Selective Salt Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Brine - University of ...

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Input Parameters α = 2 Ca Na α = 1.5 Mg Na 31 CCa=CMg=CNa= 200mg/L Segments 100 200 1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 0% 50% 100% 1 16 31 46 61 76 91 106 121 136 151 166 181 196 0% 50% 100%
CHAPTER 3 DEPENDENCE OF RESIN SELECTIVITY ON IONIC STRENGTH AND SOLUTION COMPOSITION 3.1 Chapter Objectives The purpose of this chapter is to describe the methods and results from batch studies performed to determine the effect of changing ionic strength and ionic composition on the selectivity of cation and anion ion exchange resins for common ions present in most reverse osmosis concentrate including calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, and sulfate. Ion selectivity directly relates to the feasibility of using these resins to treat reverse osmosis concentrate. 3.2 Chapter Summary The key results and conclusion from the batch isotherm experiments are as follows: 1. Selectivity for all divalent ions decreases with ionic strength. 2. Selectivity for all divalent ions decreases with solution phase equivalent fraction. 3. The best predictor of separation factors is a regression based on these two factors. 4. Cation and anion exchange resins have adequate selectivity for the major ions of interest in a broad range of solutions. 3.3 Methods The objective of the first phase of the project was to determine how resin selectivity is affected by fundamental variables including ionic strength and initial ion proportions. To achieve this objective, several ion exchange isotherms were measured using anion and cation exchange resins donated by ResinTech ® and Purolite. Based on manufacturer’s specification from ResinTech ® which detailed ranges of working conditions, selectivity, and exchange capacity, a SAC resin, CG-10, was selected for use (see Figure 13). Purolite A850, a SBA resin, was also selected. The solutions prepared for the isotherms were designed to test resin properties at a variety of ionic strengths and ion ratios, using ions common to brackish water sources and therefore likely to be in RO concentrate including sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, and carbonate. 32
Page 1 and 2: Joshua E. Goldman Candidate CIVIL E
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION This dissertation is ded
Page 5 and 6: Selective Salt Recovery from Revers
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 9 and 10: 4.3 Methods........................
Page 11 and 12: REFERENCES ........................
Page 13 and 14: Figure 23: Predicted Magnesium Sepa
Page 15 and 16: Figure 71: Change in Concentration
Page 17 and 18: Table 23: Anion and Cation Regenera
Page 19 and 20: Equation 27: Separation Factor ....
Page 21 and 22: seawater applications in which feed
Page 23 and 24: Each of the unit processes in the p
Page 25 and 26: 6 Stage 2 permeate 225.00 1.72 0.00
Page 27 and 28: When all exchange sites are filled
Page 29 and 30: complexes can form, reducing the co
Page 31 and 32: esin phases, respectively. He found
Page 33 and 34: segment, resulting in a smaller fra
Page 35 and 36: Equilibrium models assume that equi
Page 37 and 38: general enough to predict performan
Page 39 and 40: Scaling in RO is most commonly caus
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2 MODELING One of the objec
Page 43 and 44: Equation 18: Vector Equation to Sol
Page 45 and 46: Figure 7: Effluent Concentration Cu
Page 47 and 48: solution phase ion equivalents for
Page 49: Figure 12: Comparison of Column Sna
Page 53 and 54: Figure 14: Atomic Absorption Spectr
Page 55 and 56: 2 Ca, Na 12 points Ca: 0.018 - 0.41
Page 57 and 58: Figure 15: Calcium Separation Facto
Page 59 and 60: used in the model are shown in Tabl
Page 61 and 62: statistics are shown in Table 11, a
Page 63 and 64: Figure 23: Predicted Magnesium Sepa
Page 65 and 66: Table 12: Anion Exchange Isotherm T
Page 67 and 68: Figure 27: Carbonate Separation Fac
Page 69 and 70: Instead equilibrium concentrations
Page 71 and 72: Table 13: Calculations Required to
Page 73 and 74: was calculated. Determinations of s
Page 75 and 76: Samples of column effluent were tak
Page 77 and 78: Rate mL/min % NaCl 1 25 12.5 co-cur
Page 79 and 80: which solutions was treated, and th
Page 81 and 82: Figure 34: Breakthrough Curve from
Page 83 and 84: SO4 Test # Predicted BVBT Measured
Page 85 and 86: Figure 37: Calcium Elution Curves M
Page 87 and 88: C/Cmax C/Cmax 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1
Page 89 and 90: 11 2.69 0.66 0.38 3.74 12 2.48 0.57
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 5 PHASE 3 -SALT PRECIPITATI
Page 93 and 94: were allowed to precipitate. Table
Page 95 and 96: 5 Liquid: Initial solutions, At pH=
Page 97 and 98: chloride (NaCl), bassanite (Ca(SO4)
Page 99 and 100: can be concluded that mixing the so
Page 101 and 102:
6 7 Figure 47: EDS Data from Experi
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combination of elements detected by
Page 105 and 106:
5 6 % Precipitated % Precipitated 1
Page 107 and 108:
5. Determine if pilot effluent recy
Page 109 and 110:
Table 28: Legend for Schematic Diag
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Regen salt NaCl Regen mode Counter-
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 51: Pilot Equipment includin
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 54: Control Sequence at Pilo
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Week 2: Data collection and precipi
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c. At UNM, analyze for calcium, mag
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S6, S7 Regeneration Fluids Precipit
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after precipitation- no pH adjustme
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SBA column sample 2 cycles - week 3
Page 127 and 128:
Sampling forms for each week, for d
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some startup problems. With an oper
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 56: SEM Images of Precipitat
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Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 114
Page 135 and 136:
% Composition (Atomic) % Compositio
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50 40 30 20 10 0 C O Na Mg Al S Cl
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Week 3 Week 4 Week 6 Using Jade 9.1
Page 141 and 142:
4 2 Low 8.67 3.15 1.0366 5 2 Low 8.
Page 143 and 144:
ambient pH conditions produced a mu
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without anti-scalant). PreTreat Plu
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Figure 68: Elution Curve for Week 5
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efore 1.75 bed volumes and that it
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Table 39: Amount of meq/g of Cl, NO
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hydraulics, but this resulted in wa
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To avoid possible precipitation of
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 74: Normalized Permeate Flow
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6/24/11 9:58 AM 7.24 7.44 32.2 18.6
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 75: Regression Relationship
Page 163 and 164:
the inlet. This occurs because when
Page 165 and 166:
acid cation exchange resins is appr
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19. Letterman, R.D. and American Wa
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APPENDIX 2 - UTILITY SURVEY This su
Page 171 and 172:
152
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154
Page 175 and 176:
APPENDIX 3 - MARKET ANALYSIS (BY CD
Page 177 and 178:
Contents Section 1 Desalination Con
Page 179 and 180:
Section 1 Desalination Concentrate
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UNM RO Salt Market Analysis Final R
Page 183 and 184:
Section 2 • Concentrate Disposal
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Section 2 • Concentrate Disposal
Page 187 and 188:
2.5 Concentrate Products Uses 2.5.1
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� Chemicals (29 percent) � Soap
Page 191 and 192:
Section 3 Market Trends and Analysi
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Section 3 • Market Trends and Ana
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3.2 Purity Requirements and Obstacl
Page 197 and 198:
3.2.3 Sodium Sulfate Purity Require
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Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
3.6 Market Analysis UNM RO Salt Mar
Page 205 and 206:
3.7 Case Studies UNM RO Salt Market
Page 207 and 208:
Section 4 Conclusions and Recommend
Page 209 and 210:
Section 5 References Abbazasadegan,
Page 211 and 212:
APPENDIX 4 - FORMS USED FOR DATA CO
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Week 1 Cycle 1 Date Time Start Samp
Page 215 and 216:
Week 2 Cycle 1 Date Time Start Time
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