APPENDIX D Cultural Resources Survey Report - US Environmental ...

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and intact example of an enamelware factory (SHPO Opinion 7/17/1998). The factory was also an important component of New Jersey’s and Camden County’s industrial heritage. Further, the Delaware River Railroad and Bridge Company (DRRR&BCo.) Historic District (SHPO Opinion: 11/12/2004), located 800 feet north of the Advance Process Supply section of the APE, is also eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. 4.2 Prehistoric Context Since the 1930s, archaeologists have organized chronological and cultural information about the prehistoric occupants of New Jersey and the Middle Atlantic into three broad time periods: Paleo- Indian +/-9500B.C.- 8000 B.C., Archaic 8000-1000 B.C., and Woodland 1000 B.C.-A.D. 1600 (Chesler 1982; Custer 1996; Grossman-Bailey 2001; Kraft 1986). These periods are a way to study the information about 12,000 years of human occupation of the area. The Archaic and Woodland periods are subsequently subdivided into Early, Middle, and Late sub-periods. The prehistoric era ends approximately 1550 to 1600 A.D., during the time of initial contact between Native groups and Old World populations, and is followed by a period of extensive colonization by the Dutch, Swedish, and English. The early period of contact and colonization is also called the “proto-historic” period or the Contact period (Custer 1996). A highly generalized prehistoric background for the Middle Atlantic and southern New Jersey is presented in Table 4.1. Although no prehistoric sites were documented for the APE or its vicinity (i.e., one-half mile radius), many important sites have been found along the length of the Lower and Middle Delaware drainage. These include the Trenton Complex, Koens-Crispin, Savich Farm, Ware and Indian Head sites (e.g. Custer 1996; Kraft 2001; Stewart 1994; Stewart et. al. 1986; Stutz 1992). A number of sites are known for both the Pennsauken Creek and Cooper River drainages, important tributaries of the Delaware River north and south of the APE. Along the Delaware, hunter/gatherer procurement and processing camps focused on large scale seasonal harvesting of fish like sturgeon and shad, deer, nuts and other resources (Wall et al. 1996; Schindler 2006). Areas located further inland, closer to the headwaters of Delaware River tributaries, were more likely used for gathering lithic materials, deer hunting and harvesting forest resources. 4-4
Table 4.1: Southern New Jersey prehistory. Time Frame Period Characteristics A.D. 1550/1600 Contact -European contact and initial colonization -Continuity of aspects of Algonkian ideology -triangular projectile points- bow and arrow -unfortified hamlets, camps, smaller territories -territories of the proto-Lenape/Unami, Algonkian ideology A.D. 900 to A.D. 1600 Late Woodland -foraging, limited agriculture in portions of southern NJ -cord-decorated and incised ceramics -use of cobble cherts and jasper -Climate: modern- Sea level rise remains a factor -hunter-gatherers, seasonal fission/fusion of social groups A.D. 0 to A.D. 900 Middle Woodland -large and small camps -more kinds of ceramics -mortuary ceremonialism -large scale exploitation of seasonal resources -band level society with first evidence of community identity -mortuary ceremonialism 1000 B.C. to A.D. 0 Early Woodland -extensive trade networks for exotic raw materials -shellfish exploitation -experimentation and early use of ceramics -Climate: cool and wet -broadspear, narrow-stemmed, fishtail points -mortuary ceremonialism -extensive trade networks for exotic raw materials 1000 B.C. to 3000 B.C. Late Archaic -intensive use of local materials -social differentiation -increased sedentism -change in vessel technology- soapstone bowls -Climate: warmer & dryer than present, sea level rise slows -bifurcate points, stemmed points -hunter-gatherers with increasing intensification of resource use -use of shell fish documented in the region 3000 B.C. to 6500 B.C. Middle Archaic -use of more varied lithic materials and tool categories -large and small camps, stratified riverine settlement system -band level society -Climate: warm and wet -corner-notched and stemmed point types -spear- thrower technology 6500 B.C. to 8000 B.C. Early Archaic -use of more types of stone for tools -exploitation of more kinds of food resources? -very similar to Paleo-Indian Period -Climate: cold and drier than present, rapid sea level rise -highly mobile -large game hunting followed by generalized foraging patterns 8000 B.C. to 9500 B.C. Paleo-Indian -fluted projectile points usually made of jasper or chert -band level society -Climate: cold and wet, mosaic of mixed grasslands, extremely rapid sea level rise 4-5
Page 1 and 2: APPENDIX D Cultural Resources Surve
Page 3 and 4: Principal Investigator: Michael J.
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
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Page 73: APPENDIX B: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

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