogoria ama Tu im movlenis,<br />
rogorc axali ambis, Rirebulebis xarisxi. movlenebi, romlebic axali<br />
ambebis diskursis Temad SeiZleba gadaiqces, unda Seesabamebodes am<br />
kriteriumebs. ufro metic, rac met kriteriums akmayofilebs, miT ufro<br />
met Rirebulebas iZens axali ambavi.<br />
Tu galtungisa da rugis Sefasebis kriteriumebs gamoviyenebT,<br />
davinaxavT, rom “deili meilis” statia _ “mtkice siyvaruli” ramdenime<br />
maTgans akmayofilebs: misaxvedroba (movlenis interpretacia iolad<br />
SeiZleba kodebis meSveobiT); mniSvneloba (es aris movlena, romelic<br />
gasagebia britaneli mkiTxvelisaTvis); Tanxvedra (am movlenis Sedegebis<br />
molodini); gangrZobiToba (am movlenis mniSvnelobam ar dakarga<br />
Rirebuleba garkveuli drois manZilze); raime uaryofiTis xseneba (am<br />
SemTxvevaSi adamianTa gataceba mekobreebis mier).<br />
rac Seexeba amave gazeTis meore statias, “Panic Over Leaked British<br />
Secrets”, romelic “vikiliksis” skandals exmaureba, igi sxva kriteriumebis<br />
Sesabamisia: dasawyisi (movlenis siZliere, romelic farTod unda<br />
gaSuqdes); moulodnelobis efeqti (vikiliksis skandali yvelasaTvis<br />
moulodnelad da gasaocari siswrafiT ganviTarda); elitaruli qveynebis<br />
da erebis dasaxeleba (skandali Seexo msoflios TiTqmis yvela<br />
ganviTarebul <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s); elitaruli adamianebis xseneba (sxvadasxva<br />
qveynis liderebi); uaryofiTi informaciis gaJRereba (saidumlo<br />
dokumentaciis gamomzeureba).<br />
“niusi” komerciuli produqtia, xolo gazeTebi _ korporaciebis<br />
mier kontrolirebuli biznesi, romlis mizania mogebis miReba.<br />
ekonomikuri faqtorebi did zegavlenas axdenen gazeTebis Sinaarsze.<br />
77
farToformatiani “xarisxiani” gazeTebi sul ufro xSirad emsgavsebian<br />
masaze orientirebul “popularul” gazeTebs.<br />
Tumca am SemTxvevaSi, Cvens mier magaliTad moyvanil qarTul<br />
gazeTebs aseT Sefasebas ver mivcemT, radgan orive maTgani _<br />
“rezonansica” da “24 saaTic” seriozul gazeTebad miiCnevian. is faqti,<br />
rom qarTulma presam ufro didi yuradReba qveynis Sida problemebs<br />
dauTmo da ara msoflio skandals, mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom isini<br />
qarTul bazarze orientirebuli gazeTebi arian, Tumca yuradRebas<br />
amaxvileben ara iaffasian Worebze, aramed ekonomikur problemebze.<br />
“24 saaTis” pirvelive gverdze gamoqveynebulma statiebma:<br />
“tarifebis aweva da saCivari”, “saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis<br />
seqtori momgebiania”, aseve “rezonansis” statiebma “avtobusi da metro<br />
orSabaTidan gaZvirdeba”, “baqraZe mediamflobelebs gamWvirvalobisaken<br />
mouwodebs” da sxvebma kidev erTxel dagvanaxes, rom presisaTvis bevrad<br />
didi mniSvneloba aqvs misi uSualo mkiTxvelebis interesebs, vidre<br />
zogadad movlenis saerTaSoriso Rirebulebas.<br />
ganvixiloT, Tu rogor gamoexmaura britanuli da qarTuli presa<br />
2011 wlis gazafxulze aRmosavleTis qveynebSi dawyebul revolucias,<br />
romelic “arabuli gazafxulis” saxeliT moinaTla.<br />
The Guardian, January 31,2011:<br />
Cairo's international airport has become a scene of chaos and confusion as thousands of<br />
foreigners seek to flee the unrest in Egypt while countries around the world scrambled to send in<br />
planes to fly their citizens home.<br />
In an attempt to reduce tensions, the airport's departures board stopped announcing flight<br />
times - but the move simply fuelled anger over cancelled or delayed flights.<br />
Making matters worse, check-in counters were poorly staffed because many EgyptAir employees<br />
had been unable to get to work due to an overnight curfew and traffic chaos across the Egyptian<br />
capital.<br />
“gardiani”, 2011, 31,01: qairos saerTaSoriso aeroporti qaosma moicva,<br />
radgan aTasobiT ucxoeli cdilobs, gaeqces areulobas egvipteSi;<br />
msoflios mravali qveyana TviTmfrinavebs agzavnis sakuTari<br />
moqalaqeebis saxlSi dasabruneblad. daZabulobis ganmuxtvis mizniT<br />
aeroportSi Sewyvites gafrenis drois gamocxadeba, magram gadadebulma<br />
78
an gauqmebulma reisebma gabrazebuli xalxi kidev ufro gaamZvinvara.<br />
situacia metad daamZima momsaxure personalis samsaxurSi<br />
gamoucxadeblobam, rac egviptis dedaqalaqSi warmoqmnilma qaosma<br />
gamoiwvia.<br />
The Independent, 2011, 31,01:<br />
Opposition leader Mogamed ElBaradei called for President Mubarak to step down at<br />
once as demonstrators massed in Cairo's central Tahrir square to ignore a night-time curfew.<br />
ElBaradei, who predicted change within "the next few days", said he wanted to negotiate about a<br />
new government with the army, which he described as "part of the Egyptian people".<br />
indifendenti, 2011, 31, 01: mas Semdeg, rac demonstrantebma<br />
ugulebelyves komendantis saaTi da tahriris moedanze Seikribnen,<br />
opoziciis liderma mohamed el baradeim prezident mubaraqs<br />
dauyovneblivi gadadgomisaken mouwoda. el baradeim, romelmac<br />
iwinaswarmetyvela, rom cvlilebebi ramdenime dReSi moxdeboda,<br />
ganacxada, rom surs, axali mTavrobis Sesaxeb molaparakebis gamarTva<br />
samxedro ZalasTan, romelsac man “egvipteli xalxis ganuyofeli<br />
nawili” uwoda.<br />
“The Guardian” 31 January 2011:<br />
Western leaders pointedly declined to throw their support behind the country's embattled<br />
president. Hillary Clinton, the US secretary of state, said she wanted Egyptians to have a chance<br />
to chart a new future, but added: "It's not a question of who retains power. It's how are we going<br />
to respond to the legitimate needs and grievances expressed by the people."<br />
gardiani, 2011, 31, 01: dasavleTis liderebma uari Tqves, daxmareba<br />
gaewiaT gasaWirSi Cavardnili prezidentisaTvis. amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> mdivanma hilari qlintonma ganacxada, rom misi<br />
survilia, egviptelebs hqondeT Sansi axali momavlis Seqmnisa, magram<br />
iqve dasZina: “saqme imaSi rodia, vin darCeba xelisuflebaSi. mTavaria<br />
ganvsazRvroT, rogor vapirebT, vupasuxoT xalxis mier gacxadebul<br />
legitimur uflebebs”<br />
“Daily mail, 2011, 31, 01:<br />
” Thousands of prisoners, including Muslim Brotherhood activists, escaped from four<br />
jails. Armed gangs took advantage of the chaos in Cairo and other cities to free the prisoners,<br />
starting fires and engaging prison guards in gun battles, officials said.<br />
79
deili meili, 2011, 31, 01 : oficialuri pirebis gancxadebiT, oTxi<br />
sapatimrodan aTasobiT patimari gaiqca, maT Soris arian muslimTa<br />
saZmos aqtivistebi. SeiaraRebulma bandebma isargebles qairosa da sxva<br />
qalaqebis quCebSi gamefebuli qaosiT. cecxli gauxsnes cixeebis mcvelebs<br />
da tyveebi gaaTavisufles.<br />
egviptis revolucias qarTuli presac gamoexmaura, Tumca britaneli<br />
kolegebisagan gansxvavebiT, ramdenime dRis dagvianebiT. 31 ianvris<br />
nomrebSi versad wavawydiT arabeTSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis amsaxvel<br />
masalebs.<br />
informacia gamoCnda gazeT “alias” 2011 wlis 3 Tebervlis nomerSi.<br />
statiaSi “egvipturi gakveTilebi” vkiTxulobT:<br />
“rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos xelisuflebam revolucionerobaze uari<br />
sabolood Tqva. kerZod, afrikasa da aziaSi revolu<strong>ciuri</strong> ganwyoba<br />
boboqrobs – egvipteSi, iemenSi, iordaniaSi, alJirSi da tunisSi<br />
masobrivi saprotesto aqciebia, “vardebis revoluciis” samSoblo ki<br />
Cumad aris.<br />
arada, afrikaSi es movlenebi 3-4 wlis win rom dawyebuliyo,<br />
qarTvelebs zemoTxsenebul qveynebSic kargad gagvicnobdnen. manamde,<br />
sadac revolucia gafaCunda, yvelgan Tavqudmoglejilebi gavvardiT. arc<br />
afrika iqneboda gamonaklisi. dRes ki oficialuri Tbilisi saeWvod<br />
dums. albaT, egvipteSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma cudi winaTgrZnoba<br />
gauCina zogierTs, anu ixiles, ra SeiZleba mohyves Zalze damZimebul<br />
socialur fons.”<br />
“nino burjanaZe egviptis magaliTze mosaxleobis protests<br />
saqarTveloSic ar gamoricxavs” _ am saTauriT igive gazeTi aqveynebs<br />
statias, romelSic “demokratiuli moZraobis” lideri imeds gamoTqvams,<br />
rom ar iqneba msxverpli da iseTi tipis qmedebebi, rogorsac adgili<br />
hqonda egvipteSi. (“alia” 04-02-2011)<br />
rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli presa arabul movlenebs sakuTari<br />
realobidan gamomdinare afasebs da cdilobs, paralelebi gaavlos da<br />
ganWvritos, ra zegavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos dawyebulma revoluciam<br />
Cveni qveynis politikur cxovrebaze.<br />
80
“rezonansi”, 04-02-2011: 30-wliani prezidentebis epoqis dasasruli<br />
arabul <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebSi<br />
“tunisisa da egviptis Semdeg cvlilebebi sxva arabul qveynebsac<br />
Seexo. iemenis prezidentma ali abdala salehma ganacxada, rom morigi<br />
vadiT kenWisyras aRar apirebs. gaiTvaliswineben ki saqarTveloSi<br />
arabeTis magaliTs, raTa ar gaiziaron misi liderebis bedi!”<br />
qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis „arabulma gazafxulma“ Cvens qveyanaSi<br />
2003 wels momxdari „vardebis revoluciis“ Sesaxeb miTi gaaRviZa,<br />
romlis ganmtkicebasac SeuniRbavad cdilobda im periodis qarTuli<br />
presa.<br />
obieqturobis miTis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis monaxazis mixedviT,<br />
miTi gulisxmobs simarTles, racionalurobas, samarTlianobas,<br />
sizustesa da miukerZoeblobas. es yvelaferi ki aisaxeba beWdviTi mediis<br />
diskursSi. miTebi, SesaZloa, mogvevlinon rogorc niSnebisa da kodebis<br />
ideologiuri funqciis SemniRbavi saSualebebi. amgvari miTebis siZliere<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mkiTxvelis mier maTi miReba upirobod, yoymanis<br />
gareSe xdeba; isini ar saWiroeben arc gaSifvras da arc<br />
interpretirebas. miT umetes, maSin, roca gazeTSi warmodgenili masalebi<br />
galtungis da rugis kriteriumebsac akmayofileben.<br />
2011 wlis 4 Tebervlis „aliasa“ da „rezonansis“ nomrebSi dabeWdili<br />
statiebi ramdenime kriteriums Seesabamebian, kerZod, 1. moulodneli<br />
dasawyisi: aRmosavleTSi revoluciebma sruliad moulodnelad ifeTqes<br />
da am movlenebiT gamowveuli talRa da daZabulobis eskalacia qarTuli<br />
gazeTebis niusis Temadac gadaiqca, Tumca britanuli presisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, dagvianebiT, areulobis dawyebidan mesame – meoTxe dRes.<br />
statiebi aseve pasuxoben sxva kriteriumebsac, esenia: misaxvedroba:<br />
qarTveli miTxvelisaTvis gasagebi iqneboda es movlena, romelic<br />
marTalia, ar moxda mis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Si, magram warmoqmnilma miTma<br />
revoluciis Sesaxeb arabuli movlena swored saqarTvelosTan<br />
daakavSira; kidev erTi kriteriumi _ cnobebi elitaruli erebisa da<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Ta Sesaxeb: niusebi gvamcnobdnen navTobiT mdidar,<br />
stabilurobis simboloebad miCneul qveynebSi datrialebul qaoss,<br />
romelTa liderebs ukmayofilo xalxis risxva daatydaT Tavs.<br />
81
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani movlena, romelmac msoflio mediis<br />
yuradReba miipyro, gaxlavT 2012 wlis dasawyisSi davosSi mimdinare<br />
ekonomikuri forumi, romelzec evrozonis krizissa da masTan<br />
dakavSirebul safrTxeebze saubrobdnen. marTalia, forumi yovelwliuri<br />
xasiaTisaa, magram amjerad mas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda,<br />
vinaidan arsebul kriziss mTeli dasavluri samyaro daZabuli adevnebs<br />
Tvals da eZebs misi daZlevis gzebs.<br />
am movlenas (davosis forums) myiseuli gamoxmaureba mohyva<br />
britanuli gazeTebis mxridan. beWdviTi media yoveldRiurad aSuqebda<br />
forumis muSaobis dReebs da aqveynebda politikosebis sayuradRebo<br />
gamosvlebs. forumSi saqarTvelos delegaciac monawileobda.<br />
sainteresoa, rogor aisaxa es movlena erTi da imave dRis, 2012 wlis 27<br />
ianvris sxvadasxva gazeTis furclebze.<br />
The Guardian, 2012, 27, 01:<br />
Davos: David Cameron says eurozone problems 'man-made'<br />
The prime minister addresses the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, saying three<br />
things need to be done urgently in 2012: 'Greece, banks and firewall'. David Cameron told<br />
eurozone leaders that with 'bold action and real political will', the problems facing the eurozone<br />
could be fixed.<br />
“gardiani”, 2012, 27,01: devid kemeroni acxadebs, rom evrozonis<br />
problemebi xelovnuradaa Seqmnili. premier-ministri, mimarTavs ra<br />
davosis yovelwliur msoflio ekonomikur forums, miiCnevs, rom 2012<br />
wels saswarafod unda mogvardes sami problema: “saberZneTi, bankebi da<br />
swori informireba”. kameronma evrozonis liderebs ganucxada, rom<br />
mxolod gadamWreli qmedebiTa da realuri politikuri nebis<br />
gamovleniT gaxdeba SesaZlebeli evrozonis problemebis mogvareba”.<br />
The Independent, 2012,27,01<br />
Davos: Germany must be bold over eurozone crisis. UK intervention in euro debate likely<br />
to anger Berlin. PM launches fresh assault on Robin Hood tax.<br />
Ed Miliband criticises Cameron's austerity measures<br />
“indefendenti” 2012, 27,01:<br />
davosi: germaniam simtkice unda gamoiCinos evrozonis krizisis<br />
mimarT<br />
82
gaerTianebuli samefos CarTvam evro-debatebSi TiTqosda gaanawyena<br />
berlini. premieri ministrma mkacrad Seutia e.w. robin hudiseul<br />
gadasaxadebs. ed milibandi akritikebs kemeronis mier wamoyenebul<br />
xelSewyobis zomebs)<br />
The Guardian, 2012, 27, 01:<br />
Davos: David Cameron urges eurozone to take 'bold and decisive action'<br />
British prime minister warns World Economic Forum that eurozone is facing a 'perilous'<br />
moment and urgent action is needed on Greece, banks and the bailout fund.<br />
“gardiani”, 2012, 27, 01: davosi: devid kemeroni mimarTavs evrozonas<br />
da moiTxovs gadamWrel moqmedebas. britaneTis premier ministri<br />
afrTxilebs msoflio ekonomikur forums, rom evrozonas “saxifaTo”<br />
periodi aqvs. saWiroa gadaudebeli RonisZiebebis gatareba saberZneTTan,<br />
bankebTan da daxmarebis fondTan mimarTebaSi.)<br />
“The Mail”, 2012, 27, 01:<br />
Bill Gates tells Davos 'economic crisis is not an excuse for cutting aid'<br />
Microsoft co-founder pledges $750m to the Global Fund to fight aids, TB and malaria and<br />
dismisses claims of fund misuse<br />
“meili”, 2012, 27,01: bil geiTsi davosSi acxadebs, rom “ekonomikuri<br />
krizisi daxmarebis Semcirebis mizezi ar unda gaxdes”. maikrosoftis<br />
TanadamfuZnebeli pirobas iZleva, rom 750 milion dolars gaiRebs<br />
saerTaSoriso fondisaTvis, romelic ibrZvis Sidsis, tuberkulozisa da<br />
malariis winaaRmdeg.<br />
The Independent, 2012, 27,01:<br />
NOW EUROZONE RESCUE MAY COST US BILLIONS MORE<br />
BRITONS could be forced to pay billions more to bail out failing eurozone countries,<br />
George Osborne said yesterday.<br />
In remarks that angered Tory MPs and other Eurosceptics, the Chancellor signalled his<br />
readiness to increase Britain’s contribution to the International Monetary Fund.<br />
indifendenti, 2012, 27, 01:<br />
evrozonis gadarCena, SesaZloa, damatebiT miliardebad dagvijdes.<br />
SesaZloa, britanelebi aiZulon, gadaixadon damatebiT miliardebi, raTa<br />
daRupvisagan gadaarCinon evrozonis qveynebi – ganacxada guSin finansTa<br />
ministrma jorj osbornma. Tavis SeniSvnebSi, romlebmac ganarisxes<br />
83
ogorc parlamentis wevrebi torebis partiidan, aseve sxva<br />
evroskeptikosebi, ministrma mianiSna sakuTar mzadyofnaze, gazardos<br />
britaneTis mier gaRebuli wvlili saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi.<br />
“Daily Mail”, 2012, 27, 01:<br />
EU leaders trying to shift focus from deficits to job .Besides a treaty on fiscal discipline, EU<br />
leaders will also seek to adopt non‐binding measures on employment, in discussions amid what<br />
is expected to be a paralysing general strike in the EU capital.<br />
"We would like to make sure growth and employment gets the political attention it needs,<br />
not that this important issue is crowded out by the euro-crisis," one senior EU official told<br />
British media ahead of the EU summit.<br />
“deili meili”, 2012, 27, 01: evrokavSiris liderebi cdiloben aqcenti<br />
biujetis deficitidan samuSao adgilebze gadaitanon.<br />
fiskaluri politikis xelSekrulebis garda, evrokavSiris liderebi<br />
Seecdebian, miiRon moqnili zomebi dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebiT. “gvinda<br />
davrwmundeT, rom ekonomikur zrdasa da dasaqmebas jerovani<br />
politikuri yuradReba eTmoba. dauSvebelia, rom es mniSvnelovani<br />
sakiTxi evro-krizisis gamo yuradRebis miRma darCes,” – ganucxada<br />
britanul medias evrokavSiris erT-erTma oficialurma pirma.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, britanuli presa aqtiurad aSuqebda evrokavSiris<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Ta winaSe mdgar ekonomikur problemebs, romlebic imdenad<br />
mwvaved dganan maT winaSe, rom gazeTebma droebiT daiviwyes saSinao<br />
mniSvnelobis movlenebi da pirveli gverdebi mxolod davosis forums<br />
dauTmes. es ki, Cveni azriT, aixsneba im miTis gaRviZebiT, romelic<br />
dasavleTis qveynebis ZlevamosilebasTan asocirdeba da romelsac<br />
safrTxe emuqreba.<br />
kulturis miTebis semiotikuri analizi cdilobs, Seiswavlos is<br />
gzebi, romelTa meSveobiTac popularul teqstebsa da JanrebSi kodebis<br />
muSaoba warimarTeba. am procesSi misi mizania imis gamovlena, Tu rogor<br />
xdeba zogierTi konkretuli faseulobis, damokidebulebisa da<br />
mosazrebis damkvidrebisaTvis xelSewyoba, xolo sxvaTa ugulebelyofa<br />
da Seviwroeba.<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom semiotikosic igive kulturis produqtia,<br />
maSin romelime kulturis wevroba misi dominanturi ideebis upirobo<br />
84
gaTavisebasac gulisxmobs. amitom, rodesac sakuTari kulturis am<br />
xerxebiT gaanalizebas vkidebT xels, unda vecadoT rom Zalze frTxili<br />
da rac mTavaria, saRi damokidebuleba gamoviCinoT sakuTar<br />
faseulobebTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
gadavavloT Tvali amave dRis qarTul presaSi, kerZod, “24 saaTsa”<br />
da “rezonansSi” gamoqveynebul masalebs.<br />
2012 wlis 27 ianvars gazeTi “rezonansi” kvlav Sida saWirboroto<br />
problematikas uTmobs mTel nomers. mis pirvel gverdze warmodgenili<br />
statiebi: “rogor atyuebs xelisufleba veneciis komisias”, “yoveli<br />
meoTxe moswavle kerZo repetitorTan emzadeba”, “damatebiTi fuli<br />
satelevizio reklamebisaTvis”, “qarTuli ocneba da kontrolis palata”<br />
da sxvebi imaze metyveleben, rom “niusi“ bunebrivad marTlac ar Cndeba.<br />
marTalia, movlenas bunebrivi xasiaTi aqvs, magram niusi warmoebuli<br />
produqtia. am SemTxvevaSi „rezonansis“ gundisaTvis yuradRebis miRma<br />
darCa msoflio mniSvnelobis movlena – davosis forumi, romelic ver<br />
gadaiqca „niusad“.<br />
zemoT moyvanili amonaridebi imasac adastureben, rom versad<br />
SexvdebiT raime movlenis an sagnis neitralur, obieqtur aRweras an<br />
imgvar daxasiaTebas, romelic Tavisufali SeiZleba iyos SefasebiTi<br />
elementebisagan.<br />
„rezonansis“ Tavfurcelze gamotanili pirvelive statiis<br />
saTauridanve Cans SefasebiTi elementebi:<br />
„rogor atyuebs xelisufleba veneciis komisias“:<br />
qarTuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebi acxadeben, rom „moqalaqeTa<br />
politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb“ kanonSi Sesatan cvlilebebTan<br />
dakavSirebiT veneciis komisiam daskvna sxva proeqtze gaakeTa, xolo<br />
Semdeg, xelisuflebam sul sxva proeqti aqcia kanonad. miRebuli kanoni,<br />
ki maTi SefasebiT, ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias.“<br />
statiaSi „yoveli meoTxe moswavle kerZo repetitorTan emzadeba“<br />
mogviTxroben, rom vinaidan saskolo ganaTleba orientirebuli arc<br />
moswavleze da arc Sedegzea, amitom moswavles, repetitoris daqiravebis<br />
garda, sxva arCevani ar rCeba:<br />
85
„saqarTveloSi gamokiTxulTa 90%-ze meti Tvlis, rom umaRles<br />
saswavlebelSi mosaxvedrad momzadeba aucilebelia. repetitorobis<br />
gavrcelebis mTavar mizezad 53% saskolo ganaTlebis dabal dones<br />
asaxelebs, 40% repetitorobaze moTxovnas skolaSi naswavli masalis<br />
gamocdebis moTxovnebTan SeusabamobiT xsnis.“<br />
statia - „isev QqarTuli ocneba da kontrolis palata“ qarTuli<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuri sakiTxis Sesaxeb<br />
mogviTxrobs:<br />
„kontrolis palata „qarTul ocnebas“TvalTmaqcur garigebaSi<br />
adanaSaulebs da moiTxovs, rom 1 milion asi aTasi lari Sps „elita<br />
burjs“ gadauricxos. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi „qarTuli ocneba“ 11<br />
milioni lariT dajarimdeba. xelisuflebis am gadawyvetilebas Tavad<br />
organizaciis warmomadgenlebica da eqspertebic ukanonod miiCneven,<br />
magram Tanxis dabrunebas mainc apireben.“<br />
filosofiuri realizmis mimdevrebi aRiareben, rom obieqturi<br />
realoba Cvengan damoukideblad da Cvens gareT arsebobs. marTalia,<br />
realobis aRqma SeiZleba damaxinjdes Cvens mier gamoyenebuli mediis<br />
zegavleniT, magram media, TavisTavad, realobis CamoyalibebaSi veranair<br />
gavlenas ver axdens.<br />
marTlac, is Tu ramdenad `WeSmaritad~ miviCnevT teqsts, nawilobriv,<br />
damokidebulia masSi monawile mediumze. weras (presas) SedarebiT<br />
naklebi pirobiToba (modality) axasiaTebs, vidre televizias. Tumca, masmediis<br />
saSualebebis pirobiTobis mkacri rangireba SeuZlebelia.<br />
beWdviTi mediis `realistur~ teqstebSi wina planzea `kontenti~,<br />
xolo Semdeg modis produqciis `forma~ da stili. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
gveCveneba, rom simarTle, realoba damoukideblad arsebobs, igi win<br />
uswrebs reprezentacias da Tavad gvamcnobs sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb.<br />
Cndeba, rogorc amboben, `WeSmaritebis auris~ gancda.<br />
„rezonansis“ 2012 wlis 27 ianvris nomerSi erTi sityviTac ar aris<br />
naxsenebi is msoflio mniSvnelobis movlena, _ davosis ekonomikuri<br />
forumi, romelsac britanuli presa aqtiurad aSuqebda. magram amis gamo<br />
gazeTis koleqtivis profesionalizmSi eWvs mainc ver SevitanT, vinaidan<br />
86
SemoTavazebuli masalebi galtungisa da rugis ramdenime kriteriumis<br />
Sesabamisia:<br />
araorazrovneba: SeiZleba movlenis Sinaarsi orazrovnebis<br />
matareblic iyos, magram misi interpretireba SesaZlebeli unda iyos<br />
niusis kodebis meSveobiT (magaliTad, yoveli meoTxe moswavle<br />
repetitorTan emzadeba, magram ratom _ es sakiTxis analizis Sedegad<br />
dgindeba.)<br />
misaxvedroba: savaraudo miTxvelisaTvis es aris is movlena,<br />
romelsac adgili aqvs missave <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Si: organizacia “qarTuli<br />
ocneba” da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi kargadaa cnobili Cveni<br />
mkiTxvelisaTvis.<br />
Tanxvedroba: movlenis, kerZod, saqarTvelos saparlamento<br />
arCevnebis molodini igrZnoba statiaSi, romelic veneciis komisiis<br />
muSaobas da mis Sefasebebs eZRvneba<br />
gangrZobiToba: zemoT moyvanili, nomerSi warmodgenili statiebi<br />
exmaureba gaunelebel interess im niusebisadmi, romlebic warsulSic<br />
aqtualuri iyo.<br />
da isev ismis SekiTxva: `mainc ra aris is `realuri sinamdvile~<br />
romlis gagebasac mas-mediis saSualebebiT vcdilobT~<br />
damkvidrebuli mosazrebis mixedviT, samyaros Sesaxeb Cveni<br />
warmodgenebisa da codnis didi wili iribi xasiaTisaa. Cven ise<br />
vRebulobT sagnebsa da movlenebs, rogori saxiTac maT media da<br />
teqnologiebi warmoaCenen. mecnierTa erTi nawili gvafrTxilebs, rom<br />
vinaidan miRebuli gamosaxulebebi verasodes iqnebian imis zusti aslebi,<br />
ris Sesaxebac gviamboben, amitom isini ver iqnebian neitralurni da<br />
gamWvirvaleni, praqtikulad isini Tavad arian `realobis~ Semqmnelni.<br />
da mainc, ra aris is, rac realobas bundovanebis saburvels qveS<br />
amyofebs! swored semiotika gvexmareba imaSi, rom es saburveli avxadoT<br />
WeSmaritebas, erTmniSvnelovnad, upirobod ar miviRoT reprezentaciebi,<br />
ar miviCnioT isini, rogorc `realobis anarekli~. igi saSualebas<br />
gvaZlevs, davakvirdeT da mivxvdeT, vis `simarTles~ gvTavazoben<br />
reprezentaciebi.<br />
87
gazeTi „24 saaTis“ igive dRis (2012, 27, 01) nomeri sxva lokalur<br />
sakiTxebTan erTad pirvelive gverdze beWdavs statia saTauriT „davosis<br />
msoflio ekonomikuri forumi _ es TamaSis dasasrulia“, romelSic<br />
moTxrobilia am mniSvnelovani movlenis detalebze, Tumca masSi mxolod<br />
faqtebia gadmocemuli:<br />
„dasavluri modelis kapitalizms 3-4 wlis sicocxleRa darCa.<br />
finansuri sistema realur ekonomikas klavs, - msgavsi aRmsareblobiT<br />
daiwyo davosSi 42-e msoflio ekonomikuri forumi, romelsac<br />
optimisturi saxelwodeba aqvs: „didi transformacia – axali modelebis<br />
Seqmna.“<br />
„germania mzad aris, didi valdebuleba sakuTar Tavze aiRos, magram<br />
am qveynisaTvis ukve miuRebelia krizisis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mis winaSe<br />
wardgenili gadaWarbebuli movlenebi.“<br />
„24 saaTi“ „rezonansTan“ SedarebiT, gacilebiT met yuradRebas<br />
uTmobs saerTaSoriso movlenebs, magaliTad, statiebi _ „ruseTi<br />
arCevnebs Soris“, „lugari „mistralis“ Sesaxeb pasuxebs eZebs“ _<br />
saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mimdinare procesebze gvamcnoben, magram<br />
gazeTis didi nawili mainc Sida problemebs eTmoba: „qarTul ocnebas<br />
garigebaSi adanaSauleben“, „suxiSvilebis ninooba“, „ra viciT qarTuli<br />
meRvineobis Sesaxeb“ da ase Semdeg.<br />
gamodis, rom Jurnalistebi erTaderTi sakiTxis – mxolod da<br />
mxolod maTive auditoriis eqspertebi arian, amitom, martivad rom<br />
vTqvaT, `niusi~ aris is, rac am auditoriis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
aRmoCnda gazeTebSi.<br />
WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb socialuri semiotikis Teoriac ki uZluria,<br />
daamtkicos warmodgenili realobis absoluturi WeSmariteba. mas<br />
mxolod imis Cveneba SeuZlia, Tu rogor aris mocemuli `Teoria~<br />
(vizualuri Tu verbaluri) warmodgenili _ rogorc namdvili Tu yalbi.<br />
socialuri semiotikis TvalTaxedviT, WeSmariteba semiozisis nayofia da<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, es aris konkretuli socialuri jgufis mier<br />
WeSmaritebad miCneuli mosazreba, romelic emyareba mxolod am<br />
socialuri jgufis faseulobebsa da poziciebs.<br />
88
am TvalTaxedviT Tu mivudgebiT, realobas hyavs avtorebi da aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, praqtikaSi arseboben bevri `realobebi~ da ara mxolod<br />
erTi, WeSmariti, obieqturi realoba. Tumca realobebis ricxvi ar<br />
SeiZleba iyos usasrulo da TiToeul individze damokidebuli,<br />
realobebi erTmaneTTan WidilSi arian, xolo teqstobrivi<br />
reprezentaciebi swored am brZolis suraTebs asaxaven.<br />
es gansakuTrebiT naTlad ikveTeba gansxvavebul kulturaTa<br />
erTmaneTTan Sedarebisas, romlebis mkiTxvelTa midgoma Zalze<br />
specifikuria.<br />
miuxedavad axali ambebis Tematikisadmi sxvadasxvagvari midgomebisa,<br />
“niusebi”, umetes SemTxvevaSi, mudmivad emorCilebian Sefasebis zemoT<br />
naxseneb kriteriumebs. aqedan gamomdinare, es kriteriumebi SeiZleba<br />
miviCnioT kodirebis sistemad, romelsac Jurnalistebi movlenebisaTvis<br />
“niusis” formis micemisas Segnebulad an sulac gaucnobiereblad<br />
iyeneben.<br />
Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT ikveTeba, rom “niusebis” formireba<br />
xdeba im komerciuli, ideologiuri da semiotikuri struqturebis mier,<br />
romlebic am produqcias qmnian. es sulac ar gulisxmobs Jurnalistebis<br />
dadanaSaulebas mikerZoebaSi an faqtebis damaxinjebaSi, vinaidan msgavsi<br />
braldebis mixedviT unda arsebobdes e.w. miukerZoebeli “niusi”. magram,<br />
rogorc cnobilia, niSnebis meSveobiT realobis “obieqturad” denotacia<br />
ki ar xdeba. maTSi kodirebulia mniSvnelobis daSifruli konotacia,<br />
romlesac mivyavarT konkretuli ideologiuri Tvalsazrisis amsaxvel<br />
miTebTan.<br />
magram, miTs ideologiasTan aqvs kavSiri, isini Cveni drois<br />
ideologiebis warmmarTvel iaraRebs warmoadgenen. amitom, vfiqrobT,<br />
saWiroa, davadginoT, rogor ukavSirdeba axal ambebSi nagulisxmevi miTi<br />
ideologias, SeviswavloT ideologiuri statusi “niusebisa”, rogorc<br />
sakomunikacio gzebis specifikuri nakrebisa. vinaidan gazeTebis mizania<br />
gamokveTon is, rac SeiZleba axal ambad miviCnioT, gvauwyeben zogierTi<br />
movlenis Sesaxeb da gverds uvlian sxvebs, aqedan gamomdinare, axali<br />
ambebis diskursi aris msoflios qveynebis ideologiuri gamoxatuleba,<br />
89
adgan swored misi saSualebiT xdeba gasaSuqebeli masalis SerCeva da<br />
mniSvnelobis gansazRvra.<br />
gazeTebis semiotikuri analizisas saWiroa, agreTve, dadgindes, ra<br />
tipis gzavnilebs viRebT diskursis kodebis meSveobiT, unda gaviazroT<br />
is konteqsti, romlis farglebSic am gzavnilebs qmnian profesionalebi,<br />
xolo mogvianebiT maTi dekodireba xdeba gazeTis mkiTxvelTa mier. ar<br />
unda dagvaviwydes diskursis ideologiuri mniSvnelobac.<br />
daskvna:<br />
1. ori qveynis erTi da igive tipis presa, e.w. “seriozuli”<br />
gazeTebic ki “niusis” Temebis SerCevisas erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul<br />
gzebs irCeven.<br />
2. “niusebi” damokidebulia axali ambebis institutebis<br />
organizebasa da im miTiur mkiTxvelze, romlis yuradRebis<br />
mipyrobac surs gazeTs.<br />
3. qarTuli seriozuli presac ki ufro did yuradRebas qveynis<br />
Sida problemebs uTmobs da ara msoflio mniSvnelobis<br />
movlenebs. es sulac ar akninebs maT profesionalizms; es<br />
mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom isini qarTul bazarze<br />
orientirebuli gazeTebi arian, Tumca yuradRebas amaxvileben<br />
ara iaffasian Worebze, aramed seriozul politikur,<br />
ekonomikur da socialur problemebze.<br />
4. miuxedavad axali ambebis Tematikisadmi sxvadasxvagvari<br />
midgomebisa, orive qveynis sagazeTo “niusebi”, umetes<br />
SemTxvevaSi, emorCilebian Sefasebis zemoT naxseneb<br />
kriteriumebs, romlebic gvevlinebian erTgvar kodirebis<br />
sistemad da romelsac Jurnalistebi movlenebisaTvis “niusis”<br />
formis micemisas Segnebulad an sulac gaucnobierebladac ki<br />
iyeneben.<br />
90
3.2. lingvisturi da vizualuri niSnebis gamoyeneba gazeTebis<br />
sTaurebsa da fotosuraTebSi da maTi dekodirebis procesis<br />
Taviseburebani qarTul da britanul presaSi<br />
beWdviTi mediis semiotikuri analizis dros upirvelesad<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia kodebis is sistemebi, romlebsac sxvadasxva<br />
gazeTebi iyeneben. d. arnoldi Tavis naSromSi “sagazeTo statiebis<br />
kodireba” miiCnevs, rom kodirebas upirvelesad gansazRvravs niusis<br />
Sinaarsi, anu is, Tu rogori tipis ambavTan gvaqvs saqme, _ aris Tu ara<br />
igi axlad momxdari, pres-relizi, redaqtoris svetis saxiT mowodebuli<br />
da sxva. amis mixedviT xdeba Sesabamisi kodebis _ moculobis, narativis,<br />
gazeTSi statiisTvis adgili miCenis, fotoebis, saTaurebis da a.S.<br />
SerCeva.<br />
presis jixurSi gamofenili gazeTebisaTvis Tvalis erTi<br />
gadavlebiTac naTeli xdeba, rom isini bevri niSniT gansxvavdebian<br />
erTmaneTisagan, magaliTad, fotoebiTa da saTaurebiT (headlines).<br />
ufro dakvirvebuli Tvali ki aRmoaCens, rom isini aseve<br />
gansxvavdebian lingvisturi xerxebiTa da Txrobis toniT. marTalia,<br />
arsebobs ramdenime zogadi miTuri mniSvneloba, romelic yvela<br />
gazeTisaTvis saerToa (magaliTad, niusi unda iyos relevanturi,<br />
myiseuli da mniSvnelovani), magram amasTan erTad, arsebobs mravali gza<br />
niusebis lingvisturi da vizualuri niSnebiT kodirebisa. es<br />
gansxvavebebi gavlenas axdenen ara marto axali ambebis Sinaarsze, aramed<br />
maTi wakiTxvis da gagebis gzebzec.<br />
gazeTebis kiTxva, bunebrivia, saTaurebiT iwyeba. erT-erTi<br />
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, saTauri (headline) aris sagazeTo statias<br />
wamZRvarebuli teqsti, romelic migviTiTebs statiis xasiaTze.<br />
saTaurebis mizania mkiTxvelis yuradRebis swrafi mipyroba da<br />
interesis aRZvra statiisadmi. hedlainebs gazeTis nomris gamomSvebi<br />
redaqtori igonebs, Tumca xSirad saTaurs statiis avtoric wers da Tu<br />
ambavi Zalian mniSvnelovania, mas didi SriftiT awyobils gazeTis<br />
pirvelive gverdze beWdaven.<br />
91
sagazeTo saTaurebSi xSirad naxavT iumoristul frazebs,<br />
aliteracias, sityvaTa TamaSsa da kalamburebs. saTaurebi, romlebic<br />
xandaxan orazrovnebasac iZenen, mokle da moqnili unda iyos. maTi<br />
lingvisturi sintagmebis daniSnulebaa mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyroba<br />
TiToeuli axali ambis Temisadmi. amasTan erTad, isini lingvisturi<br />
niSnebis konotaciebis meSveobiT gvTavazoben socialur kodebs,<br />
romlebic gvexmarebian saTaurebis arsis gagebaSi. polisemiuri<br />
saTaurebi da maTi Tanmxlebi, SedarebiT advilad gasagebi teqsti<br />
erToblivad muSaoben, raTa jer daiwyon da Semdeg daasrulon<br />
nagulisxmevi ambis dekodireba.<br />
Tu “deili meilis” (The Daily Mail 2010, 27,11) (ix. gv.-154; danarTi, foto<br />
#1) pirvel gverdze gamoqveynebul or saTaurs erTmaneTs SevadarebT,<br />
davinaxavT, rom isini erTmaneTis sapirispiro konotaciis matareblebi<br />
arian. “gautexeli siyvaruli” da “britaneTis gaJonili saidumlo<br />
masalebis skandali” or gansxvavebul istoriaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas:<br />
“Whipped, threatened with beheading and on the brink of suicide. The Chandlers tell their<br />
awesome story of survival at the hands of savage Somali pirates.” (nacemebi, Tavis<br />
mokveTis SiSiT dazafrulni da TviTmkvlelobis zRvarze myofni.<br />
Candlerebi mogviTxroben Tavis sazarel istorias, romelic daundobeli<br />
somaleli mekobreebis tyveobaSi gamoiares.)<br />
“britaneTis gaJonili saidumlo masalebiT gamowveuli panika” ki<br />
iuwyeba, rom aSS texs gangaSs 3 milioni saidumlo dokumentis gazeTebSi<br />
gamoqveynebis gamo.<br />
niSandoblivia, rom miuxedavad am skandaluri movlenis udidesi<br />
mniSvnelobisa, gazeTi mas fotosuraTis gareSe beWdavs, Tumca msxvili,<br />
Savi SriftiT awyobili saTauriT, maSin rodesac tyveobidan<br />
Tavdaxsnili wyvilis Tavgadasavals feradi foto axlavs Tan da<br />
saTauric TeTri da feradi (wiTel-yviTeli) SriftiTaa mowodebuli.<br />
sxvadasxva feris SriftSi kodirebulia Sesabamisi statiis Sinaarsidan<br />
gamomdinare konotaciebi, erT SemTxvevaSi _ mosalodneli usiamovnebebi,<br />
meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ istoriis bednieri finali.<br />
saTauri eyrdnoba mkiTxvelisTvis ukve nacnob informacias am<br />
gatacebis Sesaxeb da statiis pirvelive abzaci adasturebs, rom saTauri<br />
92
zustadaa SerCeuli konteqstisaTvis. polisemiuri saTauri da<br />
yvelasaTvis misaxvedri teqsti erToblivad axerxeben ambis dekodirebas.<br />
ucnauria, magram aq gamoyenebuli narativebi, ufro didi ukmayofilebis<br />
grZnobiT gangawyobT britaneTis samefo sazRvao flotis mimarT, vidre<br />
somaleli mekobreebisadmi. amis dasturad gamodgeba mekobreebis aRwera<br />
da maTi cxovrebis stili im sofelSi, sadac tyveebma Tveze meti<br />
gaatares:<br />
“He (pirate) commanded absolute authority, but the comical thing about him was that he<br />
had very small feet”; “the pirates were filthy and took advantage of the boat’s shower, but one<br />
mistook the Jif cleaner for soap and doused himself in white detergent. Others ransacked<br />
Rachel’s wardrobe and the men changed into her women’s slacks and fitted shirts with cap<br />
sleeves and preened before the mirror. They also sprayed themselves with her perfume”.<br />
(“mekobre sruli avtoritarulobiT mbrZaneblobda, magram iyo erTi<br />
komikuri ram mis garegnobaSi: mas patara fexebi hqonda.” “WuWyianma<br />
mekobreebma gemis abazana Caigdes xelSi, magram erT-erTs sadezinfeqcio<br />
sawmendi saponi egona da mTlianad TeTr masaSi amoigangla. sxvebma<br />
reiCelis garderobi gadaqeqes, qalis farTo Sarvlebsa da Semotkecil<br />
perangebSi gamoewyvnen da sarkis win ipranWebodnen. maT qalis sunamoc<br />
blomad isxures.”).<br />
yofili tyveebi iumoriT ixseneben moZaladeebTan gatarebul dReebs,<br />
magram mTeli simkacriT exmaurebian britanuli sazRvao flotis<br />
umoqmedobas, romelmac araferi gaakeTa maT gasaTavisufleblad:<br />
“Why didn’t the Navy step in to save us We must confess, that the Navy not only<br />
abandoned us to our fate, but betrayed its own proud traditions.” (ratom ar Caeria<br />
floti Cveni gaTavisuflebis saqmeSi unda vaRiaroT, rom flotma ara<br />
marto bedis anabarad migvatova, aramed uRalata Tavis Zvel, saamayo<br />
tradiciebs).<br />
am narativSi kodirebuli danaSaulis dausjelobis konotacia<br />
mkiTxvels axsenebs erTis mxriv, ybadaRebul mekobreTa TavaSvebul<br />
TareSs, meores mxriv ki _ <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Ta uunarobas, aRkveTon maTi<br />
qmedebebi. marTalia, gazeTi Sefasebebisagan Tavs ikavebs da mxolod<br />
gatacebis msxverplTa monaTxrobs gvTavazobs, riTac inarCunebs<br />
neitralurobas, Tumca narativiT aRZruli konotaciebiT mainc aRwevs<br />
93
sasurvel mizans. statiis saTauri da TandarTuli foto ki imis<br />
maniSnebelia, rom siyvaruli da erTguleba is erTaderTi Zalaa,<br />
romelic yvelaze gamouvali mdgomareobidanac gapovninebs gamosavals.<br />
“deili nius”-is igive dRis (The Daily News, 2010, 27, 11) nomerSi erTi<br />
saerTo saTauris qveS “vikiliksidan mosalodneli dartymis molodinSi”<br />
ori statiaa gaerTianebuli. (ix. gv.-154, foto#2) saTaurebSi<br />
denotirebulia niusebSi asaxuli Temebi da konotirebulia is<br />
socialuri miTebi, romlebic TiToeul ambavTanaa dakavSirebuli.<br />
hedlainSi kodirebulia politikis Tema, romelic gaJonili<br />
informaciebis wyalobiT skandalad iqca:<br />
“Leak Who you going to call at US Embassy” “US And Its Allies Brace For New Storm<br />
Of Files”.(gaJonva visTan apirebT mixvideT amerikis saelCoSi “amerika da<br />
misi mokavSireebi erTiandebian failebis axali qariSxlis winaaRmdeg”).<br />
qvemoT moyvanili ramdenime saTauri britanuli gazeTi “gardianidan”<br />
(The Guardian) amovkrifeT. isini “arabul revolucias” exmaurebian,<br />
romliskenac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 2011 wlis gazafxulze mTeli<br />
msoflios yuradReba iyo mipyrobili.<br />
Guardian ( 4 February. 2011):<br />
Chaos as supporters of Mubarak attack crowds (mubaraqis mxardamWerTa mxridan<br />
xalxze Setevas qaosi mohyva)<br />
Petrol bombs and concrete blocks thrown (isrodnen benzinis bombebsa da<br />
betonis natexebs)<br />
US Condemns Violence and Urges Restraint (aSS gmobs Zaladobas da<br />
TavSekavebisaken mouwodebs)<br />
Mubarak shows his dark side (mubaraqi Tavis bnel mxareebs amJRavnebs)<br />
Regime's supporters and opponents clash (reJimis mxardamWerebsa da maT<br />
mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris Setakebs moxda)<br />
Fewer Supporters of Mubarak After Two Days of Violence (ordRiani Zaladobis<br />
Semdeg mubaraqis mxardamWerTa ricxvi Semcirda)<br />
am saTaurebSi gamoyenebuli narativebi gvamcnoben usamarTlobis,<br />
msxverplisa da qaosis Sesaxeb. isini aRviZeben miTebs, romlebic<br />
ukavSirdebian socialur uTanasworobas, Zalauflebis borotad<br />
94
gamoyenebas. maTSi nagulisxmevi konotaciebi naTlad migvaniSneben, rom<br />
xalxis mrisxanebam SesaZloa, moulodnelad ifeTqos.<br />
Egypt's army is the power behind the throne. And Mubarak knows it<br />
Egyptian president needs only remember 1952 to see what happens when the armed forces<br />
turn on those in power.<br />
(egviptis armia taxts ukan mdgari Zalauflebaa da mubaraqma es icis.<br />
egviptis prezidentma unda gaixsenos 1952 weli, raTa ganWvritos, ra<br />
xdeba maSin, rodesac SeiaraRebuli Zalebi xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg<br />
gamodian.)<br />
es saTauri efuZneba mkiTxvelisaTvis cnobil istorias mubaraqis<br />
Sesaxeb, romelic Tavis droze, 1952 wels swored samxedro Zalis<br />
gamoyenebiT movida qveynis saTaveSi. niusis pirvelive abzacidan naTeli<br />
xdeba, rom konteqsti hedlainisaTvis sworadaa SerCeuli.<br />
britanuli presisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli seriozuli gazeTebis<br />
saTaurebi xSirad Zalian martivad da gasagebad gvamcnoben adgilobrivi<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis saWirboroto Temebis Sesaxeb.<br />
gazeTi “rezonansi” (2010,27,11) meti gamomsaxvelobisaTvis statias _<br />
“avtobusi da metro orSabaTidan gaZvirdeba, “marSrutka” – jer ara” _<br />
avtobusisa da misi mgzavrebis fotos urTavs, (ix. gv. 155, foto #3)<br />
xolo “24 saaTi” (2010, 27,11) statias _ “tarifebis aweva da saCivari” _<br />
<strong>Tbilisis</strong> sakrebulos sxdomis amsaxvel fotos (ix.gv.155, foto #4).<br />
hedlainebSi denotirebuli gaZvireba da tarifebis aweva kodirebulia<br />
rogorc mosaxleobis axali gasaWiri, romelic mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobi<br />
da gasagebia da iwvevs momavali problemebis konotacias.<br />
maSin, roca Teoretikosebi saWirod miiCneven, rom ganvasxvavoT<br />
konotacia denotaciisagan, praqtikaSi maTi gancalkeveba xSirad<br />
SeuZlebelia. zogierTi mosazrebiT, (voloSinovi, 1973) denotaciasa da<br />
konotacias Soris mkacri zRvaris gavleba SeuZlebelia, radgan<br />
mniSvneloba yalibdeba Sefasebebis meSveobiT da yovelTvis vrceldeba<br />
Rirebulebaze msjelobis Sedegad.<br />
aq moyvanil qarTuli gazeTebis nomrebSi gamoqveynebul fotoebSi,<br />
Cveni azriT, Znelia xsenebuli zRvaris gavleba, Tumca maTSi kodirebul<br />
denotacia-konotacias erToblivi moqmedebiT mainc mivyavarT mis miTur<br />
95
safexuramde, romelic aaqtiurebs miTs gaZvirebiT gamowveuli<br />
siduxWiris Sesaxeb.<br />
marTalia, sagazeTo saTaurebi mkiTxvels axali ambebis Sinaarss<br />
lingvisturi niSnebis saSualebiT acnoben, magram beWdviTi mediisaTvis<br />
aseve aucilebeli atributia fotosuraTebi. lingvisturi gzavnilis<br />
movaleobaa gamosaxulebas konkretuli kulturuli mniSvneloba<br />
mianiWos, xolo fotografiis funqciaa Seasrulos teqstiT gadmocemuli<br />
ambis vizualuri mtkicebulebis roli.<br />
qarTuli da britanuli gazeTebis fotografiaSi nagulisxmevi<br />
niSnebisa da kodebis semiotikuri analizisas didad dagvexmara roland<br />
barTis naSromi “fotografiuli gzavnili” (1997). misi mosazrebiT, aravin<br />
daobs imis Taobaze, rom fotoebi yovelTvis atareben garkveuli tipis<br />
denotaciur niSnebs, magram ufro metad sainteresoa im konotaciebis<br />
dekodireba, romlebsac fotoebi warmoSoben. marTalia, xatovan niSnebSi<br />
konotirebuli gzavnilebi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra aris maTSi<br />
denotirebuli, magram konotacia ufro Sors mimavali fenomenia,<br />
romelic ambavs im miTur mniSvnelobasac aniWebs, romlis mixedviTac<br />
xdeba fotosuraTis konotaciis dekodireba.<br />
sagazeTo fotosuraTebis SerCeva didi dakvirvebiT mimdinareobs,<br />
xdeba maTi kompiuteruli “damuSaveba”, raTa meti xazgasmiT warmoaCinon<br />
gamosaxulebis sasurveli monakveTebi, Secvalon fotoebis kontrasti,<br />
foni, feri an sxva romelime aspeqti. amgvarad, fotosuraTi aris sagani,<br />
romelsac jer SearCeven, Semdeg ki xdeba misi konstruireba, teqnikuri<br />
“Selamazeba” im profesiuli, esTetikuri an ideologiuri moTxovnebis<br />
Sesabamisad, romlebic konotaciis faqtorebs warmoadgenen. arc erTi<br />
fotosuraTi ar aris realobis wminda, bunebrivi gamosaxuleba. igi<br />
SerCevis da damuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli “produqtia”, romlis<br />
daniSnulebaa konkretuli konotaciis gamowveva.<br />
fotoebi Sinaarss iZenen im sagazeTo konteqstis meSveobiT,<br />
romelSic isini ibeWdebian. es konteqsti im arxs warmoadgens, rolis<br />
meSveobiTac xdeba gzavnilis gadacema. Tavad gazeTic erTgvari<br />
gzavnilia, an ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, igi im mravalricxovani<br />
gzavnilebis krebulia, romlebic fotosuraTs fons uqmnian. gazeTi,<br />
96
omelSic fotosuraTi qveyndeba, gulisxmobs garkveul molodins, Tu<br />
rogori xasiaTis suraTebs vnaxavT masSi.<br />
zogierTi tipis suraTi romelime konkretuli gazeTisTvis<br />
miuRebeli SeiZleba aRmoCndes, magram sxva gazeTebSi SesaZloa igi<br />
xSirad ibeWdebodes. magaliTad, Sou-biznesis naxevrad SiSveli<br />
“varskvlavebis” xilvam “taimsis” an “24 saaTis” pirvel gverdze SeiZleba<br />
mkiTxvelTa Soki gamoiwvios, magram britanul “san”-Si an qarTul “praimtaimSi”<br />
msgavsi fotoebis beWdva aravis akvirvebs. ase rom fotosuraTi<br />
SeiZleba sxvadasxva konotaciis matarebeli iyos imis mixedviT, Tu sad<br />
daibeWdeba igi _ seriozuli Tu popularuli gazeTis furclebze.<br />
Cveulebriv, fotosuraTi “niusebs” axlavs Tan, romlis Sinaarsi<br />
adasturebs da Semdeg amyarebs fotosuraTSi nagulisxmev ambavs.<br />
verbaluri teqsti gvTavazobs konotaciebs lingvisturi niSnebis<br />
meSveobiT, rac limits uwesebs suraTis mniSvnelobebs da mkiTxvels<br />
miuZRveba misi miTuri mniSvnelobis konstruirebisaken. teqsti<br />
gamosaxulebas SinaarsiT tvirTavs, matebs mas kulturis, moralisa da<br />
fantaziis kodur elementebs.<br />
fotoebis mniSvnelobaTa ufro detaluri analizis mizniT, barTi<br />
gvTavazobs eqvs xerxs, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba konotaciebis<br />
warmoSoba. fotosuraTis Seqmnis pirveli sami xerxi ganapirobebs misi<br />
dekodirebis process, isini zegavlenas axdenen fotosuraTSi arsebul<br />
denotaciur niSnebze da aqedan gamomdinare, xdeba Tanmdevi konota<strong>ciuri</strong><br />
niSnebis gaazrebac. niusebs, umetes SemTxvevaSi, Tan axlavs swored<br />
pirveli sami xerxiT kodirebuli fotoebi, momdevno sami xerxi ki ufro<br />
sareklamo xasiaTisaa.<br />
pirvel konotaciur xerxs barTi “xrikebis efeqts” (trick effects)<br />
uwodebs. am dros xdeba fotosuraTis specifikuri gardaqmna, raTa<br />
miaRwion konkretuli miTuri mniSvnelobis formirebas. magaliTad, ori<br />
sxvadasxva fotosuraTis kombinirebis gziT ori adamiani, romlebic<br />
arasodes Sexvedrian erTmaneTs, SesaZloa, erT suraTSi, erT garemoSi<br />
erTmaneTis gverdiT aRmoCndnen. SeiZleba, agreTve, suraTze aRbeWdili<br />
pirovnebis saxis gamometyvelebis imgvarad Secvla, rom mas boroti,<br />
damnaSave an saSiSi ieri mieces. msgavsi meTodi gamoiyeneba magaliTad,<br />
97
sensa<strong>ciuri</strong> danaSaulis amsaxveli niusis dabeWdvisas. aseT SemTxvevebSi<br />
xrikebis efeqti gafrTxilebis gareSe ereva denotaciis funqciebSi,<br />
iyenebs mkiTxvelis rwmenas imis Sesaxeb, rom suraTi arsebuli realobis<br />
anabeWdia da amiT gamosaxulebas sasurveli konotaciebiT tvirTavs,<br />
axdens mis kodirebas romelime konkretuli niSniT.<br />
“deili niusis” (2010, 27,11) statias Tan erTvis mravlismTqmeli<br />
konota<strong>ciuri</strong> niSnebiT kodirebuli fotoebi (ix.gv.154, foto #2) qviSis<br />
saaTSi CabeWdilia muslimi jariskacebis gamosaxulebebi, ukana mxares<br />
islamis sasuliero piris fotoa gamosaxuli. qviSis saaTidan<br />
Camodenili wveTebi saaTis fskerze dabeWdili sityva “vikiliksisken”<br />
miemarTebian. qviSis saaTis gverdiT vxedavT amerikel jariskacs,<br />
romelic Zirs dagdebul adamians adgas Tavze iaraRiT xelSi. iqvea<br />
amerikuli asdolariani banknotebis Sekvrebi. gazeTi amerika-TurqeTs<br />
Soris bolo droindel daZabul urTierTobebs exmaureba. fotoebSi<br />
denotirebuli jariskacebis mkacri da daZabuli saxeebi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Ta<br />
SeSfoTebis konotaciis matarebelia, xolo dolarebi _ ze<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
simdidrisa da Zlevamosilebisa.<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT barTis cnobil koncefcias miTis Sesaxeb<br />
(Barthes,1967,), maSin saxezea mTeli semiologiuri sistemis erTi naTeli<br />
magaliTi: mocemulia aRmniSvneli (signifier) _ ori sxvadasxva qveynis<br />
jariskacebi; mocemulia aRsaniSni (signified) _ Segnebuli miniSneba am<br />
qveynebis miswrafebisa militarizaciisaken; dabolos, aqvea aRmniSvnelis<br />
mier aRsaniSnze zemoqmedebis naTeli gamoxatuleba. miTSi aRmniSvneli<br />
ukve Camoyalibebulia enis niSnebis meSveobiT. miTs, faqtiurad, ormagi<br />
funqcia akisria: is erTis mxriv migviTiTebs, yuradRebas gvamaxvilebinebs<br />
da meores mxriv gvatyobinebs, raRacaze migvaniSnebs da Semdeg Tavs<br />
gvaxvevs mas.<br />
“xrikebis efeqtis” saintereso nimuSia gazeT “asaval-dasavalis”<br />
nomerSi (2012 wlis 30.01–5.02) gamoqveynebuli foto originaluri<br />
saTauriT “mumia”. (ix. gv.156, foto #5) am foto-kolaJSi gamoyenebulia<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da saqarTvelos prezidentebis fotoebi,<br />
maT Soris ki fanjaras momdgari saxvevebSi dabanduli mumiis foto<br />
Semogvyurebs. statia-paskvili im Sexvedris savaraudo detalebze<br />
98
mogvixrobs, romelic 2012 wlis dasawyisSi gaimarTa ori qveynis<br />
liderebs Soris. fotoze prezident obamas gaRimebuli, uzrunveli saxea<br />
aRbeWdili, rac ze<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s lideris Tavdajerebulobis konotaciis<br />
niSania, saqarTvelos prezidenti ki pirquSi gamometyvelebiT imzireba,<br />
rac momavali saxelisuflo arCevnebis win misi daZabul molodinze<br />
migvaniSnebs. ararsebuli mumiis suraTi ki, romelic prezidentebis<br />
fotoebs Soris arsebul sivrces avsebs, gacnobierebul mkiTxvelSi,<br />
yavlgasuli politikosebis Sesaxeb miTs aRZravs. fotoebSi nagulisxmevi<br />
niSnebis dekodirebaSi mkiTxvels Tanmxlebi statiis Sinaarsi exmareba:<br />
“2012 wlis 30 ianvars barak obamas aqvs Sansi, saqarTvelosa da<br />
amerikis interesebs Soris arsebuli Seusabamoba daZlios. es im<br />
SemTxvevaSi moxdeba, Tu obama qarTveli xalxis interesebs<br />
gaiTvaliswinebs da saakaSvils xelisuflebaSi darCenis ganzraxvaze<br />
xels aaRebinebs.”<br />
konotaciebis Sesaqmneli kodirebis meore sistemis arsi mdgomareobs<br />
pozaSi, fotosuraTebze aRbeWdili adamianebis fizikuri mdgomareoba<br />
xSirad iZleva imgvar konotaciebs, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen<br />
suraTis aRqmaze da aqedan gamomdinare, aRZraven am pirovnebasTan<br />
dakavSirebul miTsac. amgvari Jestebi da saxis gamometyveleba<br />
mravlismetyvelia mkiTxvelisaTvis, vinaidan isini miekuTvnebian<br />
Jestebisa da garegnuli Sesaxedaobis im kodebs, romlebic<br />
damkvidrebuli da aRiarebulia romelime konkretuli eris kulturaSi.<br />
naTelia, rom suraTSi konotirebuli mniSvnelobebi xels uwyobs<br />
teqstSi nagulisxmevi konotaciebis gamyarebas. pirovnebis romelime<br />
specialurad SerCeul pozaSi gadaReba ara marto imas aRniSnavs, rogori<br />
denotaciis matarebeli iqneba es foto gazeTSi gamoqveynebisas, aramed<br />
imazec migvaniSnebs, Tu romeli kulturuli kodebi SeirCa fotosuraTSi<br />
konotirebuli mniSvnelobebis kodirebisas.<br />
ase magaliTad, “deili meilis” zemoTxsenebul nomerSi<br />
gamoqveynebuli wyvilis fotoze, (ix.gv.154, foto #1) romelic Tan<br />
erTvis statias _ “gautexeli siyvaruli”, aRbeWdilia Candlerebis<br />
ojaxi, erTmaneTs Caxutebuli col-qmari bednieri, mSvidi saxeebiT. poza,<br />
romelSic wyvilis suraTia gadaRebuli, erTgulebisa da didi<br />
99
siyvarulis maniSnebelia. es konotacia amyarebs statiaSi lingvisturi<br />
niSnebis meSveobiT SemoTavazebul istorias, romlis mixedviTac,<br />
Candlerebma mekobreTa tyveobas mxolod erTmaneTis siyvaruliT<br />
gauZles.<br />
gazeTi “deili mirori” (Daily Mirror, 2011, 12, 10) aqveynebs britaneTis<br />
princesas, qeiT midltonis ojaxis fotoebs, romlis centralur nawilSi<br />
vxedavT mis dedas manqanidan gadmosvlis procesSi. e.w. “popularuli”<br />
gazeTi yuradRebas amaxvilebs dedisa da misi ori qaliSvilis lamaz<br />
fexebze(ix.gv.157, foto #6):<br />
“Kate pair of pins, mum..”:<br />
Here’s Carole Middleton showing she’s got the mother of all legs. It’s easy to see how the<br />
56-year-old’s daughters Kate, 28 and Pippa, 29, ended up with such shapely pins.<br />
Carole flashed her sleek pair as She arrived at a London charity bash with husband<br />
Michael, 62. She ‘s clearly taking the moral thigh ground.”<br />
(Tqven xedavT kerol midltons, romelic gvaCvenebs, rom is yvelaze<br />
lamazi fexebis dedaa. yvelam kargad davinaxeT, rasac miaRwies am 56<br />
wlis qalis qaliSvilebma, 28 wlis qeiTma da 29 wlis pipam Tavisi<br />
Camoqnili fexebis wyalobiT. kerolma Tavisi daxvewili fexebi<br />
gaabrwyina, rodesac 62 wlis meuRlesTan, maiklTan erTad londonis<br />
saqvelmoqmedo saRamoze gamocxadda. misi zneobrivi morali marTlac<br />
fexebze dgas.)<br />
bolo winadadebaSi sityva “high” (maRali) Secvlilia “thigh”-iT<br />
(barZayi), rac mTlianad arRvevs idiomaturi gamoTqmis _ “misi morali<br />
yvelaze maRla dgas” _ Sinaarss. iqve gamoqveynebul or sxva fotoze ki<br />
qaliSvilebi _ qeiTi da pipa arian aRbeWdilni. aqcenti aseve<br />
moSiSvlebul fexebze keTdeba.<br />
britaneli mkiTxvelisaTvis kargadaa cnobili is miTqma-moTqma,<br />
romelic princ uiliamis qorwinebas uZRvoda win. rogorc Cans,<br />
“yviTeli” presa arc dRes kargavs interess misdami da xelidan ar<br />
uSvebs xelsayrel moments, raTa ojaxis cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
misTvis sasurveli, arajansaRi miTi aRZras Sesabamisi konotaciebis<br />
gamoyenebiT: fotoze denotirebuli manqanidan gadmosvlis erTi SexedviT<br />
Cveulebrivi poza, saTaurisa da TandarTuli teqstis meSveobiT,<br />
100
mkiTxvels ubiZgebs es qalbatoni da misi Svilebi aRiqvan, rogorc<br />
mamakacebisaTvis sasurveli obieqtebi. naTlad Cans, rom masSi<br />
konotirebuli mniSvneloba eyrdnoba teqstSi nagulisxmev konotaciebs.<br />
yuradReba mivaqcieT erT saintereso faqts: igive fotoebi dabeWda<br />
gazeTma “deili meilma”-c (Daily Mail, 2011, 12, 10), (ix. gv.157, foto #7)<br />
magram “deili mirorisagan” absoloturad gasxvavebuli Sinaarsis<br />
teqstiT, kerZod:<br />
“The Duchess of Cambridge’s mother displayed the art of getting out of a car in the most<br />
ladylike manner. Having a pair of elegant legs the envy of women much younger than her 56<br />
years certainly helps. But practice makes perfect – as she has no doubt told her daughters, Kate<br />
and Pippa.”<br />
kembrijis princesas dedam gvaCvena manqanidan gadmosvlis iseTi<br />
manera, romelic namdvil “ledis” Sehferis. am saqmeSi mas 56 wlis asakSi<br />
udaod exmareba ori eleganturi fexi, romelic gacilebiT axalgazrda<br />
qalbatonebis Suris sagania. magram dedas ueWvelad eqneba naTqvami<br />
SvilebisTvis – qeiTi da pipasaTvis, rom warmateba mxolod varjiSs<br />
moaqvs.”<br />
erTi da igive fotoebis sxvadasxvagvarad interpretireba naTlad<br />
miuTiTebs ori gazeTis gansxvavebul saredaqcio politikaze, romelnic<br />
fotoebSi denotirebuli identuri gamosaxulebis gansxvavebuli<br />
lingvisturi xerxebiT erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego konotaciebs qmnian da<br />
Sesabamis miTebsac warmoSoben.<br />
ararnakleb sainteresoa “praim-taimSi” (2012, 23, 01) gamoqveynebuli<br />
ruseTis premier-ministris, vladimer putinis fotoebis seria, saTauriT<br />
“koSmaruli putini”, romelSic konotirebuli niSnebi, rogorc<br />
verbaluri, aseve vizualuri, Seufaravad akavSireben mkiTxvels putinis<br />
miuRebel politikasTan asocirebul miTTan. (ix.gv. 158,foto #8) statia<br />
gviyveba ruseTSi gaaqtiurebuli opoziciisa da maTi gegmebis Sesaxeb:<br />
“kidev 1 301 adamiani da 4 Tebervals dagegmil marSze<br />
garantirebulad 20 aTasi viqnebiT. opoziciis warmomadgenlebis<br />
Sexvedras amerikul mxaresTan moskovSi seriozuli xmauri mohyva.<br />
gansakuTrebuli gaRizianeba, bunebrivia, saxelisuflebo mxares hqonda.<br />
Tavis droze putini ukve adanaSaulebda hilari qlintons saprotesto<br />
101
aqciebis provocirebaSi. axla, miT umetes, yuradRebiT iqneba. Tumca,<br />
rogorc opozicia irwmuneba, es mas namdvilad aRar dascaldeba, radgan<br />
droa, ruseTma “bez putina” icxovros.”<br />
gazeTi kvlav zemoTxsenebul “eSmakur xriks” iyenebs da gvTavazobs<br />
fotokolaJs, romelSic erTmaneTis gverdze aqveynebs rasputinis, Tavad<br />
putinisa da prezident medvedevis fotoebs Sesabamisi qvesaTaurebiT:<br />
erTi putini, ori putini, sami putini.<br />
iqve dabeWdili momdevno fotoebiT ki putinis metamorfozaze<br />
migviTiTeben 2001-dan 20021 wlamde: 2001 wliT daTariRebul suraTSi, anu<br />
karieris dasawyisSi myof putins sandomiani gamometyveleba aqvs, 2011<br />
wels igi saCvenebeli TiTiT, TiTqosda, emuqreba mkiTxvels, 2021 wels ki<br />
suraTidan ukve “fantomasi” gviyurebs. aq gamoyenebuli “fantomasis”<br />
foto konotaciis mesame xerxis nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, romelic<br />
gvTavazobs fotosuraTSi im konkretuli “obieqtebis” denotacias,<br />
romlebic ukve floben garkveul kulturul konotaciebs; es<br />
ukanasknelni ki saSualebas iZlevian, obieqtebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
konotaciebi niusis Sinaarszec gaavrcelon.<br />
“fantomasi” aTeuli wlebis win popularuli komediis mTavari<br />
personaJi iyo, romelic borotebasTan asocirdeboda da romelsac Seupovrad<br />
ebrZodnen filmis sxva, “keTili” da mamaci gmirebi. fantomasi da<br />
masTan putinis dakavSireba mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi boroti Zalis<br />
(xelisuflebis) miTs aRZravs, romelsac rusuli opozicia (keTili Zala)<br />
ebrZvis.<br />
es, erTi SexedviT saxaliso kolaJi, sinamdvileSi seriozuli<br />
gzavnilebis matarebelia, romelic arainformirebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />
gaugebari darCeboda, rom ara teqstSi mocemuli lingvisturi kodebiT<br />
datvirTuli Sinaarsi, romelic gvixsnis fotoebSi konotirebul niSnebs.<br />
barTis mier Camoyalibebuli pirveli sami xerxi dakavSirebulia<br />
imasTan, Tu ra aris denotirebuli fotosuraTSi da maTi konotaciebi.<br />
momdevno sami ki gulisxmobs fotosuraTis gadaRebis manerasa da mis<br />
konteqsts.<br />
pirvel maTganSi, romelic cnobilia “fotogeniurobis” saxeliT,<br />
denotirebulia gadaRebis maRali xarisxi an suraTebSi aRbeWdili<br />
102
pirovnebebis saukeTeso saxiT warmoCena. fotogeniurobaSi nagulixmevi<br />
konotaciis gzavnilia ganaTebis, eqspoziciisa da beWdvis teqnologiebis<br />
meSveobiT miRebuli “Selamazebuli” gamosaxuleba. gazeTis muSaobis<br />
swrafi tempidan gamomdinare, “fotogeniurobis” xerxs iSviaTad iyeneben<br />
niusebis Tanmxleb suraTebSi. isini umetesad ibeWdebian gazeTebis im<br />
gverdebze, romlebic pirovnebebis istoriebs mogviTxroben.<br />
aseT magaliTebs uxvad naxavT gazeT “The Sun”-sa da “praim-taimSi”.<br />
zogadad, gazeT “san”-is popularobis erT-erT mizezad imasac asaxeleben,<br />
rom mis mesame gverdze, tradiciulad, ibeWdeba Tamami, “glamuruli”<br />
fotoebi.<br />
momdevno xerxi, romelsac mkvlevarebi “esTeturobis” saxeliT<br />
icnoben, gvTavazobs gzas, romlis drosac fotoebi xelovnebis sxva<br />
dargis kodur sistemebs iyeneben da amiT suraTs aniWeben esTetur an<br />
artistul mniSvnelobas. niusebze TandarTuli fotoebi iSviaTad<br />
iyeneben esTetikur kodebs, radgan isini ewinaaRmdegebian niusebTan<br />
dakavSirebul obieqturobisa da myiseulobs miTs. esTeturoba<br />
konotirebis is xerxia, romelsac iyeneben sareklamo media da gazeTebis<br />
“saTavgadasavlo” gverdebi, magaliTad, statiebi modis, Sou-biznesis<br />
Sesaxeb rogorc wesi, qveyndeba esTetikuri xerxiT damuSavebuli<br />
fotosuraTebis TanxlebiT.<br />
esTetikuri xerxis gaumarTlebeli gamoyenebis gamo 2102 wlis<br />
iavarSi kosmetikis mwarmoebeli giganturi brendi l’oreali<br />
arasasiamovno istoriaSi gaexvia. am brendis erT-erT sareklamo klipSi<br />
monawile msaxiobi reiCel vaizi programa “fotoSofiT” zedmetad<br />
gaalamazes. (“Daily Mirror”, 2012, 29, 01) (ix. gv.158, foto #9)<br />
reklama, romelSic reiCeli naoWebis sawinaaRmdego axal saSualebas<br />
uwevda agitacias, aikrZala. britaneTis reklamis komitetis gancxadebiT,<br />
kompiuteris aseTi doziT gamoyeneba dauSvebelia: “eWvi ar gvepareba, rom<br />
reiCel vaizi kargad gamoiyureba, magram migvaCnia, rom am brendis<br />
poten<strong>ciuri</strong> myidvelebi SecdomaSi SehyavT.”<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom “The Daily Mirror”-Si gamoqveynebuli fotoebi<br />
araerTxel gamxdara skandalis mizezi, magaliTad, 1997 wels, rodesac<br />
kompiuteris meSveobiT imgvarad “Sealamazes” princesa daianasa da misi<br />
103
megobris dodi al-faiedis erTad gadaRebuli foto, rom wyvilis<br />
Tavdapirveli uwyinari poza maTi vnebiani kocniT Seicvala. 1997 wlis<br />
agvistoSi dabeWdili saxecvlili fotos dabeWdvis gamo maSin gazeTma<br />
sajarod moixada bodiSi.<br />
dabolos, barTi ganixilavs “sintaqss”, konotaciis xerxs; igi<br />
gulisxmobs ramdenime fotosuraTis erTmaneTis gverdiT ganTavsebas,<br />
msgavsad sityvebis erTobliobisa, romelic emorCileba enis sintaqsis<br />
kanonebs. Tanmimdevruli fotoebi gvxvdeba gazeTebSi maSin, roca isini<br />
aqveyneben reportaJebs dramatuli movlenebis, magaliTad, miwisZvris an<br />
sportuli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, TiToeuli foto SeiZleba Seicavdes<br />
mravalricxovan kodirebul konotacias, magram suraTebis Tanmimdevroba<br />
damokidebulia teqstis Sinaarsze.<br />
magaliTad, gazeT “The Mail”-Si (2012, 23,01) dabeWdili statia ragbis<br />
erT-erT matCze mogviTxrobs, romelSic britanelebma didi angariSiT<br />
26:13 daamarcxes polinezielTa gundi. (ix. gv.159, foto #10) TamaSis<br />
peripetiebis amsaxvel, TanmimdevrobiT dabeWdil suraTebSi nagulisxmevi<br />
niSnebis ganmeoreba da maTi variaciebi iZleva konkretuli saboloo<br />
konotaciis Camoyalibebis damatebiT saSualebas. es ki movlenisTvis<br />
sasurveli miTuri mniSvnelobis miniWebis gzad gvevlineba, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi igi triumfis mauwyebelia.<br />
enis analizisadmi sosiuris midgomis Tanaxmad, fiqrsa da<br />
saqmianobas ena warmarTavs im niSnebisa da kodebis meSveobiT, romlebic<br />
mniSvnelobasa da Sinaarss aniWeben Cvens socialur realobas. ena<br />
samyarosa da masSi mimdinare movlenebs anawevrebs specifikuri formebis<br />
mqone formebad da calke gamoyofs aRsaniSnsa (signified) da aRmniSvnels<br />
(signifier), romlebic ufro xelmisawvdomia Cveni azrovnebisa da<br />
saqmianobisaTvis.<br />
amitom, miuxedavad imisa, rom suraTebi xatovan niSnebs warmoadgenen<br />
da ara lingvistur niSnebs, TiToeuli fotosuraTis mniSvnelobis aRqma<br />
mainc damokidebulia swored enis sistemaze. fotosuraTebi meqanikurad<br />
aRbeWdaven kameris win arsebul realobas, rac qmnis STabeWdileba, rom<br />
isini realobis denotacias axdenen. magram, rogorc ukve davinaxeT,<br />
fotografiis es denotatiuri aspeqti warmoadgens im miTur safuZvels,<br />
romelze dayrdnobiTac igeba konotaciebi.<br />
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zeoTqmulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom fotosuraTebi maTSi asaxuli obieqtebis denotatebad<br />
gvevlinebian da kulturisa da enis niSnebisagan damoukideblad, firze<br />
aRbeWdaven kameris win arsebul realobas, wminda saxis denotatiuri<br />
fotosuraTi mainc ar arsebobs. rodesac Cven vacnobierebT, ra aris<br />
denotirebuli suraTSi _ parlamenti, adamiani, xe da ase Semdeg, Cven am<br />
sagnebs aRviqvamT im lingvisturi kodebis meSveobiT, romelsac<br />
gvTavazoben niSnebi “parlamenti”, “adamiani”, “xe” da sxva. es imitom<br />
xdeba, rom fiqri da gaazreba enis sistemis meSveobiT xorcieldeba.<br />
fotosuraTis, rogorc mediumis kulturis TvalTaxedviT<br />
mniSvneloba fotoebis mier SemoTavazebul “ormag gzavnilebs” efuZneba.<br />
gveCveneba, rom isini TavianTi asaxvis obieqtis denotatorebi arian<br />
kodirebis gareSe, magram rodesac fotoebi semiotikuri analizis sagnad<br />
iqceva, maSinve irkveva, rom fotoebi konotaciis kulturuli kodebis<br />
matareblebi arian, romlebic maTSi nagulisxmev miTur Sinaarss<br />
ayalibeben.<br />
daskvna:<br />
1.britanuli da qarTuli beWduri mediis nimuSebis Seswavlam<br />
dagvanaxa, rom semiotikuri analizi mudmivad viTardeba da dekodirebisa<br />
da mkiTxvelis gemovnebis cvalebadobis Sesabamisad, TandaTan cvlis<br />
sakuTar midgomebsac.<br />
2. fotografiis denotatiuri aspeqti warmoadgens im miTur<br />
safuZvels, romelze dayrdnobiTac igeba konotaciebi.<br />
3. britanuli presisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli seriozuli gazeTebis<br />
saTaurebi xSirad Zalian martivad da gasagebad gvamcnoben adgilobrivi<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis saWirboroto ekonomikuri Temebis Sesaxeb.<br />
4. rogorc britanuli, aseve saqarTvelos beWduri media aqtiurad<br />
iyenebs rolan barTis mier Camoyalibebul eqvs xerxs, romelTa<br />
meSveobiTac xdeba konotaciebis warmoSoba.<br />
5. orive qveynis sxvadasxva tipis presaSi xdeba erTi da igive<br />
fotoebis sxvadasxvagvarad interpretireba, rac naTlad miuTiTebs ori<br />
gazeTis gansxvavebul saredaqcio politikaze. isini fotoebSi<br />
denotirebuli identuri gamosaxulebis gansxvavebuli lingvisturi<br />
xerxebiT erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego konotaciebs qmnian da Sesabamis<br />
miTebsac warmoSoben.<br />
105
3.3. semiotikuri niSnebis gamoyenebis analizi satelevizio axal<br />
ambebSi (“imedis” sainformacio gamoSveba `modelirebuli qronikis”<br />
magaliTze) da misi Sedareba sagazeTo “niusebTan”<br />
semiotika, rogorc niSnebisa da maTi mniSvnelobis Semswavleli<br />
dargi ganviTarebis dasawyisSi mxolod sametyvelo enis Seswavlaze iyo<br />
orientirebuli. magram, rogorc cnobilia, amJamad igi gamoiyeneba sxva<br />
media-saSualebebis, maT Soris iseTis, rogoricaa televizia, vizualuri<br />
da smeniTi `enebis~ Seswavla-kvlevisaTvisac. es gasagebicaa, radgan<br />
TavisTavad `niSani” semiotikaSi gulisxmobs yvelafers, rac ukavSirdeba<br />
sityvas, gamosaxulebas an bgeras.<br />
am qveTavSi SevecdebiT, avxsnaT, Tu rogor miesadageba semiotikuri<br />
analizi im erTobliobas, romelsac televizia sametyvelo da<br />
werilobiTi lingvisturi niSnebis, statikuri da moZravi<br />
gamosaxulebebis, musikisa da grafikuli suraTebis nazavis saxiT<br />
gvTavazobs.<br />
Cveni kvlevis sailustraciod SevarCieT saqarTvelos erT-erTi<br />
telekompaniis, kerZod, `imedis” eTerSi 2010 wlis 13 marts, 20 saaTze<br />
gasuli sainformacio gamoSveba, romelic mayurebels `modelirebuli”<br />
an `imitirebuli” qronikis saxeliT daamaxsovrda.<br />
riT iyo es gadacema saintereso ratom gamoiwvia man saqarTvelos<br />
mosaxleobis did umravlesobaSi panika, ris gamoc SemdgomSi<br />
sainformacio gamoSvebisa da mTeli telekompaniis mesveurebma<br />
miyenebuli moraluri zaralis gamo bodiSi mouxades mayurebels<br />
rogori saxis semiotikuri niSnebi gamoiyena SemoqmedebiTma koleqtivma<br />
miviRebdiT Tu ara msgavs Sedegs igive denota<strong>ciuri</strong> niSnebis gazeTSi<br />
gamoqveynebis SemTxvevaSi, aRiZvreboda Tu ara igive konotaciebi da<br />
miTebi aqedan gamomdinare, ra gansxvavebaa telemayurebelsa da presis<br />
mkiTxvels Soris iyo Tu ara gadacemaSi verbalursa da vizualur<br />
kodebs Soris Tanxvedra da ra ufro mniSvnelovania adamianisaTvis<br />
telegadacemis yurebisas _ verbaluri Tu vizualuri niSnebi<br />
106
qarTul telesivrceSi momxdari gaugebroba, romelic dRemde ara<br />
mxolod saqarTvelos, aramed sxva qveynebis media-wreebis ganxilvis<br />
sagnadac rCeba, marTlac sayuradReboa semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT.<br />
televiziisadmi semiotikuri midgomebis erT-erTi cnobili<br />
mkvlevari, mecnieri jonaTan bigneli Tavis naSromSi `Sesavali<br />
satelevizio kvlevebisaTvis~ (J. Bignell, “Introduction in Television Studies”, 2008)<br />
sainteresod mogviTxrobs satelevizio niusebis teqstebisa da Txrobis,<br />
e.w. `narativis~ Sesaxeb.<br />
televiziisadmi teqstobrivi kuTxiT midgoma seriozuli gzaa<br />
televiziis Sesaxeb mayurebelTa mosazrebebis gansaxilvelad. Tumca am<br />
gzas garkveuli winaaRmdegobebic axlavs Tan. igi yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />
teqstobriv detalebze da es institucionaluri konteqstisa da<br />
istoriis xarjze xdeba. xSirad igi ugulebelyofs imas, Tu rogor<br />
aRiqvams mayurebeli televizias.<br />
am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT bigneli gvTavazobs ramdenime<br />
sayuradRebo sakiTxs, romelic dafiqrebas moiTxovs:<br />
rogori saxiT arseboben mniSvnelobebi satelevizio teqstebSi, anu<br />
rogoria maTi denotacia.<br />
rogor SeiZleba, rom mniSvneloba damokidebuli iyos mayurebelsa<br />
da teqstebs Soris urTierTobaze, Aanu rogoria maTi konotacia.<br />
rogori zegavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos teqsts `miRma~ arsebuli<br />
produqciis konteqstisa da istoriis codnam im Sinaarsze, romelic aqvT<br />
satelevizio teqstebs, anu ra aris miTi, rac Tavis mxriv ukavSirdeba<br />
ideologias.<br />
televiziisadmi teqstobriv midgomas SeuZlia axsnas, rogor iqmneba<br />
Sinaarsi, saidan iRebs saTaves da ratom xdeba xSirad misi kritikulad<br />
aRqma. es gansakuTrebiT Seexeba axal ambebs, “niusebs”, romlebsac<br />
gamorCeuli adgili uWiravT mTel samauwyeblo badeSi.<br />
gasuli saukunis 70-80-iani wlebidan dRemde Catarda satelevizio<br />
programebis mravali Teoriuli kvleva, romlebSic kvlevis<br />
zemoTxsenebuli obieqtebi (teleprogramebi, maT Soris niusebi)<br />
ganxilulia rogorc `teqstebi~. semiotikas xSirad iyeneben teqstebis<br />
107
analizisaTvis, Tumca semiotika gacilebiT bevrs niSnavs, vidre<br />
ubralod teqstualuri analizis gzaDda saSualeba.<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom e.w. `teqsti~ SeiZleba arsebobdes nebismier<br />
mediumSi da SeiZleba iyos verbaluri da araverbaluri an orive erTad,<br />
miuxedavad am ganmartebis logocentruli damokidebulebisa. termini<br />
`teqsti~ Cveulebriv Seexeba gzavnils, romelic romelime xerxiTa da<br />
gziTaa Cawerili (magaliTad, werilobiT, audio an video Canaweri) da<br />
amgvarad, gamomgzavnis an mimRebisagan fizikuri TvalsazrisiT<br />
damoukidebelia.<br />
satelevizio teqsti iseTi niSnebis erTobliobaa, rogoricaa<br />
sityvebi, gamosaxulebebi, bgerebi an Jestebi da romlebic agebulni da<br />
interpretirebulni arian im mniSvnelobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic<br />
asocirdeba JanrTan da komunikaciis konkretul mediumTan.<br />
niusebi, romlebSic uxvadaa gamoyenebuli rogorc verbaluri, aseve<br />
audio da vizualuri teqstebi, tele-diskursis specifiuri Janria,<br />
romelic srulad kodirebulia. axali ambebis daniSnuleba absoluturad<br />
gansxvavdeba presasa da televiziaSi. amitom televiziis, rogorc<br />
mediumis semiotika gazeTebisagan gansxvavebul midgomas moiTxovs.<br />
tele-niusebi mediatoria mayurebelsa da im realobas Soris,<br />
romelic niSnebze dayrdnobiT igeba. satelevizio axali ambebis<br />
semiotikuri analizi gvaCvenebs, rom realobis konkretuli miTuri<br />
mniSvnelobebi niSnebisa da kodebis meSveobiT iZerweba, niusebis yureba<br />
ki mayurebelTa subieqtur identurobas sxvadasxva formiT ayalibebs.<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mayureblis, rogorc niSnebis “gamSifvrelis”<br />
rols, kvlavac davdgebiT semiotikis jer kidev bolomde Seuswavleli<br />
fenomenis mier SemoTavazebuli SekiTxvebis winaSe, romlebic Seexeba<br />
niSnebis mniSvnelobis “sworad” gaazrebas realur socialur<br />
konteqstSi.<br />
“satelevizio axali ambebi miCneulia, rogorc avtoritetuli,<br />
obieqturi da dabalansebuli gadacema, romelTa meSveobiT did<br />
britanelTa umetesoba ufro met axal informacias iRebs, vidre<br />
gazeTebidan,” – aRniSnavs bigneli. (Jonathan Bignell. Media Semiotics, An<br />
Introduction. 2003, Manchester University Press, p. 108).<br />
108
itanelTa msgavsad, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi umravlesobac<br />
qveynis SigniT Tu mis gareT ganviTarebul movlenebs swored axali<br />
ambebis satelevizio gamoSvebebidan igebs. televiziis, rogorc axali<br />
ambebis mediumis dominanturi roli ganapiroba presis formatis<br />
nawilobrivma cvalebadobam, misi yuradRebis gadatanam sensaciur<br />
istoriebze, cnobili adamianebis Tavgadasavlebze da ase Semdeg. garda<br />
amisa, satelevizio formati informaciis uswrafesad Setyobis<br />
saSualebacaa, rasac, gazeTebi, specifikidan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, ver<br />
axerxeben. yvelafers isic emateba, rom socialurad gaWirvebuli<br />
mosaxleobis nawils xeli ar miuwvdeba gazeTebis SeZenaze.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebis gaTvaliswinebiT, advili asaxsnelia,<br />
Tu ratom elis Cveni qveynis moqalaqeTa didi umravlesoba saRamos,<br />
telemauwyeblobis saukeTeso saeTero dros dagegmil sainformacio<br />
gamoSvebebs.<br />
2010 wlis 13 marts `imedis” mayurebeli Cveulebriv eloda<br />
avtoritetuli SemoqmedebiTi koleqtivis mier momzadebul morig<br />
gamoSvebas da ver amoicno is `saxumaro” Canafiqri, romelic mas<br />
telekompaniis mesveurebma moumzades.<br />
mTeli gadacema mieZRvna ruseTis mxridan saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg<br />
viTomda ganxorcielebul morig agresias. mayurebeli arc ki<br />
dafiqrebula, ise daijera ekranze nanaxi kadrebi da mosmenili<br />
informacia. Jurnalistebis mier gamoyenebuli iyo yvela nacnobi,<br />
aRiarebuli denota<strong>ciuri</strong> niSnebi da kodebi, magram iyo garkveuli<br />
cdomilebebic, romlebic, wesiT, unda daxmareboda dakvirvebul<br />
mayurebels maT gaSifrvaSi, magram amis sanacvlod, am niSnebis xilvam<br />
warmoSva 2008 wlis zafxulis omTan dakavSirebuli konotaciebi da<br />
miTebi, ramac mosaxleobis umetesobaSi stresi da panika gamoiwvia.<br />
ganvixiloT TanmimdevrobiT:<br />
xatovani niSnebi satelevizio enaSi xSirad warmodgenilni arian<br />
rogorc sagnis, adgilis an adamianis aRmniSvnelebi anu denotatebi.<br />
magram niSnebi iSviaTad gvevlinebian, rogorc ubralod denotatebi,<br />
radgan maTi warmoSoba da gaazreba kulturul konteqstSi mimdinareobs,<br />
xolo es ukanaskneli maT gacilebiT met datvirTvas aZlevs da<br />
109
amdidrebs bevri sxva<br />
mniSvnelobiT, vidre es mxolod<br />
denotaciiT aris nagulisxmevi.<br />
niSnebis<br />
kulturuli<br />
asociaciebisa da kavSirebis, anu<br />
konotaciis sailustraciod<br />
gamodgeba, magaliTad, kadrebi,<br />
romlebic gviCvenebs axali ambebis<br />
studiis magidasTan mjdom mkacr,<br />
klasikur stilSi Cacmul programis wamyvans an wamyvanebs. es<br />
denotatiuri niSnebi aRniSnaven ara mxolod studiaSi myof adamians,<br />
aramed aqvT avtoritetis, seriozulobisa da oficialurobis konotacia,<br />
romelic Tavis mxriv gamomdinareobs studiis magidebis, oficialuri<br />
tansacmlis da kamerisadmi pirdapiri mimarTvis konotaciebidan.<br />
2010 wlis 13 martis “modelirebuli qronikis” wamyvanis laSa<br />
xaraziSvilis Cacmuloba da ieri, masTan erTad saeTero studiis<br />
interieric denotaciis yvela aRiarebul, CvenSi damkvidrebul normas<br />
Seesabameboda da ar iZleoda eWvis safuZvels saimisod, rom<br />
sainformacio gamoSvebas salaRobo xasiaTi eqneboda.<br />
konotaciebi nawilobriv im socialuri kodebidan warmoiSveba,<br />
romlebic sazogadoebaSi trialeben, agreTve tradiciulad<br />
damkvidrebuli axali ambebis satelivizio kodebidanac. Aaxali ambebis<br />
wamyvanebi saubroben neitraluri da Tanabari toniT, romelic Tavis<br />
mxriv, aris konota<strong>ciuri</strong> niSani erTis mxriv wamyvanis da meores mxriv<br />
konkretuli televiziis obieqturobisa da avtoritetisa.<br />
pirveli usiamovno impulsi, romelic gadacemis dasawyisSive,<br />
`qronikis” kargad nacnobi musikaluri qudis dasrulebisTanave gaCnda,<br />
gaxldaT xaraziSvilis uCveulod aRelvebuli da SeSfoTebuli toni,<br />
romliTac man misalmebisTanave ganacxada: “gTavazobT `qronikis”<br />
specialur gamoSvebas. es wuTia gvacnobes, rom ruseTis prezidentma<br />
Caatara sagangebo brifingi, romelzec man saqarTvelos intervenciis<br />
gadawyvetileba miiRo. gTavazobT masalebs, romlebsac rusuli<br />
sainformacio arxebi am wuTebSi pirdapir eTerSi gadascemen.”<br />
110
amis Semdeg kadrSi gamoCnda<br />
ruseTis prezidenti, romelic aseve<br />
eWvmiutaneli rakursiT oficialur<br />
anturaJSi iyo gadaRebuli. man<br />
mkacri gamometyvelebiTa da xmiT<br />
ganacxada:<br />
`Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare<br />
ruseTi valdebulia miiRos<br />
gadamwyveti zomebi imisaTvis, rom<br />
uzrunvelyos regionuli mSvidoba da harmoniuli ganviTareba kavkasiis<br />
xalxTa Soris. dRes amis ganxorcielebas erTi adamiani – saakaSvili<br />
uSlis xels. igi yvelafers akeTebs, rom regioni mudmivi dapirispirebisa<br />
da ngrevis qaosSi iyos CaTreuli. igi aris teroristi da warmoadgens<br />
pirdapir safrTxes kavkasiis xalxebisa da mTeli evropisaTvis. Cven<br />
gvinda mSvidoba da TanamSromloba kavkasiis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebTan,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelosTan. ver davuSvebT, rom Cveni xalxebis<br />
saukunovani Zmoba saakaSvilisnairma politikurma gvamebma daangrion.<br />
amitom, am wuTebSi iwyeba samxedro operacia, romlis mizania<br />
saakaSvilis tiraniisagan saqarTvelos gaTavisufleba da regionSi<br />
mSvidobis sabolood damyareba. Cven ar mivdivarT qarTvel xalxTan da<br />
qarTul armiasTan sabrZolvelad. rac ufro naklebi iqneba<br />
winaaRmdegoba, miT male gaTavisufldeba Cveni moZme, represirebuli<br />
qarTveli xalxi.”<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu laSa xaraziSvili araoficialurad iqneboda<br />
Cacmuli da aseve araoficialuri, uSualo mimarTviT an sainformacio<br />
gamoSvebisaTvis uCveulo gamometyvelebiT, “msubuqi” formiT daiwyebda<br />
pirdapir eTers, maSin, SesaZlebelia, rom mayurebels mTeli<br />
seriozulobiT aRar aReqva mis mier miwodebuli Tavzardamcemi<br />
informacia.<br />
wamyvanebi, rogorc wesi, gadaRebulni arian saSualo xediT da<br />
neitraluri ganaTebis TanxlebiT. Ees kodi, Cveulebriv, wamyvans<br />
warmogvidgens, rogorc movlenebis mediators, romelic mimarTavs<br />
auditorias da akavSirebs maT rogorc reportiorebTan, aseve axali<br />
111
ambebis monawile subieqtebTan.<br />
mediatori aris xidis funqciis<br />
Semsrulebeli,<br />
romelic<br />
gadebulia mayureblis Sinagan<br />
samyarosa da niusebis mier<br />
warmodgenil gare samyaros<br />
Soris. 13 martis saRamos<br />
gamoSvebis wamyvani yvela<br />
damkvidrebul<br />
moTxovnas<br />
Seesabameboda, garda erTisa _ mas aRelvebuli gamometyveleba da<br />
SeSfoTebuli xma hqonda. magram ”imedis” mayurebelma igi mainc aRiqva<br />
informaciis sarwmuno wyarod, vinaidan mosmenilma verbalurma teqstma<br />
warsulis miTi gaaRviZa.<br />
aseve damajerebli gaxldaT ruseTis prezidentis gamosvlac,<br />
romlis rusulenovani, CvenTvis ucnobi Sinaarsi qarTulad Targmnili<br />
mogvasmenines. vinaidan mayurebels saqarTveloSi jer kidev kargad<br />
axsovs rusuli agresia 2008 wlis agvistoSi, amitom dimitri medvedevis<br />
gamosvlaSi konotirebuli verbaluri niSnebisac aseve uyoymanod<br />
daijera, miT umetes rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobas rusul sainformacio<br />
arxebze ukve ramdenime welia, xeli aRar miuwvdeba da amitom am<br />
Setyobinebas ver gadaamowmebda.<br />
satelevizio axal ambebTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi miTi maT<br />
imavdroulobaSi, myiseulobaSi mdgomareobs. myiseulobis konotireba<br />
xdeba iseTi niSnebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa ekranze gakeTebuli titri<br />
“live” (pirdapiri eTeri), romelSic denotirebulia movlenis<br />
ganviTarebisa da misi eTerSi gadacemis Tanxvedra, erTdrouloba. amis<br />
gakeTeba SesaZlebelia zepiri lingvisturi sintagmis meSveobiTac,<br />
romelsac wamyvani gvamcnobs.<br />
“modelirebul qronikas” mTeli saeTero drois manZilze Tan sdevda<br />
zemoT xsenebuli titri “live”, romelsac meti efeqtisa da<br />
damajereblobisaTvis Tan axlda laSa xaraziSvilis mier mowodebuli<br />
lingvisturi sintagmebic: `sazRvris dacvis policia ityobineba, rom<br />
somxeTSi dislocirebulma rusulma satanko batalionma saqarTvelos<br />
112
sazRvrebi gadmolaxa da<br />
<strong>Tbilisis</strong>aken moemarTebian.<br />
rusuli regularuli armia<br />
<strong>Tbilisis</strong>ken axalgoridanac<br />
moemarTeba.”<br />
“axla, am wuTebSi rusuli<br />
aviacia saqarTvelos strategiul<br />
obieqtebs bombavs, arian<br />
daRupulebi da daWrilebi.”<br />
“vrceldeba informacia, rom saqarTvelos prezidenti moklulia.<br />
CvenTvis SeuZlebelia am informaciis gadamowmeba. saakaSvilis<br />
adgilsamyofeli ucnobia.” “sxvadasxva bazebidan <strong>Tbilisis</strong>ken momaval<br />
samxedro kolonebs sami batalioni gamoeyo. maT uari ganacxades<br />
saakaSvilis danaSaulebrivi reJimis dasacavad Camosvlaze.”<br />
sagazeTo diskursisagan gansxvavebiT, satelevizio axali ambebi<br />
mxolod faqtebis CamonaTvals da mis analizs ki ar gvTavazoben, aramed<br />
naratiul reportaJebs movlenaTa epicentridan.<br />
“modelirebul qronikaSi” SemogvTavazes ruseTidan miRebuli<br />
viTomda axali Canawerebi, romlebSic rusi politikosebi Sefasebebs<br />
aZlevdnen dawyebul agresias.<br />
zogierTi maTgani miesalma `morig okupacias”, magaliTad: `amieridan<br />
saqarTveloSi aRar ixmaren sityvebs okupacia, agresia, nato. samagierod<br />
gamoiyeneben sityvebs Zmoba, erToba da axal sityvebs – konfederacia,<br />
TviTgamorkveva,” _ (Jirinovski) `noRaidelma da burjanaZem saqarTvelo<br />
gadaarCines. gaumarjos axal saqarTvelos,” _(rogozini) movismineT<br />
sawinaaRmdego, ruseTis qmedebis damgmobi gacxadebebic, magaliTad:<br />
`ruseTis mier dawyebuli morigi agresia yovlad gaumarTlebelia.<br />
movuwodebT saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, dauyovnebliv moaqcion Cveni<br />
qveyana saerTaSoriso izolaciaSi.” (novodvorskaia).<br />
vinaidan gadacemaSi monawile rusi politikosebi da<br />
saqarTvelosadmi maTi ganwyobebic kargad cnobilia Cveni<br />
telemayureblisaTvis, amitom arc zemoTxsenebul kadrebsa da<br />
113
gancxadebebs gamouwvevia raime eWvi maT sarwmunoobaSi da gaxdnen<br />
Sesabamisi konotaciebis gamomwvevni.<br />
rogoria Cveni damokidebuleba telemediisadmi, rogorc mediumis<br />
erT-erTi saxeobisadmi da rogori Sedegi SeiZleba gamoiRos misdami<br />
moufrTxilebelma mopyrobam rogorc mayureblis, aseve produqciis<br />
SemqmnelTa mxridan<br />
termini `mediumi~ sxvadasxva TeoretikosTa mier sxvadasxvagvarad<br />
gamoiyeneba da SeiZleba moicavdes iseT farTo kategoriebs, rogoricaa<br />
metyveleba da wera an beWdva da mauwyebloba. `mediumi” SeiZleba<br />
ukavSirdebodes specifiur teqnikur formebs masmediis wiaRSi (radio,<br />
televizia, Jurnalebi, wignebi, fotoebi, filmebi da Canawerebi) an<br />
adamianTa personaluri kavSiris medias (telefoni, werili, faqsi, elfosta,<br />
internet-CeTis sistemebi<br />
an video-konferenciebi).<br />
nebismieri adamianis mier<br />
mediumis yoveldRiuri gamoyeneba,<br />
romelmac icis, rogor gamoiyenos<br />
igi, rogorc wesi uproblemod da<br />
SekiTxvebis gareSe Caivlis xolme.<br />
Ees naklebad gasaocaria, radgan<br />
media gvevlineba im miznebis<br />
Sesrulebis saSualebad, romlebic, rogorc wesi, SemTxveviTia xolme.<br />
rac ufro xSirad da swrafad xdeba mediumis gamoyeneba, igi miT ufro<br />
`gamWvirvale an SeumCneveli~ xdeba misi gamomyeneblisaTvis. rutinuli<br />
miznebis umravlesobisaTvis mediumis gacnobierebam SeiZleba Seasustos<br />
misi, rogorc saSualebis efeqturoba. amitom, mediis potenciali,<br />
Seasrulos misi sawyisi funqcia, marTlac udidesia.<br />
nebismieri mediumis SerCeviTobas mivyavarT misi iseTi<br />
gamoyenebisaken, romlis Sesaxeb gamomyenebelma SeiZleba araferi icodes<br />
da romelic SeiZleba arc iyos misi gamoyenebis miznis nawili. CvenTvis<br />
mediumi SeiZleba iseTi axlobeli iyos, rom TiTqos `gabruebulebi~<br />
vepyrobiT mis mediacias: `Cven ar viciT, ra gamogvrCeba xolme~.<br />
114
televiziisadmi swored am<br />
brma ndobam, “gabruebam” gamoiwvia<br />
is reaqcia, romelic<br />
“modelirebuli qronikis” eTerSi<br />
gaSvebas mohyva. im saRamom naTeli<br />
gaxada, Tu ramdenad mindobilia<br />
mayurebeli teleeTers, romelmac<br />
SekiTxvebisa da kritikis gareSe,<br />
daufiqreblad miiRo gadacemaSi<br />
denotirebuli niSnebi da kodebi da am SemTxvevaSi misTvis saziano<br />
konotaciebi da miTebi aReZra. moxda ise, rogorc es bignels aqvs<br />
naTqvami: `mayurebeli ufro xSirad yuradRebas amaxvilebs teqstobriv<br />
detalebze da es institucionaluri konteqstisa da istoriis xarjze<br />
xorcieldeba.” 13 martis gadacemis avtorebma teqstze yuradRebis<br />
gamaxvilebiT ugulebelyves is, Tu rogor aRiqvams mayurebeli<br />
televizias.<br />
swored amitom, semiotikasa da naratiul analizs Tanamedrove<br />
satelevizio kvlevebSi udidesi roli eniWeba.<br />
niusebi uxvad iyeneben sxvadasxva tipis ara mxolod verbalur,<br />
aramed vizualur sintagmebs, gamosaxulebebs, romlebic, rogorc ukve<br />
aRvniSneT, aseve teqstis nairsaxeobas warmoadgenen. niusebis<br />
gamravalferovnebisa da maTTvis saintereso saxis misaniWeblad axali<br />
ambebis siuJetebis umravlesoba agebulia erTis mxriv vizualur<br />
sintagmebze, gamosaxulebebis wyebebze, xolo meores mxriv lingvistur<br />
sintagmebze. xatovani vizualuri sintagmebis siWarbe did efeqturobasa<br />
da wonas matebs satelevizio axali ambebis Rirebulebas. is niusebi,<br />
romlebsac gamosaxuleba naklebad axlavs Tan, Znelad moxvdeba<br />
sainformacio gamoSvebebSi. Tumca Zalze iSviaTia, rom gamosaxulebas<br />
reportioris xma ar axldes Tan.<br />
Tu sagazeTo fotoebs SevadarebT, davinaxavT, rom televiziis<br />
xatovani fotografiuli niSnebi potenciurad mravalnairad SeiZleba<br />
iqnes aRqmuli maTi mravalganzomilebiani denotaciis gamo. ase rom is<br />
konotaciebi, romlebic exmarebian satelevizio niusis Seqmnas,<br />
115
yalibdebian xatovani da<br />
lingvisturi<br />
niSnebis<br />
erTobliobiTa da TanxvedriT.<br />
`modelirebul qronikaSi”<br />
dakvirvebuli Tvali kargad<br />
SeamCnevda, rom ar arsebobda<br />
Tanxvedra vizualursa da<br />
verbalur niSnebs Soris. albaT,<br />
swored am xerxis gamoyenebiT<br />
fiqrobda “imedis” koleqtivi, rom maTi xumroba yvelasaTvis gasagebi<br />
iqneboda.<br />
SegaxsenebT, rom gadacema 13 marts, gazafxulis damdegs gavida<br />
eTerSi, maSin, roca saqarTveloSi jer kidev zamTris susxi idga.<br />
wamyvanis mier mowodebul informacias Tan sdevda xan zafxulSi, xanac<br />
zamTarSi gadaRebuli kadrebi, magaliTad: “Seiqmna saxalxo fronti,<br />
romlis jariskacebi mzad arian samSoblos dasacavad” (kadrs miRma<br />
laSa xaraziSvili, xolo kadrSi aCvenebdnen jariskacebs, romlebic<br />
zafxulis formebSi iyvnen gamowyobilni);<br />
“nino burjanaZem madloba gadauxada jariskacebs arCevanisaTvis,<br />
rac brZolaSi monawileobaze uaris TqmaSi gamoixateba” (kadrSi nino<br />
burjanaZe gorSi, TeTr, sazafxulo kabaSi); “daiwyo iaraRis gacema.<br />
mosaxleoba mzad aris sakadrisi pasuxi gasces momxdur mters.”<br />
(kadrebSi erTmaneTs enacvleboda xan RamiT, xanac dRis sinaTleze<br />
gadaRebuli gamosaxulebebi, gviCvenebdnen xan zamTris an gviani<br />
Semodgomis, xanac zafxulis kadrebs); moskovSi gadaRebul kadrebSi xan<br />
zamTari da didi Tovlia, xanac ayvavebuli xeebi da ase Semdeg. wamyvani<br />
mTeli gadacemis manZilze imeorebda, rom rusuli sajariso SenaerTebi<br />
<strong>Tbilisis</strong>aken moemarTebian, xolo kadrSi gvaCvenebdnen ukve dangreul<br />
rusTavelis prospeqtze moTareSe tankebs.<br />
dazafrulma mayurebelma isic ki ver gaiazra, rom amgvar qaosSi,<br />
romelic ekranidan Canda, telekompania “imedi”, ubralod, eTerSi<br />
gasvlasac ki ver moaxerxebda.<br />
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ogorc davinaxeT, mayureblisTvis gacilebiT meti zemoqmedebis<br />
momxdeni aRmoCnda lingvisturi niSnebi, vidre vizualuri. teleniusebis<br />
semiotikuri analizis gakeTebisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT ara marto<br />
miTebsa da ideologiur mniSvnelobebs, aramed niusebis<br />
interteqstualur konteqstsac, anu imas, Tu rogor xdeba erTi teqstis<br />
mier meoris mniSvnelobis gamoyeneba misi moxseniebis, citirebisa Tu<br />
parodirebis gziT.<br />
televiziisadmi semiotikuri midgomebi iwyeba im sxvadasxva tipis<br />
niSnebis identificirebiT, romlebic mediumSi mniSvnelobis matarebelia.<br />
semiotikuri analizis principi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom dasawyisSi<br />
gaviazroT is satelevizio `ena~, romelsac televiziis SemoqmedebiTi<br />
koleqtivi da mayurebeli SeTanxmebulad iyenebs.<br />
semiotikis damaarsebeli, Fferdinand sosiuri sametyvelo enas<br />
miiCnevda adamianis mier mniSvnelobis mqone yvelaze fundamentur<br />
qmedebad. igi amtkicebda, rom yvela sxva mediis gageba SesaZlebelia<br />
sametyvelo enis analogiurad. igi cdilobda aexsna sametyvelo enis<br />
funqcionireba drois konkretul monakveTSi da enis sistemas aRwerda<br />
rogorc enas, xolo enis gamoyenebis TiToeul SemTxvevas uwodebda<br />
“parole”-s, rac frangulad `metyvelebas~ niSnavs. (ferdinand sosiuri,<br />
zogadi enaTmecnierebis kursi, 2002, gamomcemloba “diogene”, gv.38).<br />
televiziis `ena~ unda warmoadgendes wesebisa da winapirobebis<br />
mTel sistemas, romelic emsaxureba mediumSi azrobrivi mniSvnelobis<br />
gatarebas. televiziis nebismieri konkretuli kadri gamodgeboda “parole”‐<br />
s magaliTad, zemoTxsenebuli sistemis gamoyenebis nimuSad.<br />
televiziis ena Sedgeba vizualuri da xmovani niSnebisagan.<br />
vizualur niSnebSi Sedis yvela is gamosaxuleba da suraTi, romelic<br />
ekranze Cndeba. xmovani niSnebi ki moicaven metyvelebas, sxvadasxva saxis<br />
xmasa da musikas, romelsac televizia gamoscems.<br />
teleekranis yvela vizualuri niSani, romelic Cndeba ekranis<br />
brtyel zedapirze, or-ganzomilebiania. Tumca axali teqnologiebis<br />
danergvam SesaZlebeli gaxada samganzomilebiani gamosaxulebis miReba<br />
da rogorc gvpirdebian, sul male es siaxle nebismieri CvenganisaTvis<br />
iqneba xelmisawvdomi.<br />
117
televiziis vizualur niSanTa umravlesoba zustad gvagonebs im<br />
adamianebs, adgilebsa da sagnebs, romlebsac isini warmogvidgenen<br />
rogorc gamogonil, aseve realobis amsaxvel programebSi.<br />
niSnebs, romlebic gvagoneben maT mier asaxul obieqts, imitom<br />
ewodebaT xatobrivi niSnebi, raTa isini ganvasxvavoT im niSnebisagan,<br />
romlebsac SesaZloa ar hqondeT kavSiri aRsaniSn saganTan. “magaliTad,<br />
kata simbolur niSans warmoadgens da niSnavs, rom furcelze dawerili<br />
asoebis an `katis~ warmoTqmisas gaJRerebuli sityvis mniSvneloba<br />
inglisurSi aRniSnavs bewvian oTxfexa cxovels. Kkatis satelevizio<br />
gamosaxuleba gavagonebs im namdvil katas, romelsac igi warmoadgens da<br />
aqedan gamomdinare aris xatovani niSani,” – aRniSnavs bigneli (jonaTan<br />
bigneli, satelevizio kvlevebis Sesavali, 2008, gv.89).<br />
radgan mayurebeli elis, rom telegamosaxulebam unda moaxerxos<br />
xalxis, adgilebisa Tu katis denotacia, amitom dadgenili da<br />
aRiarebuli gamosaxulebebi televiziaSi ufro metad emyareba<br />
telegamosaxulebis xatovan xasiaTs, raTa Seqmnan realizmis<br />
STabeWdileba, Mmagram televiziis denota<strong>ciuri</strong> niSnebis realizmis aRqma<br />
damokidebulia kompoziciis, perspeqtivisa da CarCos aRiarebul<br />
kanonebze, romlebic ise myaradaa damkvidrebuli satelevizio<br />
kulturaSi, rom xandaxan gveCveneba, rom or-ganzomilebiani gamosaxuleba<br />
samganzomilebiani realobis niSnebs atarebs.<br />
am dakanonebuli SeTanxmebebis Zala SeiZleba davinaxoT maSin, roca<br />
televizia warmogvidgens realur samyaroSi ararsebul sagnebs,<br />
magaliTad kosmosuri xomaldi samecniero fantastikuri seriebidan.<br />
xSirad am xomaldebis gamosaxulebebi ar arian realuri sagnebis<br />
suraTebi an Tundac modelebi. isini Seqmnili arian kompiuteris<br />
meSveobiT. Mmiuxedavad amisa, radgan es gamosaxulebebi emorCilebian<br />
satelevizio enis mier dakanonebul da mayurebelTa mier aRiarebul<br />
wesebs, auditoria aucileblad icnobs sagnebs da maT ise aRiqvams,<br />
TiTqos isini realurebi arian.<br />
analogiuri Sedegi miviReT `modelirebuli qronikis” SemTxvevaSic,<br />
rodesac ekranze naCvenebi omisa da ngrevis faqtebs saqarTvelos<br />
imwuTier sinamdvileSi adgili ar hqonia, magram vinaidan yvela<br />
118
warmodgenili kadri emorCileboda satelevizio enis mier dakanonebul<br />
da Cveni mayureblis mier aRiarebul wesebs, amitomac umravlesobam<br />
yuradReba aRar miaqcia zemoT xsenebul cdomilebebs da uyoymanod<br />
irwmuna isini.<br />
aucilebelia ganvasxvavoT masmediis sxvadasxva arxebi da<br />
teqnologiebi, romelTa meSveobiTac isini warmogvidgebian xolme.<br />
presa iyenebs vizualur arxs, misi ena werilobiTia da eyrdnoba<br />
fotoreproduqciebis, grafikuli dizainisa da beWdvis teqnologiebs.<br />
Aamis sapirispirod, radio iyenebs zepir arxs da salaparako enas da<br />
eyrdnoba xmis Cawerisa da mauwyeblobis teqnologiebs, maSin roca<br />
televizia aerTianebs xmis, gamosaxulebis Canawersa da mauwyeblobas.<br />
am gansxvavebebs arxebsa da teqnologiebSi mniSvnelovani zegavlena<br />
aqvs sxvadasxva mediis potencialze. magaliTad, beWdur medias aqvs<br />
naklebad piraduli mniSvneloba, vidre radio-televizias, radios aqvs<br />
saSualeba individualoba wamoswios win xmis individualuri xarisxiT;<br />
televizia ufro Sors midis da adamianis danaxvis saSualebas iZleva,<br />
Tan ara gazeTis fotoebSi gayinuli poziT, aramed moZraobaSi da<br />
qmedebebSi.<br />
“modelirebuli qronikis” presiseuli versia rom warmovidginoT, igi<br />
verasodes moaxdenda im efeqts, rac man teleekranebze SeZlo. verbaluri<br />
teqstis da vizualuri kodebis (fotoebis) gacnobis Semdeg mkiTxveli<br />
aucileblad daeWvdeboda da xelmeored, ufro meti yuradRebiT<br />
daubrundeboda wakiTxuls. Tumca, SesaZloa, Sokismomgvreli efeqti<br />
gamoewvia mis radio-versias, miT umetes, rom radiomauwyeblobis<br />
istoriaSi arsebobs msgavsi gamocdileba.<br />
1938 wlis 30 oqtombers radiomuwyebloba CBS-is (Columbia Broadcasting<br />
System) pirdapiri eTeriT gadaica Hherbert uelsis romanis “samyaroTa<br />
omi”-s Semoklebuli versia, romelsac uZRveboda msaxiobi da momavali<br />
reJisori orson uelsi. samyaroTa omi iyo erT-erTi epizodi amerikuli<br />
radio- dramis anTologiuri seriidan saxeliT “eTerSia merkuris<br />
Teatri”. 60-wuTiani saeTero drois pirveli ori mesamedis manZilze<br />
msmenelebs SesTavazes, e.w. modelirebuli “axali ambebi”, romelic<br />
mosaxleobas atyobinebda, rom daiwyo dedamiwis dapyroba marsidan<br />
119
gadmosxmuli ucxoplanetelebis mier. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom<br />
“eTerSia merkuris Teatri” sareklamo Wrebisagan Tavisufal, uwyvet<br />
Sous warmoadgenda, rac programas met damajereblobas matebda, Sous<br />
panika mohyva, vinaidan msmenelebis didma nawilma daijera mosmenili<br />
informacia.<br />
momdevno dReebSi presaSi ar wydeboda gamoxmaurebebi<br />
radiogadacemaze. gazeTebi da sajaro pirebi erTxmad gmobdnen radioprogramis<br />
avtorebisa da zogadad radiokompaniis mesveurTa “borot”<br />
xumrobas. Tumca, unda iTqvas, am sakndalurma gadacema didi popularoba<br />
moutana Tavad orson uelss.<br />
programis formatad SerCeuli iyo reportaJi movlenaTa<br />
epicentridan pirdapir eTerSi. pirveli ori mesamedi 60 wuTiani<br />
gadacemisa daeTmo herbert uelsis romanSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis<br />
moyolas, magram axali ambebis saxiT.<br />
es xerxi axali rodi iyo. 1926 wels ronald noqsma (Ronald Knox)<br />
moamzada da pirdapir eTerSi gadasca satiruli axali ambebis gamoSveba,<br />
romelic viTomda asaxavda londonSi mimdinare areulobas, mimarTuls<br />
BBC-s (British Broadcasting Company) winaaRmdeg. am gadacemamac moaxdina<br />
zegavlena moaxdina msmenelze, romelmac daijera viTomda momxdari<br />
ambavi. magram “samyaroTa omis” inova<strong>ciuri</strong> formati da gaxangrZlivebuli<br />
droiT Seqmnili damajereblobis efeqti pirvelad gamoiyenes, rac<br />
specialistTa SefasebiT gadaiqca msmenelTa motyuebis da maTi SeSinebis<br />
ZiriTad iaraRad.<br />
teleniusebi, radios msgavsad, gulisxmoben sul mcire asociaciur<br />
kavSirs mainc warsulSi momxdar ambavsa da imave ambis axal detalebTan.<br />
maTi narativi gvTavazobs axal movlenebTan dakavSirebul miTur<br />
konotaciebs. magram Zalze Znelia imis gageba, Tu rogori moculobiT<br />
axerxebs mayurebeli niusebis ideologiuri kodebis gaazrebulad<br />
damaxsovrebas, xolo am kodebis ra nawilis damaxsovreba xdeba mxolod<br />
nawilobriv da isic damaxinjebulad.<br />
niusebis diskursis simWidrovis gamo, romelic Seicavs uzomo<br />
raodenobis mokle lingvistur (rogorc werilobiT, aseve zepir)<br />
sintagmebs, umoZrao da moZrav xatovan gamosaxulebebs, grafikul<br />
120
niSnebs, naklebad sarwmunoa, rom<br />
vinmem, Tundac Zalian<br />
yuradRebianma mayurebelma<br />
zedmiwevniT zustad daimaxsovros<br />
da aRweros sainformacio<br />
gamoSveba misi eTerSi gasvlis<br />
Semdeg.<br />
13 martis gamoSvebaSi<br />
Sedioda 20-ze meti siuJeti.<br />
TiToeuli Seicavda araerT lingvistur da vizualur sintagmas,<br />
gamoyenebuli iyo rukebi, gaCerebuli kadrebi, fotoebi, respondentebis,<br />
wamyvanis xmebi, musika da ase Semdeg. TiToeuli siuJeti warmoadgenda<br />
Zalze datvirTul da swrafad cvalebad teqstebs.<br />
axali ambebis Sinaarsze msjelobisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs imasac,<br />
Tu rogor vuyurebT gamoSvebas. britaneli mecnieri TansToli (Tunstall,J..<br />
1983, The Media in Britain, London) ganasxvavebs pirvelxarisxovan,<br />
meorexarisaxovan da mesamexarisxovan damokidebulebas media-wyaroebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi.<br />
Sesabamisad, pirveli maTgani gulisxmobs yuradRebiTa da<br />
kritikulad mosmena-yurebas, meore _televizoris yurebisas<br />
paralelurad sxva saqmianobas, magaliTad uToobas, an Jurnalis<br />
Tvalierebas, (da es yvelaze gavrcelebuli SemTxvevebia), xolo mesame _<br />
yurebis Zalze uyuradRebo formaa, rodesac televizoris xmas aRiqvamT<br />
mxolod rogorc oTaxSi mimdinare movlenis Tanmxlebs da mas<br />
praqtikulad ar usmenT. ra Tqma unda mayureblebze axali ambebis<br />
zemoqmedebis Zala damokidebulia yuradRebis xarisxze.<br />
TansTolis sqemis mixedviT, saqarTvelos telemayurebelTa didi<br />
umravlesoba, iseve rogorc, zogadad adamianebi mTel msoflioSi,<br />
meorexarisxovani yuradRebiT xasiaTdebian, radgan “modelirebuli<br />
qronikis” eTerSi gasvlas Tan mohyva panika, moqalaqeTa janmrTelobis<br />
mwvave gauareseba da ase Semdeg. meore dRes mxolod mcire nawili<br />
ambobda, rom maSinve mixvda teleJurnalistTa Canfiqrs da es moaxerxa<br />
swored vizualuri, alogikuri kodebis drouli gacnobierebiT. magram<br />
121
es mayurebelTa mxolod mcire nawilma moaxerxa, anu maT, vinc<br />
yuradRebian da kritikul auditorias miekuTvnebian.<br />
televizia sajarod amtkicebs, rom xelewifeba mayureblis myudro,<br />
Sinaur garemoSi Seitanos raRac gansxvavebuli, ucxo da saintereso.<br />
tele-mediums, gansakuTrebiT mis sainformacio gamoSvebebs gaaCniaT<br />
miTuri identuroba iseT teqnologiebTan, romlebic sazogadoebrivsa da<br />
pirovnuls erTmaneTTan akavSireben. am miTur identurobas<br />
ideologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. teleniusebi iTreven mayurebels da<br />
TiTqosda movlenebis Tanamonawiled xdian mas, magram, sinamdvileSi,<br />
ayeneben ra pasiur rolSi, mas Zalauflebis gareSe stoveben. niusebi<br />
iyeneben uzomod daxvewil grafikas, montaJsa da gamosaxulebas,<br />
romlebic zegavlenas axdenen vizualur interesze da romlebic,<br />
amavdroulad, siyalbis konotaciis matarebelia.<br />
magram teleniusebis ideologiuri miTebi yovelTvis ver axerxeben<br />
mayurebelze sasurveli zemoqmedebis moxdenas. axali ambebis<br />
mayureblisaTvis siuJetebis Sinaarsi yovelTvis ganixileba im<br />
konotaciebisa da miTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac niusebis diskursi<br />
gvTavazobs. rogori saxis gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebic ar unda iyos<br />
nagulisxmevi niusebSi, mayurebeli mainc moaxdens zogierTi im<br />
mniSvnelobis miseul dekodirebas, romelsac agebs niusebis diskursi.<br />
`modelirebuli qronikis” avtorebma mogvianebiT ganacxades, rom<br />
maTi mizani sulac ar yofila mayureblis SeSineba da lamis masobrivi<br />
panikis gamowveva. maT surdaT CvenTvis SeexsenebinaT is safrTxe,<br />
romelic ruseTis amJamindeli xelisuflebis mxridan gamudmebiT<br />
emuqreba saqarTvelosa da mis moqalaqeebs, maTive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />
mayurebels gaacnes is scenari, romelic, savaraudod, arsebobs da<br />
romlis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi miviRebT im suraTs, romelic<br />
SemoqmedebiTma koleqtivma SemogvTavaza. Tumca sasurveli efeqti rom<br />
mieRoT, amisaTvis maT mxedvelobidan gamorCaT erTi `patara” detali _<br />
gadacemisTvis unda daerToT titri `modelirebuli qronika.”<br />
am erTi uzustobis, Segnebuli Tu gauazrebeli gulmaviwyobis gamo<br />
2010 wlis 13 martis “qronika” saxifaTo ideologiur iaraRad gadaiqca<br />
da samudamod daamaxsovrda ganawyenebul mayurebels.<br />
122
Tu SevajamebT yovelive zemoT Tqmuls, SeiZleba ramdenime daskvnis<br />
gamotana, romlebic upasuxeben qveTavis dasawyisSi Cvens mier wamoWril<br />
SekiTxvebs:<br />
1. teleniusebis semiotikuri analizi naTlad gvaCvenebs, rom igi unda<br />
eyrdnobodes televiziis audio-vizualur “enas” anu verbaluri da<br />
vizualuri kodebis erTgvar nazavs da amdenad, ar SeiZleba<br />
romelime maTganis ugulebelyofa. 13 martis skandaluri gadacemis<br />
avtorebma ki teqstze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT ugulebelyves is,<br />
Tu rogor aRiqvams mayurebeli vizualur kods, anu ZiriTadi<br />
datvirTva keTdeboda verbalur kodze, da mayureblis mier mis<br />
konotaciaze. arsebobs azri, rom mayurebeli ufro xSirad<br />
yuradRebas amaxvilebs teqstobriv detalebze da es<br />
institucionaluri konteqstisa da istoriis xarjze xorcieldeba.<br />
modelirebuli qronikis SemTxvevaSi vizualuri kodi, kerZod, 2008<br />
wlis omis droindeli kadrebi, mayureblis mier iyo<br />
ugulebelyofili, yovel SemTxvevaSi gadacemis pirveli naxvisas,<br />
ramac gamoiwvia panika moqalaqeebSi. amdenad, audio-vizualuri<br />
kodebi TviT mayureblis mierac iyo ugulebelyofili.<br />
2. is, Tu rogor aRiqmeba niusis Sinaarsi, damokidebulia im<br />
urTierTobaze, romelic arsebobs mayurebelsa da satelevizio<br />
teqstebs Soris. modelirebuli qronikis vizualuri da verbaluri<br />
kodi droSi ar emTxveva erTmaneTs, magram mayurebelma mainc<br />
aqcenti gadaitana verbalur kodze, misi konotacia umetes<br />
SemTxvevaSi gaxda panikis safuZveli, vinaidan am konotaciis ukan<br />
idga miTi, kerZod 2008 wlis omi.<br />
3. Sinaarsis gadmosacemad teleniusebi iyeneben dadgenil wesebsa da<br />
kodebs, xolo mayurebeli aris is “eqsperti”, romelmac unda<br />
aRiaros es wesebi da moaxdinos Sinaarsis dekodireba.<br />
4. teleniusebis ideologiuri miTebi, gazeTebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
yovelTvis ver axerxeben mayurebelze gadacemis avtorebisaTvis<br />
sasurveli zemoqmedebis moxdenas.<br />
123
5. axali ambebis mayureblisaTvis siuJetebis Sinaarsi yovelTvis<br />
ganixileba im konotaciebisa da miTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac<br />
niusebis diskursi gvTavazobs.<br />
6. rogori saxis gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebic ar unda iyos<br />
nagulisxmevi niusebSi, mayurebeli mainc moaxdens zogierTi im<br />
mniSvnelobis miseul dekodirebas, romelsac agebs niusebis<br />
diskursi.<br />
7. teleauditoria unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc adamianebis<br />
erTgvarovani masa, aramed rogorc gansxvavebuli jgufebis nakrebi,<br />
romelTa pirovnuli da socialuri gamocdileba ayalibebs<br />
teleniusebis maTeul aRqmas.<br />
da kvlav davubrundeT jonaTan bignels: `satelevizio axali ambebis<br />
semiotikuri analizi gvaCvenebs, Tu rogor xdeba sxvadasxva verbaluri<br />
da vizualuri kodebis meSveobiT niusebis ideologiuri gayalbeba,”<br />
_acxadebs mecnieri da iqve svams SekiTxvas: `Tumca aris ki SesaZlebeli<br />
iseTi teleniusebis Seqmna, romlebic Tavisufalni iqnebian<br />
ideologiisagan” (J. Bignell,2009).<br />
Cveni kvleva, rogorc es dasawyisSive aRvniSneT, teleniusis mxolod<br />
semiotikur analizs gulisxmobs da Cvens miznebSi ar Sedis misi<br />
ideologiuri kuTxiT ganxilva, Tumca erTi ki faqtia, rogorc Cans,<br />
mosazreba, romelic umberto ekos ekuTvnis _ `semiotika swavlobs<br />
yvelafers, risi gamoyenebac SeiZleba tyuilis saTqmelad,” _ dResac ar<br />
kargavs aqtualobas.<br />
3.4. axali ambebis diskursis SedarebiTi analizi qarTul da<br />
britanul gazeTebSi gamoyenebuli semiotikuri niSnebis magaliTebze<br />
“diskursis analizi” anu “diskursis kvleva” zogadi terminia,<br />
romelic aerTianebs werilobiTi da sametyvelo enis gamoyenebis an<br />
nebismieri movlenis asaxvis sxvadasxvagvar gzebs, xolo misi kvlevis<br />
obieqtebi _ wera, metyveleba, dialogi da sxva, ganisazRvrebian mwyobri,<br />
Tanmimdevruli winadadebebisa da sametyvelo aqtebis meSveobiT.<br />
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tradiciuli lingvistikisagan gansxvavebiT, diskursis<br />
analitikosebi enis gamoyenebas mxolod “winadadebis sazRvrebs miRma” ki<br />
ar Seiswavlian, aramed ufro metad cdiloben gaaanalizon enis<br />
“bunebrivi” gamoyenebis magaliTebi da ara mxolod gamogonili,<br />
xelovnurad Seqmnili nimuSebi. kvlevis amgvari gzis momxreebi cnobili<br />
arian “lingvistikis korpusis” saxeliT.<br />
amJamad diskursuli analiziT dainteresebuli arian sxvadasxva<br />
socialuri mecnierebebis disciplinebic, maT Soris sociologia,<br />
kognitiuri da socialuri fsiqologia, sakomunikacio da<br />
mTargmnelobiTi mecnierebebi.<br />
zogierTi mecnieri diskursis analizis pirvel nimuSad miiCnevs 1928<br />
wels gamoqveynebul avstrieli mkvlevaris leo spiceris naSroms<br />
“stilebis kvlevas”. magram es termini farTo gamoyenebaSi damkvidrda<br />
mxolod 1952 wlidan, zelig harisis publikaciebis seriis dabeWdvis<br />
Semdeg.<br />
Tanmimdevrul diskursSi Semaval winadadebebs Soris oficialuri<br />
TanafardobiTi kavSirebi gasagebi xdeba winadadebebis transformaciis<br />
meSveobiT, rac teqsts kanonikur formas aniWebs. 60-70-ian wlebSi<br />
diskursis analizisadmi sxvadasxva midgomebi ganviTarda humanitarul da<br />
socialur mecnierebebSi da es midgomebi daukavSirda iseT disciplinebs,<br />
rogoricaa semiotika, pragmatika da sociolingvistika.<br />
cnobili frangi mecnieri patrik serio Tavis naSromSi “diskursis<br />
analizi frangul skolaSi (dikursi da interdiskursi)” (semiotikaanTologia,<br />
, 2001, ekaterinburgi,549-550). (Патрик Серио - Анализ дискурса<br />
во Французской Школе) aRniSnavs, rom terminma “diskursi” mravalnairi<br />
daniSnuleba SeiZina. mis mier SemoTavazebuli CamonaTvalidan<br />
yuradRebas mivapyrobT erT-erT sakiTxs, romelic diskursis analizis<br />
tradiciul xasiaTs ganixilavs: “tradiciulad, dikursis analizi Tavad<br />
gansazRvravs kvlevis obieqts da erTmaneTisagan ganacalkevebs azris<br />
gamoxatvasa da diskurss. azris gamoxatva gulisxmobs frazebis<br />
Tanmimdevrulobas, romlebic avseben semantikur erTeulebs Soris<br />
arsebul sicarieles, komunikaciis procesSi arsebuli wyvetebis<br />
makavSirebelni arian. rac Seexeba diskurss, igic, Tavis mxriv, azris<br />
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gamoxatvaa, magram ganixileba diskursis im meqanizmis TvalTaxedvidan,<br />
romelic mas warmarTavs.”<br />
winamdebare qveTavSi ganvixilavT axali ambebis diskurss, romelic<br />
gaanalizebulia qarTul da britanul gazeTebSi gamoyenebuli<br />
semiotikuri niSnebis magaliTze. nimuSebad aRebulia erTis mxriv e.w.<br />
seriozuli gazeTebi _ qarTuli “droni” da “alia” da britanuli<br />
gazeTebi “Taimsi” (The Times) da “gardiani” (The Guardian), meores mxriv, ki<br />
e.w. tabloidebi _ “praim-taimi” da britaneTSi popularuli “san”-i (The<br />
Sun).<br />
rogorc mogexsenebaT, gazeTebi warmoadgenen kargad organizebul<br />
institutebs, romlebic sakuTar saqmianobas maTTvis nacnobi, Cveuli<br />
xerxebiT axorcieleben. Cveulebriv, niusebis momzadeba swrafi, efeqturi<br />
da TiTqmis ganuwyveteli procesia. aqedan gamomdinare, gazeTebs uxdebaT,<br />
daeyrdnon im informaciebs, romlebsac awvdian maT qveynebSi arsebuli,<br />
xelmisawvdomi wyaroebi an axali ambebis saagentoebi, romlebic swored<br />
“niusebis” mopoveba-SegrovebiT arian dakavebulni.<br />
braian uaiTekeris mixedviT (Whitaker, B. 1981: 31-2) did britaneTSi<br />
niusebis wyaroebs warmoadgenen: parlamenti, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis<br />
organoebi, policia da gadaudebeli samsaxurebi, sasamarTloebi, samefo<br />
karis pressamsaxuri, kalendaruli movlenebi, romlebic winaswar<br />
igegmeba (magaliTad, sportuli RonisZiebebi an konferenciebi) da axali<br />
ambebis sxva mediebi.<br />
britanuli gazeTebi informaciebs iReben sxvadasxva<br />
organizaciebidanac, romlebic amzadeben pres-relizebs da marTaven<br />
pres-konferenciebs. am organizaciebSi Sedian samTavrobo departamentebi,<br />
kompaniebi, profesiuli kavSirebi, saqvelmoqmedo jgufebi da<br />
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. zogjer sajaro gancxadebebs akeTeben<br />
individualuri pirovnebebic, romlebic TavisTavad xdebian axali<br />
informaciis wyaroebi.<br />
samefo karis pressamsaxuris gamoklebiT, informaciis analogiuri<br />
wyaroebiT sargebloben qarTuli gazeTebic. Tumca aqve vityviT, rom<br />
britanulisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos beWdur medias informaciuli<br />
siaxleebis mopovebis kidev erTi seriozuli resursi gaaCnia: esenia is<br />
126
mravalricxovani partiebi, romlebic praqtikulad yoveldRiurad<br />
marTaven brifingebs da akeTeben gancxadebebs.<br />
kargad organizebul am uwyebebs, romlebsac miniWebuli<br />
aqvTESesabamisi statusi, media iolad ukavSirdeba. yvela zemoT<br />
CamoTvlili subieqti e.w. “xelmisawvdomi xmebia”, romlebsac media<br />
eyrdnoba, Tavis mxriv, am “xmebsac” sWirdebaT media maTTvis sasurveli<br />
informaciis sajaro gasavrceleblad.<br />
informaciis wyaroTa jgufebis diskursebi warmoadgenen axali<br />
ambebis enaSi gamosayenebel daumuSavebel sawyis masalas, romelic<br />
Semdeg niusebis enaze gadamuSavdeba. es aucilebelia, vinaidan niusebis<br />
ena momxmareblurad udgeba diskursul kodebsa da maT ideologiur<br />
aRqmas.<br />
niusebi interteqstualurad arian dakavSirebulni zemoT xsenebuli<br />
wyaroebis mier gavrcelebuli pres-relizebisa da sajaro gancxadebebis<br />
diskursTan da ganicdian maT zegavlenas. Cveulebriv, organizaciebi<br />
amzadeben da wvrTnian pressamsaxurebis im TanamSromlebs, romlebic<br />
gazeTebs informacias awvdian da aswavlian maT pres-relizebis weras<br />
niusebis diskursis stilisa da enis mixedviT.<br />
marTalia,AsagazeTo diskurssa da sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis<br />
samsaxurebis diskursebs Soris Znelia gansxvavebis povna, magram, rac<br />
Seexeba sxvadasxva gazeTSi gamoyenebul lingvistur kodebs, isini<br />
erTmaneTisagan sakmaod gansxvavebulia. konkretuli lingvisturi niSnebi,<br />
naratiuli formebi da miTuri mniSvnelobebi, romlebic momdinareobs<br />
niusebis wyaroebidan, SemdgomSi unda gardaiqmnas romelime konkretuli<br />
gazeTisTvis damaxasiaTebel diskursad.<br />
sagazeTo diskursis erT-erT yvelaze saintereso aspeqts<br />
warmoadgens is gza da xerxebi, romlebiTac igi Tavis mkiTxvelebs<br />
mimarTavs. konkretul lingvistur niSnebsa da maT sxvadasxvagvar<br />
kombinaciebs, romlebic sazogadoebisaTvis miRebuli kodebis Sesabamisad<br />
gamoiyeneba, aqvT imis konotacia, rom sagazeTo diskursi mkiTxvelis<br />
diskursis maCvenebeli niSania, mkiTxvelis pirovnuli diskursuli<br />
idiomis gamoxatulebaa.<br />
127
sagazeTo diskursi ver iqneba zustad igive, rac mkiTxvelis<br />
WeSmariti, individualuri diskursi, radgan winaswar aravin icis, vis<br />
xelSi aRmoCndeba esa Tu is gazeTi, vin iqneba misi momavali mkiTxveli.<br />
amasTan erTad, sagazeTo ena werilobiTia da ara sametyvelo. magram<br />
sagazeTo diskursi iZens kodirebuli diskursis formas, romelic<br />
mkiTxvels misTvis gasageb enaze esaubreba da TiTqos sTxovs mkiTxvels,<br />
identificireba moaxdinos kodiT nagulisxmev poziciasTan.<br />
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom diskursis formebi, romlebsac iyeneben erTis<br />
mxriv e.w. “seriozuli” da meores mxriv “popularuli” gazeTebi,<br />
erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebulia.<br />
“popularuli” tabloidebi iyeneben zepirmetyvelebaze dafuZnebuli<br />
sityvebisa da winadadebebis tipebis SezRudul variaciebs, maSin roca<br />
“seriozuli” gazeTebi mimarTaven bevrad ufro daxvewil, rTuli saxis<br />
kodebs, romelTac ufro meti saerTo aqvT werilobiT komunikaciasTan,<br />
vidre zepirmetyvelebasTan.<br />
seriozuli gazeTebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli diskursis erT-erT<br />
magaliTad mogvyavs amonaridi gazeT “taimsis” publikaciidan:<br />
The Times (23.12. 2010): “Tories Vent Their Fury Over Cable’s Survival” (“qeiblis<br />
gadarCenis gamo torebi aRSfoTebas gamoTqvamen”)<br />
“Dr. Cable chose to work from his home in Twinckenham yesterday rather than<br />
Westminster, after the humiliation on Tuesday in which he was stripped of key responsibilities<br />
after saying he had “declared war” on Rupert Murdoch, chairman of News Corporation, the<br />
parent company of The Times.”<br />
“The Tory backbenchers predicted that the Government would move to the left if the Lib<br />
Dems lost the Oldham East&Saddle-worth by-election next month, failed to hold on to control of<br />
councils in May and did not secure public backing for a change of the voting system; they also<br />
predicted further internal opposition to welfare changes.”<br />
“doqtorma qeiblma, samSabaTs gancdili damcirebis Semdeg, _ rac<br />
gamoiwvia misma gancxadebam imis Sesaxeb, rom igi “oms ucxadebda”<br />
“Taimsis” partniori kompaniis axali ambebis korporaciis Tavmjdomares,<br />
rupert merdoks, _ vestminsterSi yofnas tvinkenhemSi, sakuTar saxlSi<br />
darCena da iqidan muSaoba amjobina.”<br />
128
“torebis mxardamWerebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom Tu liberaldemokratebi<br />
dakargaven oldhemis ist&sedls momavali Tvis arCevnebSi,<br />
Tu dakargaven sabWos marTvis sadaveebs maisSi da ver moipoveben xalxis<br />
mxardaWeras saarCevno sistemis cvlilebebis sakiTxSi, maSin mTavroba<br />
TandaTan memarcxene poziciisken gadaixreba; isini aseve SiSoben, rom<br />
cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad gasatarebeli sasikeTo cvlilebebis gamo<br />
arsebuli Sida dapirispireba kidev ufro gaizrdeba.”<br />
statiaSi moTxrobilia im dapirispirebaze, romelic britaneTis<br />
parlamentSi warmoiSva konservatorebsa da liberal-demokratebs Soris<br />
da im ukmayofilebaze, romelic torebma gamoTqves premier-ministr devid<br />
kameronis winaaRmdeg. rogorc irkveva, premierma Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT<br />
daicva konservatorebis mowinaaRmdegeni.<br />
zemoT moyvanili nawyveti “taimsis” statiidan misi tradiciuli,<br />
mkacri stilis erTi naTeli magaliTia: gamoyenebulia kodirebuli<br />
diskursis rTuli da daxvewili manera, Zalian grZeli, xSirad ramdenime<br />
striqoniani winadadebebi, ena gamarTulia, xolo gramatikuli normebi<br />
sruladaa daculi.<br />
mocemul amonaridSi diskursuli satbiluroba warmodgenilia<br />
oficialuri enisa da Txrobis seriozuli tonis meSveobiT, romelSic<br />
konotirebulia miTuri, pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse Jurnalisti, romelic<br />
ambavs zomieri, TavSekavebuli SefasebebiT gadmogvcems, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />
obieqturobis konotaciis matarebelia. es yvelaferi imaze migviTiTebs,<br />
rom “Taimsi” seriozul mkiTxvelzea gaTvlili da diskursic Sesabamisi<br />
aqvs SerCeuli.<br />
analogiuri diskursis magaliTs gTavazobT aseve seriozuli presis<br />
kidev erTi warmomadgenlis - “gardiani”-s publikaciidan, romelic<br />
birTvuli iaraRis SezRudvasTan dakavSirebiT ruseTTan dadebul<br />
xelSekrulebas exmaureba:<br />
“THE GUARDIAN” ( 2010, 23. 12). ”Obama faces new hurdles for nuclear<br />
priorities” (obamas winaSe birTvul prioritetebTan dakavSirebiT axali<br />
dabrkolebebi warmoiSva)<br />
“The new arms control treaty with Russia, which was ratified by the Senate on Wednesday,<br />
was initially envisioned as a speed bump on President Barack Obama’s nuclear agenda, a modest<br />
129
eduction in nuclear forces that would enable him to tackle much harder issues on the way to his<br />
dream of eventually eliminating nuclear weapons altogether.’<br />
“iaraRis kontrolis axali xelSekruleba ruseTTan, romlis<br />
ratifikacia senatma oTxSabaTs ganaxorciela, dasawyisSi miiCneoda<br />
rogorc barak obamas birTvul gegmebze dartymad, birTvuli SeiaraRebis<br />
mokrZalebul Semcirebad, rac mas SesaZleblobas miscemda, ufro mZime<br />
sakiTxebs SesWideboda, romlebic mas elodeba birTvuli iaraRis<br />
saboloo gaqrobis miseuli ocnebis ganxorcielebis gzaze.”<br />
rogorc vxedavT, erTi winadadeba, romelic mTel abzacs ikavebs,<br />
sayuradReboa misi, mxolod gacnobierebul mkiTxvelze orientirebuli<br />
kodirebuli diskursiT. am nawyvetSi nagulisxmevia miTuri Sesabamisoba<br />
mkiTxvelis sametyvelo diskurssa da gazeTis werilobiT diskursul<br />
kods Soris, rac SesaZleblobas aZlevs gazeTs, rom dialogSi CaiTrios<br />
mkiTxveli.<br />
seriozuli Rirebulebis niusebis Seqmnis survili SeiZleba<br />
daupirispirdes konsensusis miRwevas, Tanmimdevruli da mSvidi realobis<br />
gadmocemas, radgan niusebi ufro xSirad gadmoscemen iseT movlenebs,<br />
romlebic emuqrebian stabilurobis gancdis aRZvras. am dapirispirebis<br />
konteqstis farglebSi, niusebis diskursSi stabilurobis SenarCunebis<br />
ideologia sakuTar rols gadaulocavs diskursis lingvistur<br />
struqturebs. jonaTan bignelis azriT, stabilurobis gancda naTlad<br />
ikveTeba niusis erTi da igive diskursis gamoyenebaSi yvela masalasa da<br />
gazeTis yvela gamoSvebaSi.” (J. Bignell. 2003).<br />
Cvens mier moyvanili magaliTebi politikis Temaze dawerili<br />
statiebidan amoviReT. SesaZlebelia, vifiqroT, rom diskursis mkacri,<br />
mSvidi stili seriozulma Temam ganapiroba, magram “Taimsis” bolo<br />
gverdebze gamoqveynebuli masalebic, romlebic, wesisamebr, ufro<br />
“msubuq” Temebs, kerZod kulturasa da sports eZRvneba xolme, aseve<br />
xasiaTdeba seriozuli gazeTis mier tradiciad damkvidrebuli<br />
diskursiT.<br />
magaliTad, gazeT “Taimsis”imave nomerSi gamoqveynebuli statia<br />
“Some Like It Hot” (“zogs cxlad urCevnia”) mogviTxrobs merlin monros<br />
Sesaxeb gamosuli axali wignis Sesaxeb, romelic msaxiobs dRemde<br />
130
ucnobi kuTxiT, rogorc karg mzareuls warmogviCens. miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom Tema politikasTan SedarebiT ufro salaRoboa, diskursis mkacri<br />
manera da werilobiTi stilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSani am<br />
statiaSic SenarCunebulia, kerZod:<br />
“A book has recently been published that collects Marilyn Monroe’s jottings and writings<br />
from among her effects. Critics were stunned by the mature intellect Fragments revealed, so far<br />
from the sex bomb persona she cultivated”.<br />
“wigni, romelic am cota xnis win daibeWda, aerTianebs merlin<br />
monros Canawerebs . kritikosebi gaaogna fragmentebSi gamomJRavnebulma<br />
daxvewilma inteleqtma im adamianis mxridan, romelic dRemde seqs-bombad<br />
iyo cnobili.”<br />
meore analogiur magaliTs moviyvanT “gardianis” ukve gamoyenebuli<br />
nomris sportuli gverdidan. es gaxlavT statia, saTauriT: “Pietersen<br />
Ready to Get into Swing” (“piterseni mzadaa oromtrialSi Caebas”), romelic<br />
kriketis erT-erTi matCis Sefasebebs eZRvneba:<br />
“Pietersen insisted yesterday that he feels in the best form of his life and that he has taken<br />
his game to a new level because of his ability to adjust the tempo of his batting according to the<br />
situation and he and his team-mates were not fazed by the Australians’ apparent return to type<br />
and that level of sledging did not measure up to what he had seen before.”<br />
“guSin piterseni daJinebiT amtkicebda, rom saukeTeso formaSia da<br />
sakuTari TamaSi axal doneze aiyvana, radgan mas SeuZlia dartymis<br />
siCqare situaciis Sesabamisad marTos da rom igi da misi Tanagundelebi<br />
ar gaunawyenebia avstralielebis aSkarad karg formaSi dabrunebas, da<br />
rom srialis es done ver Seedreba mis mier adre nanaxs.”<br />
am magaliTSic TvalSisacemia grZeli, gamarTuli winadadebebi,<br />
weris mkacri stili, romelic seriozuli gazeTebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
diskursiT aixsneba miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra Temas eZRvneba statia.<br />
amgvari damokidebuleba amkvidrebs mkiTxvelTa warmosaxviT erTianobas,<br />
qmnis mkiTxvelis erTgulebis gancdas konkretuli gazeTisadmi da<br />
gvTavazobs erTgvar nacnob, gasageb garemos, romelSic gazeTisa da<br />
mkiTxvelis ideologiuri Rirebulebebi saerToa.<br />
igive wesebs emorCilebian qarTuli gazeTebic. magaliTad,<br />
yovelkvireuli gazeTi “droni”, romelmac am cota xnis win meored<br />
131
dabadeba amcno qarTul sazogadoebas, Tavis droze seriozul,<br />
analitikur gazeTad miiCneoda. gazeTi ar Ralatobs tradiciebs da am<br />
tipis gazeTebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli diskursiT mimarTavs erTgul<br />
mkiTxvelebs:<br />
“droni”, 2011 wlis 3-10 Tebervali: statiaSi “civi omi: warsuli Tu<br />
dRevandeloba” vkiTxulobT:<br />
“warmoudgenelia imis daangariSeba, ra daujda kacobriobas “civi<br />
omi”. arsebobs Semzaravi cifrebi da statistika, romlis Tanaxmadac 1945-<br />
1990 wlebSi daixarja 8 trilionamde dolari. civma omma imsxverpla<br />
milionobiT adamiani vietnamSi, kambojaSi, avRaneTSi, evropis, axlo<br />
aRmosavleTis, laTinuri amerikisa da afrikis qveynebSi.”<br />
am monakveTSi gamoyenebul diskursul kodSi igulisxmeba, rom<br />
seriozuli gazeTis mkiTxvelisaTvis gasagebia, ras niSnavs civi omi da<br />
ar aris saWiro, rom statiis Temas detaluri ganmarteba mieces.<br />
axla vnaxoT, rogori xerxebiT udgeba igive gazeTi kulturis<br />
Temebis gaSuqebas:<br />
statiaSi “Cveni patara qalaqi isev scenazea” iuri meCiTovi<br />
mogviTxrobs mixeil TumaniSvilis ukvdavi speqtaklis Sesaxeb:<br />
“2011 wlis 6 Tebervals qarTuli Teatris did reJisors mixeil<br />
TumaniSvils 90 weli Seusruldeboda. TumaniSvilis <strong>saxelobis</strong> TeatrSi<br />
am dRes gaimarTa misive reJisorobiT dadgmuli speqtaklis _ “Ceni<br />
patara qalaqis” Cveneba, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom TiTqmis 30<br />
wlisaa, mayurebelze mainc dauviwyar STabeWdilebas tovebs.”<br />
gazeT “droni”-s koleqtivi, britaneli kolegebis msgavsad,<br />
inarCunebs seriozuli presisTvis damaxasiaTebel naratiul formebs,<br />
romlebSic konotirebulia avtoritetuloba, oficialuroba da<br />
seriozuloba. is miTuri mniSvnelobebi ki, romlebic momdinareobs<br />
niusebis wyaroebidan, gardaqmnilia mxolod am tipis gazeTebisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel diskursad.<br />
rac Seexeba “popularul” gazeTebs, zepirmetyvelebaze dafuZnebul<br />
maT diskursebSi konotirebuli familaroba, megobruli, Sinauruli<br />
damokidebuleba da gasarTobi xasiaTi sapirispiroa im konotaciebisa,<br />
romlebsac atareben “seriozuli” gazeTebis diskursebi. Tumca, ra Tqma<br />
132
unda, es imas ar niSnavs, rom “popularuli” gazeTebis mkiTxvelebs<br />
ganaTleba akliaT an ver moaxerxeben grZeli winadadebebis Sinaarsis<br />
gagebas.<br />
qarTul bazarze Znelia mkacri sazRvris gavleba seriozulsa da<br />
e.w. “yviTel” presas Soris. xSirad ama Tu im gazeTs aqvs<br />
“seriozulobis” pretenzia, wers politikaze, ekonomikaze da sxva<br />
marTlac seriozul Temebze, magram maT mier SerCeuli diskursis<br />
formebi, lingvisturi niSnebi Tu narativi sul sxva rameze migviTiTeben.<br />
magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT “alia”, romelic sakmao<br />
popularobiT sargeblobs mosaxleobaSi. mis koleqtivs seriozuli<br />
presis pretenzia aqvs, Tumca publikaciebis stili da diskursi ufro<br />
popularuli gazeTis niSnebis matarebelia.<br />
“alia”.( 2011 wlis 17 Tebervali):<br />
“martidan opoziciaSi axali aqciebis dawyebisTvis emzadebian.<br />
yvelaze mwvaved, am mxriv, baqibuqi “qarTulma partiam” daiwyo: sozar<br />
subari gulze mjiRis cemiT acxadebs, rom permanentul aqciebs<br />
daiwyeben.”<br />
“mas Semdeg, rac “qarTuli partia Seiqmna, “feisbuqze” gaCnda<br />
partiis mxardamWeri gverdi saxelwodebiT _ “yvelaferi kargad iqneba,<br />
saitis avatarad (mTavar suraTad) gamoyenebulia gia gaCeCilaZis anu<br />
ucnobis foto. gamodis, TviT ucnobi ekamaTeba xalxs, sazogadoebas. Tu<br />
vinmes azri ar moewona, egreve binZur lanZRva-ginebaze gadadis,” _<br />
gvamcnobs avtori gela zedelaSvili.<br />
“cnobisTvis: “ucnobs” yvelaze metad aRizianebs gvari naTelaSvili,<br />
romlis xsenebaze pirdapir dasabmeli da asaTianze gasaqanebeli xdeba,”<br />
_ ganagrZobs avtori da iqve gvTavazobs mTel rig amonaridebs,<br />
romlebic, misi varaudiT gia gaCeCilaZes ekuTvnis da romlebic savsea<br />
ucenzuro, uxamsi bilwsityvaobiT: “viRac-viRaceebs marTla xoar<br />
gaJrialebT, aaaaaa greCixas lanZRvas biWo miSa gadaagdeT ... ar<br />
gamomividnen Saliko-baliko balanCivaZeebi aq kacebi”<br />
“avadmyofo yvela Sennairi nu ggonia! vai Sens patronso rogor<br />
meubnebi Seni qaloba Sevarcxvine da Seni politikac, Tqve virTxebooo!”<br />
(giorgi gaCeCilaZe)<br />
133
“alias” mkiTxvelisaTvis kargadaa nacnobi statiis gmirebis vinaoba,<br />
isini qarTuli opozi<strong>ciuri</strong> speqtris popularuli saxeebi arian. amitom,<br />
gazeTi iyenebs diskursis dialogis formats, romelic qmnis arsebuli,<br />
yvelasaTvis nacnobi viTarebis gancdas. am SemTxvevaSi informaciis<br />
wyaroTa jgufebis diskursebi ucvlelad, daumuSavebeli sawyisi masalis<br />
saxiTaa warmodgenili.<br />
lingvisturi niSnebis amgvari gamoyenebis da maTSi nagulisxmevi<br />
konotaciebis ideologiuri funqciaa mowodebul ambavs bunebrivi saxe<br />
miscen da rodesac “niusis” amgvari diskursis meSveobiT gazeTsa da<br />
mkiTxvels Soris myardeba konsensusuri SeTanxmeba, aRar aris imis<br />
aucilebeli saWiroeba, rom gaanalizdes, rogor moxda niusis Temis<br />
gadmocema, rogor moxda niSnebis kodireba mis Sesaqmnelad.<br />
skabrezuli magaliTebis moyvana uxvad SeiZleba “alias” nebismieri<br />
nomridan:<br />
“kanadel mamakacs fexis proTezi mohpares. ramdeni ukuRmarTi da<br />
garewari arsebobs, pirdapir, gagiJeba SeiZleba, amis dedac vatire!”<br />
“cxviri maqvs da qudi mxuravso, frangma degustatorma ilia gortma<br />
unda Tqvas, romelmac, Turme sxeulis es nawili arc meti, arc naklebi, 5<br />
milion evrod daizRvia. ise, yvelam is organo rom daizRvios, romliTac<br />
fuls Soulobs, meZavebs minimum sami organos dazRveva mouwevT.”()<br />
(“alia”, 2011 wlis 12 ivlisi)<br />
zemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi TvalSisacemia uxamsi gamonaTqvamebi,<br />
arajansaRi orazrovneba, winadadebis wyobis darRveva, araswori<br />
punqtuacia, sityvebis Segnebuli damaxinjeba, Jargoni da mravali sxva,<br />
romelic mxolod tabloidebis diskursisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli; Tumca<br />
amgvar, xSirad zRvarsgadasul “piradapirobas” da familarobas<br />
britanul tabloidebSic ki ver waawydebiT.<br />
2011 wlis 15-21 agvistos “kviris qronikis” nomerSi gamoqveynebul<br />
erT-erT interviuSi vkiTxulobT, rom Catarebuli kvlevis mixedviT<br />
“aliasa” da “qronikaSi” yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba Suracxmyofeli<br />
gamonaTqvamebi da sityvebi:<br />
g. zedelaSvili: “xom ici, axla gamokvleva Caatara “sorosis<br />
fondma” da aRmoaCina, rom, Turme, “aliasa” da “qronikaSi” xSiradaa<br />
134
naxmari sityvebi: “mesajdome”, “pederasti” ase Semdeg. Turme Cven<br />
Seuracxyofas vayenebT seqsualur umciresobebs. ver gavige, aba rogor<br />
mivmarTo me ubralod, maRizianebs, amis reklamireba rom xdeba....<br />
RmerTma mSvidobaSi moaxmaroT TavianTi sajdomebi, magram amas nu<br />
aCveneben televiziiT ....”<br />
rogorc vxedavT, gazeTis koleqtivs sruliadac ar miaCnia<br />
miuReblad ambis gadmocemisas bilwi sityvebis xSirad gamoyeneba, ufro<br />
metic, isini am xerxs gamarTlebuladac ki miiCneven.<br />
did britaneTSi axali ambebis samsaxurebis umravlesoba uars<br />
ambobs, dabeWdos an eTerSi gadasces adamianebis zogierTi gamonaTqvami,<br />
maSinac ki Tu isini Zalian originaluria. sqesobrivi organoebisa da<br />
maTi funqciebis gamomxatvel uwmawur sityvebs (obscenities), sityvebs,<br />
romlebic upativcemulobas gamoxataven RmerTebis an im arsebebis<br />
mimarT, romlebsac adamianebi eTayvanebian (profanities), adamianis<br />
bilogiuri gamonayofis saxelebs (vulgarities) wesisamebr, Slian, an<br />
teleeTerSi xmovani signaliT faraven, Tu isini niusisaTvis Zalian<br />
aucilebeli ar arian da Tu maTi amogdeba ar daarRvevs mis<br />
Sinaarsobriv mxares. gazeTebis umravlesobis eTikis politikis<br />
moTxovniT, uxamsi sityvebis dabeWdva mxolod mTavari redaqtoris<br />
nebarTviTaa SesaZlebeli.<br />
ra Tqma unda, arsebobs legitimuri mizezebi sqesobrivi<br />
terminologiis gamoyenebisa samedicino xasiaTis ambebSi an kriminalur<br />
istoriebSi. Tumca amgvar SemTxvevebSi, statiebs Tan axlavs<br />
gafrTxileba, rom misi Sinaarsi, SesaZloa, Seuracxmyofeli iyos<br />
mkiTxvelisaTvis.<br />
religiis Temebze werisas iseTi sityvebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa<br />
“RmerTi” da “ieso qriste”, absoluturad misaRebia mkiTxvelisaTvis.<br />
Tumca, am sityvebis salanZRav konteqstSi pirdapiri citirebisas<br />
sxvagvari wesebi moqmedebs.<br />
amerikaSi Zalian popularuli erT-erTi saxelmZRvanelos _ “axali<br />
ambebis gadmocema reportaJebiTa da werilebiT” avtorebi gvirCeven, rom<br />
Tu SeuZlebelia mTlianad amovagdoT citireba, romelic Seicavs zemoT<br />
CamoTvlili sami kategoriis uxams sityvebs, magram Tu am sityvebis<br />
135
gamoyeneba aucilebel saWiroebas ar warmoadgens, maSin sityvebis asoebi<br />
defiziT unda Seicvalos. (Boston-New-York,2000).<br />
ucenzuro, uxamsi leqsikonis gamoyenebas, qarTuli gazeTebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, Tavs aridebs iseTi britanuli tabloiduri gazeTi,<br />
rogoricaa “The Sun”. (“sani”)<br />
2010 wlis 23 dekembris nomerSi gazeTi “THE SUN” gviyveba seriuli<br />
mkvlelis stefan grifitsis Sesaxeb, romelic savaraudod 14 msubuqi<br />
yofaqcevis qals sadisturad gausworda. es ambavi, rogorc Cans, didi<br />
interesis sagans warmoadgens britaneTSi. gazeTi “popularuli”<br />
presisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli diskursis meSveobiT gviyveba am Semzarav<br />
ambavze.<br />
“CANIBAL MAY HAVE KILLED 14” (“kanibals SesaZloa 14 adamiani<br />
hyavdes mokluli”):<br />
Amanda said: “I feel lucky it wasn’t me he butchered. I’m positive he’s killed other<br />
women – he’s got the taste for it. He’s sick in the head to have done what he did. He shouldn’t be<br />
alive – hang him.”<br />
amandam ganacxada: “gamimarTla, rom me ar amkuwa. darwmunebuli var,<br />
sxva qalebic mokla – amis gemo gagebuli aqvs. tvinSeryeuli rom ar<br />
iyos, amas rogor Caidenda. is cocxali ar unda darCes _ CamoaxrCveT.”<br />
Amanda revealed: “Out of the blue he told me he had to go to court. Calmly, Stephen said<br />
he was accused of assault by pouring boiling water on his ex Diane while she was asleep.<br />
Stephen came up with a story about Diane being a bit nutty and said she made things up. I know<br />
it sounds crazy, but I believed him.”<br />
amanda gamotyda: “sruliad moulodnelad miTxra, sasamarTloSi<br />
unda wavideo. stefanma mSvidad ganacxada, rom mas brals sdebdnen misi<br />
yofili satrfosaTvis - dianasaTvis mduRare wylis gadasxmaSi, rodesac<br />
mas eZina. stefanma miTxra, rom diana cotas afrenda da raRaceebs<br />
igonebda. SeiZleba sigiJed mogeCvenoT, magram me mas davujere. ”<br />
Crossbow Cannibal Stephen Griffiths boasted to his girlfriend: “One day I’ll be more<br />
infamous than the Yorkshire Ripper”.)<br />
qrosboelma kanibalma Stefan grifitsma Tavis SeyvarebulTan<br />
waitrabaxa: “erT mSvenier dRes ufro cnobili viqnebi, vidre iorkSireli<br />
mfatravi.”<br />
136
zemoT moyvanil amonaridebSi uxvad SexvdebiT Semoklebebs (don’t,<br />
wasn’t, I’m, He’s); idiomatur gamoTqmebs (out of the blue, he’s sick in the head),<br />
slengs (nutty), frazeologiur zmnebs (she made things up), metsaxelebs<br />
(Cannibal Stephen, the Yorkshire Ripper) saxeze gvaqvs kliSeebis (Sablonuri,<br />
gacveTili winadadebebi), saxelebis (gvarebis gareSe): Amanda, Diane,<br />
Stephane ... da moferebiTi saxelebis gamoyeneba; uxvadaa DEIXIS (iseTi<br />
sityvebi, rogoricaa aq, amJamad, Sen, Cven, es _anu sityvebi, romelTa<br />
mniSvnelobis aRqma damokidebulia imaze, Tu sad da rodis, rogor<br />
konteqstSi arian isini gamoyenebulni, agreTve uSualod mosaubris,<br />
mTxrobelis pirad ganwyobaze, mis mdgomareobaze), gazeTi mimarTavs<br />
pirobiTobas, rac gulisxmobs mosaubris subieqtur msjelobas da<br />
miseul Sefasebebs iseTi sityvebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa, “sworia,<br />
dasanania, aucileblad” da ase Semdeg, iyenebs im sityvebs, romlebic<br />
sametyvelo aqtebs Zalauflebas aniWeben (SekiTxvebi, brZanebebi,<br />
braldebebi, moTxovnebi romlebSic sityva TviTonve asrulebs masSi<br />
nagulisxmev qmedebas).<br />
xSirad gamoiyeneba aliteracia, rogorc sityvebis TamaSi, kalamburi,<br />
magaliTad:<br />
“Hough in huff at Cole shoulder”: (“hou xvneSis koulis mxarze”)<br />
mogviTxroben Seyvarebul wyvilze, britaneTis Sou-biznesis<br />
warmomadgenlebze Ceril koulsa da derek houze:<br />
Cheryl Cole has cancelled her Christmas in LA – leaving her pal Derek Hough gutted. She<br />
told him she is sick to death and just wants to be at home and have a chilled-out Christmas.<br />
(Seril koulma gaauqma saSobao ardadegebi los-anjelesSi da amiT<br />
Tavisi satrfo derek hou sasowarkveTaSi Caagdo. man ganucxada, rom<br />
yvelaferi yelSi amouvida, surs Sin wavides da mSvidi Soba moiwyos.)<br />
am nawyvetSi gamoyenebuli Jargoni (sick to death,gutted, chilled-out Christmas),<br />
abreviatura (LA) Txrobis stili tipiuria “popularuli” presisaTvis. mis<br />
diskursSi kodirebuli niSnebi imaze migviTiTebs, rom Sou-biznesis<br />
cxovreba gacilebiT ufro msubuqi da laRia, vidre biznesisa da<br />
politikis samyaro.<br />
zepiri metyvelebis konotireba mxolod konkretuli lingvisturi<br />
niSnebis meSveobiT ki ar xdeba, aramed beWdvis stiliTa da gazeTis<br />
137
maketis formatiTac. zepirmetyvelebis mauwyebeli konotaciebia:<br />
Secdomebis mizanmimarTuli daSveba marTlweraSi, kontrastuli<br />
maxvilebi (magaliTad, standartuli beWduri niSnebis nacvlad kursivis<br />
Sriftis (italics) an mkafio (bold) asoebis gamoyeneba). da kvlav “The Sun”-s<br />
moviSveliebT:<br />
Call a chubby guy big and it might not go down too well. The 41-year-old Hollywood A-<br />
lister seemed pretty down-to-earth to me when we spoke – but it seemed his trip to Britain could<br />
see him SHRINKING.<br />
(uwodeT fumfula axalgazrdas didi da es ambavi iolad ver<br />
Caivlis. 41 wlis holivudeli warmatebuli kaci CemTan saubrisas miwaze<br />
myarad mdgarad gamoiyureboda _ magram iseTi piri uCanda, rom TiTqos<br />
britaneTSi misma mogzaurobam igi Tavis TavSi Caketa.)<br />
While the American dancer is crying into his meatloaf, Cheryl will be tucking into chips in<br />
gravy in her motherland. The singer has had a tough year professionally and personally.<br />
(sanam amerikeli mocekvave Tavis xorcis naWers dastiris, Serili<br />
mdumared mieZaleba Cifsebs sakuTar samSobloSi. momRerals mZime weli<br />
hqonda, rogorc profesiul, asev pirad cxovrebaSi.)<br />
am nawyvetSi saubaria uTanxmoebaSi myof amerikel mocekvavesa da<br />
britanel momReral Serilze, romlebic ver SeTanxmdnen, sad<br />
gaetarebinaT Soba.<br />
He loves to play the fool with his kids but pointed out they are too young to embarrass just<br />
yet. “But soon…,” he added. “They are pretty funny, we’ll see who embarrasses who first.”<br />
(mas uyvars SvilebTan erTad ancoba, magram miuTiTebs, rom isini<br />
jer Zalian patarebi arian saimisod, rom Segacbunon. “Tumca male....”,<br />
dasZina man. “isini Zalian sayvarlebi arian, vnaxoT, pirvelad vin vis<br />
Seacbunebs.”)<br />
And what he loved about Britain was a good dinner. He said: “I love the food. I love the<br />
curries. I am a sauce man by nature.”<br />
(rac britaneTSi uyvarda, es kargi sadili iyo. man Tqva: “miyvars<br />
Wama. miyvars keri (cxare saweblebi). me bunebiT saweblebis moyvaruli<br />
kaci var.)<br />
With a giant appetite for food AND films, Jack is sure to remain a big star for a long time<br />
to come.<br />
138
(Wamisa da filmebis mimarT uzarmazari madis mqone jeki<br />
darwmunebulia, rom didi xnis manZilze darCeba varskvlavad. )<br />
tipografiuli saSualebebi nabeWd masalas iers ucvlian, arRveven<br />
sworxazovan Srifts. es saSualebebi moicaven beWdvis nairsaxeobas,<br />
iyeneben ra wertilebsa da tireebs, romlebSic konotirebulia<br />
daumTavrebeli winadadebebi an fiqrebis monacvleoba erTsa da imave<br />
winadadebaSi. es mosazreba faulers davesesxeT, romelsac ekuTvnis am<br />
lingvisturi maxasiaTeblebis siRrmiseuli analizi. (Fowler, R. “Language in<br />
the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press”, London, Routledge. 1991).<br />
axali ambebi xSirad gviyvebian personebis Sesaxeb (axseneben<br />
individebs), romlebSic individi warmoadgens romelime gacilebiT<br />
farTo mniSvnelobis axali ambis Temas, romelic ideologiuri<br />
datvirTvis matarebelia.<br />
niusebSi personificirebis teqnologia moicavs iseTi lingvisturi<br />
niSnebis gamoyenebasac, rogoricaa pirovnebis saxeli, asaki, sqesi, misi<br />
samuSaos aRwera, misi saTavgadasavlo ambebi. Tumca, es personificireba<br />
warmodgenilia adamianis ara rogorc mxolod gansakuTrebulobis<br />
konotaciis matarebeli, aramed mas garkveuli kategoriis miTur<br />
mniSvnelobasTanac akavSirebs (magaliTad, pop-varskvlavi, deda, spikeri,<br />
premieri da ase Semdeg).<br />
naTqvamis sailustraciod movixmoT kidev erTi qarTuli gazeTi<br />
“praim-taimi”, romelic tabloidebis tipiuri warmomadgenelia.<br />
2011 wlis 14 Tebervlis nomerSi gamoqveynebuli erT-erTi statiis<br />
gmiri _ giorgi arvelaZe saqarTvelos moqalaqeebisTvis bolo wlebSi<br />
gaxda cnobili misi sajaro saqmianobis gamo. publikaciaSi misi ojaxis<br />
intimuri ambebis gamomzeureba personificirebis xerxebis gamoyenebiT<br />
ganapiroba giorgi arvelaZis garkveuli kategoriis miTur<br />
mniSvnelobasTan kavSirma _ xelisuflebis maRalCinosnebi da maTi<br />
saTavgadasavlo ambebi tabloiduri gazeTis mkiTxvelTa interesis<br />
sagania.<br />
“caculi miyvarxar” _ am saTauriT “praim-taimi” 2011 wlis 14<br />
Tebervlis nomerSi aqveynebs statias, romelSic giorgi arvelaZis<br />
meuRle gviyveba Tavis did siyvarulze meore naxevris mimarT da im<br />
139
siurprizze, romelic man “valentinobis” dRisTvis “praim-taimTan” erTad<br />
giorgis moumzada:<br />
“alina arvelaZe ....…jer gairuja. mere “kodakSi” mivida da posteri<br />
daabeWdvina… “caculi miyvarxar”. finalur akordad ki saqorwilo<br />
kabebis maRazia “pronoviass” miakiTxa da 2000-evroian kabaSi gamoewyo,”<br />
_mogviTxrobs avtori Tamar gongaZe da iqve agrZelebs:<br />
“arvelaZeebis wyvili erTmaneTs “caculis” eZaxis. telefonSic<br />
erTmaneTis nomrebi am saxeliT aqvT Cawerili. “viRaceebi ZaRls da katas<br />
eZaxdnen caculis da momewona. xuTi welia giorgis “caculis” veZaxi.<br />
Sors rom dgas, uproblemod gavZaxi _ caac-meTqi. arc rcxvenia. yvelam<br />
icis, ase rom veZaxi,” _ amgvari gulaxdilobiT gviyveba sakuTar intimur<br />
detalebs giorgi arvelaZis meuRle alina arvelaZe. am masalis<br />
diskursSi gamoyenebuli moferebiTi da kninobiTi saxelebi, salaparako<br />
stili, arasruli winadadebebi tipiuria tabloidebisTvis.<br />
aranakleb gulaxdilia sakuTari Tavgadasavlebis mkiTxvelebisaTvis<br />
gandobaSi qarTuli Sou-biznesis erT-erTi popularuli telesaxe Tiko<br />
saduniSvili: “praim-taimi” (2011, 24, 03 ):<br />
“roca vnebaa, ar fiqrob, is Seni megobris yofili Seyvarebulia Tu<br />
ara. axla Worebze reaqcia ara maqvs. dRes yvelafers sxva<br />
gadmosaxedidan vuyureb. feisbuqis erT-erT blogze Tema iyo _ Tqveni<br />
azriT, Tiko saduniSvili b--a qveviT, komentarebi: aba vin aris, diax, b--<br />
ia. axsna da kritika ar aris, ratom var msubuqi yofaqcevis. 9 wlis<br />
SviliT vambob, rom gaTxoveba jer CemTvis adrea. cxovrebiseuli<br />
simsubuqe maqvs. xuTi biWi yovelTvis aris Cems garSemo, romelic<br />
nebismier dros, roca marto var, SemiZlia amovirCio. erTi zaric da is<br />
biWi Cemia.”<br />
moyvanili magaliTebidan naTlad Cans, rom personificireba ufro<br />
metad migvaniSnebs konkretuli socialuri jgufis wevrobaze, romelsac<br />
miTuri mniSvneloba ufro aqvs, vidre naxsenebi adamianis<br />
gansakuTrebulobaze. arvelaZeebis ojaxi da Tiko saduniSvili TavianTi<br />
garkveuli statusisa da amJamindeli popularobis gamo gaxdnen “praimtaimis”<br />
yuradRebis Rirsni.<br />
140
qarTuli tabloiduri (da ara marto tabloiduri) presidan<br />
moyvanili magaliTebi (da aseTebi uamravia) zepirmetyvelebis<br />
konotaciebis matareblebi arian, kerZod, sametyvelo diskursisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli qaragmuli ena (magaliTad, sityvebis imgvari saxiT<br />
dawera, romlebic aRZraven gaurkveveli, xarvezebiani saubris<br />
konotacias), informaciuli struqtura (mokle an dausrulebeli<br />
winadadebebis gamoyeneba), slengisa da ucenzuro sityvebis gamudmebuli<br />
xmareba.<br />
rac Seexeba “seriozul” gazeTebs, rogorc zemoT moyvanili<br />
magaliTebidanac vnaxeT, maTSi gamoiyeneba grZeli, xSirad Znelad<br />
gasagebi winadadebebi, masalebSi ver naxavT mizanmimarTul Secdomebs<br />
sityvebSi, Semoklebebs an kontrastul maxvilebs, dausrulebel<br />
winadadebebs mxolod citirebisas SeiZleba waawydeT.<br />
es imas ar niSnavs, rom “seriozuli” gazeTebi ukeTesebi arian<br />
mxolod imitom, rom ufro metad avtoritetulebi arian, vidre<br />
tabloidebi. avtoritetuloba miTuri mniSvnelobaa, romelic<br />
konotirebulia “seriozuli” presis diskursis mier. gasarTobi xasiaTis<br />
Sesaxeb aranaklebi miTuri mniSvnelobis konotireba xdeba “popularuli”<br />
gazeTebis diskursis meSveobiT.<br />
j. bignelis azriT, ori gansxvavebuli tipis diskursis Sesaxeb<br />
msjeloba rom damajerebeli iyos, maSin unda virwmunoT, rom arsebobs<br />
diskursi, romelic aris gamWvirvale, “transparentuli” da<br />
arakodirebuli. es gancxadeba TavisTavad warmoadgens niusebis<br />
“obieqturobis” Sesaxeb miTs, romelic diskursebSia nagulisxmevi. (J.<br />
Bignell,2006).<br />
miTuri eqvivalentoba mkiTxvelis sametyvelo kodebsa da gazeTis<br />
werilobiTi diskursis kodebs Soris SesaZleblobas aZlevs gazeTs,<br />
dialogi gamarTos mkiTxvelTan. es ayalibebs mkiTxvelTa warmosaxviT<br />
gaerTianebas, mkiTxvelis erTgulebas romelime gazeTis mimarT, mis<br />
principebTan, romelic warmodgenilia mis diskursSi da qmnis mSobliur,<br />
nacnob garemos, romelSic ideologiuri Rirebulebebi saerTo xdeba<br />
gazeTisa da misi mkiTxvelisaTvis.<br />
141
diskursis dialogisebur xerxebs aqvT arsebuli, yovlismomcveli<br />
realobis efeqti, romelic xels uwyobs saubris warmarTvas gazeTsa da<br />
mkiTxvels Soris. iZerweba iseTi suraTi, TiTqos orive mxares kargad<br />
esmis, ris Sesaxeb saubroben da arc erT maTgans ar sWirdeba “saubris”<br />
Temis Rrma analizi an misi zustad gamokveTa.<br />
“san”-is gacnobierebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis ar aris saWiro imis axsna,<br />
Tu vin aris “Canibal ripper”-i (mfatravi kanibali), iseve rogorc “Times”-s<br />
mkiTxvelisaTvis msjeloba “parlamentisa da misi Semadgeneli partiebis”,<br />
an “gardianis” mkiTxvelebisaTvis birTvul iaraRze msjeloba Sesaxeb<br />
Cveulebrivi ambavia.<br />
arc “alias” mkiTxvelebs sWirdebaT bevri fiqri imis Sesaxeb Tu vin<br />
aris “ucnobi” an naTelaSvili, “praim-taimis” mkiTxvelebisaTvis ki<br />
ganmartebebis gareSec cnobilia Tiko saduniSvilisa da giorgi<br />
arvelaZis vinaoba.<br />
lingvisturi niSnebisa da maTi sametyvelo konotaciebis amgvari<br />
gamoyenebis funqcias warmoadgens niusebis gadmocemis procesisaTvis<br />
bunebrivi xasiaTis micema. marTlac, iqmneba Sinauruli garemo, romelSic<br />
gazeTi mkiTxvels misTvis Cveuli narativiTa da kargad nacnobi<br />
lingvisturi niSnebiT egebeba. mere ra, rom es “uSualoba” ufro xSirad<br />
enobrivi normebis uxeSi darRvevisa da uxamsobis xarjze xdeba.<br />
mkiTxveli, rogorc Cans mainc kmayofilia da amas adasturebs<br />
tabloidebis tiraJi da gayidvis xarisxi.<br />
“Telegraph” –is yofili Jurnalisti t. hardeni amtkicebs, rom swored<br />
tabloiduri kulturis “damsaxurebaa”, rom britaneTSi, romelic aSS-is<br />
mosaxleobis erTi mexuTedia, bevrad meti gazeTi iyideba, vidre<br />
amerikaSi.<br />
tabloidebis saqmianoba gaxda im seriozuli skandalis mizezi,<br />
romelic 2011 wlis ivlisSi britanul presaSi agorda da romelic<br />
mediamagnat rupert merdoksa da mis mflobelobaSi myof msoflios erTerT<br />
yvelaze did korporacia “News Corporation”-s ukavSirdeba.<br />
‘News Corporation”- s mmarTvelebsa da Jurnalistebs brali aTasobiT<br />
adamianis, maT Soris 11 seqtembris msxverplTa, gaerTianebuli samefos<br />
monarqis ojaxis wevrebisa da parlamentarebis telefonebSi<br />
142
aralegalurad SeRwevasa da am gziT informaciis mopovebaSi edebaT.<br />
dakavebulia korporaciis ramdenime xelmZRvaneli da Jurnalisti.<br />
es gancxadeba, romelsac Tavad rupert merdoki awers xels, mTeli<br />
msoflios presaSi daibeWda, maT Soris gazeT “Sun” –Sic. “mapatieT,<br />
Zalian vwuxvar,” – imeorebs merdoki presis furclebidan da<br />
saparlamento mosmenazec, romelSic premier-ministr kemeronis<br />
daJinebuli moTxovniT miiRo monawileoba.<br />
Mr. Murdoch said he was “appalled’ by what had happened and repeatedly told the<br />
teenager’s parents that he was sorry. (batonma merdokma ganacxada, rom momxdariT<br />
“Tavzardacemulia” da mozardis (11 seqtembris msxverplis) mSoblebs<br />
ganuwyvetliv uxdida bodiSs.)<br />
After the meeting the family’s solicitor Mark Lewis said: He (Mr. Murdoch) was very<br />
humbled. It was something that hit him on a very personal level. He apologized many times. He<br />
said: “Sorry, this should not have happened.” (Sexvedris Semdeg ojaxis advokatma<br />
mark luisma ganacxada: mister merdoki daTrgunuli iyo. am ambavma masze<br />
pirovnulad moaxdina gavlena. man bevrjer moibodiSa da Tqva: “mapatieT,<br />
es ar unda momxdariyo.”)<br />
skandalma Jurnalistur eTikasa da mediis regulirebaze kamaTi<br />
gaacxovela. tabloidebi eTikurobiT arc arasodes gamoirCeodnen _ maT<br />
Soris “News of the World” –ic, britanuli tabloidi, romelic skandalis<br />
mTavari monawile gaxda. magram sensaciurobaze dafuZnebuli yviTeli<br />
presa Tavis meTodebs xalxis moTxovnebiT amarTlebs.<br />
143
sainteresoa “praim-taimis” pozicia, romelic, bunebrivia,<br />
gulSematkivrobs Tavis britanel kolegebs tabloiduri gamocemebidan:<br />
“merdokis sagazeTo Semosavlebis 80 procenti swored tabloidebs<br />
moaqvT, maT Soris iseTebs, rogoricaa “The Sun” da “News of the World”. amis<br />
miuxedavad aristokrati merdoki ufro “The Wall Street Journal”-is redaqtors<br />
ekontaqteboda, imitom rom “WSJ” elitaruli gamocemaa, tabloidebi ki<br />
masazea gaTvlili. magram ratom ar kiTxulobda merdoki, saidan<br />
mohqondaT tabloidebs milionebi misi imperiisaTvis mohqondaT swored<br />
im sensaciebiT, romlebic xalxs uyvars da ainteresebs.” (“praim-taimi”. 25,<br />
07, 2011)<br />
“pirveli SemTxveva ar aris, rodesac media masis interesis gamo<br />
isjeba. princesa daianas sikvdilis Semdegac bevri lanZRes tabloidebi,<br />
magram ra maTi bralia, Tu xalxs “ledi disa” da misi sayvarlis<br />
Tavgadasavlebi ainteresebda” (praim-taimi” 2, 08, 2011)<br />
aravin icis, riT dasruldeba rupert merdokis skandali, magram<br />
faqti erTia: tabloidebis Tema gulgrils ar tovebs mkiTxvelebs arc<br />
erT qveyanaSi.<br />
Cven zemoT ganvixileT niusis erTi da igive diskursis gamoyenebis<br />
magaliTebi rogorc seriozul, aseve tabloidur gazeTebSi da vnaxeT,<br />
rom “seriozuli” gazeTebi Tavis masalebSi diskursul stabilurobas<br />
warmoaCenen oficialuri enisa da seriozuli tonis gamoyenebiT,<br />
romelSic konotirebulia pasuxismgeblobis mqone miTuri Jurnalistis<br />
mozomili Sefasebebi da obieqturi reportaJebi, aseve, maTi mkiTxvelebis<br />
saRi azri.<br />
tabloidebi ki stabilurobis demonstrirebas axdenen<br />
zepirmetyvelebaze dafuZnebuli enis gamoyenebiT, romelSic<br />
konotirebulia mkiTxvelTa mier aRiarebuli diskursi. maTSi aseve<br />
SeimCneva TiTqmis erTnairi naratiuli formebis mudmivi gamoyeneba<br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli movlenebis asaxvisas. (amis sailustraciod<br />
“praim-taimis” magaliTebic gamogvadgeba: erTnairi diskursis gamoyeneba<br />
rogorc “msubuqi”, aseve seriozuli Temebze saubrisas.)<br />
rac ar unda “gasagebi” iyos sagazeTo niusis diskursi, mkiTxveli<br />
mainc gvevlineba teqstis mniSvnelobis konstruirebis aqtiur monawiled.<br />
144
igi ara marto Sifravs, anu axdens niSnebisa da mniSvnelobebis<br />
dekodirebas, aramed eZiebs im kodebsac, romlebic saWiroa mocemuli<br />
diskursis gaazrebisaTvis da amowmebs im miTur mniSvnelobebs,<br />
romlebsac warmoSobs teqstis konotaciebi da romlebic<br />
winaaRmdegobaSi modian Tavad mkiTxvelis pirad ideologiur<br />
mosazrebebTan. mkiTxveli warmoadgens kodirebuli mniSvnelobebis ara<br />
mxolod momxmarebels, aramed TviTon aris teqstSi nagulisxmevi<br />
mniSvnelobebis “prodiuseri”.<br />
rogorc davinaxeT, niusis diskursi sxvadasxva semiotikuri<br />
procesebis saSualebiT warmogvidgens niuss misi mniSvnelovani kuTxiT,<br />
magram aseve Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtoria is konkretuli socialuri<br />
konteqsti, romelSic mimdinareobs gazeTebis kiTxva da romelsac<br />
semiotikuri analizi adeqvaturad ver udgeba.<br />
sagazeTo ambebis detaluri analizisas bevr rames SevityobT<br />
sagazeTo diskursis struqturis Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogo xdeba<br />
niusebisa da maTi mniSvnelobebis konstruireba, magram semiotikur<br />
meTodebs aqvT SesaZleblobebis garkveuli zRvaric, radgan semiotika<br />
ver gvixsnis im gzebs, romelTa meSveobiT xdeba gazeTebis kiTxva<br />
realur socialur konteqstSi.<br />
am problemaze pasuxs scems sociologiuri midgoma, romelic<br />
cnobilia kodirebisa da dekodirebis modelis saxeliT (Hall, 1980). igi<br />
aRwers im xerxebs, romelTa meSveobiT xdeba gzavnilebis kodireba misi<br />
avtoris (magaliTad, Jurnalistis) mier da mogvianebiT dekodireba<br />
mimRebis (mkiTxvelis) mier. Tavdapirvelad, erTi da igive kulturul<br />
sociumSi mcxovrebi rogorc gamgzavni, aseve mimRebi, saziaro kodebiT<br />
sargebloben, iseTebiT, rogoricaa ena, Jestebi da SemTxveva. magram,<br />
vinaidan gamgzavnisa da mimRebis midgomebi kodebis mimarT ver iqneba<br />
zustad erTnairi, amitom Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom kodirebis avtoris<br />
mier nagulisxmevi mniSvneloba zustad iqneba dekodirebuli<br />
“gamSifvrelis” mier.<br />
zemoT Tqmuli imis kidev erTi dasturia, rom yvela niSani<br />
polisemiuri xasiaTisaa da xelmisawvdomia nebismieri saxis<br />
interpretirebisaTvis.<br />
145
Cvens mier Catarebulma kvlevam dagvanaxa, rom semiotikuri analizi<br />
ganmartavs, Tu rogor xdeba lingvisturi da vizualuri niSnebis mier<br />
teqstSi kodirebuli Sinaarsis aRqma. Tumca am midgomas mxolod<br />
nawilobriv SeuZlia asaxos is procesebi, romlebic ganapirobeben<br />
konkretul socialur konteqstSi mkiTxvelis mier teqstisTvis ama Tu im<br />
mniSvnelobis miniWeba.<br />
daskvna:<br />
1. Catarebulma kvlevam warmoaCina, rom saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc<br />
did britaneTSi, farToformatiani, e.w. seriozuli gazeTebi<br />
Cveulebriv miiCnevian rogorc gacilebiT metad inteleqtualurad<br />
Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT, vidre tabloidebi.<br />
2. seriozuli gazeTebis didi moculobis statiebi siRrmiseuli<br />
analiziT xasiaTdebian da maT gverdebze iSviaTad naxavT sensaciur<br />
da myvirala masalebs. es gansxvaveba pirvelive gverdebidanve<br />
SeimCneva: tabloidebs pirvel gverdze gamotanili aqvT erTi ambavi<br />
myvirala saTauris TanxlebiT, maSin roca seriozuli gazeTebi or an<br />
ramdenime ambavs gvauwyeben, maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani “niusi”<br />
Tavfurclis dasawyisSivea ganTavsebuli.<br />
3. saerTod, mcire formati tabloidis konotaciis matarebelia, magram<br />
isec xSirad xdeba, rom zogierTi didformatiani gazeTi<br />
mourideblad tabloiduria Tavisi SinaarsiT, Tumca beWdvisas<br />
iyenebs did formats.<br />
4. britanul da qarTul gazeTebs diskursisadmi, praqtikulad,<br />
erTnairi midgomebi gaaCniaT: tradiciulad, seriozuli gazeTebi<br />
iyeneben naratiul formebs, romlebSic konotirebulia<br />
avtoritetuloba, oficialuroba da seriozuloba, xolo<br />
popularuli gazeTebis anu tabloidebis diskursebSi konotirebulia<br />
familaroba, megobruli, Sinauruli damokidebuleba da gasarTobi<br />
xasiaTi.<br />
Tumca gansxvaveba mainc advilad SesamCnevia: Tu britanul bazarze<br />
seriozulsa da e.w. “yviTel” presas Soris mkacri zRvaria gavlebuli,<br />
qarTul gazeTebSi am mijnis dadeba jer kidev Znelia; britanuli<br />
146
tabloidebi eridebian bilwsityvaobas da uxams gamonaTqvamebs, rasac<br />
uxvad SexvdebiT qarTul popularul gazeTebSi.<br />
magram am yvelafers axsnac SeiZleba movuZebnoT: saqarTvelos<br />
bazarze Tavisufali presa daaxloebiT 20 wlis win, sabWoTa kavSiris<br />
ngrevis periodSi gamoCnda. am xnis manZilze asparezze bevri axali<br />
gazeTi gamoCnda, romelTagan zogma gauZlo drois gamocdas, magram<br />
zogierTi ukvalod gaqra. Jurnalisturi Ziebebi dResac grZeldeba da<br />
Tu Cveni presa jer-jerobiT TiTqmis ver pasuxobs saerTaSoriso<br />
standartebs, es gasagebi mizezebiT SeiZleba aixsnas: dro da<br />
gamocdileba, rac mTavaria mkiTxvelis gemovnebisa da moTxovnebis<br />
TandaTanobiTi daxvewa imis imeds gvaZlevs, rom momavalSi qarTuli<br />
gazeTebi Rirseul konkurencias gauweven didi tradiciebis mqone<br />
britanul beWdviT mediasac.<br />
147
saerTo daskvna:<br />
1. mediaSi mimdinare rTul procesebSi garkvevisaTvis Zalze<br />
mniSvnelovania maTi semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT ganxilva, vinaidan<br />
mediiT nagulisxmevi mniSvnelobebi niSnebis meSveobiT gadmoicema,<br />
xolo semiotika ki swored niSnebis moqmedebiTaa dainteresebuli<br />
2. mediis umravlesobisTvis ena warmoadgens komunikaciis umTavres<br />
gzas an rogorc komunikaciis sxva saxeobis mediisaTvis damxmare,<br />
xelSemwyob saSualebas.<br />
3. ar arsebobs mediis Seswavlis erTi romelime srulyofili<br />
analitikuri meTodi, radgan gansaxilveli obieqtisa da sakiTxis<br />
Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, arsebobs gansxvavebuli Teoriuli<br />
midgomebic<br />
4. beWdviTi mediis sakiTxebis Seswavlisas yuradReba unda mivaqcioT<br />
erTis mxriv, gazeTebSi gamoyenebul lingvistur anu verbalur<br />
niSnebs, meores mxriv, vizualur anu araverbalur niSnebsa da im<br />
kavSir-urTierTobebs, romlebic arseboben am niSnebs Soris.<br />
5. niusi aris is, rac auditoriis _ mkiTxvelisa an mayureblis<br />
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT aRmoCnda gazeTebsa da<br />
telemauwyeblobaSi.<br />
6. niusis diskursis semiotikuri analizi moicavs axal ambebSi<br />
gamoyenebuli lingvisturi (verbaluri) da vizualuri niSnebis<br />
denota<strong>ciuri</strong> da konota<strong>ciuri</strong> mniSvnelobebis ganxilvas.<br />
7. miTebi, SesaZloa, mogvevlinon rogorc niSnebisa da kodebis<br />
ideologiuri funqciis SemniRbavi saSualebebi. amgvari miTebis<br />
aRqma upirobod, yoymanis gareSe xdeba; isini ar saWiroeben arc<br />
gaSifvras da arc interpretirebas.<br />
8. kodebs socialuri ganzomileba gaaCniaT, isini warmoadgenen<br />
niSnebis gamoyenebis gzebs, im niSnebisa, romlebic met-naklebad<br />
cnobilia sazogadoebis jgufebisaTvis.<br />
148
9. gazeTis furclebze warmodgenili TiToeuli lingvisturi,<br />
vizualuri da grafikuli niSani da maTSi kodirebuli konotaciebi<br />
emsaxurebian konkretuli niusis SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli miTuri<br />
mniSvnelobis damkvidrebas. miTuri mniSvnelobis ideologiuri<br />
funqcia ki mniSvnelobis ideologiasTan dakavSirebaa.<br />
10. is Tu ramdenad `WeSmaritad~ miviCnevT teqsts, nawilobriv,<br />
damokidebulia masSi monawile mediumze.<br />
11. gazeTebi iqmneba profesionalTa mier, romelTa movaleobaa gaecnon<br />
momxdar movlenebs da airCion is, romelic SemdgomSi niusis Temad<br />
gadaiqceva, xolo danarCenebs ki gverdi auaron. SerCevis es<br />
procesi sxvadasxva gazeTSi sxvadasxvagvarad mimdinareobs.<br />
12. niusis Sefasebis kriteriumebi SeiZleba miviCnioT rogorc kodebis<br />
sistema, romelsac, movlenisaTvis niusis statusis miniWebisas,<br />
Jurnalistebi Segnebulad, mizanmimarTulad an sulac<br />
gauazreblad, qvecnobierad iyeneben.<br />
13. Jurnalisturi `obieqturoba~ niusis diskursis miTur Sinaarss<br />
warmoadgens, romelic iqmneba gazeTis profesional TanamSromelTa<br />
saqmianobis Sedegad.<br />
14. movlena niusis Rirebulebas iZens ara mxolod misi arsis mixedviT,<br />
aucilebelia, rom misi gadmocema SesaZlebeli iyos arsebuli<br />
naratiuli kodis meSveobiT.<br />
15. niusis siRrmiseuli gacnobiereba gacilebiT ukeT xdeba beWdviTi<br />
mediis meSveobiT. magram, samagierod, gazeTebi ver Seejibrebian<br />
elqtronul medias siswrafis an emociurobis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
16. Jurnalistebis saqmianobas moqalaqeebi Zalze mniSvnelovnad<br />
miiCneven, magram fiqroben, rom isini TavianT movaleobas<br />
srulyofilad ver asruleben. es suraTi met-naklebad<br />
damaxasiaTebelia rogorc britaneTis, aseve qarTuli mediasaSualebebisaTvis.<br />
17. ekonomikurma faqtorebma arasasurveli zegavlena iqonies beWdviT<br />
mediaze da mis Sinaarsze. farToformatiani `seriozuli~ gazeTebi<br />
TandaTan emsgavsebian masobrivi moTxovnebis mqone `popularul~<br />
gazeTebs, romlebSic Semcirda pirvel gverdebze seriozuli<br />
149
movlenebis amsaxveli masalebi, samagierod gaizarda fotoebis<br />
raodenoba, gaCnda didi SriftiT awyobili myvirala saTaurebi da<br />
sareklamo gancxadebebi.<br />
18. TiToeuli gazeTi acxadebs, rom igi sazogadoebas mudmivad<br />
sTavazobs siaxleebs da zrunavs, rom yvela nomeri obieqturi da<br />
miukerZoebeli iyos. ramdenad Seesabameba Cveni presis muSaoba am<br />
gancxadebas, es media-specialistebma unda Seafason. Tumca erTi ki<br />
faqtia, yvela erTxmad aRiarebs, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli mediasaSualebebidan<br />
presa yvelaze meti TavisuflebiT gamoirCeva.<br />
meCveneba, rom es bolo winadadeba naadrevia jer. Mmere ar geqneba<br />
amaze saubari<br />
19. didi britaneTisa da saqarTvelos erTi da igive tipis presa,<br />
rogorc “seriozuli”, aseve “popularuli” gazeTebi “niusis”<br />
Temebis SerCevisas erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul gzebs irCeven.<br />
20. “niusebi” damokidebulia axali ambebis institutebis organizebasa<br />
da im miTiur mkiTxvelze, romlis yuradRebis mipyrobac surs<br />
gazeTs.<br />
21. qarTuli presa, TviT “seriozulic” ki ufro did yuradRebas<br />
qveynis Sida problemebs uTmobs da ara msoflio mniSvnelobis<br />
movlenebs. es sulac ar akninebs mis profesionalizms; es mxolod<br />
imaze miuTiTebs, rom isini qarTul bazarze orientirebuli<br />
gazeTebi arian, radgan yuradRebas amaxvileben ara iaffasian<br />
Worebze, aramed ekonomikur da soacialur problemebze.<br />
22. miuxedavad axali ambebis Tematikisadmi sxvadasxvagvari<br />
midgomebisa, rogorc britaneTis, aseve saqarTvelos sagazeTo<br />
“niusebi”, umetes SemTxvevaSi, emorCilebian Sefasebis dawesebul<br />
kriteriumebs, romlebic gvevlinebian erTgvar kodirebis sistemad<br />
da romelsac Jurnalistebi movlenebisaTvis “niusis” formis<br />
micemisas Segnebulad an sulac gaucnobierebladac ki iyeneben.<br />
150
23. britanuli da qarTuli beWdviTi mediis nimuSebis Seswavlam<br />
dagvanaxa, rom semiotikuri analizi mudmivad viTardeba da<br />
dekodirebisa da mkiTxvelis gemovnebis cvalebadobis Sesabamisad,<br />
TandaTan cvlis sakuTar midgomebsac.<br />
24. fotografiis denotatiuri aspeqti warmoadgens im miTur<br />
safuZvels, romelze dayrdnobiTac igeba konotaciebi.<br />
25. britanuli presisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli seriozuli gazeTebis<br />
saTaurebi xSirad Zalian martivad da gasagebad gvamcnoben<br />
adgilobrivi mkiTxvelisTvis saWirboroto ekonomikuri Temebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
26. rogorc britanuli, aseve saqarTvelos beWdviTi media aqtiurad<br />
iyenebs rolan barTis mier Camoyalibebul eqvs xerxs, romelTa<br />
meSveobiTac xdeba konotaciebis warmoSoba.<br />
27. orive qveynis sxvadasxva tipis presaSi xdeba erTi da igive<br />
fotoebis sxvadasxvagvarad interpretireba, rac naTlad miuTiTebs<br />
ori gazeTis gansxvavebul saredaqcio politikaze. isini fotoebSi<br />
denotirebuli identuri gamosaxulebis gansxvavebuli lingvisturi<br />
xerxebiT erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego konotaciebs qmnian da Sesabamis<br />
miTebsac warmoSoben.<br />
28. teleniusebis semiotikuri analizi naTlad gvaCvenebs, rom igi unda<br />
eyrdnobodes televiziis audio-vizualur “enas” anu verbaluri da<br />
vizualuri kodebis erTgvar nazavs da amdenad, ar SeiZleba<br />
romelime maTganis ugulebelyofa. 13 martis skandaluri gadacemis<br />
avtorebma ki teqstze yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT ugulebelyves is,<br />
Tu rogor aRiqvams mayurebeli vizualur kods, anu ZiriTadi<br />
datvirTva keTdeboda verbalur kodze, da mayureblis mier mis<br />
konotaciaze.<br />
151
29. arsebobs azri, rom mayurebeli ufro xSirad yuradRebas<br />
amaxvilebs teqstobriv detalebze da es institucionaluri<br />
konteqstisa da istoriis xarjze xorcieldeba. es daadastura<br />
”modelirebuli qronikis” SemTxvevamac, rodesac vizualuri kodi,<br />
kerZod, 2008 wlis omis droindeli kadrebi, ugulebelyofili iqna<br />
mayureblis mier, ramac gamoiwvia panika moqalaqeebSi.<br />
30. is, Tu rogor aRiqmeba niusis Sinaarsi, damokidebulia im<br />
urTierTobaze, romelic arsebobs mayurebelsa da satelevizio<br />
teqstebs Soris. ”modelirebuli qronikis” vizualuri da<br />
verbaluri kodi droSi ar emTxveva erTmaneTs, magram mayurebelma<br />
aqcenti mainc verbalur kodze gadaitana. swored misi konotacia<br />
gaxda panikis safuZveli, vinaidan am konotaciis ukan idga miTi,<br />
kerZod 2008 wlis omi.<br />
31. Sinaarsis gadmosacemad teleniusebi iyeneben dadgenil wesebsa da<br />
kodebs, xolo mayurebeli aris is “eqsperti”, romelmac unda<br />
aRiaros es wesebi da moaxdinos Sinaarsis dekodireba.<br />
32. teleniusebis ideologiuri miTebi, gazeTebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
yovelTvis ver axerxeben mayurebelze gadacemis avtorebisaTvis<br />
sasurveli zemoqmedebis moxdenas.<br />
33. axali ambebis mayureblisaTvis siuJetebis Sinaarsi yovelTvis<br />
ganixileba im konotaciebisa da miTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac<br />
niusebis diskursi gvTavazobs.<br />
34. rogori saxis gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebic ar unda iyos<br />
nagulisxmevi niusebSi, mayurebeli mainc moaxdens zogierTi im<br />
mniSvnelobis miseul dekodirebas, romelsac agebs niusebis<br />
diskursi.<br />
152
35. teleauditoria unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc adamianebis<br />
erTgvarovani masa, aramed rogorc gansxvavebuli jgufebis nakrebi,<br />
romelTa pirovnuli da socialuri gamocdileba ayalibebs<br />
teleniusebis maTeul aRqmas.<br />
36. Catarebulma kvlevam warmoaCina, rom saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc<br />
did britaneTSi, farToformatiani, e.w. seriozuli gazeTebi<br />
Cveulebriv miiCnevian rogorc gacilebiT metad inteleqtualurad<br />
Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT, vidre tabloidebi.<br />
37. seriozuli gazeTebis didi moculobis statiebi siRrmiseuli<br />
analiziT xasiaTdebian da maT gverdebze iSviaTad naxavT<br />
sensaciur da myvirala masalebs. es gansxvaveba pirvelive<br />
gverdebidanve SeimCneva: tabloidebs pirvel gverdze gamotanili<br />
aqvT erTi ambavi myvirala saTauris TanxlebiT, maSin roca<br />
seriozuli gazeTebi or an ramdenime ambavs gvauwyeben, maT Soris<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovani “niusi” Tavfurclis dasawyisSivea<br />
ganTavsebuli.<br />
38. saerTod, mcire formati tabloidis konotaciis matarebelia,<br />
magram isec xSirad xdeba, rom zogierTi didformatiani gazeTi<br />
mourideblad tabloiduria Tavisi SinaarsiT, Tumca beWdvisas<br />
iyenebs did formats. amis magaliTebi vnaxeT rogorc britanul,<br />
aseve saqartvelos beWdur mediaSic.<br />
39. britanul da qarTul gazeTebs diskursisadmi, praqtikulad,<br />
erTnairi midgomebi gaaCniaT: tradiciulad, seriozuli gazeTebi<br />
iyeneben naratiul formebs, romlebSic konotirebulia<br />
avtoritetuloba, oficialuroba da seriozuloba, xolo<br />
popularuli gazeTebis anu tabloidebis diskursebSi<br />
konotirebulia familaroba, megobruli, Sinauruli<br />
damokidebuleba da gasarTobi xasiaTi.<br />
153
40. britanul bazarze seriozulsa da e.w. “yviTeli” presis diskurss<br />
Soris mkacri zRvaria gavlebuli, qarTul gazeTebSi am mijnis<br />
dadeba jer kidev Znelia. maSin, roca britanuli tabloidebi<br />
eridebian bilwsityvaobas da uxams gamonaTqvamebs, maT uxvad<br />
SexvdebiT saqarTvelos ara marto “popularul”, aramed im<br />
gazeTebSic ki, romlebsac “seriozuli” presis pretenzia aqvT.<br />
41. Tumca erTi ki faqtia, yvela erTxmad aRiarebs, rom<br />
saqarTveloSi arsebuli media-saSualebebidan presa yvelaze meti<br />
TavisuflebiT gamoirCeva.<br />
154
fotoebis danarTi<br />
foto 1 foto 2<br />
155
foto 3<br />
foto 4<br />
156
foto 5<br />
157
foto 6 (Daily Mirror)<br />
158
foto 7 (The Daily Mail)<br />
159
foto 8<br />
160
foto 9<br />
foto 10<br />
161
gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />
1. Arnold R. Douglas (2005):Congress, The Press and Political Accountability. Russel Sage<br />
Foundation, Princeton Paperbacks.<br />
2. Barnard, Malcolm (1996): Fashion as Communication. London: Routledge<br />
3. Barthes, Roland ([1957] 1987): Mythologies. New York: Hill & Wang<br />
4. Barthes, Roland ([1964] 1967). Elements of Semiology (trans. Annette Lavers & Colin<br />
Smith). London: Jonathan Cape<br />
5. Barthes, Roland ([1973] 1974): S/Z. London: Cape<br />
6. Barthes, Roland (1977): Image-Music-Text. London: Fontana<br />
7. Barthes, R. (1977), Rhetoric of the image, in Image music Text, London, 32-51<br />
8. Baudrillard, Jean (1988): Selected Writings (Ed. Mark Poster). Cambridge: Polity Press<br />
9. Belsey, Catherine (1980): Critical Practice. London: Methuen<br />
10. Benveniste, Emile (1971): Problems in General Linguistics (trans. Mary E Meek). Coral<br />
Gables: University of Miami Press<br />
11. Bignell, Jonathan (1997): Media Semiotics: An Introduction. Manchester: Manchester<br />
University Press<br />
12. Jonathan Bignell. “Media Semiotics”, (2003, Manchester University Press, 89-90)<br />
13. Jonathan Bignell, An Introduction to Telvision Studies. Routledge, 2008<br />
14. Burgin, Victor (1982a): 'Photographic Practice and Art Theory'. pp. 39-83<br />
15. Burgin, Victor (1982b): 'Looking at Photographs'. pp. 142-153<br />
16. Butler, Judith (1999): Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity London:<br />
Routledge<br />
17. Chandler, Daniel (1995): The Act of Writing: A Media Theory Approach. Aberystwyth:<br />
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18. Chandler, Daniel (1998): Semiótica para Principiantes (trans. Vanessa Hogan Vega &<br />
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Comunicación Social de la Universidad Politéchnica Salesiana<br />
19. Culler, Jonathan (1981): The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction.<br />
London: Routledge & Kegan Paul<br />
20. Culler, Jonathan (1985): Saussure. London: Fontana<br />
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21. Danesi, Marcel (1994a): Messages and Meanings: An Introduction to Semiotics. Toronto:<br />
Canadian Scholars' Press<br />
22. de Lauretis, Teresa (1984): Alice Doesn't: Feminism, Semiotics, Cinema. London:<br />
Macmillan<br />
23. Derrida, Jacques (1974): 'White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy', New<br />
Literary History 6(1): 5-74<br />
24. Eco, Umberto (1976): A Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University<br />
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25. Eco, U. A Theory of Semiotics, London, Macmillan (1977)<br />
26. Fairclough, Norman (1995): Media Discourse. London: Edward Arnold<br />
27. Fiske, John (1982): Introduction to Communication Studies. London: Routledge<br />
28. Fiske, John & John Hartley (1978): Reading Television. London: Methuen<br />
29. Foucault, Michel (1974): The Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Tavistock<br />
30. Fowler, R. “Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press”,( London,<br />
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31. Glasgow Media Group (1986), War and Peace News, Milton Keynes, Open University<br />
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32. Galtung, J. and M. Ruge (1973), Structuring and selecting news, in S. Cohen and J.<br />
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33. Guiraud, Pierre (1975): Semiology (trans. George Gross). London: Routledge & Kegan<br />
Paul<br />
34. Hall, Stuart ([1973] 1980): 'Encoding/decoding'. In Centre for Contemporary Cultural<br />
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79 London: Hutchinson, pp. 128-38<br />
35. Harris, Roy (1987): Reading Saussure: A Critical Commentary on the 'Cours de<br />
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Whitfield). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press<br />
37. Hodge, Robert & Gunther Kress (1988): Social Semiotics. Cambridge: Polity<br />
38. Jakobson, Roman (1971): 'Language in Relation to Other Communication Systems'. In<br />
Roman Jakobson (Ed.): Selected Writings, Vol. 2. Mouton: The Hague, pp. 570-79<br />
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40. Kress, Gunther & Theo van Leeuwen (1996): Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual<br />
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43. Langholz Leymore, Varda (1975): Hidden Myth: Structure and Symbolism in<br />
Advertising. New York: Basic Books<br />
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Advertising: Persons, Products and Images of Well-Being (2nd Edn.). London: Routledge<br />
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48. Lévi-Strauss, Claude ([1962] 1974): The Savage Mind. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson<br />
49. Metz, Christian (1974): Film Language: A Semiotics of the Cinema (trans. Michael<br />
Taylor). New York: Oxford University Press<br />
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51. Mick, David Glen & Laura G Politi (1989): 'Consumers' Interpretations of Advertising<br />
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(Ed.): Interpretive Consumer Research. Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research,<br />
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52. Monaco, James (1981): How to Read a Film. New York: Oxford University Press (Part<br />
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164
57. Peirce, Charles Sanders (1931-58): Collected Writings (8 Vols.). (Ed. Charles<br />
Hartshorne, Paul Weiss & Arthur W Burks). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press<br />
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61. Sebeok, Thomas A (Ed.) (1977): A Perfusion of Signs. Bloomington, IN: Indiana<br />
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64. Sturrock, John (1986): Structuralism. London: Paladin<br />
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69. .Патрик Серио - Анализ дискурса во Французской Школе (2001)<br />
empiriuli masalis eleqtronuli wyaroebi:<br />
70. http://www.wix.zen.co.uk/britnews.htm<br />
71. r. doliZe, m. rusieSvili (2009) - semiotika da masmedia,<br />
saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XXX, 2007.<br />
72. ferdinand sosiuri, zogadi enaTmecnierebis kursi, “diogene”, (2002)<br />
165
gamoyenebuli britanuli da qarTuli gazeTebi:<br />
1. “The Daily News” – 2010: 27.11; 13.03; 7.08; 2011: 19.03; 11.06; 12.10; 2012:21.01<br />
2. “The Daily Mail”: 2010: 27.11; 13.03; 7.08; 2011: 19.03; 11.06; 12.10; 2012:21.01<br />
3. “The Guardian”: 2010: 18.11; 5.08; 11.03; 2011, 4.03; 10.06; 14.10; 2012: 20.01.<br />
4. “The Mail”: 2012:23,01;<br />
5. “The Daily Mirror”: 2010: 11.08; 17.11; 10.03; 2011: 12,10; 1.06; 2012, 29,01;<br />
6. “The Independent”: 2010:10.03; 11.08; 17.11; 2011: 9.03; 15.06; 12.10; 2012:18.01.<br />
7. “The Times”: 2010: 23.12<br />
8. “The Sun”: 2010: 23.12; 2011: 25.07<br />
9. “PRIME TIME”. 2010: 13.09; 2011: 14.02; 14.07; 2.08;. 2012 : 23.01;<br />
10. “alia”: 2010: 13.04; 27.05; 21.09; 2.11; 2011: 17.02; 3.05; 12.07; 14.10; 2012: 17.01;<br />
11. “kviris qronika”: 2010: 2.-8.08; 15-21.11; 20-26.12; 2011: 15-26.03; 18-24.04; 26-2.09;<br />
2012: 2-8.01; 6-12.02.<br />
12. “droni”, 2011: 3-10. 02;<br />
13. “24 saaTi”: 2010: 27.11; 2011: 29.07; 7.10; 23.12; 2012: 27.01; 3.02;<br />
14. “rezonansi”: 2010: 27.11; 18.12; 2011: 31.08; 28.09; 18.11; 2012: 27.01.<br />
15. “asaval-dasavali”: 2010: 28-4.07; 20-26.09; 20-26.12; 2011: 24-30.01; 9-15.05; 17-<br />
23.10; 2012: 30.01-5.02; 13-19.02.<br />
16. “modelirebuli qronika”, telekompania “imedi”, (2010 wlis 13 martis<br />
gamoSvebis Canaweri).<br />
166
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