Conservation Biology of Lycaenidae (Butterflies) - IUCN

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Table 6. List of Lycaenidae which have been depicted on postage stamps up to October 1991. (Data from Coles et al. 1991; identifications not checked further, authors' names omitted). Species Aethiopana honorius Citrinophila erastus Hewitsonia boisduvali Mimacraea marshalli Pentila abraxas Telipna acraea Ogyris amaryllis Aphnaeus questiauxi Aphniolaus pallene Atlides polybe Axiocerses amanga A. harpax A. styx Bindahara phocides Callophrys crethona Chrysozephyrus mushaellus Deudorix epijarbas Epamera handmani E. sidus Eumaeus alula Evenus coronata E. dindymus E. regalis Hypokopelates otraeda Hypolycaena antifaunus Japonica lutea Lipaphnaeus leonina Loxura atymnus Myrina silenus Narathura centaurus Panthiades bathildis Pratapa ctesia Pseudalmenus chlorinda Pseudolycaena marsyas Rapala arata Ritra aurea Scoptes alphaeus Spindasis modesla S. natalensis S. nyassae Strymon maesites S. martialis S. melinus S. rufofusca S. simaethis Stugeta marmorea Tanuetheira timon Thecla betulae Agrodiaetus amanda A. damon Country, year of issue Ghana 1990 Ghana 1990 Uganda 1989 Uganda 1989 Ghana 1990 Ghana 1990 Australia 1981 Zambia 1980 Uganda 1989 Grenada 1975 Uganda 1989 Mozambique 1953, Togo 1990 Tanzania 1973 Palau 1990 Jamaica 1978 China 1963 Samoa 1986 Malawi 1966 Kenya 1988 Cuba 1974 Ecuador 1970, Nicaragua 1986 Grenadines of St. Vincent 1975 Belize 1990, Brazil 1979, Nicaragua 1967 Mali 1964 Togo 1990 Laos 1986 Mali 1964 China 1963 Angola 1982, Mauritania 1966, Togo 1990. Sierra Leone 1979, Tanzania 1988 Malaysia 1970 Belize 1974 Laos 1986 Australia 1981 Grenada 1990, Grenadines of Grenada 1985, St. Vincent 1978 Korea (North) 1977 Nicaragua 1986 South Africa 1977 Zambia 1980 Swaziland 1987 Malawi 1984 Dominica 1988, Turks & Caicos Islands 1982, Grenadines of St. Vincent 1989 Cayman Islands 1988 Honduras 1991 Grenadines of Grenada 1985 Grenada 1989, Grenadines of Grenada 1985 Sierra Leone 1987 Congo 1971, Sierra Leone 1987 Bulgaria 1990 Finland 1990 Mongolia 1963 17 Species Aricia agestis Brephidium exilis Catochrysops taitensis Celastrina argiolus Cupidopsis jobates Danis danis Glaucopsyche melanops Hemiargus ammon H. hanno H. thomasi Jamides bochus J. cephion Lampides boelicus Leptotes cassius Luthrodes cleotas Lycaeides idas Lysandra albicans L. beltargus L. coridon Maculinea arion Meleageria daphnis Polyommatus icarus Tarucus balkanicus Uranothauma crawshayi Heliphorus epicles Heodes solskyi H. virgaureae Lycaena dispar L. helle L. salustius Palaeochrysophanus hippothoe Thersamonia phoebus T. thersamon Abisara talantus A ncyluris formosissima A. jurgenseni Chorinea faunus Dodona adonira Helicopis cupido Melanis pixe Nymphidium mantus Nymula orestes Rhetus thia R. sp. Stalachtis calliope S. phlegia Country, year of issue Cyprus 1983 Cayman Islands 1990, Turks & Caicos Islands 1990 Samoa 1986 Libya 1981 Togo 1990 Netherlands New Guinea 1960 Cyprus 1983, Libya 1981 Cayman Islands 1988, Cuba 1991 Barbados 1983, British Virgin Islands 1978 Turks & Caicos Islands 1990 Tonga 1989 Solomon Islands 1980 Ascension 1987, Fiji 1985, Vanuatu 1991 St. Vincent 1989 Vanuatu 1983, Wallis & Futuna Islands 1987 Canada 1988 Libya 1981 Hungary 1959 Switzerland 1952 Gibraltar 1977, Great Britain 1981, Hungary 1969, Poland 1967 Bulgaria 1962, Hungary 1966, Rumania 1969 Guernsey 1981, Ireland 1 985, Malta 1986 Turkey 1958 Malawi 1973 Hong Kong 1979, Macau 1985 China 1963 Finland 1990, Hungary 1959, Mongolia 1977, Rumania 1960 Germany (F.R.) 1991 Germany (F.R.) 1991 New Zealand 1970 Hungary 1974, Nicaragua 1986 Ifni 1963 Hungary 1969 Sierra Leone 1987 Guinea 1973, Hungary 1984 Nicaragua 1967 Guyana 1989 China 1963 Guyana 1983, Surinam 1971 Nicaragua 1967 Guyana 1983 Grenada 1975 Nicaragua 1967 Honduras 1991 Guyana 1989, Surinam 1971 Surinam 1971
Managing lycaenid populations Various management plans for particular Lycaenidae have been produced, and these have several elements in common: habitat security; the need for management based on sound biological and ecological understanding of the target species; and the need for an understanding of the endangering processes. Increasing public awareness of the particular lycaenid is also commonly seen as important. The processes needed are well exemplified in a 'flow-chart' produced by Arnold (1983a) for Smith's Blue (Euphilotesenoptessmithi(Mattoni)) in California and augmented in his Recovery Plans for the Lotis Blue (Lycaeides idas lotis (Lintner) and other species (USFWS 1984, 1985), and this has been used as a basis for the scheme outlined in Table 7. It is clear from this that the basic information necessary to formulate sound management for any ecologically sensitive species cannot be gathered instantly. All too often the time available is insufficient once a decision has been taken to develop a habitat containing a threatened species or population. The approach of 'Population Viability Analysis' (sometimes, 'Population Vulnerability Analysis'), PVA, is receiving substantial attention in assessing conservation needs of vertebrate animals. In general, the detailed demographic and reproductive data needed for such predictive modelling are not available for extending this approach to invertebrates. However, a North American lycaenid, the Karner Blue (Lycaeidesmelissa samuelis Nabokov) has recently (April 1992) been the focus of the first specialist workshop held to appraise an insect in this context. This species lives in fire-successional vegetation, and the metapopulations are associated with local extinctions and recolonisation or habitat shifts linked with climate and fire regimes (Cushman and Murphy, this volume). The outcome from this workshop may mark a substantial augmentation to current methods of formulating management programmes for insects of conservation concern. Ex situ conservation Table 7. A pro-forma scheme for species-orientated conservation of Lycaenidae (after Arnold 1983a). 1. Preserve, protect and manage known existing habitat to provide conditions needed by the species. (a) (b) (c) (d) Preserve: prevent further degradation, development or environmental modification. Steps (some or all): (i) Cooperative agreements with landowners/managers. (ii) Memoranda or undertakings. (iii) Conservation easements. (iv) Site acquisition (purchase/donation): private land. (v) Site reservation: public land. Maintain larval and adult resources at known habitat(s). Steps (some or all): (i) Minimise use of toxic substances: herbicides, pesticides. (ii) Minimise uncontrolled intrusion by humans: trampling, off-road vehicles, etc. (iii) Minimise intrusion by domestic stock: cattle, horses, sheep, etc. (iv) Minimise exotic vegetation planting. (v) Minimise removal of native vegetation, unless controlled. The controlled harvesting and ranching of Papilionidae to reduce pressure on natural populations and supply collector needs has proved to be an important conservation avenue for this group. It probably will never be achievable (or, indeed, needed) for lycaenids on any large scale, despite their uniqueness and vulnerability and their geographical overlap with areas where Papilionidae are also vulnerable. However, rearing of particular rare species in captivity does have some potential for augmenting field populations and for effecting translocations. The Atala Hairstreak, Eumaeus atala, has proved to be relatively easy to rear in captivity, and this practice is pursued by several butterfly houses in Britain using stock from Florida (Collins 1987a). Some success has been obtained with attempts to start new colonies of E. atala in the wild, and although the species continues to be regarded as vulnerable to habitat loss it has become more widespread in recent years (Lenczewski 1980). Some Japanese Theclini may be reared relatively easily from eggs collected in the field, and eggs of species which are otherwise very hard to collect have been found (Kuzuya 1959). The larval stage lasts for 3–4 weeks, as does the pupal period, and the only major problem in rearing was a tendency for older larvae to be cannibalistic. Unlike most other butterflies, captive rearing of lycaenids may need to incorporate provision for ants, often of particular species for any given lycaenid, as well as foodplants. Propose critical habitat (U.S.). If necessary, clarify taxonomic status of target lycaenid in habitat and, where known, outlier or other populations. 18 Continued...
Page 1 and 2: The IUCN Species Survival Commissio
Page 3 and 4: The IUCN Species Survival Commissio
Page 5 and 6: The Palos Verdes Blue, Glaucopsyche
Page 7 and 8: The task of preparing this volume h
Page 9 and 10: Dr. T. Hirowatari Entomological Lab
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1. Classification of the Lyc
Page 13 and 14: egions, and has formed numerous put
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Lycaenidae with larvae whi
Page 17 and 18: locality may not overlap in their f
Page 19 and 20: Table 3. Lycaenidae protected by le
Page 21 and 22: Table 4 (cont.). Lycaenidae listed
Page 23 and 24: Table 5. (cont.) Lycaenidae include
Page 25: Figure 3. Distribution of Zizina ox
Page 29 and 30: BREEDLOVE, D.E. and EHRLICH, P.R. 1
Page 31 and 32: PART 2. REGIONAL ASSESSMENTS This s
Page 33 and 34: Table 1. European Lycaenid species
Page 35 and 36: Woodland damage has been particular
Page 37 and 38: Table 4. Causes of decline or extin
Page 39 and 40: At the European level, the Council
Page 41 and 42: Table 6. A Red Data List of Europea
Page 43 and 44: pirithous (L.) y Polyommatus icarus
Page 45 and 46: production, grass-cutting, animal h
Page 47 and 48: Table 1. Lycaenid taxa that are lis
Page 49 and 50: Table 2 (cont). Lycaenid taxa that
Page 51 and 52: shrub and tree species. In 1978, de
Page 53 and 54: Plebejus icarioides missionensis. I
Page 55 and 56: the family, to learn more about the
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Synopsis of neotropical Ri
Page 59 and 60: Table 1 (cont). Synopsis of neotrop
Page 61 and 62: Table 2. Synopsis of systematics an
Page 63 and 64: Figure 2. Biogeographical patterns
Page 65 and 66: areas, are included in usual foragi
Page 67 and 68: very rich in amino acids (De Vries
Page 69 and 70: BOWERS, M.D. and LARIN, Z. 1989. Ac
Page 71 and 72: Threatened Lycaenidae of South Afri
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Status of threatened lycae
Page 75 and 76: e inevitable as there are no known
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nevertheless are playing a role. Ac
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Introduction Australian Lycaenidae:
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caterpillars of some species may li
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of considerable phylogenetic import
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playing their part as 'invertebrate
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The mariposa del Puerto del Lobo Ag
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KUDRNA, O. 1986. Butterflies of Eur
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smaller and lay fewer eggs. Neverth
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from its oviposition behaviour, but
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Habitat and Ecology: M. arion occur
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Polyommatus humedasae (Toso & Balle
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Polyommatus galloi (Balletto & Toso
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The Sierra Nevada Blue, Polyommatus
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Sierra Nevada are its small endemic
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fires (of course due to urbanisatio
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microclimates: it occurs on sites t
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The Zephyr Blue, Plebejus pylaon (F
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Threats: Most lowland populations a
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drawn up (Bálint 1991b), but there
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Cupido osiris (Meigen) Country: Hun
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and Q. petraea (Mattuschka) Lieblei
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Habitat and Ecology: Hygrophilous,
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Country: Japan. 'Chosen-aka-shijimP
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Country: Japan. 'Oruri-shijimi', Sh
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Lange's Metalmark, Apodemia mormo l
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at the base of the plant, in late J
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The Hermes Copper, Lycaena hermes (
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Thome's Hairstreak, Mitoura thornei
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Sweadner's Hairstreak, Mitoura gryn
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Bartram's Hairstreak, Strymon acis
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The Avalon Hairstreak, Strymon aval
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are black with iridescent green in
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the effects of management efforts;
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120ha of dunes as a golf course. Fo
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of the federal Endangered Species A
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authors in 1963-67 in essentially u
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The major culprits in this regard a
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1983). Both sexes visit flowers (es
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(J.F. Emmel, cited in Arnold 1985)
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Selected Neotropical species K.S. B
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Distribution: J. praeclarus is know
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Neotropical Lycaenidae endemic to h
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Theclinae endemic to the Cerrado ve
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Aloeides dentatis dentatis (Swierst
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Erikssonia acraeina Trimen; Subfami
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Alaena margaritacea Eltringham; Sub
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Country: Australia Hypochrysops C.
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Another factor that is decreasing t
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Habitat and Ecology: The colonies a
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Country: Australia. The Elthani Cop
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The Bathurst Copper, Paralucia spin
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does not appear to have worked. The
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Figure 1. Distribution of subspecie
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