APPENDIX D Cultural Resources Survey Report - US Environmental ...

and intact example of an enamelware factory (SHPO Opinion 7/17/1998). The factory was also an
important component of New Jersey’s and Camden County’s industrial heritage. Further, the
Delaware River Railroad and Bridge Company (DRRR&BCo.) Historic District (SHPO Opinion:
11/12/2004), located 800 feet north of the Advance Process Supply section of the APE, is also
eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.
4.2 Prehistoric Context
Since the 1930s, archaeologists have organized chronological and cultural information about the
prehistoric occupants of New Jersey and the Middle Atlantic into three broad time periods: Paleo-
Indian +/-9500B.C.- 8000 B.C., Archaic 8000-1000 B.C., and Woodland 1000 B.C.-A.D. 1600
(Chesler 1982; Custer 1996; Grossman-Bailey 2001; Kraft 1986). These periods are a way to study
the information about 12,000 years of human occupation of the area. The Archaic and Woodland
periods are subsequently subdivided into Early, Middle, and Late sub-periods. The prehistoric era
ends approximately 1550 to 1600 A.D., during the time of initial contact between Native groups and
Old World populations, and is followed by a period of extensive colonization by the Dutch,
Swedish, and English. The early period of contact and colonization is also called the “proto-historic”
period or the Contact period (Custer 1996). A highly generalized prehistoric background for the
Middle Atlantic and southern New Jersey is presented in Table 4.1.
Although no prehistoric sites were documented for the APE or its vicinity (i.e., one-half mile radius),
many important sites have been found along the length of the Lower and Middle Delaware drainage.
These include the Trenton Complex, Koens-Crispin, Savich Farm, Ware and Indian Head sites (e.g.
Custer 1996; Kraft 2001; Stewart 1994; Stewart et. al. 1986; Stutz 1992). A number of sites are
known for both the Pennsauken Creek and Cooper River drainages, important tributaries of the
Delaware River north and south of the APE. Along the Delaware, hunter/gatherer procurement and
processing camps focused on large scale seasonal harvesting of fish like sturgeon and shad, deer,
nuts and other resources (Wall et al. 1996; Schindler 2006). Areas located further inland, closer to
the headwaters of Delaware River tributaries, were more likely used for gathering lithic materials,
deer hunting and harvesting forest resources.
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