Selective Salt Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Brine - University of ...

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calcium, magnesium, and sulfate. Model and regression relationships were verified by a series of column experiments. Attempts to separate ions during the regeneration process were not successful. Ion distribution within a loaded column was characterized using a specially designed column from which resin samples could be taken along the longitudinal axis. Third, simulated cation and anion regeneration solutions were combined to precipitate selected salts which were analyzed to determine their constituents. Finally, the process was tested with a continuously operated pilot scale system. Mixing of simulated and pilot generated cation and anion regeneration solutions resulted in precipitation of calcium sulfate when mixed at pH below 4.5 and mixed carbonate salts when pH was not adjusted. The pilot system can produce 12 kg of precipitate per cubic meter of regeneration solution and recover approximately 45% of the calcium and 28% of the sulfate. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................XII LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... XVI LIST OF EQUATIONS ............................................................................................ XVIII CHAPTER 1 .......................................................................................................................1 1.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 1.11 Background ............................................................................................................1 1.12 Objectives ..............................................................................................................2 1.13 Proposed Treatment ...............................................................................................3 1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW ...........................................................................................7 1.21 Ion Exchange .........................................................................................................7 1.211 Selectivity ......................................................................................................8 1.212 Selectivity Modeling ....................................................................................11 1.213 Column Processes ........................................................................................13 1.214 Modeling of Column Processes ...................................................................15 1.22 Chemical Precipitation .........................................................................................18 1.221 Precipitation in Combination with RO ........................................................19 vii
Page 1 and 2: Joshua E. Goldman Candidate CIVIL E
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION This dissertation is ded
Page 5: Selective Salt Recovery from Revers
Page 9 and 10: 4.3 Methods........................
Page 11 and 12: REFERENCES ........................
Page 13 and 14: Figure 23: Predicted Magnesium Sepa
Page 15 and 16: Figure 71: Change in Concentration
Page 17 and 18: Table 23: Anion and Cation Regenera
Page 19 and 20: Equation 27: Separation Factor ....
Page 21 and 22: seawater applications in which feed
Page 23 and 24: Each of the unit processes in the p
Page 25 and 26: 6 Stage 2 permeate 225.00 1.72 0.00
Page 27 and 28: When all exchange sites are filled
Page 29 and 30: complexes can form, reducing the co
Page 31 and 32: esin phases, respectively. He found
Page 33 and 34: segment, resulting in a smaller fra
Page 35 and 36: Equilibrium models assume that equi
Page 37 and 38: general enough to predict performan
Page 39 and 40: Scaling in RO is most commonly caus
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2 MODELING One of the objec
Page 43 and 44: Equation 18: Vector Equation to Sol
Page 45 and 46: Figure 7: Effluent Concentration Cu
Page 47 and 48: solution phase ion equivalents for
Page 49 and 50: Figure 12: Comparison of Column Sna
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3 DEPENDENCE OF RESIN SELEC
Page 53 and 54: Figure 14: Atomic Absorption Spectr
Page 55 and 56: 2 Ca, Na 12 points Ca: 0.018 - 0.41
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 15: Calcium Separation Facto
Page 59 and 60:
used in the model are shown in Tabl
Page 61 and 62:
statistics are shown in Table 11, a
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 23: Predicted Magnesium Sepa
Page 65 and 66:
Table 12: Anion Exchange Isotherm T
Page 67 and 68:
Figure 27: Carbonate Separation Fac
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Instead equilibrium concentrations
Page 71 and 72:
Table 13: Calculations Required to
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was calculated. Determinations of s
Page 75 and 76:
Samples of column effluent were tak
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Rate mL/min % NaCl 1 25 12.5 co-cur
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which solutions was treated, and th
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 34: Breakthrough Curve from
Page 83 and 84:
SO4 Test # Predicted BVBT Measured
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 37: Calcium Elution Curves M
Page 87 and 88:
C/Cmax C/Cmax 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1
Page 89 and 90:
11 2.69 0.66 0.38 3.74 12 2.48 0.57
Page 91 and 92:
CHAPTER 5 PHASE 3 -SALT PRECIPITATI
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were allowed to precipitate. Table
Page 95 and 96:
5 Liquid: Initial solutions, At pH=
Page 97 and 98:
chloride (NaCl), bassanite (Ca(SO4)
Page 99 and 100:
can be concluded that mixing the so
Page 101 and 102:
6 7 Figure 47: EDS Data from Experi
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combination of elements detected by
Page 105 and 106:
5 6 % Precipitated % Precipitated 1
Page 107 and 108:
5. Determine if pilot effluent recy
Page 109 and 110:
Table 28: Legend for Schematic Diag
Page 111 and 112:
Regen salt NaCl Regen mode Counter-
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 51: Pilot Equipment includin
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 54: Control Sequence at Pilo
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Week 2: Data collection and precipi
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c. At UNM, analyze for calcium, mag
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S6, S7 Regeneration Fluids Precipit
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after precipitation- no pH adjustme
Page 125 and 126:
SBA column sample 2 cycles - week 3
Page 127 and 128:
Sampling forms for each week, for d
Page 129 and 130:
some startup problems. With an oper
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 56: SEM Images of Precipitat
Page 133 and 134:
Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 114
Page 135 and 136:
% Composition (Atomic) % Compositio
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50 40 30 20 10 0 C O Na Mg Al S Cl
Page 139 and 140:
Week 3 Week 4 Week 6 Using Jade 9.1
Page 141 and 142:
4 2 Low 8.67 3.15 1.0366 5 2 Low 8.
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ambient pH conditions produced a mu
Page 145 and 146:
without anti-scalant). PreTreat Plu
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 68: Elution Curve for Week 5
Page 149 and 150:
efore 1.75 bed volumes and that it
Page 151 and 152:
Table 39: Amount of meq/g of Cl, NO
Page 153 and 154:
hydraulics, but this resulted in wa
Page 155 and 156:
To avoid possible precipitation of
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 74: Normalized Permeate Flow
Page 159 and 160:
6/24/11 9:58 AM 7.24 7.44 32.2 18.6
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 75: Regression Relationship
Page 163 and 164:
the inlet. This occurs because when
Page 165 and 166:
acid cation exchange resins is appr
Page 167 and 168:
19. Letterman, R.D. and American Wa
Page 169 and 170:
APPENDIX 2 - UTILITY SURVEY This su
Page 171 and 172:
152
Page 173 and 174:
154
Page 175 and 176:
APPENDIX 3 - MARKET ANALYSIS (BY CD
Page 177 and 178:
Contents Section 1 Desalination Con
Page 179 and 180:
Section 1 Desalination Concentrate
Page 181 and 182:
UNM RO Salt Market Analysis Final R
Page 183 and 184:
Section 2 • Concentrate Disposal
Page 185 and 186:
Section 2 • Concentrate Disposal
Page 187 and 188:
2.5 Concentrate Products Uses 2.5.1
Page 189 and 190:
� Chemicals (29 percent) � Soap
Page 191 and 192:
Section 3 Market Trends and Analysi
Page 193 and 194:
Section 3 • Market Trends and Ana
Page 195 and 196:
3.2 Purity Requirements and Obstacl
Page 197 and 198:
3.2.3 Sodium Sulfate Purity Require
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
3.6 Market Analysis UNM RO Salt Mar
Page 205 and 206:
3.7 Case Studies UNM RO Salt Market
Page 207 and 208:
Section 4 Conclusions and Recommend
Page 209 and 210:
Section 5 References Abbazasadegan,
Page 211 and 212:
APPENDIX 4 - FORMS USED FOR DATA CO
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Week 1 Cycle 1 Date Time Start Samp
Page 215 and 216:
Week 2 Cycle 1 Date Time Start Time
Page 217 and 218:
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