Pan-African Conference 21 - 24 July 2002 Inter-Continental Hotel ...

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Abstracts 10/22/02 11:26 AM Page 18 S18 Based on Merrill’s Model for Instructional Design, a multimedia tutorial, including a skills and reference manual, on anthropometry for university level health science students was designed, developed and evaluated. For the design, the course content was analysed in terms of Merrill’s “tell”, “show”, “ask” and “do”, following problem-based learning theory. A step-bystep guide on the practice of anthropometric evaluation forms the core of a tutorial, in which knowledge is presented, explored and practiced with decreasing instructional support, focusing on examples, exercises and guided problem solving with expert opinion when needed. A child or an adult casestudy are possible starting points. In addition, a measuring skills manual, divided into equipment and technique sections, was designed. Finally, a reference manual, representing a data-base of charts and tables of reference standards, norms and formulae, was compiled. Using Quest and CD-ROM as delivery system, the development aimed to allow learner choice, interactivity and flexibility. Apart from continuous access to the tutorial, measuring skills and reference manuals, the user/learner can draw on notebook, calculator, search, help and print functions. Links to webbased and other reference data and training modules are available. Photography, video, animation, graphics and sound aim to enhance learning. After testing by third year dietetic students, formal formative evaluation, consisting of a quantitative and a qualitative component, was performed, using a structured questionnaire and a videotaped group discussion respectively. Subject and education experts also provided feedback. Adjustments were made and Merrill’s five-star rating completed the evaluation. Trial implementation and ongoing updating and upgrading will follow. ABSTRACT NO. 88. Awareness and skills of the Tanzanian researchers about scientific literature searching on the Internet Busagala LSP, Msuya JM Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), P.O.BOX 3006 Morogoro, Tanzania This paper is based on a study that was undertaken to assess awareness and skills of Tanzanian researchers on scientific literature searching on the Internet. The study did involve researchers working in two public universities in Tanzania, namely Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) and University of Dar es Salaam whereby the target group was all academic and research staff together with postgraduate students. Random and purposive sampling was done to select a total of 140 respondents (70 from each University) from various faculties, departments and institutes. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Of the 140 respondents that were contacted, only 91 were able to respond on time. Computerised SPSS programme was used to process and analyse the data. Results showed that most of the respondents (92%) were using the Internet in searching for scientific literature. In assessing the extent of use, more than half (56%) of those using the Internet indicated that they were using it frequently. On the other hand, about 30% were not frequent users while 14% indicated to use the Internet very frequent. Further analysis of the respondents showed that 66 of them (73%) have heard of Search Engines although only about 65% understood their roles. Only few of the respondents (29%) had the knowledge of Query Formulation while 71% did not have the knowledge. More than half (56%) of the surveyed respondents indicated that in searching for scientific literature in the Internet they were getting a lot of irrelevant information while 12% showed that they were only obtaining results with limited information. However, the rest of the surveyed researchers (32%) admitted to get the needed literature without difficult. Results also indicated that Yahoo was the most popular Search Engine used by 67% of the respondents. Other Search Engines that were also popular included Google (50%), Alta Vista (44%), Excite (19%), Lycos (18%) and Infoseek (15%). The rest of the Internet Search Engines were less popular among the surveyed researchers. It seems therefore that although scientific literature searching on the Internet has become an indispensable service among researchers in Tanzanian universities, a good number of them have limited searching skills. The situation calls for an agent need to impart knowledge to the electronic information users in the country by introducing basic training on information searching to academicians to be able to match with the technological development. Initiatives such as ITANA and Global 2000 have therefore come on time and are very much welcome. It would be a good idea, however, if the training were incorporated in the University teaching curricula and even in secondary school education. July 2002, Vol. 15, No. 2 SAJCN (Supplement) ABSTRACTS ABSTRACT NO. 90. NUTRITION ON LINE — SURFING THE WEB Steyn NP CDL, Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, RSA The Internet has made a significant contribution to the way in which nutrition researchers access knowledge and keep up to date with the latest information available. This is largely due to two unique features of the Internet: its universal availability of information and the fact that it is independent of distance. Helman (2000) has compiled an excellent summary of both E-mail and web-based nutrition applications, which will be presented together with additional “ hot” websites, guides and search engines. Health professionals will be introduced to the Arbor Clinical Nutrition Update, which contains weekly summaries on the latest clinical nutrition research. Portal sites such as the US National Agricultural Library provide detailed and current information on what is available on the Internet. Institutional home pages provide information on “nutrition related” institutions and organisations. A few that provide a wealth of nutrition information include the USA Department of Agriculture and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), and the Medical Research Council of South Africa, which presents The South African National Food Consumption Survey. Useful Internet applications for nutrition researchers are the numerous journal services online, in many instances free of charge. Well known services include those of Pubmed and Grateful Med. Both of these can be accessed to undertake extensive literature searches on any nutrition subject. Some individual journals also offer immediately accessible articles in full text or in abstract form. The best known of these are the British Medical Journal and the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. A more recent trend is the concept of publishing articles on the Internet prior to their acceptance by the printed journal. This has allowed democratisation of the whole peer-reviewed process and heralds a new era in publishing research quickly and transparently. Biomedcentral is one such website which can be used by anyone who wishes to place a paper. Current information on local South African websites will also be presented (eg. ADSA and SASPEN). ABSTRACT NO. 99. USE OF ELECTRONIC CALCULATION TECHNIQUE FOR ESTIMATION OF ENERGY AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MEALS PLANNED FOR NUTRITON OF YOUNG MEN DOING MILITARY SERVICE IN POLISH ARMY Klos A, Bertrandt J, Rozmysl E Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St., Warsaw, Poland The aim of the work was use of calculation software FOOD 2, for estimation of energy and nutritive value of daily food rations planned in nutrition of men doing military service. The latest edition of "Tables of food products composition and nutritive value" was the base of this calculation. Obtained results are shown below. Values calculated by Values declared in Norm: FOOD 2 FOOD 2 software the norm in % Energy value [kcal] 4257 95,6 Total protein [g] 134,2 139,7 104,1 Fats [g] 149,8 142,6 95,2 Carbohydrates [g] 691,2 603,2 87,3 Calcium [mg] 1090 1237,5 113,5 Phosphor [mg] 2395 2394,6 100 Magnesium [mg] 656 564,7 87 Iron [mg] 22,5 35,65 158,4 Cellulose [µg] 55,2 68,5 124,1 Vitamin A [m] 1865 1380 74 Vitamin B1 [mg] 3,09 2,94 05,2 Vitamin B2 [mg] 2,66 2,65 100 Vitamin C [mg] 181,1 99,3 54,8 It should be underlined that used calculation software FOOD 2 allows estimation of content of mineral elements (sodium, potassium, zinc, copper and manganese), vitamin E, fatty acids including essential unsaturated fatty acids and amino acids important for human health.
Abstracts 10/22/02 11:26 AM Page 19 ABSTRACT NO. 100. USE OF FOOD 2.0. SOFTWARE IN PERMANENT MONITORING OF NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FOOD RATIONS USED IN NUTRITION OF SOLDIERS FROM POLISH ARMY’S SPECIAL TROOPS BASED ON POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS CONTENT ESTIMATION Rozmysl E, Bertrandt J, Klos A Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St., Warsaw, Poland Permanent monitoring of nutrition manner is particularly important for soldiers doing military service. Soldiers make a group of young men whose organism development is not finished completely and physical and psychical load are huge. Computer technology is most often used for nutrition monitoring. Results of performed researches on estimation of fats’ content and structure in daily food rations (DFR) planned for soldiers from special troops in Polish Army nutrition are presented in this work. Total of 69 DFR planned for nutrition in particular seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) were the base for the researches. Calculation software FOOD 2.0. (1998) issued by Institute of Food and Feeding was used for calculations of fats’ content and structure. Researches results allow concluding that total fats level in analyzed DFR is in accordance to nutrition norms. Fats delivered in an average 28,0% of entire energy, differentiating seasonally from 25,2% in spring to 31,2 % in autumn. Contribution of energy from saturated fatty acids slightly exceeded recommended norms and amounted in an average 10,6% (from 9,9% in spring to 11,4% in autumn). Level of energy coming from polyunsaturated fatty acids in DFR, amounting in an average 4,5%, in every examined season met the required minimum, i.e. 3% (from 3,9% in spring to 5,0% in summer). The EPA and DHA fatty aids together delivered in an average 0,10% of total food ration’s energy, seasonally. During summer and winter these values were as follows: 0,05% and 0,06%, and did not meet the required minimum i.e. 0,07% food ration’s energy. Ratio of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids was close to recommended values and amounted from 5,9:1 in autumn to 7,7:1 in summer. ABSTRACT NO. 101. ESTIMATION OF MINERAL ELEMENTS CONTENT IN MEALS PLANNED FOR CHILDREN GOING TO MILITARY KINDERGARTENS IN WARSAW BASED ON ELECTRONIC DATA BASE Bertrandt J, Klos A, Rozmysl E Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St., Warsaw, Poland The aim of the work was utilization of computer calculation software to estimate content of selected mineral elements in meals planned for children in kindergartens. To estimate content of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese the calculation software FOOD 2, which is based on "Food Composition Tables" and "Statistica" program for statistic estimation of obtained results were used. Obtained results were compared to obligatory in Poland norm for children aged 3-6. It was found that average sodium content planned in daily food rations was 1365,5±374 mg, potassium 2481,1±351 mg, calcium 504,9±111,1 mg, phosphorus 810,2±108 mg, magnesium 184,0±mg, iron 7,8±2,1 mg, zinc 6,8±1,5 mg, copper 0,83±0,13 mg and manganese 2,18±0,7 mg. From among analyzed mineral elements calcium content met the requirements in 84,1%, and zinc in 90,7%. Exceeded sodium and potassium content was found in planned rations compared to the norm. Content of other elements met the requirements for children alimentation. ABSTRACT NO. 102. Learning about micronutrient nutrition: A CD-ROM series for self-directed learning Chang M1 , Simpson J Randall1, Boy E2 , Bégin F2 , Cervinskas J2 , S Atkinson1 1 Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5 Canada 2 The Micronutrient Initiative, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G 3H9 Canada. Micronutrient deficiencies affect millions worldwide, including many living in Africa. The devastating health and economic outcomes are preventable through a variety of coordinated intervention strategies, including education of future health professionals in affected countries. As an effort to strengthen education as a means of eliminating micronutrient malnutrition, the Micronutrient Initiative collaborated with McMaster University to produce a three-part series of CD-ROMs for use in training health professionals at the undergraduate level in developing countries. Each CD-ROM addresses one of ABSTRACTS the three most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies worldwide: Iodine Deficiency Disorders, Vitamin A Deficiency, and Iron Deficiency. The contents of the CD-ROMs are developed based on current scientific literature, technical reports from the World Health Organization and other agencies, input from experts in micronutrient nutrition, and from students at international partner institutions. Each CD-ROM introduces the user to the biology, clinical aspects, community-based control strategies of a micronutrient deficiency, and a case scenario facilitates learning in problembased format. Text in concise point form, diagrams, graphs, and photographs are incorporated. Users can click the hypertext to view definitions for key terms and detailed information in pop-up windows, a quiz at the end of each section that scores at the click of a button allows for self-evaluation of knowledge. A users’ guide accompanies each CD-ROM and provides suggestions on how to use this tool to supplement existing curricula and for self-directed learning. This CD-ROM series is available to individuals and institutions in developing countries free of charge. (Funded by The Micronutrient Initiative.) ABSTRACT NO. 104. EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN FOOD COMPOSITION DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Sayed N 1 , Humphreys J 2 1 Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Natal 2 Nutrition Intervention Unit, Medical Research Council A handwritten chart, drafted by dietitians at the Medical Research Council (MRC) in the 1970s to meet in-house research needs, heralded the first South African Food Composition Database. In the 1980s, as the demand for food composition data (FCD) and a printed food composition table (FCT) grew, the expanded FCD (borrowed largely from the USDA database) was computerised using the SAS system. This recorded a food code, food name, food group, a main reference for the data, the nutrient name, and nutrient value. In the mid-1990s, mandated with the task to update the database with the new South Africa data on fruit and vegetables, the dietitians at the MRC begun working on a new system to comprehensively document FCD compilation information. This development process was enhanced with the advent of South Africa into the international research scene, enabling sharing of expertise and learning from other compilers’ experiences. Working with an in-house computer programmer at the MRC, a relational database management system was set up using Microsoft Access. Visual Basic programming was used to customize the database functionalities. In consultation with INFOODS, a food description system and new ECSAFOODS food grouping system was adopted. Other features of the system include: a reference and source type for each nutrient, a record of all calculations done, integrity tests to check data compilation, a recipe calculation feature, data export facility, and standardized report formats to assist in the preparation of FCTs. In 2000, a user manual for SAFOODS (South African Food Composition Database Management System) was drafted. Further developmental plans include incorporation of TAGNAMES. SAFOODS has the potential to assist with food data compilation and facilitate data interchange in the ECSAFOODS region. ABSTRACT NO. 108. IS AUDIO COMPUTER-ASSISTED SELF- INTERVIEWING (ACASI) A FEASIBLE METHOD FOR COLLECTING SENSITIVE INFORMATION? Waruru Anthony, Tylleskär Thorkild Centre for International Health, Armauer Hansen Building, N-5021 Bergen, Norway, The latest advances in decreasing mother-to-child transmission of HIV by dosing anti-retroviral drugs at delivery has led to a situation where an increasing number of mothers are aware of their HIV-positive status and at the same time they know their child is likely not to be infected. Since the HIV can be transmitted in the postnatal period through breastfeeding, the ethical dilemma of whether these mothers should breast-feed or not is now challenging the scientific community. There is a need to collect reliable information on infant feeding practices in resource poor settings within the context of HIV. Face to face interviewing has obvious limitations due to the sensitive nature of the questions. In addition, the information may be flawed due to socially desirable responses. Such questions call for less intrusive methods of interviewing. We are going to explore the use of Audio-Computer Assisted Self-administered Interviewing (ACASI) and compare it with face-toface interviewing. S19
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Pan-African Conference 21 - 24 July 2002 Inter-Continental Hotel ...

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