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74 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland interior finish of houses, and in boat-building, as well as for shingles, pumps, and wooden ware. The only timber I know which it resembles closely in colour, texture, and grain, is that of Magnolia acuminata? Neither Stevenson, Hough, nor Stone, however, speak of a form of this timber known as " blistered poplar," which is occasionally found, as I believe, only in old trees, and which is sometimes imported in small quantities to Europe. This seems akin to the figured maple wood known as bird's eye maple, but has the figure in oblong patches from 2 inches long downwards, of a dark olive colour on a paler olive-green ground, and is one of the most ornamental woods I know, fit to be used in the finest cabinet work. I saw large planks of this variety in the Exhibition at St. Louis, and have had some of it worked into the panels of a screen. The wood of the tulip tree grown in England seems to be nearly as good in quality as the imported timber, though not quite so pure in colour. From a tree which was cut at Highclere a plank was sent me by the kindness of the Earl of Carnarvon, which has been used in the same screen, and I have a large book-case of which the back is made of the imported wood, selected by an experienced cabinet maker as best for the purpose. Mouillefert says that in Paris its use is increasing for all purposes for which the wood of the lime and poplar is suitable, and that it has when fresh cut a pleasant smell of orange, which, however, is soon lost as it dries. (H. J. E.) 1 Mr. Weale tells me that the timber of this Magnolia, as well as that of M. grandiflora and M. glauca, come into the Liverpool market mixed with that of the tulip tree, and that though the two former may easily be distinguished by a person who knows them well, yet that M. glauca can only be identified with a lens, and that in consequence of this mixture, opinions differ .is to the suitability of the wood for laying veneers upon. He thinks that if bone dry, the wood of the tulip tree is fit for this purpose, but not equal to that of American chestnut, American cherry, or Honduras mahogany, of which the latter is best. He also says that for pattern making Quebec yellow pine is distinctly superior, and worth from is. to 2s. a foot more. PICEA SPRUCE-FIRS Picea, Link, AMiandl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1 827, 179 (1830); Bcntham et Hooker, Gen. PI. iii. 439 (1880); Masters, Jour. Linn. Soc. (JBot.) xxx. 2 8 (1893). Abies, LinnEeus, Gen. PL 2 94 (in part) (1737); D. Don in Lambert, Pinus, vol. iii. (1837), ex Loudon, Arb. et Frut. iv. 2293 (1838). THIS genus includes the spruce-firs, which in England, following the practice of Don and Loudon, are still often called Abies. However, all botanists in England, on the Continent, and in America apply the term Picea to the spruces, and Abies to the silver firs. Tall evergreen trees belonging to the tribe Abietinese of the order Coniferse, with shoots of only one kind, bearing in spiral order peg-like projections ("pulvini"), from which the leaves arise singly. The needle-like leaves are either tetragonal or flattened in section, and persist for many years, rendering the foliage very dense. At the ends of the leading shoots there is a terminal bud, with 2-5 side buds directly under it; the buds are dry and not resinous. Flowers monoecious. Male flowers solitary in the axils of the uppermost leaves, ovoid or cylindric, short-stalked, surrounded at the base with scale-like bracts, com posed of numerous stamens spirally arranged, each with 2 pollen-sacs opening longi tudinally, and a connective prolonged into a toothed crest. Pollen grains with 2 air-sacs. Female flowers solitary, terminal, erect, stalked, with a few empty scales at the base; composed of 2 series of scales, the bracts small and membranous, and the ovular scales bearing at their base 2 inverted ovules. Cones: generally becoming pendulous, but in certain species remaining erect or spreading; cylindrical or ovoid, with the bracts minute and concealed, and the scales enlarged and firm in texture, with entire or denticulate margins, and bearing on their inner surface 2 winged seeds. The cones are ripe in the first season, and after dispersal of the seed (the scales persisting on the axis) fall off in the following winter, or remain in some species much longer on the tree. The cotyledons are 5-15 in number, 3-sided, and serrate in margin. Species of spruce occur in Europe, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Siberia, Mongolia, China, Japan, the Himalayas, and in North America. The genus is marked out into two natural sections by the character of the leaves. These are defined by Willkomm as follows : 75
76 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 1. Eu-picea.—True spruces. Needles 4-sided and 4-angled, with stomata on all their surfaces. The ripe cones are always pendulous. 2. Omorica.—Flat-leaved spruces. Leaves 2-sided, flattened from above down wards, stomata being only borne on their dorsal surface. Ripe cones pendent, horizontal, or erect. Other divisions have been made, such as that of Link into two sections, Genuine? and Dchiscentes ; and that of Mayr into three sections, Omorica (not identical with Willkomm's section of the same name), Morinda, and Casicta ; but it is most con venient to adopt Willkomm's divisions. The arrangement of the leaves on lateral branchlets is different in the two sections. All spruces agree in the disposition of the leaves arising from the upper side of such branchlets, as these always point forwards and cover the'shoot. But, in ordinary species, the leaves underneath, while they part into two lateral groups, alter little their direction, which is more or less forwards; and the under part of the stem is laid only partially bare. In almost all the flat-leaved spruces, the leaves below part into two sets, which are directed outwards at right angles to the shoot, which is laid quite bare. This arrangement differs from that of the yew and most silver firs, where the leaves are divided into two sets both above and below; and this distinction depends on the fact that in these spruces the stomata are on the dorsal surface of the leaf, whereas in the yew, etc., they are on the ventral surface; and in the effort to direct the stomata away from the light, a different arrangement results in the two cases. The arrangement of the leaves on leader or upright branchlets is the same in all species of spruce, being radial, the leaves pointing outwards and slightly forwards. In certain species, as P. Breweriana, P. Morinda, the lateral branchlets are pendulous and not horizontal; and the leaves then are similarly arranged in both the lateral and the leader shoots. The section Eu-picea will be dealt with in a later part. KEY TO SECTION OMORICA. The flat-leaved spruces are distinguished from the silver firs by the peg-like projections on the shoots, and from ordinary spruces by the flattened leaves with stomata only on their dorsal surface. I. Young shoots glabrous, yellow. 1. Picea hondoensis. Central Japan. Buds broadly conical, with scales rounded in the margin, opening red. Shoots of second year red. Leaves thin, slightly keeled on both surfaces, blunt or ending in a short point. 2. Picea ajanensis. Manchuria, Amurland, Saghalien, Yezo. As in i, but the buds open green, and shoots of the second year are yellow. 3. Picea sitchensis. Western North America. Buds ovoid with ovate obtuse scales. Leaves deeply keeled on Ventral green surface, almost convex on dorsal white surface, ending in very sharp, cartilaginous points. Picea 77 4. Picea morindoides.1 Native country unknown. Buds and scales ovate - obtuse. Leaves linear, straight, slender, acuminate, terminating in a callous sharp tip, somewhat flattened and distinctly keeled on both sides, marked with two white lines on the upper surface, and dark bluish green on the under surface. Leaves radially spreading on the branchlets. II. Young shoots pubescent with short hairs. 5. Picea Omorika. Servia and Bosnia. Pubescence brown. Buds ovate, conical, with outer scales ending in long subulate points. Leaves flattened but thick, obtuse or ending in a short point. 6. Picea Breweriana. Oregon, California. Pubescence grey. Buds ovoid, with outer scales ending in long points. Leaves scarcely flattened, but convex above and below, keeled on dorsal surface, with midrib prominent on ventral green surface, and ending in a short point. The leaves spread out in all directions on the shoot. 1 A new species described by Rehder in Sargent, Trees and Shrtibs, 95, t. 48 (1903). It is only known as a tree grow ing in the arboretum of G. Allard at Angers. I have seen no specimens and take the characters given above from Rehder. In habit it resembles Picea Morinda, the branches being pendulous. The cones resemble those of l*icea AlcocJticma.
Page 1 and 2: »f rees Great Britain Ireland BY H
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Page 5 and 6: Trees of Great Britain Ireland BY H
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE THE United Kingdom offers a
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS PAGE DEDICATION ........ v
Page 11 and 12: The Trees of Great Britain and Irel
Page 13 and 14: The Trees of Great Britain and Irel
Page 15 and 16: 8 The Trees of Great Britain and Ir
Page 17 and 18: 12 The Trees of Great Britain and I
Page 21 and 22: lo The Trees of Great Britain and I
Page 23 and 24: 2,4 The Trees of Great Britain and
Page 27 and 28: 32, The Trees of Great Britain and
Page 29 and 30: SOPHORA Sophora, Linnaeus, Gen. PI.
Page 47: 72 The Trees of Great Britain and I
Page 61 and 62: ioo The Trees of Great Britain and
Page 63 and 64: 104 The Trees of Great Britain and
Page 65 and 66: io8 The Trees of Great Britain and
Page 67 and 68: in The Trees of Great Britain and I
Page 69 and 70: n6 The Trees of Great Britain and I
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176 The Trees of Great Britain and
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
2OO The Trees of Great Britain and
Page 113 and 114:
a 7" KSrJi «£^«~ **». . "" ^ '"
Page 115 and 116:
INARCHED BP;ECH AT ASIIRIDGE TLATE
Page 117 and 118:
13KECII WOOD AT SLINHON A ru 6.
Page 119 and 120:
BEECH AT NEWBATTLE Pi .ATE 8.
Page 121 and 122:
I BEECH AT GORDON CASTLE TLAI-K 10.
Page 123 and 124:
KING BEECH AT KNOLE I'LAIE 12.
Page 125 and 126:
AILANTHUS AT BELTON PLATE 14.
Page 127 and 128:
SOI'HORA AT CAMBRIDGE PLATE 16.
Page 129 and 130:
ARAUCARIA FOREST IN CM ILK I'l.MT.
Page 131 and 132:
ARAUCARIAS AT BEAUFORT
Page 133 and 134:
MAIDENHAIR T liEK AT FKOGMOKF. PLAT
Page 135 and 136:
TULIP TREE IN NORTH CAROLINA 1'LATE
Page 137 and 138:
TULIP TREE AT KILLERTON PLATE 26.
Page 139 and 140:
PLATE SERVIAN SPRUCE IN BOSNIA 28.
Page 141 and 142:
MENZIES' SPRUCE AT BEAUFORT PLATE 3
Page 143 and 144:
YEW AVENUE AT MIDIIURST PLATE 32.
Page 145 and 146:
i '*m i t /n b &; y'JM i /Jk, - •
Page 147 and 148:
•• *-' YEW AT WHITTIKGHAME PLAT
Page 149 and 150:
CRYPTOMERIA FOREST IN NORTH JAPAN 1
Page 151 and 152:
CRYPTOMEKIAS AT IMAICHI I'l.ATE 40.
Page 153 and 154:
CRYPTOMERIA AT HEMSTED PLATK 42.
Page 155 and 156:
PYRUS. PLATE 44.
Page 157 and 158:
SORB TREE AT ARLEV PLATE 46.
Page 159 and 160:
SERVICE TREE AT RICKMANSWORTH >.mmm
Page 161 and 162:
'^iji^m^^Jt^.^M. SERVICE TREE AT SY
Page 163 and 164:
DECIDUOUS CYPRESS IN VIRGINIA PLATE
Page 165 and 166:
DECIDUOUS CYPRESS AT SYON Tr.ATE 54
Page 167 and 168:
GIANT THUYA IN VANCOUVER'S ISLAND P
Page 169 and 170:
Plate 58 represents the trunk of wh
Page 171 and 172:
j« WESTERN HEMLOCK GROWING ON FALL
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