Selective Salt Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Brine - University of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

LIST OF EQUATIONS Equation 1: Ion Exchange Reaction .....................................................................................7 Equation 2: Separation Factor, α (Equivalent based) ..........................................................9 Equation 3: Ion Exchange Chemical Reaction ....................................................................9 Equation 4: Selectivity Coefficient ......................................................................................9 Equation 5: Conversion Between Separation Factor and Selectivity Coefficient ...............9 Equation 6: Gibbs Energy Calculation for Ion Exchange Reaction ..................................12 Equation 7: Calculation of Chemical Potential for Ions in Solution Phase .......................12 Equation 8: Calculation of Chemical Potential for Ions in Resin Phase............................12 Equation 9:Calculation of Excess Free Energy Change ....................................................12 Equation 10: Excess molar partial free energy of Ion A in Resin Phase ..........................12 Equation 11: Excess molar partial free energy of Ion B in Resin Phase ...........................12 Equation 12: Selectivity Function from Marina ................................................................12 Equation 13: Dependence of Activity Coefficient on Water Activity ...............................12 Equation 14: Water Activity as a Function of Swelling Pressure ......................................12 Equation 15: Solubility Constant .......................................................................................18 Equation 16: Ion Activity Product .....................................................................................18 Equation 17: Saturation Index ...........................................................................................18 Equation 18: Vector Equation to Solve for Solution Phase Ion Equivalents, C ................24 Equation 19: Vector Equation to Solve for Resin Phase Ion Equivalents .........................24 Equation 20: Conversion of Solution and Resin Phase Ion Equivalents to Concentrations24 Equation 21: Equation for Segment Volume .....................................................................24 Equation 22: Cumulative Time Distribution (F) and Relative Time Distribution (E) for the TIS Model ............................................................................................................25 Equation 23: Resin Phase Ion Concentration (Tests 1-3) ..................................................37 Equation 24: Resin Phase Ion Concentration (Test 4) .......................................................37 Equation 25: Solution Phase Ion Concentration (Test 4) ...................................................37 Equation 26: Solution Phase Equivalent Fraction .............................................................37 xviii
Equation 27: Separation Factor ..........................................................................................37 Equation 28: Ionic Strength ...............................................................................................37 Equation 29: Regression Equation for Calcium Separation Factor ...................................38 Equation 30: Regression Equation for Magnesium Separation Factor ..............................43 Equation 31: Calculation of Equivalent Fraction in Solution ............................................52 Equation 32: Calculation of Column Efficiency ................................................................52 Equation 33: Calculation of Predicted Resin Phase Ion Concentration .............................52 Equation 34: Calculation of Resin Phase Ion Equivalents of Exchanging Ions ................52 Equation 35: Calculation of Bed Volumes to Breakthrough .............................................52 xix
Page 1 and 2: Joshua E. Goldman Candidate CIVIL E
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATION This dissertation is ded
Page 5 and 6: Selective Salt Recovery from Revers
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........
Page 9 and 10: 4.3 Methods........................
Page 11 and 12: REFERENCES ........................
Page 13 and 14: Figure 23: Predicted Magnesium Sepa
Page 15 and 16: Figure 71: Change in Concentration
Page 17: Table 23: Anion and Cation Regenera
Page 21 and 22: seawater applications in which feed
Page 23 and 24: Each of the unit processes in the p
Page 25 and 26: 6 Stage 2 permeate 225.00 1.72 0.00
Page 27 and 28: When all exchange sites are filled
Page 29 and 30: complexes can form, reducing the co
Page 31 and 32: esin phases, respectively. He found
Page 33 and 34: segment, resulting in a smaller fra
Page 35 and 36: Equilibrium models assume that equi
Page 37 and 38: general enough to predict performan
Page 39 and 40: Scaling in RO is most commonly caus
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER 2 MODELING One of the objec
Page 43 and 44: Equation 18: Vector Equation to Sol
Page 45 and 46: Figure 7: Effluent Concentration Cu
Page 47 and 48: solution phase ion equivalents for
Page 49 and 50: Figure 12: Comparison of Column Sna
Page 51 and 52: CHAPTER 3 DEPENDENCE OF RESIN SELEC
Page 53 and 54: Figure 14: Atomic Absorption Spectr
Page 55 and 56: 2 Ca, Na 12 points Ca: 0.018 - 0.41
Page 57 and 58: Figure 15: Calcium Separation Facto
Page 59 and 60: used in the model are shown in Tabl
Page 61 and 62: statistics are shown in Table 11, a
Page 63 and 64: Figure 23: Predicted Magnesium Sepa
Page 65 and 66: Table 12: Anion Exchange Isotherm T
Page 67 and 68: Figure 27: Carbonate Separation Fac
Page 69 and 70:
Instead equilibrium concentrations
Page 71 and 72:
Table 13: Calculations Required to
Page 73 and 74:
was calculated. Determinations of s
Page 75 and 76:
Samples of column effluent were tak
Page 77 and 78:
Rate mL/min % NaCl 1 25 12.5 co-cur
Page 79 and 80:
which solutions was treated, and th
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 34: Breakthrough Curve from
Page 83 and 84:
SO4 Test # Predicted BVBT Measured
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 37: Calcium Elution Curves M
Page 87 and 88:
C/Cmax C/Cmax 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 1
Page 89 and 90:
11 2.69 0.66 0.38 3.74 12 2.48 0.57
Page 91 and 92:
CHAPTER 5 PHASE 3 -SALT PRECIPITATI
Page 93 and 94:
were allowed to precipitate. Table
Page 95 and 96:
5 Liquid: Initial solutions, At pH=
Page 97 and 98:
chloride (NaCl), bassanite (Ca(SO4)
Page 99 and 100:
can be concluded that mixing the so
Page 101 and 102:
6 7 Figure 47: EDS Data from Experi
Page 103 and 104:
combination of elements detected by
Page 105 and 106:
5 6 % Precipitated % Precipitated 1
Page 107 and 108:
5. Determine if pilot effluent recy
Page 109 and 110:
Table 28: Legend for Schematic Diag
Page 111 and 112:
Regen salt NaCl Regen mode Counter-
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 51: Pilot Equipment includin
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 54: Control Sequence at Pilo
Page 117 and 118:
Week 2: Data collection and precipi
Page 119 and 120:
c. At UNM, analyze for calcium, mag
Page 121 and 122:
S6, S7 Regeneration Fluids Precipit
Page 123 and 124:
after precipitation- no pH adjustme
Page 125 and 126:
SBA column sample 2 cycles - week 3
Page 127 and 128:
Sampling forms for each week, for d
Page 129 and 130:
some startup problems. With an oper
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 56: SEM Images of Precipitat
Page 133 and 134:
Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 114
Page 135 and 136:
% Composition (Atomic) % Compositio
Page 137 and 138:
50 40 30 20 10 0 C O Na Mg Al S Cl
Page 139 and 140:
Week 3 Week 4 Week 6 Using Jade 9.1
Page 141 and 142:
4 2 Low 8.67 3.15 1.0366 5 2 Low 8.
Page 143 and 144:
ambient pH conditions produced a mu
Page 145 and 146:
without anti-scalant). PreTreat Plu
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 68: Elution Curve for Week 5
Page 149 and 150:
efore 1.75 bed volumes and that it
Page 151 and 152:
Table 39: Amount of meq/g of Cl, NO
Page 153 and 154:
hydraulics, but this resulted in wa
Page 155 and 156:
To avoid possible precipitation of
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 74: Normalized Permeate Flow
Page 159 and 160:
6/24/11 9:58 AM 7.24 7.44 32.2 18.6
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 75: Regression Relationship
Page 163 and 164:
the inlet. This occurs because when
Page 165 and 166:
acid cation exchange resins is appr
Page 167 and 168:
19. Letterman, R.D. and American Wa
Page 169 and 170:
APPENDIX 2 - UTILITY SURVEY This su
Page 171 and 172:
152
Page 173 and 174:
154
Page 175 and 176:
APPENDIX 3 - MARKET ANALYSIS (BY CD
Page 177 and 178:
Contents Section 1 Desalination Con
Page 179 and 180:
Section 1 Desalination Concentrate
Page 181 and 182:
UNM RO Salt Market Analysis Final R
Page 183 and 184:
Section 2 • Concentrate Disposal
Page 185 and 186:
Section 2 • Concentrate Disposal
Page 187 and 188:
2.5 Concentrate Products Uses 2.5.1
Page 189 and 190:
� Chemicals (29 percent) � Soap
Page 191 and 192:
Section 3 Market Trends and Analysi
Page 193 and 194:
Section 3 • Market Trends and Ana
Page 195 and 196:
3.2 Purity Requirements and Obstacl
Page 197 and 198:
3.2.3 Sodium Sulfate Purity Require
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
3.6 Market Analysis UNM RO Salt Mar
Page 205 and 206:
3.7 Case Studies UNM RO Salt Market
Page 207 and 208:
Section 4 Conclusions and Recommend
Page 209 and 210:
Section 5 References Abbazasadegan,
Page 211 and 212:
APPENDIX 4 - FORMS USED FOR DATA CO
Page 213 and 214:
Week 1 Cycle 1 Date Time Start Samp
Page 215 and 216:
Week 2 Cycle 1 Date Time Start Time
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
show all

Selective Salt Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Brine - University of ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?