Conservation Biology of Lycaenidae (Butterflies) - IUCN

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Overview of problems in Japan Toshiya HIROWATARI Entomological Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Osaka Prefecture, Sakai, Osaka, 591 Japan In Japan, there are about 240 resident butterfly species which comprise palaearctic and oriental faunal elements. Fortunately, none of them has been rendered completely extinct but many local butterfly colonies seem to have been totally eradicated. The first legislation to protect butterflies as 'Tennen Kinenbutu' or 'Natural monuments' was promulgated by the national government in 1932 for Panchala ganesa (Lycaenidae, Arhopalini) in Nara City. Until now, a total of 37 species have been designated as 'Tennen Kinenbutu' by the national and local governments. However, in some cases, legislation for the prohibition of collecting without any effective measures for conservation seems to have been ineffective, especially when a taxon is designated as a protected species rather than as a local population with a definable habitat or biotype. In fact, the Nara population of P. ganesa seems to have become extinct without any precise records because collectors lost interest in studying protected species. Another case is that of Shijimia moorei (Leech) (Lycaenidae, Polyommatini). This species had been known to occur in east Asia in places such as China and Taiwan. It was not until 1973 that this species was discovered in Kyushu, Table 1. Lycaenidae from Japan listed by Hama et al. (1989). Species Artopoeles pryeri Murray Coreana raphaelis Oberthur Niphandra fusca Bremer Shijimiaeoides divinus Fixcen Tongeia fisheri Eversmann Lycaeides subsolana Eversmann Causes of decline Urbanisation Urbanisation; deforestation Urbanisation Road construction Larch forestation Habitat degradation Orchard and golf course construction Agriculture and spraying Factory construction Flood: foodplant extinction Urbanisation Succession Flood control works 35 Japan: its distribution is extremely local, feeding on Lysionotus pauceflorus (Gesneriaceae) which usually grows on Quercus trees (Fagaceae) in humid evergreen forest. Just after that, in 1975, this species was designated as 'Tennen Kinenbutu' by the national government. In this case, the original colonies of Kyushu seem to have been conserved. However, there have been few additional records from other areas (except one from Nara, Honshu) because collectors do not publish records of protected species even if these are caught. It is believed that some populations of S. moorei other than that in Kyushu become extinct without any definite records of this. Apart from Shijimia moorei, the decline of Japanese butterflies is attributable to alteration in land management practices and its effect on butterfly habitat. In Japan, most of the victims, such as Shijimiaeoides divinus Fixcen (Lycaenidae, Polyommatini), Coreana raphaelis Oberthur (Lycaenidae, Theclini) and FabriciananerippeC & R. Felder(Nymphalidae), depend on habitats such as coppice or grassland which have been maintained by traditional agricultural practices such as slash and burn, periodical coppicing for fuels and charcoal Locality Setagaya, Tokyo Kawanishi, Yamagata Kiso, Nagano; Shiga Kiso, Nagano; Shiga Kiso, Nagano Aomori Aomori Azumino, Nagano Komagano, Nagano; Matsumato, Nagano Matsumato, Nagano Azumino, Nagano Minami-azumi, Nagano
production, grass-cutting, animal husbandry, and so on (Sibatani 1989; Ishii 1990). In Japan, few projects on butterfly conservation are supported by governmental funding, but awareness is increasing in many local research groups. Primary interest on the decline of butterflies and campaigns for their conservation have mainly highlighted rather large and beautiful butterflies, i.e. the 'Luehdorfia Butterflies', Luehdorfia japonica Leech and L. puziloi Ehrschoff (Papilionidae) and the 'Great Purple' Sasakia charonda (Nymphalidae). However, urgent management is required for some lycaenid species which have survived in harmony with the traditional land management that is now being superceded. In 1989, the Lepidopterological Society of Japan (LSJ) (a group with nearly 1500 members) published the first volume of 'Decline and Conservation of butterflies in Japan' (edited by Hama, Ishii and Sibatani 1989) which was the first systematic approach to the problem of butterfly conservation in Japan. Six species of Lycaenidae were included in that book (Table 1). Soon after publication, the LSJ held its first seminar on 'Conservation of Butterflies' in June 1990. We found that there 36 are many more local extinctions of butterflies than we expected, and fewer conservation projects supported by adequate budgets. Attempts to find adequate funds for protecting butterflies or their habitats and for monitoring and overseeing activities continue. In early 1990, a group of the LSJ was granted funds of JPY 3,450,000 from the Nippon Life Insurance Foundation for monitoring the latest states of distribution and changes in population size of Japanese butterflies as environmental indicators for quality of human life. References HAMA, E., ISHII, M. and SIBATANI, A. (Eds) 1989. Decline and conservation of butterflies in Japan. I. Lepidopterological Society of Japan, Osaka. ISHII, M. 1990. What has led to the butterflies declining? Shizen Hogo (The conservation of Nature) 337: 14–15. (In Japanese). SIBATANI, A. 1989. Decline and conservation of butterflies in Japan. In: Hama, E., Ishii, M. and Sibatani, A. (Eds) Decline and Conservation of Butterflies in Japan. I Lepidopterological Society of Japan, Osaka, pp. 16–22.
Page 1 and 2: The IUCN Species Survival Commissio
Page 3 and 4: The IUCN Species Survival Commissio
Page 5 and 6: The Palos Verdes Blue, Glaucopsyche
Page 7 and 8: The task of preparing this volume h
Page 9 and 10: Dr. T. Hirowatari Entomological Lab
Page 11 and 12: Figure 1. Classification of the Lyc
Page 13 and 14: egions, and has formed numerous put
Page 15 and 16: Table 1. Lycaenidae with larvae whi
Page 17 and 18: locality may not overlap in their f
Page 19 and 20: Table 3. Lycaenidae protected by le
Page 21 and 22: Table 4 (cont.). Lycaenidae listed
Page 23 and 24: Table 5. (cont.) Lycaenidae include
Page 25 and 26: Figure 3. Distribution of Zizina ox
Page 27 and 28: Managing lycaenid populations Vario
Page 29 and 30: BREEDLOVE, D.E. and EHRLICH, P.R. 1
Page 31 and 32: PART 2. REGIONAL ASSESSMENTS This s
Page 33 and 34: Table 1. European Lycaenid species
Page 35 and 36: Woodland damage has been particular
Page 37 and 38: Table 4. Causes of decline or extin
Page 39 and 40: At the European level, the Council
Page 41 and 42: Table 6. A Red Data List of Europea
Page 43: pirithous (L.) y Polyommatus icarus
Page 47 and 48: Table 1. Lycaenid taxa that are lis
Page 49 and 50: Table 2 (cont). Lycaenid taxa that
Page 51 and 52: shrub and tree species. In 1978, de
Page 53 and 54: Plebejus icarioides missionensis. I
Page 55 and 56: the family, to learn more about the
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Synopsis of neotropical Ri
Page 59 and 60: Table 1 (cont). Synopsis of neotrop
Page 61 and 62: Table 2. Synopsis of systematics an
Page 63 and 64: Figure 2. Biogeographical patterns
Page 65 and 66: areas, are included in usual foragi
Page 67 and 68: very rich in amino acids (De Vries
Page 69 and 70: BOWERS, M.D. and LARIN, Z. 1989. Ac
Page 71 and 72: Threatened Lycaenidae of South Afri
Page 73 and 74: Table 1. Status of threatened lycae
Page 75 and 76: e inevitable as there are no known
Page 77 and 78: nevertheless are playing a role. Ac
Page 79 and 80: Introduction Australian Lycaenidae:
Page 81 and 82: caterpillars of some species may li
Page 83 and 84: of considerable phylogenetic import
Page 85 and 86: playing their part as 'invertebrate
Page 87 and 88: The mariposa del Puerto del Lobo Ag
Page 89 and 90: KUDRNA, O. 1986. Butterflies of Eur
Page 91 and 92: smaller and lay fewer eggs. Neverth
Page 93 and 94: from its oviposition behaviour, but
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Habitat and Ecology: M. arion occur
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Polyommatus humedasae (Toso & Balle
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Polyommatus galloi (Balletto & Toso
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The Sierra Nevada Blue, Polyommatus
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Sierra Nevada are its small endemic
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fires (of course due to urbanisatio
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microclimates: it occurs on sites t
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The Zephyr Blue, Plebejus pylaon (F
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Threats: Most lowland populations a
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drawn up (Bálint 1991b), but there
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Cupido osiris (Meigen) Country: Hun
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and Q. petraea (Mattuschka) Lieblei
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Habitat and Ecology: Hygrophilous,
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Country: Japan. 'Chosen-aka-shijimP
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Country: Japan. 'Oruri-shijimi', Sh
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Lange's Metalmark, Apodemia mormo l
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at the base of the plant, in late J
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The Hermes Copper, Lycaena hermes (
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Thome's Hairstreak, Mitoura thornei
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Sweadner's Hairstreak, Mitoura gryn
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Bartram's Hairstreak, Strymon acis
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The Avalon Hairstreak, Strymon aval
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are black with iridescent green in
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the effects of management efforts;
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120ha of dunes as a golf course. Fo
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of the federal Endangered Species A
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authors in 1963-67 in essentially u
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The major culprits in this regard a
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1983). Both sexes visit flowers (es
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(J.F. Emmel, cited in Arnold 1985)
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Selected Neotropical species K.S. B
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Distribution: J. praeclarus is know
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Neotropical Lycaenidae endemic to h
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Theclinae endemic to the Cerrado ve
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Aloeides dentatis dentatis (Swierst
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Erikssonia acraeina Trimen; Subfami
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Alaena margaritacea Eltringham; Sub
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Country: Australia Hypochrysops C.
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Another factor that is decreasing t
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Habitat and Ecology: The colonies a
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Country: Australia. The Elthani Cop
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The Bathurst Copper, Paralucia spin
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does not appear to have worked. The
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Figure 1. Distribution of subspecie
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