Conservation Biology of Lycaenidae (Butterflies) - IUCN

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Preface iv Acknowledgment v List of Contributors PART 1. INTRODCTION Introduction to the Biology and Conservation of the Lycaenidae T.R. NEW 1 PART 2. REGIONAL ASSESSMENTS Introductory Comment 22 Conservation biology of Lycaenidae: a European overview M.L. MUNGUIRA, J. MARTIN & E. BALLETTO 23 Overview of problems in Japan T. HlROWATARI 35 Conservation of North American lycaenids- an overview J. HALL CUSHMAN & D.D. MURPHY 37 Neotropical Lycaenidae: an overview K.S. BROWN, JR. 45 Threatened Lycaenidae of South Africa M.J. SAMWAYS 62 Australian Lycaenidae: conservation concerns T.R. NEW 70 PART 3. ACCOUNTS OF PARTICULAR TAXA OR COMMUNITIES Introductory comment 77 Europe The mariposa del Puerto del Lobo, Agriades zullichi M.L. MUNGUIRA & J. MARTIN 78 The Large Copper, Lycaena dispar E. DUFFEY 81 The Adonis Blue, Lysandra bellargus 83 Large Blues, Maculinea spp 85 Polyommatus humedasae E. BALLETTO 88 Polyommatus galloi E. BALLETTO 90 The Sierra Nevada Blue, Polyommatus golgus M.L. MUNGUIRA & J. MARTIN 92 Tomares ballus H.A. DESCIMON 95 The Silver-studded Blue, Plebejus argus CD. THOMAS 97 The Zephyr Blue, Plebejus pylaon M.L. MUNGUIRA & J. MARTIN 100 Contents vi ii The Pannonian Zephyr Blue, Plebejus sephirus kovacsi Z. BÁLINT 103 The threatened lycaenids of the Carpathian Basin, east-central Europe Z. BÁLINT 105 Aricia macedonica isskeutzi 105 Aricia eumedon 105 Cupido osiris 106 Jolana iolas 106 Maculinea alcon 106 Maculinea nausithous 107 Maculinea sevastos limitanea 107 Plebejus (Lycaeides) idas 107 Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) admetus 108 Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) damon 108 Polyommatus (Vacciniina) optilete 108 Polyommatus eroides 109 Polyommatus dorylas magna 109 Lycaena helle 109 Lycaena tityrus argentifex 110 Pseudophilotes bavius hungaricus 110 Tomares nogelii dobrogensis 110 Japan Coreana raphaelis T.HIROWATARI 112 Shijimiaeoides divinus T. T.HIROWATARI 114 North America Lange's Metalmark, Apodemia mormo langei J.A. POWELL & M.W. PARKER 116 The Hermes Copper, Lycaena hermes D.K. FAULKNER & J.W. BROWN 120 Thome'sHairstreak, Mitoura thornei J.W. BROWN 122 Sweadner's Hairstreak, Mitoura gryneus sweadneri T.C. EMMEL 124 Bartram' s Hairstreak, Strymon acis bartrami T.C. EMMEL & M.C. MINNO 126 The Avalon Hairstreak, Strymon avalona T.C. EMMEL & J.F. EMMEL 128 TheAtala, Eumaeus atala florida T.C. EMMEL & M.C. MINNO 129 Smith's Blue, Euphilotes enoptes smithi T.C. EMMEL & J.F. EMMEL 131 The El Segundo Blue, Euphilotes bernardino allyni R.H.T. MATTONI 133
The Palos Verdes Blue, Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis R.H.T. MATTONI 135 The Xerces Blue, Glaucopsyche xerces T.C. EMMEL & J.F. EMMEL 137 The Mission Blue, Plebejus icarioides missionensis J.H. CUSHMAN 139 The San Bruno Elfin, Incisalia mossii bayensis S. B. WEISS 141 The Lotis Blue, Lycaenides idas lotis R.A. ARNOLD 143 Additional taxa of concern in southern California R.H.T. MATTONI 145 Philotes sonorensis extinctis 145 Satyrium auretorum fumosum 145 Plebejus saepiolus ssp 145 South America Selected Neotropical species K.S. BROWN, JR. 146 Styx infernalis 146 Nirodia belphegor 146 Joiceya praeclarus 147 Areas spp 148 Arawacus aethesa 149 Cyanophrys bertha 149 Neotropical Lycaenidae endemic to high elevations in south eastern Brazil K.S. BROWN, JR. 150 Riodininae: Amazonian genera with most species very rare or local K.S. BROWN, JR. 151 iii Theclinae endemic to the Cerrado vegetation (central Brazil) K.S. BROWN, JR. 152 Neotropical Riodininae endemic to the Chocó region of western Colombia C.J. CALLAGHAN 153 South Africa Aloeides dentatis dentatis and A. d. maseruna S.F. HENNING, G.A. HENNING & M.J. SAMWAYS.........154 Erikssonia acraeina S.F. HENNING, G.A. HENNING & M.J. SAMWAYS.........156 Alaena margaritacea S.F. HENNING, G.A. HENNING & M.J. SAMWAYS.........158 Orachrysops (Lepidochrysops) ariadne S.F. HENNING, G.A. HENNING & M.J. SAMWAYS.........159 Australia Hypochrysops spp. D.P.A. SANDS....................................................................160 Illidge's Ant- Blue, Acrodipsas illidgei P.R. SAMSON..............................................................................166 The Eltham Copper, Paralucia pyrodiscus lucida T.R. NEW...............................................................................166 The Bathurst Copper, Paralucia spinifera E.M. DEXTER & R.L. KITCHING..........................................168 The Australian Hairstreak, Pseudalmenus chlorinda G.B. PRINCE................................................................................171 APPENDIX 1 IUCN Red Data Book Categories 173
Page 1 and 2: The IUCN Species Survival Commissio
Page 3: The IUCN Species Survival Commissio
Page 7 and 8: The task of preparing this volume h
Page 9 and 10: Dr. T. Hirowatari Entomological Lab
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1. Classification of the Lyc
Page 13 and 14: egions, and has formed numerous put
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Lycaenidae with larvae whi
Page 17 and 18: locality may not overlap in their f
Page 19 and 20: Table 3. Lycaenidae protected by le
Page 21 and 22: Table 4 (cont.). Lycaenidae listed
Page 23 and 24: Table 5. (cont.) Lycaenidae include
Page 25 and 26: Figure 3. Distribution of Zizina ox
Page 27 and 28: Managing lycaenid populations Vario
Page 29 and 30: BREEDLOVE, D.E. and EHRLICH, P.R. 1
Page 31 and 32: PART 2. REGIONAL ASSESSMENTS This s
Page 33 and 34: Table 1. European Lycaenid species
Page 35 and 36: Woodland damage has been particular
Page 37 and 38: Table 4. Causes of decline or extin
Page 39 and 40: At the European level, the Council
Page 41 and 42: Table 6. A Red Data List of Europea
Page 43 and 44: pirithous (L.) y Polyommatus icarus
Page 45 and 46: production, grass-cutting, animal h
Page 47 and 48: Table 1. Lycaenid taxa that are lis
Page 49 and 50: Table 2 (cont). Lycaenid taxa that
Page 51 and 52: shrub and tree species. In 1978, de
Page 53 and 54: Plebejus icarioides missionensis. I
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the family, to learn more about the
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Table 1. Synopsis of neotropical Ri
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Table 1 (cont). Synopsis of neotrop
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Table 2. Synopsis of systematics an
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Figure 2. Biogeographical patterns
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areas, are included in usual foragi
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very rich in amino acids (De Vries
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BOWERS, M.D. and LARIN, Z. 1989. Ac
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Threatened Lycaenidae of South Afri
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Table 1. Status of threatened lycae
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e inevitable as there are no known
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nevertheless are playing a role. Ac
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Introduction Australian Lycaenidae:
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caterpillars of some species may li
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of considerable phylogenetic import
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playing their part as 'invertebrate
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The mariposa del Puerto del Lobo Ag
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KUDRNA, O. 1986. Butterflies of Eur
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smaller and lay fewer eggs. Neverth
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from its oviposition behaviour, but
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Habitat and Ecology: M. arion occur
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Polyommatus humedasae (Toso & Balle
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Polyommatus galloi (Balletto & Toso
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The Sierra Nevada Blue, Polyommatus
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Sierra Nevada are its small endemic
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fires (of course due to urbanisatio
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microclimates: it occurs on sites t
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The Zephyr Blue, Plebejus pylaon (F
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Threats: Most lowland populations a
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drawn up (Bálint 1991b), but there
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Cupido osiris (Meigen) Country: Hun
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and Q. petraea (Mattuschka) Lieblei
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Habitat and Ecology: Hygrophilous,
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Country: Japan. 'Chosen-aka-shijimP
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Country: Japan. 'Oruri-shijimi', Sh
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Lange's Metalmark, Apodemia mormo l
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at the base of the plant, in late J
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The Hermes Copper, Lycaena hermes (
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Thome's Hairstreak, Mitoura thornei
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Sweadner's Hairstreak, Mitoura gryn
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Bartram's Hairstreak, Strymon acis
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The Avalon Hairstreak, Strymon aval
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are black with iridescent green in
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the effects of management efforts;
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120ha of dunes as a golf course. Fo
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of the federal Endangered Species A
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authors in 1963-67 in essentially u
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The major culprits in this regard a
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1983). Both sexes visit flowers (es
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(J.F. Emmel, cited in Arnold 1985)
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Selected Neotropical species K.S. B
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Distribution: J. praeclarus is know
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Neotropical Lycaenidae endemic to h
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Theclinae endemic to the Cerrado ve
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Aloeides dentatis dentatis (Swierst
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Erikssonia acraeina Trimen; Subfami
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Alaena margaritacea Eltringham; Sub
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Country: Australia Hypochrysops C.
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Another factor that is decreasing t
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Habitat and Ecology: The colonies a
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Country: Australia. The Elthani Cop
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The Bathurst Copper, Paralucia spin
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does not appear to have worked. The
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Figure 1. Distribution of subspecie
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