Conservation Biology of Lycaenidae (Butterflies) - IUCN

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PIERCE, N.E. 1984. Amplified species diversity: case study of an Australian lycaenid butterfly and its attendant ants. In: Vane-Wright, R.I. and Ackery, P.R. (Eds) The Biology of Butterflies. Academic Press, London, pp. 197–200. PIERCE, N.E. 1985. Lycaenid butterflies and ants: selection for nitrogenfixing and other protein-rich foodplants. Amer. Nat. 125: 888–895. PIERCE, N.E. 1987. The evolution and biogeography of associations between lycaenid butterflies and ants. Oxford Surv. evol. Biol. 4: 89–116. PIERCE, N.E. and EASTEAL, S.I. 1986. The selective advantage of attendant ants for the larvae of a lycaenid butterfly Glaucopsyche lygdamus. J. anim. Ecol. 55: 451–462. PIERCE, N.E. and MEAD, P.S. 1981. Parasitoids as selective agents in the symbiosis between butterfly larvae and ants. Science 211: 1185–1187. PRATT, G.F. and BALLMER, G.R. 1991. Acceptance of Lotus scoparius (Fabaceae) by larvae of Lycaenidae. J. Lepid. Soc. 45: 188–196. RIOTTE, J.C. and UCHIDA, G. 1979. Butterflies of the Hawaiian islands according to the stand of late 1976. J. Res. Lepid. 17: 33–39. ROBBINS, R.K. 1980. The lycaenid 'false head' hypothesis: historical review and quantitative analysis.J. Lepid. Soc. 34: 194–208. ROBBINS, R.K. 1981. The lycaenid 'false head' hypothesis: predation and wing pattern variation of lycaenid butterflies. Amer. Nat. 118: 770–775. ROBBINS, R.K. 1982. How many butterfly species? News Lepid. Soc. 1982: 40–41. ROBBINS, R.K. and AIELLO, A. 1982. Foodplant and oviposition records for Panamanian Lycaenidae and Riodinidae. J. Lepid. Soc. 36: 65–75. ROBBINS, R.K. and SMALL, G.B. 1981. Wind dispersal of Panamanian hairstreak butterflies and its evolutionary significance. Biotropica 13: 308–315. ROBINSON, R. 1971. Lepidoptera genetics. Pergamon, Oxford. SANDS, D.P.A. 1986. A revision of the genus Hypochrysops C. & R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Entomonograph No. 7. Brill, Leiden. SCOTT, J.A. 1968. Hilltopping as a mating mechanism to aid the survival of low density species. J. Res. Lepid. 7: 191–204. SCOTT, J.A. 1973. Down-valley flights of adult Theclini in search of 21 nourishment. J. tepid. Soc. 27: 283–287. SHAPIRO, A.M. 1982. An interfamilial courtship (Lycaenidae, Pieridae). J. Res. tepid. 20 (1981): 54. SHAPIRO, A.M. 1985. An intersubfamilial courtship (Lycaenidae). J. Res. tepid. 24: 195. SHIELDS, O. 1967. Hilltopping. J. Res. tepid. 6: 69–178. SHIELDS, O.1989. World numbers of butterflies.J, tepid. Soc. 43:178–183. SHIROZU, T. and YAMAMOTO, H. 1957. Systematic position of the genus Curetis (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Sieboldia 2: 43–51. SIBATANI, A. 1984. A remarkable polymorphism of mature larvae of Zizina labradus (Godart), common grass blue butterfly (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from the Sydney area. Aust. ent. Mag. 11: 21–26. SIBATANI, A. 1992. Observations on the period of active flight in males of Favonius (Lycaenidae) in southern Primor'e, the Russian Federation. Tyô to Ga 43: 23–34. STEMPFFER, H. 1957. Les lepidoptères de l'Afrique noire francaise (3): Lycaenides. Init. afr. 14: 1–228. STEMPFFER, H. 1967. The genera of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.). Supplement 10, 322 pp. THOMAS, J.A., MUNGUIRA, M.L., MARTIN, J. and ELLIS, G.W. 1991. Basal hatching by Maculinea butterfly eggs: a consequence of advanced myrmecophily? Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 44: 175–184. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) 1984. Recovery plan for the San Bruno Elfin and Mission Blue butterflies. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) 1985. Recovery plan for the Lotis Blue butterfly. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. VALENTINE, P.S. and JOHNSON, S.J. 1989. Polyphagy in larvae of Hypochrysops miskini (Waterhouse) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Aust. ent. Mag. 16: 1–3. WELLS, S.M., PYLE, R.M. and COLLINS, N.M. 1983. The IUCN Invertebrate Red Data Book. IUCN, Gland. ZIEGLER, J.B. and ESCALANTE, T. 1964. Observations on the life history of Callophrys xami (Lycaenidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 18: 85–89.
PART 2. REGIONAL ASSESSMENTS This section is important both for what it contains and for what it does not contain. It demonstrates that most of our knowledge of the status of particular Lycaenidae is derived from temperate regions, particularly in the northern hemisphere, and that the fauna of much of the Old World tropics (in particular) cannot yet be evaluated in this way. Much of the tropics supports a high diversity of butterflies, but few resident lepidopterists with the facilities for undertaking biological studies: much of what can be inferred is based less on ecological surveys and a detailed knowledge of biology and more on old collections and synoptic works. For example, books such as those by Corbet and Pendlebury (1978, Malaysia) and Seki et al. (1991, Borneo) give invaluable appraisals of those magnificent local faunas. The introduction to the latter includes passionate comment on conservation of butterflies in Borneo, and the text, photographs and keys facilitate identification of 379 species and subspecies – but the status of many of these is largely unknown, and the knowledge of their distribution often fragmentary. Many lycaenids there, as elsewhere, are indeed both rare and restricted – perhaps threatened by habitat alteration or destruction — but Introductory comment 22 it is not possible to give a sound biological overview of these unique faunas, except in such very general terms. There is abundant need to document lycaenid diversity in many of the nominal 'protected areas' in the tropics, and to ensure that the widest possible range of habitats is conserved, especially for the many specialist forest-frequenting taxa. Though few specific details are available, there seems little doubt that continuing forest destruction throughout the African and Asian tropics is adversely affecting these insects. References CORBET, A.S. and PENDLEBURY, H.M. 1978. The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. 3rd ed., revised by Eliot, J.N., Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur. SEKI, Y., TAKANAMI, Y. and OTSUKA, K. 1991. Butterflies of Borneo 2(1). Lycaenidae. Tobishima Corporation, Tokyo.
Page 1 and 2: The IUCN Species Survival Commissio
Page 3 and 4: The IUCN Species Survival Commissio
Page 5 and 6: The Palos Verdes Blue, Glaucopsyche
Page 7 and 8: The task of preparing this volume h
Page 9 and 10: Dr. T. Hirowatari Entomological Lab
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1. Classification of the Lyc
Page 13 and 14: egions, and has formed numerous put
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Lycaenidae with larvae whi
Page 17 and 18: locality may not overlap in their f
Page 19 and 20: Table 3. Lycaenidae protected by le
Page 21 and 22: Table 4 (cont.). Lycaenidae listed
Page 23 and 24: Table 5. (cont.) Lycaenidae include
Page 25 and 26: Figure 3. Distribution of Zizina ox
Page 27 and 28: Managing lycaenid populations Vario
Page 29: BREEDLOVE, D.E. and EHRLICH, P.R. 1
Page 33 and 34: Table 1. European Lycaenid species
Page 35 and 36: Woodland damage has been particular
Page 37 and 38: Table 4. Causes of decline or extin
Page 39 and 40: At the European level, the Council
Page 41 and 42: Table 6. A Red Data List of Europea
Page 43 and 44: pirithous (L.) y Polyommatus icarus
Page 45 and 46: production, grass-cutting, animal h
Page 47 and 48: Table 1. Lycaenid taxa that are lis
Page 49 and 50: Table 2 (cont). Lycaenid taxa that
Page 51 and 52: shrub and tree species. In 1978, de
Page 53 and 54: Plebejus icarioides missionensis. I
Page 55 and 56: the family, to learn more about the
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Synopsis of neotropical Ri
Page 59 and 60: Table 1 (cont). Synopsis of neotrop
Page 61 and 62: Table 2. Synopsis of systematics an
Page 63 and 64: Figure 2. Biogeographical patterns
Page 65 and 66: areas, are included in usual foragi
Page 67 and 68: very rich in amino acids (De Vries
Page 69 and 70: BOWERS, M.D. and LARIN, Z. 1989. Ac
Page 71 and 72: Threatened Lycaenidae of South Afri
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Status of threatened lycae
Page 75 and 76: e inevitable as there are no known
Page 77 and 78: nevertheless are playing a role. Ac
Page 79 and 80: Introduction Australian Lycaenidae:
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caterpillars of some species may li
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of considerable phylogenetic import
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playing their part as 'invertebrate
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The mariposa del Puerto del Lobo Ag
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KUDRNA, O. 1986. Butterflies of Eur
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smaller and lay fewer eggs. Neverth
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from its oviposition behaviour, but
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Habitat and Ecology: M. arion occur
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Polyommatus humedasae (Toso & Balle
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Polyommatus galloi (Balletto & Toso
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The Sierra Nevada Blue, Polyommatus
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Sierra Nevada are its small endemic
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fires (of course due to urbanisatio
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microclimates: it occurs on sites t
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The Zephyr Blue, Plebejus pylaon (F
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Threats: Most lowland populations a
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drawn up (Bálint 1991b), but there
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Cupido osiris (Meigen) Country: Hun
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and Q. petraea (Mattuschka) Lieblei
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Habitat and Ecology: Hygrophilous,
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Country: Japan. 'Chosen-aka-shijimP
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Country: Japan. 'Oruri-shijimi', Sh
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Lange's Metalmark, Apodemia mormo l
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at the base of the plant, in late J
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The Hermes Copper, Lycaena hermes (
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Thome's Hairstreak, Mitoura thornei
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Sweadner's Hairstreak, Mitoura gryn
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Bartram's Hairstreak, Strymon acis
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The Avalon Hairstreak, Strymon aval
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are black with iridescent green in
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the effects of management efforts;
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120ha of dunes as a golf course. Fo
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of the federal Endangered Species A
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authors in 1963-67 in essentially u
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The major culprits in this regard a
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1983). Both sexes visit flowers (es
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(J.F. Emmel, cited in Arnold 1985)
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Selected Neotropical species K.S. B
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Distribution: J. praeclarus is know
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Neotropical Lycaenidae endemic to h
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Theclinae endemic to the Cerrado ve
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Aloeides dentatis dentatis (Swierst
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Erikssonia acraeina Trimen; Subfami
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Alaena margaritacea Eltringham; Sub
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Country: Australia Hypochrysops C.
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Another factor that is decreasing t
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Habitat and Ecology: The colonies a
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Country: Australia. The Elthani Cop
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The Bathurst Copper, Paralucia spin
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does not appear to have worked. The
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Figure 1. Distribution of subspecie
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