Selective Salt Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Brine - University of ...

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Figure 2: Research Schedule Table 4: Resin Characteristics Name Manufacturer Type Important Properties CG-10 ResinTech Strong Acid Cation high capacity, gelular, sulfonated SBG-1 ResinTech Strong Base Anion high capacity, gelular, type 1 SST65 Purolite Strong Acid Cation Gel polystyrene cross-linked with divinylbenzene, sulfonated A850 Purolite Strong Base Anion Gel Polyacrylic crosslinked with divinylbenzene, 1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.21 Ion Exchange quaternary Ammonium function groups Synthetic ion exchange resins have been engineered specifically for water treatment since the 1950s. These resins contain charged functional groups on their surfaces which attract oppositely charged “counter-ions” from a solution. The functional groups on the resin are pre-saturated by contact with a solution containing a high concentration of ions that have relatively low affinity for the resin. Ion exchange occurs when “counter-ions” in a solution displace the ions on the resin [3-6]. This is shown in Equation 1 where R indicates an active site on the resin. Equation 1: Ion Exchange Reaction 2(R-Na ) + Ca � R -Ca + 2Na + 2+ 2+ + 2 7
When all exchange sites are filled to capacity, an ion exchange resin can be “regenerated” by immersion in a highly concentrated acid, base, or salt solution. During regeneration, counter-ions removed from the treated solution are displaced by the presaturant ion in the concentrated solution. There are four categories of synthetic resins which are distinguished by the types of functional groups on the resin surface. Strong acid cation (SAC) resins usually contain sulfonate groups which exchange over a large pH range while weak acid cation resins tend to contain carboxylic groups which only exchange within a limited pH range [5]. Weak acid resins can be regenerated by a less concentrated solution than strong acid resins [5]. Strong base anion resins often contain quaternary amine groups which exchange over a large pH range while weak base anion resins contain tertiary amine groups that exchange over a limited pH range. The tertiary amine groups act as Lewis bases. In solution, they release a hydroxide and take up another anion in its place. Strong base anion resins are not as stable as strong acid resins and are often characterized by a fishy odor [5]. Ion exchange resin particles have diameters ranging from .04-1.0 mm, and their uniformity coefficient usually lies between 1.4 and 1.6 [5]. 1.211 Selectivity The affinity for a particular ion by a particular resin can be described mechanistically or operationally. The operational description of ion affinity is called the separation factor and is represented by the Greek character, α. The separation factor is described by Equation 2, which is based on solution and resin phase concentrations [4]. Rational ionic fractions in each phase can also be used to calculate this factor. The separation factor is simply a ratio between phase distribution coefficients for the two ions in question. It does not account for any other variables in a system such as ionic strength or ionic ratio and is therefore system specific. It is generally used in practical applications in which solution characteristics are unlikely to change. The selectivity coefficient (Equation 4), on the other hand, is used to quantify selectivity based on the mass action law. It is the equilibrium constant of a mass action equation describing an ion exchange reaction (Equation 3) [4]. Because the selectivity coefficient is based on a 8
Page 1 and 2: Joshua E. Goldman Candidate CIVIL E
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION This dissertation is ded
Page 5 and 6: Selective Salt Recovery from Revers
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 9 and 10: 4.3 Methods........................
Page 11 and 12: REFERENCES ........................
Page 13 and 14: Figure 23: Predicted Magnesium Sepa
Page 15 and 16: Figure 71: Change in Concentration
Page 17 and 18: Table 23: Anion and Cation Regenera
Page 19 and 20: Equation 27: Separation Factor ....
Page 21 and 22: seawater applications in which feed
Page 23 and 24: Each of the unit processes in the p
Page 25: 6 Stage 2 permeate 225.00 1.72 0.00
Page 29 and 30: complexes can form, reducing the co
Page 31 and 32: esin phases, respectively. He found
Page 33 and 34: segment, resulting in a smaller fra
Page 35 and 36: Equilibrium models assume that equi
Page 37 and 38: general enough to predict performan
Page 39 and 40: Scaling in RO is most commonly caus
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2 MODELING One of the objec
Page 43 and 44: Equation 18: Vector Equation to Sol
Page 45 and 46: Figure 7: Effluent Concentration Cu
Page 47 and 48: solution phase ion equivalents for
Page 49 and 50: Figure 12: Comparison of Column Sna
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3 DEPENDENCE OF RESIN SELEC
Page 53 and 54: Figure 14: Atomic Absorption Spectr
Page 55 and 56: 2 Ca, Na 12 points Ca: 0.018 - 0.41
Page 57 and 58: Figure 15: Calcium Separation Facto
Page 59 and 60: used in the model are shown in Tabl
Page 61 and 62: statistics are shown in Table 11, a
Page 63 and 64: Figure 23: Predicted Magnesium Sepa
Page 65 and 66: Table 12: Anion Exchange Isotherm T
Page 67 and 68: Figure 27: Carbonate Separation Fac
Page 69 and 70: Instead equilibrium concentrations
Page 71 and 72: Table 13: Calculations Required to
Page 73 and 74: was calculated. Determinations of s
Page 75 and 76: Samples of column effluent were tak
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Rate mL/min % NaCl 1 25 12.5 co-cur
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which solutions was treated, and th
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Figure 34: Breakthrough Curve from
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SO4 Test # Predicted BVBT Measured
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Figure 37: Calcium Elution Curves M
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C/Cmax C/Cmax 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1
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11 2.69 0.66 0.38 3.74 12 2.48 0.57
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CHAPTER 5 PHASE 3 -SALT PRECIPITATI
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were allowed to precipitate. Table
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5 Liquid: Initial solutions, At pH=
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chloride (NaCl), bassanite (Ca(SO4)
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can be concluded that mixing the so
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6 7 Figure 47: EDS Data from Experi
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combination of elements detected by
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5 6 % Precipitated % Precipitated 1
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5. Determine if pilot effluent recy
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Table 28: Legend for Schematic Diag
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Regen salt NaCl Regen mode Counter-
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Figure 51: Pilot Equipment includin
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Figure 54: Control Sequence at Pilo
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Week 2: Data collection and precipi
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c. At UNM, analyze for calcium, mag
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S6, S7 Regeneration Fluids Precipit
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after precipitation- no pH adjustme
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SBA column sample 2 cycles - week 3
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Sampling forms for each week, for d
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some startup problems. With an oper
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Figure 56: SEM Images of Precipitat
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Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 114
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% Composition (Atomic) % Compositio
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50 40 30 20 10 0 C O Na Mg Al S Cl
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Week 3 Week 4 Week 6 Using Jade 9.1
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4 2 Low 8.67 3.15 1.0366 5 2 Low 8.
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ambient pH conditions produced a mu
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without anti-scalant). PreTreat Plu
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Figure 68: Elution Curve for Week 5
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efore 1.75 bed volumes and that it
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Table 39: Amount of meq/g of Cl, NO
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hydraulics, but this resulted in wa
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To avoid possible precipitation of
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Figure 74: Normalized Permeate Flow
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6/24/11 9:58 AM 7.24 7.44 32.2 18.6
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Figure 75: Regression Relationship
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the inlet. This occurs because when
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acid cation exchange resins is appr
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19. Letterman, R.D. and American Wa
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APPENDIX 2 - UTILITY SURVEY This su
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152
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154
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APPENDIX 3 - MARKET ANALYSIS (BY CD
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Contents Section 1 Desalination Con
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Section 1 Desalination Concentrate
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UNM RO Salt Market Analysis Final R
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Section 2 • Concentrate Disposal
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Section 2 • Concentrate Disposal
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2.5 Concentrate Products Uses 2.5.1
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� Chemicals (29 percent) � Soap
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Section 3 Market Trends and Analysi
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Section 3 • Market Trends and Ana
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3.2 Purity Requirements and Obstacl
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3.2.3 Sodium Sulfate Purity Require
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3.6 Market Analysis UNM RO Salt Mar
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3.7 Case Studies UNM RO Salt Market
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Section 4 Conclusions and Recommend
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Section 5 References Abbazasadegan,
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APPENDIX 4 - FORMS USED FOR DATA CO
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Week 1 Cycle 1 Date Time Start Samp
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Week 2 Cycle 1 Date Time Start Time
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