Selective Salt Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Brine - University of ...

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6.2 Pilot Results .........................................................................................................108 6.21 Mass Analysis ..............................................................................................108 6.22 Mass Determination .....................................................................................121 6.23 Conclusions from Investigation of Precipitate .............................................125 6.24 Determination of Most Concentrated Regeneration Solution Fraction .......126 6.25 Effect of Anti-Scalant on Resin Capacity ....................................................130 6.26 Optimization of Operation Cycle Length ....................................................133 6.27 RO System Performance While Treating Pilot Effluent ..............................136 CHAPTER 7 ...................................................................................................................141 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................141 7.1 Conclusions ..........................................................................................................141 7.11 Ions of Interest can be recovered from Higher Ionic Strength Solutions using Ion Exchange .......................................................................................................141 7.12 Breakthrough Curves can be Predicted Using Separation Factor Regression Relationships and Modeling ................................................................................142 7.13 Calcium and Magnesium Selectivity is too similar for Ion Separation by Regeneration ........................................................................................................143 7.14 Gypsum can be Recovered from a Mixture of Cation and Anion Regeneration Solutions ........................................................................................144 7.2 Discussion ............................................................................................................145 x
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................147 APPENDIX 1 – NOTATION ........................................................................................149 APPENDIX 2 – UTILITY SURVEY............................................................................150 APPENDIX 3 – MARKET ANALYSIS (BY CDM) ...................................................156 APPENDIX 4 – FORMS USED FOR DATA COLLECTION DURING PILOTING157 xi
Page 1 and 2: Joshua E. Goldman Candidate CIVIL E
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION This dissertation is ded
Page 5 and 6: Selective Salt Recovery from Revers
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 9: 4.3 Methods........................
Page 13 and 14: Figure 23: Predicted Magnesium Sepa
Page 15 and 16: Figure 71: Change in Concentration
Page 17 and 18: Table 23: Anion and Cation Regenera
Page 19 and 20: Equation 27: Separation Factor ....
Page 21 and 22: seawater applications in which feed
Page 23 and 24: Each of the unit processes in the p
Page 25 and 26: 6 Stage 2 permeate 225.00 1.72 0.00
Page 27 and 28: When all exchange sites are filled
Page 29 and 30: complexes can form, reducing the co
Page 31 and 32: esin phases, respectively. He found
Page 33 and 34: segment, resulting in a smaller fra
Page 35 and 36: Equilibrium models assume that equi
Page 37 and 38: general enough to predict performan
Page 39 and 40: Scaling in RO is most commonly caus
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2 MODELING One of the objec
Page 43 and 44: Equation 18: Vector Equation to Sol
Page 45 and 46: Figure 7: Effluent Concentration Cu
Page 47 and 48: solution phase ion equivalents for
Page 49 and 50: Figure 12: Comparison of Column Sna
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3 DEPENDENCE OF RESIN SELEC
Page 53 and 54: Figure 14: Atomic Absorption Spectr
Page 55 and 56: 2 Ca, Na 12 points Ca: 0.018 - 0.41
Page 57 and 58: Figure 15: Calcium Separation Facto
Page 59 and 60: used in the model are shown in Tabl
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statistics are shown in Table 11, a
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 23: Predicted Magnesium Sepa
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Table 12: Anion Exchange Isotherm T
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 27: Carbonate Separation Fac
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Instead equilibrium concentrations
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Table 13: Calculations Required to
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was calculated. Determinations of s
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Samples of column effluent were tak
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Rate mL/min % NaCl 1 25 12.5 co-cur
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which solutions was treated, and th
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Figure 34: Breakthrough Curve from
Page 83 and 84:
SO4 Test # Predicted BVBT Measured
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 37: Calcium Elution Curves M
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C/Cmax C/Cmax 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1
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11 2.69 0.66 0.38 3.74 12 2.48 0.57
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CHAPTER 5 PHASE 3 -SALT PRECIPITATI
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were allowed to precipitate. Table
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5 Liquid: Initial solutions, At pH=
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chloride (NaCl), bassanite (Ca(SO4)
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can be concluded that mixing the so
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6 7 Figure 47: EDS Data from Experi
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combination of elements detected by
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5 6 % Precipitated % Precipitated 1
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5. Determine if pilot effluent recy
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Table 28: Legend for Schematic Diag
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Regen salt NaCl Regen mode Counter-
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Figure 51: Pilot Equipment includin
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 54: Control Sequence at Pilo
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Week 2: Data collection and precipi
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c. At UNM, analyze for calcium, mag
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S6, S7 Regeneration Fluids Precipit
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after precipitation- no pH adjustme
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SBA column sample 2 cycles - week 3
Page 127 and 128:
Sampling forms for each week, for d
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some startup problems. With an oper
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 56: SEM Images of Precipitat
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Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 114
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% Composition (Atomic) % Compositio
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50 40 30 20 10 0 C O Na Mg Al S Cl
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Week 3 Week 4 Week 6 Using Jade 9.1
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4 2 Low 8.67 3.15 1.0366 5 2 Low 8.
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ambient pH conditions produced a mu
Page 145 and 146:
without anti-scalant). PreTreat Plu
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 68: Elution Curve for Week 5
Page 149 and 150:
efore 1.75 bed volumes and that it
Page 151 and 152:
Table 39: Amount of meq/g of Cl, NO
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hydraulics, but this resulted in wa
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To avoid possible precipitation of
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 74: Normalized Permeate Flow
Page 159 and 160:
6/24/11 9:58 AM 7.24 7.44 32.2 18.6
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Figure 75: Regression Relationship
Page 163 and 164:
the inlet. This occurs because when
Page 165 and 166:
acid cation exchange resins is appr
Page 167 and 168:
19. Letterman, R.D. and American Wa
Page 169 and 170:
APPENDIX 2 - UTILITY SURVEY This su
Page 171 and 172:
152
Page 173 and 174:
154
Page 175 and 176:
APPENDIX 3 - MARKET ANALYSIS (BY CD
Page 177 and 178:
Contents Section 1 Desalination Con
Page 179 and 180:
Section 1 Desalination Concentrate
Page 181 and 182:
UNM RO Salt Market Analysis Final R
Page 183 and 184:
Section 2 • Concentrate Disposal
Page 185 and 186:
Section 2 • Concentrate Disposal
Page 187 and 188:
2.5 Concentrate Products Uses 2.5.1
Page 189 and 190:
� Chemicals (29 percent) � Soap
Page 191 and 192:
Section 3 Market Trends and Analysi
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Section 3 • Market Trends and Ana
Page 195 and 196:
3.2 Purity Requirements and Obstacl
Page 197 and 198:
3.2.3 Sodium Sulfate Purity Require
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
3.6 Market Analysis UNM RO Salt Mar
Page 205 and 206:
3.7 Case Studies UNM RO Salt Market
Page 207 and 208:
Section 4 Conclusions and Recommend
Page 209 and 210:
Section 5 References Abbazasadegan,
Page 211 and 212:
APPENDIX 4 - FORMS USED FOR DATA CO
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Week 1 Cycle 1 Date Time Start Samp
Page 215 and 216:
Week 2 Cycle 1 Date Time Start Time
Page 217 and 218:
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