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REsEARcH NEWs Fungi that can transform lead Soil and rock-inhabiting fungi, especially lichen-forming fungi, are well known to be able to convert different minerals to oxalates through the extracellular secretion of oxalic acid. Now, Rhee et al. 92012) have found that two fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces javanicus, are able to act directly on lead metal to form chloropyromorphite, the most stable lead mineral known. The strains were isolated from a former lead- mining area in Scotland, and their activity was demonstrated using incubated lead shot, and examination by two methods of X-ray analysis; it should be noted that in controls without the fungi, different compounds were formed. The lead shot was visibly corroded after one month, and minor amounts of some other lead compounds were also noted. The paper includes superb environmental scanning electron (ESEM) Schematic representation of the processes involved in lead transformation by fungi. Courtesy Geoffrey M. Gadd. Nutritional value of fungi in animal diets Humans along with many other animals, including a wide range of terrestrial mammals, eat fungi as components of their diets to various degrees. The actual nutritional value of fungi has, however, been unclear and much-debated. This is as while chemical analyses can give very positive indications, the extent to which they are digestible is unclear. In order to ascertain the extent of digestibility, Wallis et al. (2012) analyzed the fibre, amino acid composition, and both total and available nitrogen in a about 60 samples of sporocarps of diverse epigeous and hypogeous macrofungi from Australia and the USA; they then examined the digestibility in vitro. Amongst the genera of fungi studied, were species of Agaricus, Boletus, Cantharellus, Gauteria, Hysterangium, Morchella, Rhizopogon, and Tricholoma. The results showed that while in general the mushrooms and truffles tested A northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) holding a truffle in its paws, evidently devouring the white flesh. Photo Jim Grace. micrographs, and amazingly shows that the pyromorphite develops as minute spherules even inside the fungal hyphae. This finding is not only of interest in demonstrating a previously unknown biogenic step in the corrosion of lead metal and as a contribution to lead biogeochemistry, but could have applications. Soils can become lead-contaminated through, for example, the deposition of industrial wastes, battery casings, pipes, paints, inks, and shot, and lead has dangerous toxic effects on humans. The potential of using the tested strains, and other isolates of those and additional species of fungi, in the bioremediation of actual lead-contaminated soils clearly merits further exploration and assessment. Rhee YJ, Hillier S, Gadd GM (2012) Lead transformation to pyromorphite by fungi. Current Biology 22: 1–5. Secondary mineral formation on the surface of metallic lead resulting Rhee3.pdf from the activities of Metarhizium anisopliae. Photo courtesy Geoffrey Secondary M. Gadd. mineral formation on the surface of metallic lead resulting from the activities of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae after incubation for 1 month. (32) ima funGuS
were a reasonable source of amino acids and digestible nitrogen, there were large differences between species, and the protein had a poor balance of digestible amino acids. The authors consider that this explains why mammals that are primarily mycophagous tend to eat a wide range of sporocarps, and in some cases have developed foregutfermentation to maximise the available nutritional value. In addition, they note that many mycophagous mammals supplement their diets with insects which are a source A novel application of lichens has just been developed by lichenologists at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. These are being used to reconstruct species’ regional distributions, and so indicate habitat types, for the historic period prior to the industrial revolution that started in the mid-18 th century. The rationale is that epiphytic lichens grow on the outer-bark surface of trees, and trees harvested and used as the frame for preindustrial buildings were not likely to have been transported far from where they were used. Consequently, where bark occurs on the timber structures of pre-industrial buildings, it might be possible to find preserved lichens which may suggest something of both past distributions and local ecologies. This proved to be the case, and Yahr et al. (2011) discovered 87 epiphytic lichen species in a survey of 78 buildings dating from the period 1300-1750 across southern England. The best-preserved material tended to be found in the roof-spaces of lowstatus homes with continuous occupancy, where conditions are not so dissimilar to those of many herbaria today. Many of the pre-industrial records are from outside the species’ current range, and estimates volume 3 · no. 1 of high-quality protein. In Australia, the combination of mycophagy, foregut fermentation, and coevolution may explain the potororine marsupials which are obligate or preferential mycophagists. It is suggested that their use of hypogeous fungi enables them to survive the destructive effects of devastating fires as the hypogeous fungi tend to remain in the aftermath. The authors, perhaps tactfully, largely avoid the <strong>issue</strong> of the dietary value of fungal sporocarps in the human diet . . . . A single experience can Archaeolichenology: a novel use of lichens suggest an 80 % loss of epiphyte diversity from areas such as south-east England (Ellis et al. 2011). This study has demonstrated an intriguing new tool for environmental reconstruction, with the potential of reevaluating environmental and conservation base-lines. This is of particular interest as current knowledge from the literature and preserved specimens is necessarily biased towards the mid-18 th century onwards, a period where industrialization was already starting to become widespread in much of lowland Britain. Information related to changes over time can be accrued, but to ensure accuracy, it was necessary to consider the accurate dating of the timbers (based on styles of carpentry), possible timber re-use within buildings, and the local transport networks. The group plans to focus on increasing the resolution of the data, using data available from wattles, and also dendrochronology. The work is being undertaken in collaboration with archaeologists at University College London. Based on material kindly supplied by Christopher J. Ellis. hardly be taken as representative but, after repeatedly consuming meals with different mushrooms as the major component over several weeks about 15 years ago, I found I had shed quite a few pounds. Wallis IR, Claridge AW, Trappe JM (2012) Nitrogen content, amino acid composition and digestibility of fungi from a nutritional perspective in animal mycophagy. Fungal Biology 116: 590–602. Ellis CJ, Yahr R, Coppins BJ (2011) Archaeobotanical evidence for a massive loss of epiphyte species richness during industrialisation in southern England. Proceedings of the Royal Societyof London, Biological Science, B, 278: 3482–3489. Yahr R, Coppins BJ, Ellis CJ (2011) Preserved epiphytes as an archaeological resource in post-medieval vernacular buildings. Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 1191–1198. A specimen of a Physconia species preserved on the bark of a 400 year-old timber. Photo courtesy Christopher J. Ellis. REsEARcH NEWs (33)
Page 1 and 2: Volume 3 · No. 1 · June 2012 The
Page 3 and 4: HOLIsTIc mycOLOgy - bAck TO bIOLOgy
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Page 7 and 8: and the basidiome apparently has a
Page 9 and 10: which are sold as one product for o
Page 11 and 12: FungalDc: a database on fungal dive
Page 13 and 14: concepts and possibilities, and vie
Page 15 and 16: this was an issue that the NCF shou
Page 17 and 18: Scenes from the One Fungus = Which
Page 19 and 20: ImA Executive committee meeting In
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Page 23 and 24: cause human infections. The study o
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Page 29 and 30: IN mEmORIAm Vernon Ahmadjian (1930-
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Page 75 and 76: volume 3 · no. 1 Afrocantharellus
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sides of spores rarely enclosed by
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Denchev CM (1991) Genus Anthracoide
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doi:10.5598/imafungus.2012.03.01.06
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table 1. Isolates of Ceratocystis f
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measurements of each structure and
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100(100) 82(86) (Fig. 3). For the I
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9572, 5751 7768, 16008, 18572, 1859
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Ceratocystis eucalypticola sp. nov.
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Known distribution: South Africa. O
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doi:10.5598/imafungus.2012.03.01.07
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table 1. Provenance of fungal isola
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Aspergillus section Versicolores Fi
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Description: Colonies grown 10 d on
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Stipes smooth walled (Fig. 5e), sep
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Stipes (Fig. 7e) smooth walled, hya
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Type: usA: Montana: isol. ex air sa
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Diagnosis: Conidia rough-walled, no
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grown on M40Y medium and the specie
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identified as three species, A. amo
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Veršilovskis A, Saeger SD (2010) S
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Supplementary InformatIon 1 volUme
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Supplementary InformatIon 10 volUme
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ARTIcLE ima funGuS
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ARTIcLE new rules for fungi I came
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ARTIcLE Braun table 1. Current name
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ARTIcLE 86 striking morphological d
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ARTIcLE 88 the PoteNtIAl role oF Fu
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ARTIcLE 90 Fig. 3) and industrial p
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ARTIcLE 92 degrading serine proteas
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ARTIcLE table 1. Strains employed i
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ARTIcLE these 18 strains using Brea
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ARTIcLE D’Souza AD, Sultana S, Ma
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ARTIcLE neglected despite their imp
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ARTIcLE talent and to enable it to
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Editorial Holistic mycology - back
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